LIBRARY 

O  F 
CHARLES     E.     WEAVER 

N° 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

RIVERSIDE 


CHARLES  E.  WEAVER 
COLLECTION 


|D  5/W"? 

- 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  NEW  JERSEY 

HENRY  B.  KUMMEL,  State  Geologist 


-  <_W    ,/ 


A  REPORT 


Cretaceous  Paleontology 
of  New  Jersey 

BY 

STUART  WELLER 

Based  upon  the  Stratigraphic  Studies 

OF 

GEORGE  N.  KNAPP 


VOLUME  IV  OF  THE  PALEONTOLOGY  SERIES 


TKXT 


TRENTON,   N.  J.: 

MACCRELLISH    &    QuiGLEY,    STATE    PRINTERS, 


is 


. 


CONTENTS. 


BOARD  OF  MANAGERS,  vii 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMIT?  AL,   ix 

PREFACE, 3 

Part   I.     Stratigraphic  Paleontology. 

CHAPTER         I. — Introduction,    : 1 1 

Cook's  classification,    1 1 

Clark's  classification,  12 

Knapp's  classification,   15 

Welter's  classification,   25 

CHAPTER       II.— The  Raritan  Clay,  27 

CHAPTER     III. — The  Magothy  Formation,   31 

Table  of  distribution  of  the  Cliffwood  fauna, 37 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  Cliffwood  fauna, 40 

CHAPTER      IV.— The  Merchantville  Clay-Marl,   43 

Fauna  of  the  Merchantville,  44 

Table  of  distribution  of  the  fauna, 57 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna,  59 

CHAPTER        V.— The  Woodbury  Clay, 63 

Fauna  of  the  Woodbury  clay, 63 

Table  of  distribution  of  the  fauna,  73 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna,   75 

CHAPTER      VI.— The  Englishtown  Sand,   79 

CHAPTER    VII.— The  Marshalltown  Clay-Marl,   81 

Fauna  of  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl, 81 

Table  of  distribution  of  the  fauna,  86 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna,  87 

CHAPTER  VIIL— The  Wenonah  Sand,  91 

Fauna  of  the  Wenonah  sand,  91 

Table  of  distribution  of  the  fauna,  98 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna, 100 

CHAPTER      IX. — The  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  Formations,  103 

Fauna  of  the  Mount  Laurel  and  Navesink  formations,  103 

Table  of  distribution  for  the  fauna,  128 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna,  131 

(iii) 


IV 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

CHAPTER        X.— The  Red  Bank  Sand,  137 

Fauna  of  the  Red  Bank  sand,  138 

Table  of  distribution  of  the  fauna, 142 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna,  143 

CHAPTER      XL — The  Tinton  Beds,   145 

Fauna  of  the  Tinton  beds 146 

Table  of  distribution  of  the  fauna, 152 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna, 153 

CHAPTER    XII. — The  Hornerstown  Marl,  155 

Fauna  of  the  Hornerstown  marl, 155 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna, 158 

CHAPTER  XIII. — The  Vincentown  Formation,  161 

Fauna  of  the  Vincentown  formation,  161 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna,  170 

CHAPTER  XIV. — The  Manasquan  Marl,  173 

Fauna  of  the  Manasquan  marl,  173 

Analytical  discussion  of  the  fauna, 175 

CHAPTER     XV.— Classification  and  Correlation  of  the  Cretaceous  Faunas 

of  New  Jersey,  177 

Part  II.     Descriptive   Paleontology. 

CHAPTER         L— Protozoa— Foraminifera,    189 

CHAPTER       II.— Coelenterata— Zoantharia,    267 

CHAPTER  III.— Echinodermata,  275 

Crinoidea,  275 

Asteroidea,  277 

Echinoidea,  279 

CHAPTER      IV. — Vermes — Annelida,   307 

CHAPTER        V. — Molluscoidea,    313 

Bryozoa,    313 

Brachiopoda,    356 

CHAPTER      VI. — Mollusca,    369 

Pelecypoda,    369 

Prionodesmacea,   • 369 

Anomalodesmacea,    513 

Teledesmacea,    534 

Scalphoda,   66 1 

Gastropoda,    663 

Aspidobranchia,    663 

Ctenobranchia,    671 

Opisthobranchia,    805 

Cephalopoda,    ' 815 

CHAPTER    VII.— Anthropoda,    : 843 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plates  I-XIV.— Foraminifera. 

Plate  V.— Anthozoa. 

Plates  VI-XVIIL— Echinodermata. 

Plate  XIX.— Vermes. 

Plates  XX-XXVL— Bryozoa. 

Plates  XXVII-XXVIIL— Brachiopodc 

Plates  XXIX-LXXIV.— Pelecypoda. 

Plates  LXXV-XCIX.— Gastropoda. 

Plates  C-CIX.— Cephalopoda. 

Plates  CX-CXI.— Crustacea. 


(v) 


The  Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey. 


BOARD  OF  MANAGERS. 

His  EXCELLENCY  EDWARD  C.  STOKES,  Governor  and  ex-oMcio  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board,   Trenton. 


Members  at  Large. 

HERBERT  M.  LLOYD,   Montclair,    1907 

HARRISON  VAN  DUYNE,    Newark,  1907 

S.  BAYARD  DOD,   Orange,  1908* 

JOHN  C.  SMOCK,   Trenton,    1908 

THOMAS  W.  SYNNOTT,  Wenonah,  1909 

ALFRED  A.  WOODHULL,  Princeton,    1909 

EMMOR  ROBERTS,  Moorestown,    1910 

DAVID  E.  TITSWORTH,  Plainfield,   1911 

GEORGE  G.  TENNANT,  Jersey  City, 1911 

Congressional  Districts. 

I.  FREDERICK  R.  BRACE,  Blackwood,   1911 

II.  P.  KENNEDY  REEVES,  Bridgeton,   1907 

III.  M.  D.  VALENTINE, • Woodbridge,  1909 

IV.  WASHINGTON  A.  ROEBLING,  Trenton,  1908 

V.  FREDERICK  A.  CANFIELD,  Dover,   1910 

VI.  GEORGE  W.  WHEELER,  Hackensack,   1911 

VII.  WENDELL  P.  GARRISON, Orange,  1907! 

VIII.  JOSEPH  L.  MUNN, 4 East  Orange,   1909 

IX.  JOSEPH  D.  BEDLE,  Jersey  City, 1908 

X.  AARON  S.  BALDWIN,  Hoboken,  1910 

State  Geologist, 
HENRY  B.  KUMMEL. 


*  Died  April  igth,  1907. 
t  Died  February  27th,  1907. 


(vii) 


To  His  Excellency  Edward  C.  Stokes,  Governor  of  the  State  of 
N.ew  Jersey  and  ex-ofhcio  President  of  the  Board  of  Mana- 
gers of  the  Geological  Survey: 

SIR — I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  report  upon  the 
fossils  contained  in  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey. 
These  formations  are  better  developed  in  New  Jersey  than  in  any 
State  on  the  Atlantic  Coast,  and  our  section  has,  for  a  long  time, 
been  regarded  by  all  geologists  as  one  of  great  importance. 
This  report  is  a  complete  summary  of  our  knowledge  of  the 
forms  of  life  which  existed  in  the  seas  where  these  beds  were  laid 
down.  It  differs  from  some  reports  published  by  this  depart- 
ment, in  that  it  is  purely  scientific  and  does  not  have  the  important 
economic  bearing  which  has  characterized  most  of  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Survey,  but  since  it  is  a  valuable  contribution  to 
science,  I  recommend  its  publication.  It  forms  a  part  of  my 
Annual  Report  for  19x36,  but  because  of  its  technical  character  I 
request  that  it  be  issued  separately  from  the  other  papers  of  said 
report. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

HENRY  B.  KUMMEL, 

State  Geologist. 

TRENTON,  N.  J.,  March  26,  1907. 


(ix) 


PREFACE. 


The  invertebrate  Cretaceous  fossils  of  New  Jersey  were  among 
the  first  fossils  of  any  kind  in  America  to  attract  the  attention  of 
students.  As  early  as  1834  Morton's  "Synopsis  of  the  Organic 
Remains  of  the  Cretaceous  Group  of  the  United  States"  was 
published  in  its  final  form,  a  large  portion  of  the  material  he 
studied  having  been  collected  in  New  Jersey.  Even  earlier  than 
this  the  same  author  had  published  several  preliminary  papers. 
During  the  period  between  1850  and  1876  these  New  Jersey 
fossils  were  diligently  studied  and  many  new  species  described 
by  both  Conrad  and  Gabb,  two  of  the  eminent  American  paleon- 
tologists of  that  period,  and  a  few  forms  were  described  by  Lea. 
The  collections  made  and  studied  by  these  earlier  investigators 
were  for  the  most  part  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Science,  where  they  stijl  remain.  Unfor- 
tunately, in  those  earlier  days,  the  importance  of  preserving 
exactly  the  localities  and  geologic  horizons  of  fossils  was  not 
appreciated  as  it  is  today,  and  most  of  the  specimens  in  these 
early  collections  are  recorded  simply  from  the  Cretaceous  of 
New.  Jersey. 

After  the  organization  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey under  the  direction  of  the  late  Dr.  George  H.  Cook,  more  or 
less  extensive  collections  of  fossils  from  the  Cretaceous  beds  of 
the  State  were  accumulated,  but  the  data  with  these  collections 
was  in  many  cases  also  unsatisfactory,  largely  because  of  the 
lack  of  differentiation  at  that  time  of  the  strata  of  the  "clay  marl" 
series.  Under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Cook  a  study  of  the  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous  fossils  was  undertaken  by  Prof.  R.  P.  Whit- 
field,  who  published  a  monograph  on  the  Cretaceous  and  Eocene 
Mollusca  of  the  State.  This  work  app.eared  in  two  volumes,  the 
first  in  1886,  and  the  second  in  1892,  published  jointly  by  the 

(3) 


4  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey  and  the  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey. In  the  preparation  of  these  volumes  Prof.  Whitfield  la- 
bored under  great  disadvantages  in  the  way  of  collections.  He 
was  dependent  entirely  upon  the  collections  already  made,  chiefly 
those  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  the  State  Geo- 
logical Survey,  and  the  Museum  of  Rutgers  College,  no  new 
collections  being  made  especially  for  his  work.  Whitfield's  mon- 
ographs, however,  have  been  of  inestimable  value  for  the  reason 
that  in  them  descriptions  of  all  the  species  of  earlier  authors, 
originally  published  in  many  scattered  papers  which  were  in- 
accessible to  the  larger  number  of  students,  were  assembled,  and 
with  them  many  new  forms  described.  The  weakness  of  Whit- 
field's work  lies  in  the  lack,  in  a  large  number  of  cases,  of  a  record 
of  the  true  stratigraphic  position  of  the  species  discussed,  large 
numbers  of  the  forms  recorded  from  the  "lower  marl"  being  in 
reality  from  some  one  of  the  formations  of  the  "clay  marl" 
series.  The  author  of  the  monographs,  however,  was  in  no  way 
responsible  for  this  lack,  since  the  necessary  stratigraphic  data 
were  not  furnished  him  with  the  collections  upon  which  his  work 
was  based. 

The  present  report  on  the  invertebrate  fossils  of  the  New  Jer- 
sey Cretaceous  formations  consists  of  two  parts.  Part  I  is  a 
discussion  of  the  stratigraphic  paleontology  of  the  region,  being 
based  upon  very  extensive  collections  made  in  the  field  by  the 
writer  during  the  field  seasons  of  1903  and  1904.  Accurate  data 
have  been  secured  with  all  these  collections  which  in  the  aggre- 
gate are  much  more  extensive  than  all  previous  collections  from 
the  region  combined.  A  large  portion  of  all  the  species  pre- 
viously described  from  the  region  have  been  detected,  besides 
many  hitherto  unrecognized  ones.  It  is  believed  that  this  por- 
tion of  the  report  will  not  only  be  of  value  in  the  further  study 
of  the  stratigraphy  and  paleontology  of  the  region,  but  also  will 
be  useful  in  future  correlation  studies  of  the  American  Creta- 
ceous, especially  that  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  border  regions. 

Part  II  of  the  report  is  devoted  to  the  Descriptive  Paleon- 
tology, and  is  in  large  part  a  revision  of,  Whitfield's  work  in  the 
light  of  the  more  extensive' collections  available  and  of  our  more 


PREFACE.  5 

accurate  knowledge  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  region.  This 
part  of  the  report,  however,  is  not  confined  to  the  Mollusca  and 
Brachiopoda  as  was  Whit-field's  monograph,  but  contains  also, 
descriptions  of  the  other  invertebrate  groups.  The  chapter  on 
the  Protozoans  has  been  compiled  from  Bagg's  work  on  the  New- 
Jersey  Cretaceous  Foraminifera.1  The  chapter  on  the  Echinoids 
also  is  strictly  a  compilation  from  Clark's  report  on  the  Mesozoic 
Echinodermata,2  to  which  has  been  added  the  descriptions  of 
several  new  forms,  generously  furnished  by  Dr.  Clark. 

In  comparing  the  faunas  of  these  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  beds 
with  similar  faunas  elsewhere,  the  condition  of  preservation  of 
the  New  Jersey  specimens  has  been  a  serious  obstacle. .  Many  of 
the  New  Jersey  species  are  known  only  in  the  condition  of  in- 
ternal casts  while  the  species  from  the  Southern  States  have 
mostly  been  described  from  specimens  preserving  the  shells.  The 
recent  collections,  however,  have,  afforded  many  species  with  the 
shell  preserved  and  in  addition  to  these  the  external  impressions 
of  the  shells  have  frequently  been  secured,  from  which  plaster 
casts  or  wax  squeezes  have  been  obtained  which  have  given  the 
external  characters  of  the  shell. 

In  many  of  the  more  or  less  incoherent  beds  of  the  region  the 
shells  have  been  removed  by  solution,  after  which  the  cavities 
left  by  them  have  been  closed  by  pressure,  the  resultant  speci- 
mens being  somewhat  modified  internal  casts  with  the  markings 
of  the  exterior  of  the  shell  impressed  upon  them.  At  first  it  was 
found  to  be  difficult  to  preserve  such  material  because  of  its 
incoherent  nature,  the  specimens  crumbling  more  or  less  easily 
on  becoming  thoroughly  dry.  This  difficulty  has  been  obviated, 
however,  by  carefully  cleaning  the  material  while  still  moist,  soon 
after  being  removed  from  the  ground,  then,  after  being  thor- 
oughly dried,  with  very  careful  handling,  the  specimens  have 
been  immersed  in  molten  paraffin  for  from  40  minutes  to  one 
hour.  On  cooling  after  removal  from  the  paraffin,  these  speci- 
mens have  proved  to  be  in  excellent  condition  for  permanent 
preservation.  Other  specimens  preserving  the  shell  itself  in  a 

3  Bulletin  U.  S.  G.  S.  No.  88. 
2  Bulletin  U.  S.  G.  S.  No.  97. 


6  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

soft  and  fr,iable  condition  have  been  given  the  same  treatment 
with  most  satisfactory  results.  In  immersing  the  specimens  in 
the  paraffin  a  wire  basket  has  been  found  most  convenient.  They 
have  been  carefully  arranged  in  this  basket  to  be  lowered  into 
the  vessel  containing  the  molten  paraffin,  then  after  having  been 
allowed  to  remain  in  the  paraffin  for  a  sufficient  length  of  time 
they  can  be  removed  without  injury,  to  be  spread  out  to  cool  and 
harden. 

During  the  preparation  of  the  report  it  became  desirable  to 
make  more  careful  comparisons  of  the  material  than  could  be  done 
from  the  literature  alone,  with  species  of  similar  age  from  the  Gulf 
border  states.  For  the  opportunity  to  make  such  comparative 
studies  I  am  under  great  obligation  to  Dr.  T.  W.  Stanton  of 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  who-  allowed  me  unlimited  access 
during  an  entire  week  to  the  extensive  collections  made  by  him- 
self and  preserved  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  from  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  of  the  Gulf  border  region.  To  Dr.  H.  A. 
Pilsbry,  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  I  am  also 
greatly  indebted  for  the  courteous  manner  in  which  he  gave  me 
every  facility  for  examining  and  studying  the  collections  from 
the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the 
Academy.  Through  his  cooperation  also,  and  that  of  Dr.  Gilbert 
van  Ingen,  it  has  been  possible  to  reproduce  in  the  plates  many 
of  Whitfield's  types  which  are  in  that  museum.  These  collec- 
tions have  been  of  special  value  in  connection  with  the  work, 
containing  as  they  do  the  larger  number  of  types  of  species  de- 
scribed by  the  earliest  workers  in  the  field.  Prof.  J.  V.  Lewis, 
of  Rutgers  College,  has  also  most  generously  placed  the  nu- 
merous types  of  species  described  by  Whitfield,  preserved  in  the 
museum  of  the  college,  in  my  hands  for  study  and  comparison. 
For  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  the  chapter  on  the  Bryozoans 
from  the  Vincentown  limesand  I  am  profoundly  indebted  to  Dr. 
R.  S.  Bassler  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  All  the  identi- 
fications of  these  forms  were  made  by  Dr.  Bassler  with  the 
assistance  of  Dr.  E.  O.  Ulrich  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  all  the  new  species  were  recognized  by  them,  and  notes 
on  their  characteristics  furnished  the  writer  for  use  in  the  pre- 


PREFACE.  7 

paration  of  the  descriptions.  The  excellent  photographs,  also, 
illustrating1  these  Bryozoa  were  prepared  by  Dr.  Bassler  or  under 
his  immediate  supervision.  For  the  preparation  of  descriptions 
and  illustrations  of  the  new  species  of  Echinoids,  I  am  under 
obligation  to  Dr.  W.  B.  Clark.  The  crinoidal  element  in  the 
faunas  studied  is  meager,  a  single  new  form  having  been  ob- 
served, but  for  suggestions  as  to  the  relationship  of  this  form 
I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Frank  Springer.  To  Mr.  J.  M.  Manley, 
of  New  Brunswick,  I  am  indebted  for  the  specimens  of  Corbula 
manleyi  from  the  Raritan  formation;  invertebrate  remains  are 
exceedingly  unusual  in  this  formation,  and  Mr.  Manley  deserves 
great  credit  as  a  collector  for  discovering  this  form.  Also  to 
Mr.  G.  N.  Knapp,  I  wish  to  express  my  obligation.  Mr.  Knapp's 
wonderfully  "detailed  knowledge  of  the  Cretaceous  formations 
of  New  Jersey  has  been  of  inestimable  value  to  me  during  the 
prosecution  of  the  field  work,  in  assisting  me  to  find  the  best 
fossil  localities  without  loss  of  time.  To  Dr.  H.  B.  Kiimmel, 
the  State  Geologist,  I  am  under  lasting  obligations  for  the  con- 
tinued interest  he  has  shown  in  the  work,  and  for  the  encourage- 
ment he  has  continually  given  during  its  prosecution. 
Chicago,  Dec.  ist,  1906. 


PART  I. 


Stratigraphic  Paleontology, 


(9) 


CHAPTER  I. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey  occupy  a  belt  run- 
ning diagonally  across  the  State  in  a  northeast-southwest  direc- 
tion, from  the  shores  of  Raritan  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at 
the  north,  to  Salem  County  in  the  south,  the  southernmost  two- 
thirds  of  the  belt  being  parallel  with  the  Delaware  River  below 
its  sharp  bend  at  Bordentown.  This  belt  has  its  greatest  width 
of  about  25  miles  at  the  northeast,  where  it  extends  from  Wood- 
bridge  to  Asbury  Park.  Southeast  of  Trenton  the  width  of  the 
belt  is  about  18  miles,  but  beyond  Bordentown  it  is  abruptly  nar- 
rowed and  continues  to  the  western  edge  of  Salem  County  with 
an  average  width  of  less  than  10  miles.  The  strata  slope  to  the 
southwest  with  an  average  dip  of  about  20  feet  to  the  mile,  and 
there  are  no  structural  features  to  obscure  the  stratigraphic 
relations  of  the  beds. 

The  stratigraphy  of  this  Cretaceous  belt  was  first  studied  by 
Cook,1  who  divided  the  entire  succession  of  beds  into  three 
series,  called  by  him  the  "plastic  clay"  series,  the  "clay- 
marl"  series  and  the  "marl"  series.  These  three  divisions 
are  practicable  even  to-day,  but  the  more  critical  geological 
investigations  of  the  present  time  demand  a  more  refined 
classification  of  the  strata  than  that  used  by  Cook,  especially 
for  his  "clay-marl"  series.  Cook's  classification  was  based 
exclusively  upon  the  lithologic  and  economic  characters  of  the 
beds,  and  since,  at  the  time  his  investigations  were  being  prose- 
cuted, marl  digging  was  an  important  industry  in  a,  portion  of 
this  Cretaciouis  area,  he  gave  far  more  attention  to  the  discrimina- 
tion of  the  subdivisions  of  the  "marl"  series  than  to  those  of  the 
subjacent  "clay-marl"  series.  Cook's  understanding  of  the 


1  Geol.  N.  J.,  1868,  pp.  241-283. 

(II) 


12       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

stratigraphy  of  the  "marl"  series,  at  least  in  Monmouth  County, 
was  so  exact  that  more  recent  investigations  have  not  made  it 
necessary  to  change  his  subordinate  divisions  of  this  series  in  any 
essential  respect,  although  he  did  fall  into  errors  in  the  interpre- 
tation of  some  of  the  beds  in  their  southwestern  extension  in 
Gloucester  and  Salem  counties:  Cook's  subdivision  of  the  "clay- 
marl"  series  into  the  "clayey  green  sand"  below  and  the  "lami- 
nated sands"  above,  is  of  little  or  no  utility  at  the  present  time, 
but  his  divisions  of  the  "plastic  clay"  series,  so  far  as  it  occurs 
in  Middlesex  and  Monmouth  counties  cannot  be  much  improved 
upon  even  to-day.  A  tabular  view  of  Cook's  divisions  is  shown  in 
table  I. 

The  more  recent  investigations  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  Cre- 
taceous formations  of  New  Jersey  have  been  conducted  by  Dr. 
W.  B.  Clark,  Mr.  G.  N.  Knapp  and  Dr.  H.  B.  Kummel,  all  work- 
ing more  or  less  independently. 

Clark  began  his  study  of  the  region  in  1891,  the  results  of  his 
work  being  published  in  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  "Survey  for 
1892,  1893  and  1897.  The  subdivisions  which  he  recognized 
were  not  essentially  different  (from  those  of  Cook,  but  instead  of 
the  lithologic  names  used  by  Cook,  geographic  terms  were  used 
for  the  designation  of  the  formations,  and  in  his  later  publications 
he  did  not  repeat  the  error  which  Cook  made  regarding  the  south- 
west extension  of  the  Red  Sand  and  Lower  Marl. 

Table  II  shows  these  subdivisions  in  a  tabular  form. 

All  the  geographic  formation  names  used  by  Clark  were 
original  with  him  except  Raritan.  This  name  had  first  been 
applied  to  the  lowermost  division  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous 
by  Conrad1  in  1869,  but  without  any  definite  statement  as  to  the 
upper  limits  of  the  formation.  Since  that  time  the  name  has 
been  frequently  used  by  various  authors,  but  has  usually  been 
applied  to  the  clay  beds  so  extensively  worked  near  the  Raritan 
River.  Clark  was,  perhaps,  the  first  to  assign  a  definite  upper 
limit  to  the  series  in  applying  the  name  to  the  whole  succession 
of  beds  beneath  the  "clay-marl"  series  of  Cook,  or  the  Matawan 
formation  as  it  was  called  by  Clark  himself,  except  the  lignitic 


'Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  Ser.,  vol.  47,  p.  360. 


INTRODUCTION. 


TABLE  I. 

Table  Showing  Cook's  Interpretation  of  the  Stratigraphy  of  the  New  Jersey 
Cretaceous. 


Ash  Marl. 
Upper  Marl.          Green  Marl. 

Yellow  Sand. 

Yellow  Limestone  and  Limesand. 
Middle              Shell  Layers. 
Marl.                Green  Marl. 
Chocolate  Marl. 

1 

Indurated  Green  Earth. 

ft 

SRand.                Red  Sand. 

Dark  Micaceous  Clay. 

T                         Marl  and  Clay. 
^°W(;r                Blue  Shell  Marl. 
Sand  Marl. 

Laminated  Sands: 

CO 

rt 

OS 

0 

Clayey  Green  Sand. 

1 

Lignite. 

u 
CO 

u 

Potter's    Clays. 

.a 

ri 

Fire  Clay. 

CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


TABLE  II. 

Table  Showing  Clark's  Interpretation  of  the  Stratigraphy  of  the  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous,  with  Cook's  Equivalents. 


Manas- 
quan. 

ManasquanMarl^l^Marl^ 

Yellow  sand,  later  referred  to  Miocene. 

Rancocas 

Vincentown  limesand=  {  ^^nT^ 

[Shell  Layers. 
Sewell  Marl=  <{  Green  M'arl. 
[Chocolate  Marl. 

Monmouth. 

Red  Bank   Sand="Red   Sand." 

Navesink  Marl="Lower  Marl"  in  part. 

Mount  Laurel  Sand="Sand  Marl." 

Hazlet  Sand=''Laminated  Sand." 

d 
a 

1 

Crosswick  Clay="Clayey  Green  Sand." 

e 
5 

t 

rt 

K 

INTRODUCTION.  15 

clays  on  the  south  shore  of  Raritan  Bay,  making  the  name  Raritan 
nearly  the  equivalent  of  Cook's  "plastic  clay"  series.1 

Knapp's  study  of  the  Cretaceous  was  carried  on  in  connection 
with  work  on  the  Pleistocene  formations.  The  progress  and 
results  of  that  work  are  briefly  given  in  the  following  paragraphs, 
which  have  been  prepared  by  him. 


BY  G.  N.  KNAPP. 

Early  in  the  work  on  the  Pleistocene  formations  it  was  found 
necessary  to  make  a  careful  study  of  and  to  map  the  subjacent 
Cretaceous  beds  in  order  to  differentiate  some  of  them  from  the 
Pleistocene  sands,  which  they  closely  resembled.  Beginning  in 
April,  1894,  the  Cretaceous  formations  were,  therefore,  mapped 
from  Crosswicks  Creek  southwest  to  Rancocas  Creek.  In  1895 
the  work  was  continued  southwest  from  Rancocas  Creek  to 
Salem,  and  in  1896  the  mapping  was  carried  northeast  from 
Crosswicks  Creek  across  Monmouth  County  to  Asbury  Park  and 
Atlantic  Highlands.  In  1900-1903  the  detailed  mapping  was 
revised,  and  the  lines  delimiting  the  Cretaceous  formations  were 
more  accurately  fixed. 

In  1894,  when  this  work  was  begun,  the  only  comprehensive 
description  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  was  that  by  Cook,2 
and  the  only  geological  maps  available  were  those  accompanying 
the  1868  Report  (scale  2.  miles  per  inch)  and  the  various  State 
Geological  maps  on  the  scale  of  5  miles  per  inch.  Dr.  Clark  had 
begun  work  on  the  Cretaceous  in  New  Jersey  in  1891,  and  the 
State  Geologist's  Report  for  1892  contained  a  report  of  progress 
of  his  work  and  a  preliminary  map  of  the  Cretaceous  in  Mon- 
mouith  County.  A  second  report  of  progress  by  Dr.  Clark  was 
contained  in  the  Annual  Report  'for  1893,  which  was  issued  dur- 
ing1 the  summer  of  1894,  after  the  writer  had  commenced  his 
mapping  in  Burlington  County.  The  classification  then  proposed 
by  Dr.  Clark  was  not  entirely  in  accord  with  the  writer's  observa- 
tions in  the  region  southwest  of  that  in  which  most  of  Clark's 

1  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Ann.  Rep.  of  the  State  Geol.  for  1892,  p.  181 ;  Ibid,  for 
1893,  P.  335- 

2  Geology  of  New  Jersey,  1868,  and  Annual  Report  for  1886. 


16       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

work  had  been  done,  and  he,  therefore,  continued  his  work  on 
the  Cretaceous  in  connection  with  the  Pleistocene  mapping.  The 
chief  points  of  difference  were,  first,  the  subdivision  of  Cook's 
"clay-marl"  series,  for  which  Clark  proposed  the  name  Matawan, 
and,  second,  the  proper  position  of  a  bed  of  marl  and  the  over- 
lying sand  in  the  region  south  of  Rancocas  Creek,  which  Cook 
had  erroneously  regarded  as  the  Lower  Marl  and  Red  Sand, 
respectively,  and  in  which  conclusion  he  was  at  that  time  followed 
by  Clark.  At  a  later  period  the  writer  was  also  led  to  differ  with 
Clark  regarding  the  position  of  the  so-called  "yellow  sand"  of 
Monmouth  County. 

In  the  valley  of  Crosswicks  Creek,  near  Walnford,  the  writer 
had  found  a  fossil  bed,  i  to  2  feet  thick,  in  which  fossils  Gryphaea 
convexa  and  Belemnitella  were  particularly  abundant.  It  oc- 
curred at  the  base  of  a  bed  of  black  and  chocolate  marl,  and  at 
the  top  of  a  loose  quartz  sand,  and  because  of  the  contrast  in  the 
adjoining  beds  and  its  induration,  it  'formed  a  readily  recogniz- 
able horizon  which  could  be  traced  for  2  miles  or  more  along  the 
valley  sides  until  its  dip  carried  it  below  the  stream  bed.  Prom 
published  reports,  this  fossil  bed  was  inferred  to  mark  the  base 
of  the  Lower  Marl  of  Cook,  and  it  became  the  starting  point  in 
differentiating  the  lower  beds. 

Between  Walnford  and  Bordentown  the  "clay-marl"  series  of 
Cook  below  the  fossil  layer  was  found  to  consist  of  five  beds,  as 
follows,  beginning  at  the  top :  yellow  and  white  quartz  sand,  con- 
siderably micaceous  towards  its  base,  60-70  feet;  black  marly 
clay,  40  feet ;  sand  with  seams  of  clay,  30  feet ;  massive  clay,  black 
in  deep  exposures,  chocolate-colored  where  weathered,  55  feet; 
and  a  marly  clay,  black  or  greenish-black  in  fresh  exposures  and 
weathering  to  a  peculiar  cinamon-brown  porous  earth,  6b  feet. 
Beneath  this  last  bed  occurred  lignitic  sands  and  clays,  which 
were  regarded  as  a  part  of  Cook's  "plastic  clay"  (Raritan). 
For  a  time  these  subdivisions  were  known  by  numbers,  i  to  5, 
beginning  at  the  bottom,  but  when  it  was  found  that  the  same 
series  of  beds  were  repeated  in  each  valley  southwest  of  Cross- 
wicks  Creek  the  following  names  were  substituted  in  1895,* 

1  They  were  not  used  in  print,  however,  until  later. — Geol.  Surv.  of  N.  J.r 
Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  for  1898,  pp.  3-41. 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

beginning-  at  the  base;  Merchantville,  Woodbury,  Columbus/ 
Marshalltown  and  Wenonah. 

In  carrying  these  subdivisions  across  the  State  it  was  found 
that  some  modifications  in  constitution  and  thickness  occurred. 
For  example,  the  Wenonah'  sand  which  approached  100  feet  in 
thickness  in  Salem  County  decreased  to  about  40  feet  at  Atlantic 
Highlands  and  became  finer  and  more  micaceous  to  the  north- 
east. The  Englishtown  (Columbus)  sand,  100  feet  thick  at 
Hazlet  in  Monmouth  County,  pinched  out  in  the  vicinity  of 
Auburn,  Salem  County.  The  Marshalltown  bed,  while  maintain- 
ing a  nearly  uniform  thickness,  changed  from  a  sandy  marl  in 
Salem  County  to  a  clay  and  sand  with  beds  of  marl  in  Monmouth 
County.  The  Merchantville  and  Woodbury  beds  continued  fairly 
uniform  in  thickness  and  constitution  across  the  State. 

The  shell  bed.  at  the  base  of  the  Lower  Marl  was  traced  in 
1894  from  Crosswicks  Creek  to  Rancocas  Creek  near  Smithville, 
and  it  was  also  recognized  at  Mount  Holly  in  the  side  of  the  hill 
just  north  of  the  town  at  an  elevation  of  105  feet,  where  the 
Lower  Marl  appeared  as  an  outlier.  The  State  Geological  map, 
however,  represented  these  marl  beds  as  part  of  the  Middle 
Marl  (Hornerstown)2,  and  the  sand  which  underlay  them  as  the 
Red  Sand  (Redbank)  of  Monmouth  County,  while  the  Lower 
Marl  (Navesink)  was  shown  as  a  bed  outcropping  at  Mount 
Holly  at  an  elevation  much  lower  than  the  shell  bed.  It  was 
apparent  that  the  earlier  workers  were  in  error,  since  the  Lower 
'Marl  and  Red  Sand  as  mapped  southwest  of  Mount  Holly  were  in 
reality  the  Marshalltown  and  Wenonah  beds  respectively,  and 
could  be  traced  without  much  difficulty  to  the  section  along  Cross- 
wicks  Creek.  To  settle  this  question  beyond  any  doubt,  the 


1  The  term  Columbus  as  here  used  has  been  found  to  conflict  with  its  prior 
use  in  Ohio  for  a  formation  of  the  Devonian,  and  hence  in  this  report  the 
term  Englishtown  will  be  used  instead,  as  the  formation  is  well  developed 
near  that  place  in  Monmouth  County.    [H.  B.  K.J 

2  This  name  was  used  by  Knapp  in  unpublished  reports  about  the  same  time 
that  the  term  Sewell  was  proposed  in  print  by  Clark  for  the  same  formation. 
The  term   Sewell  is,   however,  now  abandoned   since  its  application  to  the 
Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey  has  been  found  to  conflict  with  its  prior  use  in 
Virginia  and  West  Virginia  or  beds  in  the  Carboniferous,  and  Dr.   Clark 
acquiesces  in  the  substitution  of  the  term  Hornerstown.     [H.  B.  K.] 

2.   PAL 


i8       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Lower  Marl  (Navesink),  Red  Sand  (.Redbank),  and  Middle 
Marl  (Hornerstown)  beds  were  traced  from  Crosswicks  Creek 
southwest  to  Rancocas  Creek.  It  was  then  found  that  the 
Red  Sand  pinched  out  2  or  3  miles  southwest  of  Crosswicks 
Creek,  thus  bringing  the  Lower  and  'Middle  Marls  in  juxtaposi- 
tion from  a  point  near  Jobstown  to  Salem.  Locally,  the  litho- 
logical  peculiarities  of  the  Lower  Marl  were  recognizable  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  combined  bed  and  those  of  the  Middle  Marl  in 
its  upper  portion,  but  it  was  not  possible  to  map  them  as  separate 
beds,  and  there  were  some  facts  which  indicated  that  the  Lower 
Marl  became  progressively  thinner  southwest  of  Marlton,  so  that 
more  and  more  of  this  horizon  was  made  up  of  the  Middle  Marl 
bed. 

The  mistaken  identification  of  the  Marshalltbwn  of  the  south- 
ern district  with  the  Lower  Marl  northeast  of  Jobstown  natur- 
ally led  to  the  erroneous  correlation  of  the  Middle  Marl,  Red 
Sand  and  the  Wenonah  Sand  of  Crosswicks  Creek  with  the 
combined  Middle  and  Lower  Marl  bed,  the  Wenonah  sand  and 
the  Englishtown  (Columbus)  sand,  respectively,  of  Rancocas 
Creek,  and  the  mistaken  correlation  was  continued  on  the  maps 
southwest  to  the  Delaware  Bay. 

That  a  mistake  should  have  been  made  in  the  earlier  work  is 
not  surprising  when  it  is  remembered  that  accurate  topographic 
maps  were  not  available  when  the  work  was  done,  and  that  the 
Marshalltown  bed  in  the  southern  counties  was  once  dug  for  marl, 
and  is  there  much  like  the  Lower  Marl  (Navesink). 

This  error  of  correlation  was  discovered  by  the  writer  as 
above  mentioned  in  the  spring  and  summer  of  1894.  In  his  sec- 
ond report  of  progress,1  Dr.  Clark  very  naturally  made  the  same 
error,  since  his  work  up  to  that  time  in  the  region  south  of  Cross- 
wicks Creek  had  been  in  the  nature  of  reconnaissance  only  and 
had  not  been  sufficiently  detailed  to  reveal  the  mistake,  which 
was  corrected  in  his  report  several  years  later.2  The  repetition 
of  this  error  in  1893,  however,  was  more  unfortunate  in  that 
at  that  time  the  name  Rancocas  was  proposed  (and  has  been 
used  since  by  many  writers  for  Cook's  Middle  Marl  and  Lime- 


1  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1893,  p.  353  et.  seq. 
1  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1897,  p.  184. 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

sand  beds)  on  the  supposition  that  the  whole  formation  was 
present  in  the  type  locality,  but,  as  determined  by  the  writer  about 
the  time  the  term  was  first  used  in  print,  this  is  not  the  case,  and 
the  Middle  Marl  cannot  in  the  type  locality  be  sharply  separated 
from  the  Lower  Marl.  As  first  used  in  fact  the  term  Rancocas 
included  them  both.  This  gave  rise  to  somewhat  misleading 
descriptions  of  the  Rancocas,  as  some  features  characteristic  of 
the  Lower  Marl  were  naturally  ascribed  to  it. 

The  maps  published  with  the  Report  of  1868,  in  the  region 
southwest  of  Mount  Holly,  show  four  of  the  five  above-named 
subdivisions,  which  the  writer  differentiated  in  the  Crosswicks 
section.  It  is  true  that  the  two  upper  subdivisions  were  then 
supposed  to  be  the  correlatives  of  the  Red  Sand  and  Lower  Marl 
of  Monmouth  County  respectively,  and  only  the  two  lower  were 
regarded  by  Cook  as  belonging  to  his  "clay-marl"  series.  The 
fact,  however,  that  they  had  been  mapped  demonstrates  that  even 
at  that  early  day  the  distinctness  of  these  lithologic  units  was 
recognized,  and  it  is,  therefore,  a  little  surprising  that  Clark1 
after  he  had  mapped  the  entire  Cretaceous  belt  in  New  Jersey, 
decided  to  make  only  three  subdivisions  (Mount  Laurel,  Hazlet 
and  Crosswicks)  in  this  interval,  and  apparently  omitted  from 
his  classification  the  Marshalltown  marl  bed,  although  it  had 
been  mapped  by  Cook  (under  the  term:  Lower  Marl  )so  many 
years  before.  Clark  refers,  however,  in  his  description  of  the 
Hazlet  sand,  to  a  "well-developed  dark-colored  clay"  frequently 
found  at  its  top,  which  would  indicate  that  he  recognized  these 
beds  at  some  localities. 

In  Cook's  classification,  the  Middle  Marl  was  made  to  include 
a  bed  of  calcareous  sand  above  the  greensand  bed,  although  on 
his  early  maps  this  lime-sand  bed  was  represented  separately 
from  the  marl,  but  combined  with  his  "yellow  sand."  The  work 
of  the  writer  in  1894,  1895  anc^  I^>9^  convinced  him  that  the  lime- 
sand  bed  was  a  lithologic  unit  of  importance  equal  to  that  of  the 
marl  bed  below  ( for  which  he  at  that  time  used  the  term,  Horn- 
erstown),  and  that  this  mapping  was  warranted.  These  beds 
were,  therefore,  carefully  traced,  and  the  limesand  was  found  to 
merge. into  the  "yellow  sand"  of  Monmouth  County.  In  this 


Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1897,  p.  174  et.  seq. 


20       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

conclusion  the  writer  has  been  opposed  to  Clark,  who  first  in- 
cluded the  "yellow  sand"  in  the  Upper  Marl  (Manasquan)  and 
later  in  the  Miocene.  Weller's  paleontological  work  has  con- 
firmed the  correctness  of  its  correlation  with  the  limesand,  a  con- 
clusion in  which  Clark  now  joins. 

The  writer  also  mapped  in  detail  the  occurrence  of  a  bed  of 
indurated  marly  sand  (Tinton),  occurring-  in  the  upper  part  of 
Cook's  Red  Sand,  which  previous  workers  had  not  separately 
treated.  Owing  to  its  hardness,  it  is  a  somewhat  conspicuous 
stratigraphic  unit  and  hence  was  mapped  separately,  although  its 
areal  extent  is  somewhat  limited. 

The  correlations  and  mapping  worked  out  by  the  writer  were 
based  almost  entirely  upon  the  physical  and  lithological  charac- 
ter of  the  beds.  Subsequent  study  of  the  faunas  by  Weller  has 
shown  that  most  of  these  lithologic  units  are  also  faunal  units, 
at  least  of  a  minor  grade.  However,  in  the  case  of  the  Wenonah 
sand,  as  the  writer  mapped  and  described  it,  the  faunal  classi- 
fication does  not  entirely  agree  with  the  lithologic.  The  writer 
holds  that  in  this  case  the  economic  considerations  involved  de- 
mand that  the  lithologic  classification  is  the  one  which  should 
be  represented  on  a  geologic  map,  rather  than  one  based  on  the 
less  evident  and  less  familiar  facts  of  paleontology. 


Somewhat  later,  in  connection  with  the  study  of  the  clays  and 
clay  industry  in  New  Jersey,  Kummel1  studied  the  stratigraphy 
of  the  lower  Cretaceous  beds  of  the  State,  and  with  Knapp's  com- 
pleted maps  in  hand  examined  more  or  less  in  detail  the  higher 
formations,  his  observations  substantiating  in  the  main  those  of 
Knapp.  In  this  report  Kummel  grouped  the  formations  in  a 
three-fold  division,  following  Cook  in  this  respect,  and  indicated 
that  in  his  opinion,  that  arrangement  was  best  suited  to  bring  out 
the  lithological  and  economic  characteristics  of  the  New  Jersey 
Cretaceous.  The  stratigraphy  as  interpreted  by  Knapp  and  Kum- 
mel in  that  report  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  Table  III. 

'Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Final  Report,  vol.  vi.     (1904.) 


INTRODUCTION. 


21 


TABLE  III. 

Table  Showing  Knapp  and  Kummel's  Interpretation  of  the  Stratigraphy 
of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous. 


Upper  Marl    (in  part). 

Limesand   (including  Yellow  Sand.) 

i 

°c 

Middle  Marl    (Sewell). 

OT 

rt 

Red  Sand. 
(Red  Bank  Sand.) 

Lower  Marl  —  (Navesink  Marl). 

Wenonah  Sand. 

.H 
C 

tn. 

Marshalltown  Clay-marl. 

rt 
0 

Columbus  Sand. 

Woodbury  Clay. 

Merchantville  Clay-marl. 

cn 
o 

Raritan. 

22       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

In  his  most  recent  publication  on  the  subject  Clark1  also  has 
recognized,  in  the  main,  the  subdivisions  of  the  "clay-marl"  as 
defined  by  Knapp  and  Kiimmel. 

In  the  earlier  discussions  and  mapping  of  the  New  Jersey  Cre- 
taceous by  Clark,  certain  beds  of  more  or  less  lignitic  clays  at 
Cliffwood  Point  and  elsewhere  along  the  south  shore  of  Raritan 
Bay,  which  are  distinctly  below  Knapp's  Merchantville  clay-marl, 
were  included  in  the  Matawan  formation,  while  farther  south  the 
basal  line  of  the  Matawan  was  drawn  to  conform  strictly  with 
the  base  of  the  Merchantville.  More  recently  these  Cliffwood 
beds  have  been  separated  by  Clark2  from  his  Matawan  formation 
and  have  been  considered  as  representing  a  distinct  formation 
between  the  Raritan  and  the  Matawan,  to  be  correlated  with  the 
Magothy  formation,  originally  defined  by  Barton3  from  north- 
eastern Maryland.  These  beds  were  by  Kummel4  included  in 
the  Raritan  series,  that  series  of  strata  being  made  strictly  equiv- 
alent to  the  "plastic  clay"  series  of  Cook ;  and  in  this  he  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  writer5  in  a  discussion  of  the  faunas  of  the  Cliff- 
wood  clays.  It  was  noted  by  Kummel,  however,  that  at  least 
locally  there  was  an  unconformity  between  one  of  the  lower  di- 
visions of  the  beds  referred  by  him  to  the  Raritan,  viz.  the  Am- 
boy  stoneware  clay,  and  the  beds  above,6  and  further  field  obser- 
vations by  Berry  and  Bibbins,  seem  to  show  that  a  fairly  definite 
and  mapable  line  between  these  stoneware  clays  and  the  super- 
jacent  beds  can  be  distinguished.  Under  this  interpretation  the 
name  Raritan  becomes  restricted  more  nearly  to  its  original 
usage,  and  those  beds  lying  between  that  formation  and  the  base 
of  the  Merchantville  constitute  a  stratigraphic  division  which 
doubtless  may  be  correlated  with  the  Magothy,  as  was  suggested 
by  Clark,  and  which  includes  the  Cliffwood  clays,  and  the  "lami- 
nated sands"  of  Kummel.7  In  regard  to  this  division  of  the 

1  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  4th  Ser.,  vol.  xviii,  p.  440. 
"  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  Ser.,  vol.  xviii,  pp.  435-440. 
8  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  Ser.,  vol.  xlv,  pp.  407-419. 
4  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Final  Rep.,  vol.  vi,  p.  166. 

"Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  xiii,  pp.  324-337;   Geol.   Surv.  N.  J.,  Ann.   Kept.   State 
Geol.  for  1904,  pp.  133-144- 
8  Loc.  cit,  p.  169. 
7  Loc.  cit,  pp.  166-168. 


INTRODUCTION.  23 

New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  Berry,  who  has  made  a  careful  study  of 
its  flora,  writes  as  follows1 : 

"While  my  work  has  been  more  in  the  nature  of  a  reconnaisance,  and  not 
sufficiently  detailed  for  more  than  tentative  conclusions,  it  would  indicate  that 
the  Amboy  stoneware  clay  proper  marks  the  upper  limit  of  the  Raritan. 
This  reduces  the  Raritan  to  a  more  orderly  sequence  by  simply  taking  out  the 
variable  members  that  overlie  the  very  much  eroded  surface  of  this  Amboy 
stoneware  clay.  These  lower  Magothy  members,  which  would  then  include 
the  laminated  sands,  are  in  one  place  a  dark  clay,  which,  within  a  short 
distance,  may  thin  out  and  be  replaced  by  a  sugary,  somewhat  ironstained 
sand." 

Another  point  in  the  stratigraphy  of  this  region  where  there 
have  been  differences  of  opinion  is  in  the  relationships  of  the 
Mount  Laurel  sand  of  Clark  and  the  Wenonah  sand  of  Knapp. 
Clark  recognized  at  Atlantic  Highlands2  about  5  feet  of  Mount 
Laurel  sand  which  was  said  to  increase  in  thickness  to  the  south 
to  fully  80  feet  in  the  vicinity  of  Salem.  At  Atlantic  Highlands 
this  formation  is  essentially  the  equivalent  of  Cook's  "sand  marl" 
division  of  the  "Lower  Marl,"  and  its  faunal  characters  ally  it 
intimately  with  the  overlying  marl  bed,  while  in  Gloucester  and 
Salem  counties  it  was  essentially  the  whole  of  Knapp's  Wenonah. 
This  bed  was  considered  by  Clark  as  a  subordinate  division  of 
his  Monmouth  formation. 

The  name  Wenonah  was  given  by  Knapp  to  the  entire  sand- 
filled  interval  between  the  "Lower  Marl"  and  the  Marshalltown. 
At  Atlantic  Highlands  the  formation  comprised  30  or  more 
feet,  including  the  whole  of  Clark's  Mount  Laurel  sand  and  the 
upper  t  portion  of  his  Hazlet  sand.  To  the  south  the  formation 
thickens  and  is  essentially  equivalent  with  Clark's  Mount  Laurel. 
It  is  seten  then  that  the  lower  boundary  of  the  Clark's  Mount  Laurel 
is,  in  fact,  a  line  running  diagonally  across  Knapp's  Wenonah 
from;  near  its  top  at  Atlantic  Highlands  to  near  its  base  in  the 
vicinity  of  Salem,  and  that  the  two  names  are  not  equivalent. 
For  the  correct  interpretation  of  this  portion  of  the  section  it  has 
been  necessary  to  appeal  to  paleontologic  evidence.  There  is 
introduced  at  about  this  horizon  a  peculiar,  foreign  faunal  ele- 
ment which  can  be  recognized  more  or  less  continuously  across 


1  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Ann.  Rep.  State  Geol.  for  1905,  p.  136. 

2  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Ann.  Rept.  State  Geol.  for  1897,  p.  183. 


24       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  State.  .This. fauna!  element  is  of  such  a  nature  as  to  make  it 
reasonable  to  conclude  that  the  position  of  its  introduction  in 
successive  sections  across  the  State  marks  a  contemporaneous 
horizon.  The  first  appearance  of  this  faunal  element  at  Atlantic 
Highlands  is  at  the  base  of  Clark's  Mount  Laurel  sand  at  that 
locality.  Here  there  is  a  slight  lithologic  difference  between  the 
coarse  marly  sand  carrying  this  faunal  element  and  the  finer 
micaceous  sand  beneath,  so  that  there  is  here  some  lithologic 
reason  for  dividing  Knapp's  Wenonah  to  accord  with  the  paleon- 
tology. At  Mullica  Hill,  in  Gloucester  County,  this  faunal  ele- 
ment has  been  found  at  least  20  feet  below  the  base  of  the  marl 
bed  there  shown,  and  it  may  occur  still  lower.  With  this  con- 
temporaneous faunal  horizon  as  a  datum,  line,  it  is  seen  that 
neither  the  basal  boundary  of  the  Mount  Laurel  nor  the  upper 
boundary  of  the  Wenonah,  as  the  beds  were  originally  described, 
represent  contemporaneous  horizons  across  the  State.  The 
summit  of  this  sand-filled  interval  becomes  later  and  later  in  time 
in  passing  from  the  north  to  the  south  because  of  the  longer 
duration  in  that  direction  of  the  sand-depositing;  conditions.  By 
limiting  the  name  Mount  Laurel  to  the  upper  sands  containing 
the  new  faunal  element,  as  was  done  by  Clark  himself  at  Atlantic 
Highlands,  and  the  Wenonah  to  the  beds  below,  which  on  the 
whole  are  finer  and  quite  micaceous,  it  may  be  possible  to  give 
both  these  names  a  place  among  the  Cretaceous  formations  of 
New  Jersey.  If  the  lithologic  distinction  between  the  two  hori- 
zons was  as  clear  all  the  way  across  the  State  as  it  is  at  Atlantic 
Highlands,  this  could  easily  be  done  and  the  two  formations 
separately  mapped.  To  the  south,  however,  the  lithologic  differ- 
ences become  much  less  distinct,  although  for  much  of  the  dis- 
tance across  the  State  the  lower  division  of  the  sand,  the  We- 
nonah (using  the  term  in  the  restricted  sense)  is  slightly  finer 
and  more  micaceous  and  clayey,  while  the  upper  (the  Mount 
Laurel)  is  more  ferruginous  and  glauconitic. 

Still  another  point  in  the  stratigraphy  of  the  New  Jersey  Cre- 
taceous has  been  given  different  interpretations  by  different 
workers  in  the  field.  This  is  the  "yellow  sand"  near  the  summit 
of  the  section.  This  formation  was  given  a  definite  place  in  the 
section  by  Cook  between  the  "yellow  limestone"  and  "limesand" 


INTRODUCTION.  25 

TABLE  IV. 

Table  showing  the  present  interpretation  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous. 


Manasquan 


Vincentown, 
including  "yellow  sand' 


Hornerstown 


Tinton 


Red  Bank 


Navesink 


Mount  Laurel 


Wenonah 


Marshalltown 


Englishtown 


Woodbury 


Merchantville 


Magothy 
(Including  Cliff  wood  Clay) 


Raritan 


26       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

of  the  "Middle  Marl,"  and  the  base  of  the  "Upper  Marl."  Clark 
included  this  bed  at  first  with  the  "Upper  Marl"  in  his  Manas- 
quan  formation.  Later,  however,  he  removed  if  entirely  from 
the  Cretaceous  and  considered  it  as  of  Miocene  age.1  The  writer, 
after  finding  an  abundance  of  Cretaceous  fossils  in  the  formation, 
referred  this  sand  definitely  to  a  position  in  the  Cretaceous,  it 
being  the  exact  equivalent  of.  the  Vincentown  limesand,  and  this 
interpretation  has  been  assented  to  by  Dr.  Clark. 

It  is  believed  that  the  following  Table  IV  is  a  representation 
of  the  stratigraphic  divisions  of  the  Cretaceous  formations  of 
New  Jersey  to  which  all  who  have  studied  the  region  will  assent. 
The  formations  have  not  been  grouped  in  any  major  divisions, 
for  in  New  Jersey,  at  least,  any  major  stratigraphic  grouping  is 
of  doubtful  utility.  An  arrangement  of  the  formations  will  be 
discussed  later,  after  a  treatment  of  the  faunas  themselves. 

1  Geol.  Surv.  of  N.  J.,  Ann.  Rep.  State  Geol.  for  1892,  p.  205 ;  Ibid,  for  1893, 
p.  338;  Ibid,  for  1897,  p.  186  and  p.  190;  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  An.,  vol.  viii,  p. 
336  and  p.  340. 


CHAPTER  H. 


THE  RARITAN  CLAY.' 


The  Raritan2  formation  is  the  lowest  division  of  the  Cre- 
taceous in  New  Jersey.  It  consists  of  a  number  of  beds  of  clay, 
sand,  and  locally  gravel.  The  clays  are  of  various  sorts,  from 
nearly  white  to  steel-blue  and  black,  some  beds  are  often  sandy 
and  at  times  considerable  quantities  of  pyrite  and  lignite  are 
included.  Some  of  the  sands  are  nearly  pure  quartz,  sharp  and 
angular  in  grain,  others  are  highly  micaceous,  or  lignitic  or 
arkose. 

In  the  report  on  the  Clays  and  Clay  Industry  of  New  Jersey3 
seven  beds  are  described  which  may  be  included  in  the  Raritan 
formation  proper :  these  beds  being  ( i )  "Raritan  Fire  and  Terra- 
cotta (Potter's)  clay,"  (2)  "Fire  Sand  No.  i,"  (3)  "The  Wood- 
bridge  Clay,"  (4)  "The  Feldspar-Kaolin  Sand  Bed,"  (5)  "South 
Amboy  Fire  Clay,"  (6)  "Sand  Bed  No.  3,"  (7)  "Amboy  Stone- 
ware Clay.  The  total  thickness  of  these  beds  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  200  feet.  These  subdivisions  are,  however,  strictly  local, 
and  applicable  only  to  the  northeastern  section  in  Middlesex  and 
MonmO'Uth  counties. 

Flora  and  Fauna  of  the  Raritan  Series,  By  far  the  most 
abundant  fossil  remains  in  the  Raritan  series  are  plants,  and  in 
a  monograph  upon  the  flora  of  the  Amboy  clays,  Newberry4  has 
described  156  species,  most  of  which  are  from  the  Raritan  forma- 


1  The  descriptions  of  the  physical  characters  of  the  formations  have  been 
compiled   largely   from  the   discussion   of  the   formations  by   Kummel   and 
Knapp  in  Volume  VI  of  the  Final  Reports  of  the  State  Geologist  upon  the 
Clays  and  Clay  Industries  of  the  State,  and  from  the  descriptions  by  Clark 
and  Cook,  supplementing  the  field  observations  of  the  writer. 

2  The  term  is  here  used  in  a  restricted  sense,  indicated  on  page  22. 

3  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Final  Rep.,  vol.  vi,  pp.  168-196. 

4  The  Flora  of  the  Amboy  Clays,  by  J.  S.  Newberry,  a  posthumous  work 
edited  by  A.  Hollick,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  26  (1895). 

(27) 


28       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

tion  proper,  as  that  term  is  used  here,  although  a  few  of  the 
species  described  were  secured  from  the  higher  beds  here  con- 
sidered as  representing  the  Magothy  of  Maryland.  The  flora 
is  totally  different  from  that"  of  the  Potomac  clays  further  south 
in  Maryland  and  Virginia  from  which  beds  Fontaine1  has 
described  365  species,  not  one  of  which  is  certainly  found  in  the 
Raritan  clays  of  New  Jersey2. 

"The  difference  in  the  character  of  the  vegetation  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
in  the  long  list  furnished  by  Professor  Fontaine  there  are  but  75  angiosperms 
(about  one-fifth  of  all),  whereas  in  the  New  Jersey  clays,  throwing  out 
fragmentary  and  doubtful  remains,  of  156  described  species  all  but  10  are 
dicotyledonous  plants." 

The  fauna  of  the  Raritan  series  is  extremely  meager.  Conrad 
described  a  little  pelecypod  shell  from  the  "ash-colored  clays  near 
Washington,  Middlesex  county,"  as  Astarte  veto,?  this  species 
must  have  come  from  the  Raritan  series,  but  it  has  not  been  met 
with  in  any  of  the  more  recent  collections.  In  addition  to  this 
Whitfield  has  described  four  other  species  as  follows : 

Ambocardia  cookii. 

Corbicula  ?  emacerata. 

Corbicula  annosa. 

Gnathodon  f  tenuidens. 

Three  of  these  species,  viz.,  A.  cookii,  C.  annosa  and  G.  f 
tenuidens,  occur  in  Sayre  and  Fisher's  clay  pits  at  Sayreville; 
two,  viz.,  A.  cookii  and  G.  ?  tenuidens,  occur  also  at  Valentine's 
clay  pits  near  Woodbridge;  two,  viz.,  C.  f  emacerata  and  C. 
annosa,  are  recorded  from  near  Woodbridge  with  no  definite 
locality  specified;  and  one,  viz.,  A.  cookii,  occurs  also  at  East 
Brunswick.  All  of  these  localities  are  in  the  lower  portion  of 
the  Raritan  formation,  and,  although  the  generic  relations  of  all 
the  species  are  more  or  less  in  doubt,  all  seem  to  be  of  brackish- 
water  types,  just  such  forms  as  might  be  expected  to  occur  in 
beds  having  the  estuarine  origin  of  these  Raritan  clays  and 
sands. 


*The  Potomac  or  Younger  Mesozoic  Flora,  by  W.  M.  Fontaine,  Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  xv  (1889). 

*  Newberry,  loc.  cit,  p.  23. 

*  See  fig.  3,  pi.  Ix  of  the  report. 


THE  RARITAN.  29 

More  recently  several  examples  of  a  small  pelecypod,  described  • 
in  this  report  as  Cor'bula  manleyi,  have  been  collected  by  Mr.  J. 
M.  Manley,  of  New  Brunswick,  from  Furman's  clay  pits  at 
Sayreville.  Other  members  of  the  genus  Corbula  occur  in  the 
higher  Cretaceous  beds  of  the  State,  associated  with  typical 
marine  faunas,  but  C.  manleyi  is  quite  different  from  any  of  these 
species.  This  same  genus  is  living  at  the  present  time,  some  of 
the  species  having  a  typically  marine  habitat,  while  others  live  in 
brackish  waters,  and  on  account  of  this  varying  habitat  of  living, 
members  of  the  genus,  the  presence  of  this  shell  at  Sayreville 
does  not  certainly  indicate  the  presence  of  marine  conditions, 
since  this  species  may  quite  as  well  have  been  one  of  the  brackish- 
water  members  of  the  genus. 

Perhaps  the  most  significant  occurrence  of  invertebrate  fossils 
in  any  of  these  Raritan  beds  is  a  concretionary  slab  of  sandstone 
in  the  collection  of  the  Geological  Survey,  collected  from  one  of 
the  clay  banks  at  Sayreville  by  J.  H.  Congar  in  1883.  This  slab 
is  covered  with  many  individuals  of  a  species  o<f  Turritella  (see 
plate  LXXX  of  this  volume),  which  is  similar  to  and  perhaps 
identical  with  a  species  occurring  in  the  Cliffwood  clay  and 
described  in  this  report  as  T.  jersey  ensis.  Upon  the  same  slab  is 
an  imperfect  impression  of  a  small  pelecypod  shell,  which  has  the 
general  form  and  proportions  of  Cytnbophora  lintea,  a  species 
particularly  abundant  in  the  Cliffwood  clay,  and  also  occurring 
in  several  of  the  higher  Cretaceous  formations  in  the  State. 
Both  of  these  forms  are  typically  marine,  and  their  occurrence 
here  near  the  base  of  the  Raritan  series,  and  the  reappearance  of 
the  same  or  of  closely  allied  species  in  the  Cliffwood  clays,  and 
again  in  the  higher  Cretaceous  beds,  affords  evidence  of  the 
presence,  at  no  great  distance,  of  marine  conditions,  with  faunas 
closely  allied  to  those  of  the  Matawan  series,  -throughout  the 
whole  of  Raritan  time. 


CHAPTER  ID. 


THE  MAGOTHY  FORMATION. 


Certain  beds  of  clay  and  sand  along  the  south  shore  of  Raritan 
Bay  have  called  forth  considerable  discussion  of  late  years1. 
These  beds  were  in  large  part,  perhaps  entirely,  included  by  Cook 
in  his  "plastic  clay"  series,  being  included  in  his  "clay  and 
lignite"  division  at  the  summit  of  the  series.2  The  name  Cliff- 
wood  has  been  applied  to  these  beds  by  Kummel.3  The  beds  are 
not  always  of  clay,  sometimes  being  largely  arenaceous,  as  at 
Prospect  Grove,  where  40  feet  of  white  sand,  with  seams  of  black 
lignite  and  thin  beds  of  black  clay  (becoming  thicker  and  more 
numerous  towards  the  base  of  the  section)  occur  immediately 
beneath  the  Merchantville  clay-marl  of  the  Matawan  series. 

From  a  study  of  the  flora  of  these  Cliffwood  beds,  Berry  has 


^he  Cretaceous  Clay  Marl  Exposures  at  Cliffwood,  N.  J.,  by  Arthur  Hoi- 
lick,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi.,  pp.  124-136;  The  Flora  of  the  Mat- 
awan Formation  (Crosswick's  Clays),  by  Edward  W.  Berry,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Garden,  vol.  iii.,  No.  9,  pp.  45-103 ;  New  Species  of  Plants  from  the  Mat- 
awan Formation,  by  Edward  W.  Berry,  Am.  Nat.,  vol.  xxxvii.,  pp.  677-684; 
The  Cliffwood  Clays  and  the  Matawan,  by  G.  N.  Knapp,  Amer.  Geol.,  vol. 
xxxiii.,  pp.  23-27 ;  The  Cretaceous  Exposure  near  Cliffwood,  N.  J.,  by  Ed- 
ward W.  Berry,  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  xxxiv.,  pp.  253-260;  The  Matawan  Forma- 
tion of  Maryland,  Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  and  Its  Relations  to  Overlying 
and  Underlying  Formations,  by  W.  B.  Clark,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  Ser.,  vol. 
xviii.,  pp.  435-440;  Additions  to  the  Flora  of  the  Matawan  Formation,  by 
Edward  W.  Berry,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  pp.  67-82;  Additions  to 
the  Fossil  Flora  From  Cliffwood,  New  Jersey,  by  Edward  W.  Berry,  Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxii,  pp.  43-48;  The  Fauna  of  the  Cliffwood  Clays, 
by  Stuart  Weller,  Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13,  pp.  324-337;  also  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J., 
Rep.  of  State  Geol.  for  1904,  pp  133-144;  The  Flora  of  the  Cliffwood  Clays, 
by  Edward  W.  Berry,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Rep.  of  State  Geol.  for  1905,  pp. 
135-156. 

2  Geol.  of  N.  J.  (1868),  p.  255;  Geol.  Surv.  of  N.  J.,  Rep.  on  Clays  (1878), 
P.  73- 

*  Geol,  Surv.  of  N.  J.,  Final  Rep.,  vol.  vi,  Clays  and  Clay  Industry  of  N.  J. 
(1904),  p.  166. 

(30 


32       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

been  led  to  correlate  them  and  the  underlying  sand  strata  down 
to  the  top  of  the  "Amboy  Stoneware  Clay"  with  the  Magothy 
formation  of  Maryland.  The  lower  contact  of  this  Magothy 
formation  as  it  is  developed  in  New  Jersey,  is  marked  by  a  more 
or  less  conspicuous  line  of  unconformity.  The  contact  with  the 
Merchantville  clay,  the  formation  next  above,  is  sharp  and  easily 
recognized  although  the  two  formations  are  perfectly  conform- 
able. Wherever  seen  the  top  of  the  Magothy  is  a  loose  sand,  or 
a  sand  with  clay  laminae,  whereas  the  Merchantville  is  a  glau- 
conitic  clay,  black  when  fresh,  rusty-brown  when  weathered,  and 
usually  fossiliferous.  This  contact,  moreover,  is  frequently  em- 
phasized by  a  bed  of  ironstone  due  to  the  cementation  of  the  upper 
layer  of  the  Magothy  sand.  Somewhat  extended  studies  of  the 
flora  of  the  Cliffwood  clays  have  been  made  by  Berry1.  In  his 
most  recent  paper  on  the  flora  he  has  recorded  a  total  of  49 
species  which  are  confined  to  the  Magothy,  although  one  or  two 
are  also  known  from  Europe.  In  addition  to  this  number  there 
are  several  others,  described  by  Newberry  as  from  the  Raritan 
of  New  Jersey,  but  which  have  not  been  detected  in  the  com- 
paratively abundant  recent  collections  from  the  Raritan  proper, 
having  been  found  only  in  certain  lower  Magothy  beds  near 
Morgan,  from  which  horizon  they  were  probably  obtained  by 
Newberry.  Of  the  Magothy  species  which  are  known  from 
outside  this  formation,  36  occur  in  the  Raritan  of  New  Jersey, 
but  if  certain  species  having  a  wide  geographic  distribution  and 
geologic  range  are  removed  from  this  number  and  some  others 
which  are  not  satisfactorily  identified  by  reason  of  the  imper- 
fection of  their  preservation,  it  is  found  that  about  25  per  cent, 
of  the  flora  is  common  to  the  Raritan  of  New  Jersey.  Thirty- 
one  species  in  the  flora,  including  several  not  found  in  the  New 
Jersey  Raritan,  occur  in  the  supposed  Raritan  beds  of  Staten 
Island,  Long  Island  and  eastward,  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  the 
Magothy  beds  occur  also  on  these  islands,  and  that  some  of  the 
supposed  Raritan  species  belong  rather  to  the  higher  flora.  Twelve 
species  in  the  flora  are  confined  to  the  Magothy  and  Dakota 
floras,  while  on  the  other  hand  there  are  only  5  species  peculiar 

1  See  foot  note,  p.  31. 


THE  MAGOTHY.  33 

to  the  Magothy  and  the  Raritan,  even  when  including-  under 
the  head  of  Raritan  all  the  Island  species,  some  of  which  may 
in  reality  be  Magothy  and  not  Raritan  at  all.  The  flora  "con- 
tains a  number  of  modern  types  not  found  in  the  Raritan,  and 
has  a  general  facies  allying  it  to  those  floras  elsewhere  which 
are  usually  classed  as  Cenomanian  such  as  that  from  the  Dakota 
sandstone  of  the  West  or  that  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Western 
Greenland.  Comparing  this  flora  with  that  of  the  world  we 
note  that  it  contains  42  species  of  the  Albanian  or  Gault  and 
49  species  of  the  Cenomanian  or  Senonian,  and  that  while  it 
marks  the  upper  limit  of  13  Albian  or  Gault  species,  it  marks 
the  lower  limit  of  17  Cenomanian  or  Senonian  species." 

The  faunas  of  the  Cliffwood  clays  have  an  especial  interest 
from  the  fact  that  they  represent  the  earliest  abundant  marine 
invertebrate  fauna  known  in  the  Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey. 
This  fauna  occurs  at  several  localities  which  will  be  mentioned 
in  order. 

Locality  105.  At  Cliffwood  Point  this  fauna  occurs  in  smooth, 
concretionary  nodules,  for  the  most  part  not  in  situ,  which  may 
be  gathered  along  the  beach  in  great  numbers  at  low  tide.  A 
few  of  the  nodules  were  found  imbedded  in  the  clay  near  the 
water  level.  Probably  all  of  them  have  been  weathered  out  of 
a  very  few  feet  of  strata,  the  nodule-bearing  bed  being  some  feet 
below  the  plant-bearing  beds  of  the  same  locality.  The  most 
notable  feature  of  these  fossiliferous  nodules  is  the  great  num- 
ber of  crustacean  remains  which  they  contain,  indeed,  nearly 
every  one  of  the  concretions,  when  broken,  yields  remains,  more 
or  less  fragmentary  and  crushed,  of  one  of  these  creatures,  and 
a  crab  of  some  sort  seems  to  have  been  the  nucleus  around  which 
nearly  every  one  of  these  concretionary  nodules  in  the  clay  has 
been  formed.  Notwithstanding  their  abundance,  no  attempt  has 
been  made  in  the  present  report  to  give  descriptions  of  the  various 
forms,  except  in  one  single  case  of  a  species  which  also  occurs 
commonly  in  the  Woodbury  clay.  In  addition  to  the  crustaceans 
these  nodules  have  yielded  a  goodly  number  of  mollusca,  and  the 
following  species  have  been  recognized1 : 


1  Additional   investigation   has   led   to   some   changes   in   identification   and 
nomenclature  from  the  preliminary  lists  previously  published. 

3  *AI, 


34  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  percrassa  Con. 
Nucula  whMeldi  n.  sp. 
Leda  cliff ivoodensis  n.  sp. 
Yoldia  diffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Nemodon  brevifrons  Con. 
•  A xin ea  co ngesta  ( Con . ) . 
Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom. 
Pteria  petrosa  Con. 
Ostrea  cretacea  Mort. 
Ostrea  congest®  Con. 
Pecten  diffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Anomm  argentaria  Mort. 
Mytilus  oblivius  Whitf.  ? 
Pholadomya  occidenfalis  Mort. 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Tenea  parilis  Con.  ? 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 
Isocardia  diffwoodensis  Weller. 
Tellina  sp.  undet. 
Cymbophoralintea  (Con.). 
Schizodesma  appressa  Gabb.  ? 
Corbula  bisculata  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Turritella  quadrilirata  Johns. 
Pyrifiisus  erraticus  Whitf. 
Volutoderma  conradi  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

P lac entic eras  placenta  DeKay. 
Baculites  sp. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller. 

Locality  185. — A  sandstone  mass  was  collected  on  the  beach 
at  Cliffwood,  18  inches  in  length,  12  inches  in  width,  and  about 


THE  MAGOTHY.  35 

3  inches  thick,  which  was  filled  with  fossils.  This  mass  of  sand- 
stone, collected  along1  with  the  crustacean  nodules,  was  not  in 
situ,  and  being  different  in  its  lithologic  characters  from  any 
material  observed  imbedded  in  the  clay  at  this  point,  it  may  have 
been  transported  to  this  locality  from  elsewhere.  It  is  somewhat 
similar  in  its  lithologic  characters  to  certain  sandy,  fossiliferous 
nodules  occuring1  in  the  clay  pits  of  the  Cliffwood  Brick  Com- 
pany, a  little  over  1.5  miles  distant,  on  Whale  Creek.  The  fauna 
yielded  by  this  standstone  undoubtedly  indicates  its  Qiffwood 
age,  although  several  species  occur  which  have  not  been  observed 
elsewhere.  The  species  identified  are  the  following: 

PELECYPODA. 

Leda  cliff  wo  odensis  n.  sp. 
Yoldia  cliff  wo  odensis  n.  sp. 
Trigonarca  triquetra  Con. 
Trigona-rca  cliff  wo  odensis  n.  sp. 
Axinea  congest®  Con. 
Anatina  sp.  undet. 
Cardium  cliff  wo  odensis  n.  sp. 
Isocardia  cliff  wo  odensis  Weller. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  cliff  wo  odensis  n.  sp. 
Corbu-la  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Gyrodes  sp.  undet. 
Turrit ella  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Anchura  pergracilis  Johns. 
Herchorkynchus  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Volwtomorpka  kanei  (Gabb)  ? 

Locality  186. — At  Geldhaus'  clay  pits,  a  little  over  i  mile  west 
of  Cliffwood  Point,  on  Whale  Creek,  crustacean-bearing  nodules 
similar  to  those  collected  on  the  beach  at  Cliffwood,  occur  in  situ 
in  the  clay.  Besides  the  numerous  imperfect  crustacean  remains, 
the  following  species  have  been  recognized  at  this  locality : 


36       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

PElvECYPODA. 

Leda  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Pteria  petrosa  Con. 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf . 
Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  Weller. 
Solyma  lineolata  Con.  ? 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  sp.  undet. 

Locality  107. — In  the  Cliffwood  Brick  Company's  south  pits, 
at  the  crossing  of  the  New  York  and  Long-  Branch  Railroad 
over  Whale  Creek,  numerous,  abundantly  fossiliferous,  sandy 
nodules  were  obtained  in  sitw  in  the  northern  part  of  the  pits, 
and  from  these  nodules  the  following  species  of  fossils  have  been 
identified : 

PEivECYFODA. 

Leda  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Yoldia  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Axinea  congesta  (Con.). 
Pecten  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
'  Pholadomya  accidentalis  Mort. 
Cymella  bella  Con. 
Cardium  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  Weller. 
Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con. 
Meretrix  tip p ana  Con. 
Tellina  sp.  undet. . 
Linearia  metastriata  Con. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Schizodesma  ap  press  a  Gabb.  ? 
Corbula  bisculata  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Gyrodes  sp.  undet. 
Twrritella  quadrilirata  Johns. 
Fusus  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 


THE  MAGOTHY.  37 

Locality  189. — Several  fossiliferous  nodules,  not  in  situ,  were 
collected  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  same  pits  of  the  Cliff- 
wood  Brick  Company  as  the  fauna  last  recorded.  They  un- 
doubtedly had  their  origin  from  these  same  beds,  having"  been 
thrown  aside  during  the  excavation  of  the  clay  for  the  purpose 
of  brick-making.  The  following  species  of  fossils  have  been 
recognized : 

PELECYPODA. 

Leda  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Nemodon  sp.  undet. 
Axinea  congest®  (Con.). 
Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom. 
Pteria  petrosa   (Con.). 
Ostrea  sp.  undet. 
Pecten  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con.  ? 
I  so  car  dia  cliffwoodensis  Weller. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  bisidcata  Con. 
Corbula  swedesboroensis  n.  sp.  ? 

GASTROPODA. 

Pyrifusus  sp.  undet. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller. 


TABLE   OF   DISTRIBUTION    FOR   THE   CUFFWOOD    FAUNA. 

In  the  following  table  the  entire  Cliffwood  fauna  is  arranged 
to  show  the  abundance  of  the  individual  species  in  the  Cliffwood 
formation,  as  well  as  their  occurrence  and  abundance  in  other 
formations.  The  numbers  in  parentheses  following  the  names  of 
the  formations  at  the  head  of  the  successive  columns  indicate  the 
number  of  localities  from  which  collections  have  been  secured 


38       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

and  studied.  The  numbers  in  the  columns  opposite  the  species 
name  indicate  in  each  case  the  number  of  localities  from  which 
the  species  has  been  recognized,  and  a  comparison  of  this  number 
with  the  number  in  parentheses  at  the  head  of  the  column  shows 
the  relative  abundance  of  the  species  in  the  formations  where  it 
occurs.  In  the  list,  the  species  are  arranged  in  groups  in  accord- 
ance with  the  number  of  occurrences  which  have  been  noted  in 
the  Cliffwood  fauna;  that  is  to  say,  the  first  three  species  have 
been  recognized  in  each  of  the  five  localities  from  which  Cliff- 
wood  fossils  have  been  studied,  and  may,  consequently,  be  con- 
sidered as  being  among  the  most  characteristic  species  of  the 
fauna,  and  so  on  down  to  those  species  which  have  been  noted 
from  but  a  single  locality. 


THE  MAGOTHY. 


39 


ID 

te 
0 

Merchantville,  '(8)  . 

Woodbury  (6). 

Englishtown. 

Marshalltown  (a). 

Wenonah  (2). 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

^ 
| 

fS 
t 

^ 

§ 

| 
C 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

G 

5 

sr 

rt 
C 

JS 

i 
w 

a 

£ 
O 

& 

'H. 

s 

Leda  cliff  wo  odensis  n   sp  

e 

Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  n    sp 

B 

T 

T 



• 

V 

Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.)  
Axinea  congesta    (Con  )    .... 

5 

3 

4 
2 

— 

i 

2 
,| 

—• 

3 

I 

— 

— 

— 

X 
v 

Yoldia  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp  

3 

Pteria  petrosa  Con  

^ 





7 







V 

Pecten  cliffwoodensis  n    sp  . 

-> 

y 

Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom  

j 

5 

T 

V 

Anornia  argentaria  Mort  

7 

6 

•» 

0 

T 

« 

•  i 



V 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort  
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf         . 

2 

4 

2 

g 

- 

— 

— 

— 

— 

X 

V 

Cardium  ripleyanum  Con  

t 

6 

Cardium  cliffwoodensis  n   sp  

Schizodesma  appressa  Gabb  ^ 

7 

V 

Turritella  quadrilirata  Johns 

Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller  

2 

I 

V 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n  sp 

2 

-7 

Nemodon  brevifrons  Con  





o 





V 

Trigonarca  cliffwoodensis  n    sp 

y 

v 

Mytilus  oblivius  Whitf  ?  

\/ 

Tenea  par  His  Con  ? 

5? 

r 

2 

^ 

T 

V 

Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con  

5 



Meretrix  tippana  Con  

2 



V 

Linear  ia  metastriata  Con 

a 

o 

T 

T 

.... 

V 

Leptosolen  biplicata  Con 

•? 

1 

»7 

•* 

_ 

V 

Solyma  lineolata  Con  ? 

t 

i 

J 

T 

V 

Corbula  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp  
Corbula  jerseyensis  n    sp  

Corbula  swedesboroensis  n   sp  ^ 

j 

T 

T 

Turritella  jerseyensis  n    sp 

Anchura  pergracilis  Johns  

T 

Pyrifusus  erraticus  Whitf  

Herchorhynchus  jerseyensis  n.  sp  
Fusus  cliffwoodensis  n    sp  .  .  . 

Volutoderma  conradi  Gabb 

T 

Piestochilus  kanei  Gabb 

y 

T 

Pln,fcntire>rnt   blnrpntn    (Tlpffav^ 

T 

o 

V 

40       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


ANALYTICAL    DISCUSSION    OF    THE    CLIFFWOOD    FAUNA. 

The  composition  of  the  entire  fauna  of  the  Cliffwood  clays,  as 
exhibited  in  the  five  localities  recognized,  is  shown  in  the  above 
table,  with  the  distribution  of  the  recognized  species  in  the  other 
Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey  and  a  record  of  their 
occurrence  in  the  Ripley  Group  of  the  Southern  States.  The 
essential  features  of  this  table,  in  so  far  as  the  number  of  species 
in  the  various  formations  is  concerned,  may  be  shown  as  follow : 

CLIFFWOOD, 43 

Merchantville, 16 

Woodbury,    21 

Marshalltown,    7 

Wenonah, 19 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink 4 

Red  Bank,   8 

Tinton 2 

Ripley  Group,  etc., 22 

Of  the  total  43  species  recognized  in  the  Cliffwood  fauna  14,  or 
32  per  cent.,  have  not  been  recognized  in  any  other  formation  in 
New  Jersey,  so  that  only  29  species  have  a  wider  range  within  the 
State.  Of  the  22  species  which  are  known  to  occur  also  in  the 
Cretaceous  beds  outside  of  New  Jersey,  chiefly  in  the  Ripley 
formations  of  the  Southern  States,  all  but  three  are  also  included 
in  the  29  species  which  have  a  wider  distribution  in  the  State,  the 
exceptions  being  Ostrea  creta'cea,  Ostrea  congest®  and  Trigo- 
narca  triquetra. 

In  passing  ifrom  the  Cliffwood  to  the  Tinton  in  this  table  a 
reduction  in  the  number  of  species  in  common  to  the  formations 
is  noticeable,  as  might  be  expected,  the  reduction  being  from  the 
total  number  of  species  in  the  Cliffwood  to  only  two  in  the  Tinton. 
A  highly  important  fact,  however,  in  the  data  exhibited  by  this 
table  is  that  the  reduction  in  the  number  of  common  species  in  the 
successive  formations  is  not  regular,  there  being  a  distinct  alter- 
nation, the  greater  number  of  common  forms  being  present  in  the 
Woodbury,  Wenonah  and  Red  Bank.  This  distinct  alternation 
is  not  accidental,  nor  is  it  due  to  the  fact  that  the  entire  known 
faunas  of  these  formations  are  larger,  for  they  are  not.  On  the 


THE  MAGOTHY. 


contrary,  the  total  number  of  known  species  in  the  Merchant- 
ville  is  greater  than  the  entire  known  Woodbury  fauna,  and  the 
total  fauna  of  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  horizon  is  larger  than 
that  of  any  other  single  formation  in  the  series,  being  very  much 
larger  than  the  fauna  of  either  the  Wenonah  or  the  Red  Bank, 
although  the  faunas  of  each  of  these  formations  have  much  more 
in  common  with  the  Cliffwood  than  does  the  Navesink  fauna. 
As  will  be  shown  later,  there  were  two  sharply  marked  alternating 
faunas  in  the  beds  from  the  Cliffwood  to  the  Tinton  inclusive. 

A  notable  proportion  of  the  Cliffwood  species  having  a  wider 
range  within  the  State,  viz.,  1 1  species  of  the  total  26,  distinctly 
show  the  alternations  in  their  occurrence,  as  follows : 


C 

M 

w 

Ma 

We 

N 

RB 

Nemodon  brevifrons  
Axinea  congests 

X 

x 

- 

x 

— 

X 

x 

P-teria,  petrosa  

x 



x 

Mytilus   oblivius  
Lucinia  cretacea     .  .         .                 .         ... 

X 

x 

— 

x 

— 

x 

V 

Isocardia   cliffivoodensis 

x 

x 



x 

Cyprimeria    cretacea  

x 

x 

x 

Schizodesma  appressa  

x 

x 

Turritella    quadrilirata  
Anchura  pergracilis 

X 

x 

— 

x 
x 

Tetracarcinus  subquadratus 

x 

x 

To  the  above  list  might  be  added  Nucula  whitHeldi,  Cymella 
bella  and  Cymbophora  lintea,  species  which  are  much  more  con- 
spicuous in  these  alternate  faunas,  but  which  occur  rarely  in  the 
intermediate  stages.  It  is,  indeed,  not  improbable  that  at  least 
a  portion  of  the  species  of  the  above  list  which  are  now  known 
exclusively  in  these  alternating  faunas,  may  be  found  to  occur 
rarely,  with  further  collecting,  in  the  intermediate  beds,  but  the 
fact  remains,  and  probably  will  not  be  -altered  with  the  most 
complete  collections,  that  there  is  a  distinct  faunal  element  which 
is  dominant  in  the  Cliffwood,  Woodbury,  Wenonah  and  Red 
Bank  faunas  and  which  is  inconspicuous  in  the  Merchantville, 
Marshalltown,  Navesink  and  Tinton,  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
as  will  be  shown  below,  a  dominant  element  is  present  in  the 
latter  divisions  which  is  not  conspicuous  in  the  former. 


42       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

It  is  not  possible  to  characterize  fully  the  Cliffwood- Wood- 
bury-  Wenonah-Red  Bank  fauna  by  a  single  species,  since  no  form 
has  been  so  far  recognized  in  every  locality  of  every  horizon  of 
this  fauna.  Lucina  cretacea,  perhaps,  more  nearly  characterizes 
the  fauna  than  any  other  single  species ;  it  occurs  in  every  locality 
of  the  Woodbury  which  has  been  studied,  and  is  always  a  com- 
mon species,  but  in  the  other  horizons  it  .has  been  found  at  only 
two  of  the  five  Cliffwood  localities,  two  of  the  four  Red  Bank 
localities,  and  as  yet  has  been  found  in  neither  of  the  Wenonah 
localities.  It  is  really  a  group  of  species,  rather  than  a  single 
one  which  characterizes  this  fauna,  but  as  a  matter  of  convenience, 
the  whole  assemblage  may  be  spoken  of  as  the  Lucina  cretacea 
fauna-.  In  the  alternate  formations  of  the  series,  viz.,  Mer- 
chantville,  Marshalltown,  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  and  Tinton, 
Lucina  cretacea  does  not  occur,  this  species  and  its  associates 
being  replaced  by  another  general  fauna  to  be  discussed  later,  in 
which  the  species  of  the  genus  Cucullaea  take  a  conspicuous  part. 

Aside  from  this  most  characteristic  element  in  the  Cliffwood 
fauna,  a  second  group  of  species,  viz.,  Pholadomya  Occident  alis, 
Cardium  ripleyanum  and  Corbula  bisulcata,  occur,  which  seem 
to  be  common  to  both  of  the  two  general  faunas,  but  which  are 
restricted  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  entire  series  of  formations, 
not  being  recognized  at  any  horizon  higher  than  the  Woodbury. 
Placenticeras  placenta  is  a  species  which  is  highly  characteristic  of 
all  the  formations  beneath  the  Mount  Laurel  sand,  and  Anomia 
argentaria,  Tenea  parilis,  Leptosolen  biplicata,  and  Linearia 
metastriata  are  species  which  are  commonly  distributed  through 
both  of  the  general  faunas.  The  more  diagnostic  species  of  the 
fauna  which  occurs  in  the  Merchantville-Marshalltown-Nave- 
sink-Tinton  formations,  viz.,  Axinea  subaustralis  and  members 
of  the  genus  Cucullaea,  are  conspicuous  for  their  entire  absence 
from  the  Cliffwood  fauna,  although  the  presence  of  Inoceramus 
proximus  is,  perhaps,  a  sporadic  occurrence  of  a  genus  which  is 
more  characteristic  of  the  second  group  of  faunas. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


THE  MERCHANTVILLE  CLAY-MARL. 


The  Merchantville  clay-marl  is  a  black,  glauconitic,  micaceous 
clay,  often  somewhat  sandy,  the  basal  and  upper  portions  of 
the  bed  commonly  being  more  glauconitic  than  the  middle  por- 
tion. This  three-fold  division  of  the  bed  is  usually  noticeable 
wherever  a  complete  section  of  the  formation  can  be  seen.  At 
several  localities  the  glauconitic  portion  of  the  formation  is  so 
highly  charged  with  greensand  that  the  bed  has  been  dug  for 
marl. 

The  weathering  of  the  Merchantville  clay-marl  is  usually  very 
characteristic.  The  marly  beds  frequently  form  a  more  or  less 
indurated,  cinnamon-brown  earth  in  which  the  small  black  grains 
of  glauconite  may  be  distinctly  seen.  When  more  sandy  the 
weathered  portion  has  a  peculiar  "pepper  and  salt"  aspect.  In 
the  region  about  Jamesburg  the  weathered  portion  frequently 
contains  yellow,  ferruginous,  sandy  nodules.  In  areas  where 
good  sections  of  the  formation  cannot  be  seen,  the  bed  can  usually 
be  recognized  where  it  is  not  too  deeply  covered  with  Pleistocene 
deposits,  by  the  rusty,  cinnamon-brown  color  of  the  weathered 
basal  and  upper  portions  of  the  formation. 

The  contact  of  the  Merchantville  formation  with  the  under- 
lying beds  is  usually  sharply  defined,  the  upper  portion  of  the- 
subjacent  formation  usually  being  a  loose,  coarse,  lignitic  sand, 
often  with  thin  seams  of  black  clay.  Frequently  an  indurated 
layer  of  ferruginous  sandstone  several  inches  in  thickness  marks 
the  exact  boundary  between  the  formations.  In  the  northeast- 
ern portion  of  the  Cretaceous  area  of  New  Jersey,  however,  there 
are  locally  heavy  beds  of  black  clay,  the  Cliffwood  clays,  near 
the  summit  of  the  Magothy,  which  were  at  one  time  included  by 
Clark  in  his  Matawan  formation1.  Later,  however,  the  same 


1  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Ann.  Rep.  State  Geol.  for  1897,  p.  175,  and  accompanying 
maps. 

(43) 


44       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

author  has  considered  these  clays  as  a  distinct  formation  equiv- 
alent to  the  Magothy  formation  in  Maryland1.  These  Cliffwood 
clays,  with  their  associated  sand  and  lignite,  are  clearly  distinct 
from  the  Merchantville  as  has  already  been  pointed  out,  both 
faunally  and  lithologically,  and  there  is  no  great  difficulty  in 
tracing  the  basal  line  of  the  Merchantville  even  where  the  sub- 
jacent Magothy  beds  are  argillaceous. 

The  transition  from  the  Merchantville  to  the  Woodbury  above 
is  less  sharp  than  that  between  this  formation  and  the  subjacent 
one,  but  it  is  usually  accomplished  within  a  thickness  of  from 
one  to  three  feet. 

The  thickness  of  the  Merchantville  clay-marl  increases  some- 
what from  northeast  to  southwest.  In  Monmouth  County  its 
thickness  is  about  35  feet,  at  Bordentown  it  is  60  feet,  and  in 
Salem  County  about  the  same. 

FAUNAS  OF  THE  MERCHANTVILLE  CLAY-MARL. 

The  Merchantville  clay-marl  is  usually  fossiliferous  where  it 
is  well  exposed,  especially  the  more  glauconitic  beds  of  the  for- 
mation. More  or  less  complete  collections  have  been  made  from 
the  formation  at  eight  different  localities  along  the  belt  of  outcrop 
from  Monmouth  County  near  Raritan  Bay  to  Merchantville  in 
Camden  County,  a  distance  of  about  60  miles.  Through  this 
entire  extent  the  fauna  retains  its  integrity  in  its  more  essential 
characteristics,  and  judging  from  collections  in  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Science  the  integrity  of  the  fauna  persists  at  least 
as  far  as  the  deep  cut  on  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  canal  in 
the  State  of  Delaware,  a  further  distance  of  45  miles.  In  New 
Jersey,  so  far  as  it  has  been  observed,  the  fauna  is  purer  in  the 
more  northeastern  localities  from  which  it  has  been  studied,  the 
mingling  of  the  species  more  characteristic  of  the  Woodbury 
clay  fauna  being  more  noticeable  to  the  southwest. 

The  eight  local  faunas  of  the  formation  which  have  been 
studied  will  be  recorded  in  order,  beginning  with  the  more  north- 
eastern ones. 


1  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  Ser.,  vol.  18,  p.  440. 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE.  45 

Locality  ioi2.  —  In  the  northern  portion  of  the  Cretaceous  area 
of  the  State,  the  most  extensive  Merchantville  fauna  has  been 
collected  from  an  exposure  in  a  small  ravine,  tributary  to  Cheese- 
quake  Creek.  The  head  of  this  ravine  is  just  north  of  the  road 
from  Morristown  to  Jacksonville,  about  .75  of  a  mile  west  of 
Morristown  and  a  little  over  2  miles  northwest  of  Matawan-;  it 
is  the  most  westerly  and  largest  of  three  similar  ravines  along  the 
road  west  from  Morristown,  and  the  fossils  were  collected  just 
below  the  road.  At  this  locality  two  distinct  beds  are  exposed, 
there  being  a  dark  clay  below  (loi1),  nearly  or  quite  free  from 
glauconite,  and  a  chocolate-brown,  highly  glauconitic  clay-marl 
bed  above  (ioi2).  The  fauna  listed  below  was  collected  entirely 
from  the  higher  bed. 

ANTHOZOA. 

Micrabacia  americana  M.  &  H. 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Catopygus  pusillus  Clark. 


Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Breviarca  cuneata  Gabb. 
Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom. 
Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb.  ? 
Trigonia  eufandensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  argillensis  Con. 
Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 
Neithea  quinqitecostata  (Sow.) 
Lima  reticulata  L.  &  F. 
Anomia  argent  aria  Mort. 
Modiola  monmouihensis  n.  sp. 
Pholadomya  occidental^  Mort. 


46       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY, 

Liopistha  alternata  n.  sp. 
Cymella  bella  Con. 
Etea  trapezoidea  (Con). 
Crassatellites  cuneatus  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  prora  Con. 
Cardium  spillmani  Con. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 
Meretrix  tippana  Con. 
Legumen  planulatum  (Con.). 
Linearia  metastriata  Con. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Solyma  lineolata  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.)-. 
Corbula  bisculcata  Con. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Corbula  swedesboroensis  n.  sp. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 
Pholas  cithara  Mort. 
Teredo  irregularis  Gabb. 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentaiium  subarcuatum  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Amawropsis  meekana  Whitf. 
Gyrodes  crenata  Con. 
Gyrodes  altispira  (Gabb.). 
Endoptygma  umbilicata  (Tuom.). 
Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 
Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb. 
Anchura  ro strata  (Gabb). 
Pyropsis  ricliardsoni  Tuom. 
Cancellaria  subalta  Con. 
Cancellaria  smocki  n.  sp. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay). 
Scaphites  hippocrepis  (DeKay). 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE.  47 

Several  other  localities  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  Creta- 
ceous area  have  yielded  small  collections  of  Merchantville  fossils, 
but  in  no  case  has  so  extensive  a  fauna  been  secured  as  at  locality 
ioi2,  just  described. 

Locality  IO21.  The  National  Fireproofing  Company  has 
made  extensive  excavations  in  the  Woodbury  clay  at  Lorillard, 
east  of  Keyport,  the  clay  used  in  the  works  being-  removed  down 
to  the  top  of  the  underlying-  Merchantville  formation.  The  con- 
tact between  the  two  formations  is  recognized  at  once  in  the  ex- 
cavation at  this  point,  the  lower  formation  being  abundantly  glau- 
conitic,  while  the  higher  formation  is  quite  free  from  greensand.' 
In  connection  with  the  excavation  at  this  locality,  the  work  being 
done  with  a  steam;  shovel,  it  is  at  times  necessary  to  dig  a  shal- 
low pit  in  the  subjacent  Merchantville  formation,  in  order  to 
furnish  suction  for  the  pumps,  and  at  such  times  fossils  from 
this  lower  formation  can  be  secured.  During  the  period  of  the 
writers  visits  to  these  pits,  only  a  single  opportunity  was  afforded 
to  secure  collections  from  this  underlying  bed  (IO21),  and  only 
the  following  meager  fauna  was  obtained : 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Nemo  arc  a  cretacea  Con. 
Cardium  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Turritella  sp. 

• 
VERTEBRATA. 

Fish  vertebra. 

Extensive  exposures  of  the  Merchantville  clay-marl  may  be 
seen  along-  the  west  bank  of  Matawan  Creek,  north  of  the  town 
of  Matawan,  the  works  of  the  Pennsylvania  Clay  Company  being 
located  at  this  point.  The  pits  which  furnish  the  raw  material  for 
the  plant  of  this  company,  as  well  as  other  pits  situated  a  little 
further  north  and  no  longer  operated,  afford  an  excellent  section 
of  the  Merchantville  formation  resting  upon  the  subjacent  Ma- 


48       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

gothy.  The  lowest  bed  exposed  in  this  section  (loo1),  is  five  feet 
of  gray  or  variegated  sand  containing  thin  bands  of  lignite. 
Locally  the  uppermost  six  inches  of  this  sand  is  indurated  and 
forms  a  hard  band  of  ferruginous  sandstone.  This  sand  is  the 
uppermost  portion  of  the  Magothy,  and  its  total  unexposed 
thickness  at  this  locality  is  not  known. 

Locality  ioo2.  This  bed  represents  the  basal  member  of  the 
Merchantville  clay  in  the  locality  under  consideration,  and  no 
extensive  fauna  has  been  found  in  it.  It  consists  of  two  feet  of 
dark  glauconitic  clay  with  numerous,  irregtilar,  ferruginous  con- 
cretions. In  the  pits  not  operated  at  the  present  time,  north  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Clay  Company's  plant,  an  abundance  of  shark's 
teeth  of  several  species  occur  weathered  out  upon  the  slope  just 
below  this  portion  of  the  section,  along  with  an  occasional  frag- 
ment of  a  reptile  bone.  In  the  sides  of  a  trench  dug  in  this  bed 
at  the  pits  now  being  operated,  an  undetermined  species  of 
Corbula  was  collected,  along  with  several  shark's  teeth  of  the 
same  forms  as  those  found  loose,  and  a  fish  vertebra. 

Locality  ioo3.  This  bed,  25  feet  in  thickness,  is  a  black  clay 
free  from  glauconite,  but  with  some  arenaceous  bands,  being  dug 
at  the  present  time  in  the  Pennsylvania  Clay  Company's  pits  for 
use  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks.  Fossils  are  exceedingly  rare, 
only  a  single  specimen  of  Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom.  being 
observed. 

Locality  ioo4.  Overlying  the  bed  of  black  clay  is  a  much 
weathered  glauconitic  bed  of  a  brownish  or  yellowish  color.  Fos- 
sils are  not  uncommon  in  this  bed,  but  they  are  poorly  preserved 
because  of  their  weathered  condition.  The  species  which  have 
been  identified  are  as  follows  : 


Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Liopistha  alternate,  n.  sp. 
Htea  trapezoidea  (Con.). 
Cardium  spillmani  Con. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 
Protocardia  ferseyensis  n.  sp. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE.  49 

GASTROPODA. 

Gyrodes  crenata  Con. 

Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placcnticeras  placenta  (DeKay). 

Locality  140.  Near  Jamesburg  the  Merchahtville  clay-marl 
is  exposed  at  several  points  and  is  abundantly  fossiliferous.  The 
most  northeastern  locality  in  this  region,  from  which  collections 
of  fossils  have  been  made,  is  situated  about  3.5  miles  a  little  north 
of  east  from  the  town  of  Jamesburg,  at  a  road  corner  .5  miles 
west  of  Texas  on  Matchaponix  Brook.  This  is  an  isolated  out- 
crop by  the  roadside,  which,  in  its  present  weathered  condition, 
is  a  yellow,  ferruginous,  sandy  bed.  The  species  which  have 
been  identified  from  this  locality  are  as  follows : 

VERMES. 

Hawtulus  sp. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  itMtfieldi  n.  sp. 
Leda  compressifrons  (Whitf.). 
Perrisonota  protexta  Con. 
Yoldia  sp. 

Nemodon  eufaulensis  (Gabb). 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Pinna  laqueata  Con. 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Anatina  jamesburgensis  n.  sp.  ? 
Liopistha  alternata  n.  sp. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Btea  trapezoidea  (Con.). 
Hriphyla  conradi  (Whitf.) 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 
Protocardia  jersey ensis  n.  sp. 
Meretrix  sp. 

4  PAL 


50       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Linearia  metastriata  Con. 
Tellinimera  eborea  Con. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 
Gastrochaena  linguiformis  n.  sp. 
i 

GASTROPODA. 
Gyrodes  sp. 

Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 
Anchura  solitaria  Whitf. 
Volutoderma  sp. , 

Locality  139.  This  locality  lies  3  miles  due  east  of  James- 
burg.  It  is  a  small  outcrop  at  the  side  of  the  road  running  south 
from  Spotswood,  and  is  about  2.5  miles  south  of  that  place.  The 
fossils  collected  are  as  follows : 

ECHINODE)RMATA. 

Hemiaster  welleri  Clark  n.  sp. 

PBLECYPODA. 

Leda  compressifrons  (Whitf.). 

Leda  sp. 

Nemodon  eufanlensis  (Gabb.). 

Cucullaea  sp. 

Axinea  sub cmstr alls  d'Orb. 

Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom. 

Ostrea  sp. 

Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 

Pec  ten  argillensis  Con. 

Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 

Anomia  radiata  n.  sp.  ? 

Pholadomya  occidentals  Mort. 

Anatina  jamesburgensis  n.  sp. 

Liopistha  alternata  n.  sp. 

Liopistha  kummeli  n.  sp. 

Veniella  conradi  Mort. 

Hriphyla  conradi  Whitf. 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE.  51 

Cardium  tenuistriatum  Whitf. 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 
Tellinimera  eborea  Con. 
Leptosolen  ?  terminalis  n.  sp. 
Solyma  lineolata  Con. 
Cymbopkora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 

GASTROPODA. 

Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort. 
Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 
Anckura  solitaria  Whitf. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Scaphites  hippocrepis  (DeKay). 

Locality  141. — This  locality  is  in  the  first  railway  cut,  i  mile 
southeast  of  the  Lower  Jamesburg  station.  The  beds  exposed 
here  are  the  typical  glauconitic  clays  of  the  Merchantville,  and 
are  much  less  weathered  than  those  at  the  last  two  localities. 
The  fossils  are  abundant,  and  occur  for  the  most  part  in  concre- 
tionary, ferruginous  nodules.  The  species  which  have  been  iden- 
tified are  the  following : 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Hemiaster  welleri  Clark  n.  sp. 

VERMES. 

Hamulusf  sp. 

,     „- 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  percrassa  Con. 
Leda  compressifrons  (Whitf.). 
Perrisonota  protexta  Con. 
Nemodon  eufaulensis  (Gabb). 
Trigonarca  cuneiformis  Con. 
Breviarca,  cuneata  (Gabb). 
Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 


52       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Axinea\  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom. 
Peden  burlingtonensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  conradi  (Whitf.). 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Modiola  julia  Lea. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort. 
Anatina  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Hriphyla  conradi  (Whitf.) 
Crassatellites  cuneatus  Gabb. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Cardium  tenuistriatuin  (Whitf.) 
Cardium  ripleyamim  Con. 
Meretrix  tippana  Con. 
Legumen  planulatum    (Con.). 
Tellinimera  eborea  Con. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  bisulcata  Con. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Gyrodes  crenata  Con. 
Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 
Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb. 
Anchura  solitaries  Whitf. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay). 

Locality  163. — The  next  locality  which  has  afforded  an  abun- 
dant fauna  from  the  Merchantville  formation  is  A.  Reeve's  clay 
pit,  on  the  north  branch  of  Pensauken  Creek,  at  Lenola,  2 
miles  west  of  Moorestown.  This  locality  lies  about  40  miles 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE.  53 

southwest,  along  the  strike  of  the  Cretaceous  beds,  from  James- 
burg,  much  of  the  intervening  region  being  too  heavily  drift- 
covered  to  permit  the  examination  of  the  underlying  Cretaceous 
beds.  From  the  shores  of  Raritan  Bay,  the  locality  is  distant 
over  50  miles.  This  locality  has  been  frequently  visited  by  col- 
lectors from  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  and  many 
fossils  from  here  are  preserved  in  the  collections  of  that  insti- 
tution. In  the  following  list  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  make 
the  list  of  the  Lenola  fauna  as  complete  as  possible,  and  a  few 
species  have  been  included  which  have  been  seen  by  the  writer 
only  in  the  collections  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy.  All  such 
species  are  designated  by  an  asterisk  (*). 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Hemiaster  welleri  Clark  n  sp. 

VERMES. 

Hamulus  lineatus  n.  sp. 

', 

PEI/ECYPODA. 

Nucula  per  crass  a  Con. 
Nucula  wkitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Perrisonota  protexta  Con. 
Nemodon  eufaulensis  (Gabb.). 
Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Cucullaea  neglect  a  Gabb. 
Area  obesa  (Whitf.). 
Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Pinna  laqueata  Con. 
Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Con. 
Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom. 
Ostrea  sp. 
Exogyra  sp. 

Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 
Pecten  argillensis  Con. 


54       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Neithea  quinqiiecostata  (Sow.). 
Lima  reticidata  (L.  &  F.). 
Anomia  argent  aria  Mort. 
*Anomia  radiata  n.  sp. 
Paranomia  scabra  Mort. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort. 
Corimya  ?  sp. 
Liopistha  kummeli  n.  sp. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Btea  trapezoide®  (Con.). 
Eriphy la  conradi  (\Vhitf.). 
Crassatellites  cuneatuj  Gabb. 
Vetericardia  crenilirata  Con. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Cardiicm  tenwstriatum  (Whitf.). 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 
Cardium  pilsbryi  n.  sp. 
Cy primer ia  densata  (Con.). 
Meretrix  tippana  Con. 
Legumen  planulatum  (  Con. ) . 
Linearia  metastriata  Con. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Solyma  lineolata  Con. 
Corbula  bisulcata  Con. 
Corbida  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 
Turnus  kiiwmieli  n.  sp. 
Martesia  cretacea  Gabb. 
Teredo  irregularis  Gabb. 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  Gabb. 
*Scala  sillmani  Mort. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE.  55 

Gyrodes  crenata  Con. 

Gyrodes  altispira  (Gabb). 

Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort. 

Hndoptygma  umbilicata  (Tuom.). 

Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 

Turritella  lenolensis  n.  sp. 

Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb. 

Cerithiwm  pilsbryi  Whitf. 

Anchura  rostrata  (Gabb). 

Pyropsis  lenolensis  n.  sp. 

Pyropsis  sp. 

Odontofitsus  slacki  (Gabb). 

Turbinella  intermedia  n.  sp. 
*Volutomorpha  conradi  Gabb? 

Volutoderma  biplicata  (Gabb). 

Volutoderma  woolmani  Whitf. 

Rostellites  texiwratus  Whitf. 
*Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb. 
^Modulus  lapidosus  Whitf. 

Morea  naticella  Gabb. 

Avellana  bullata  Mort. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay). 
Mortonoceras  delawarensis  (Mort.). 
Scaphites  hippocrepis  (DeKay). 
Baculites  ovatus  Say. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Hoploparia  gabbi  Pils. 
Hoploparia  gladiator  Pils. 
Callianassa  mortoni  Pils. 
Cancer  ?  urhitfieldi  Pils. 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  teeth. 


56       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Locality  162. — In  the  railroad  cut  just  east  of  the  village  of 
Merchantville,  over  which  the  wagon  road  to  Moorestown  is 
carried  by  a  bridge,  the  Merchantville  beds  are  well  exposed. 
These  beds  are  largely  the  typical  chocolate-brown,  glauconitic 
clays  of  the  formation,  but  the  fauna  is  much  inferior,  both  in 
the  number  of  species  and  in  the  perfection  of  preservation,  to 
that  at  Lenola.  The  following  species  have  been  recognized : 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  percrassa  Con. 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Ino ceramics  proximus  Tuom. 
Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Paranomia  ?  sp. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Htea  trapezoidea  (Con.). 
Hriphyla  conradi  (Whitf.). 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 
Cyprimeria  sp. 
Corbula  sp. 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Turrit ella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 
Cerithium  pilsbryi  Whitf. 
Anchura  ro strata  ( Gabb) . 
Odontofusus  slacki  (Gabb). 
Avellana  bullata  Mort. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  sp. 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  teeth. 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE. 


57 


TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION  FOR  THE  MERCHANTVILLE  FAUNA1. 


X, 

in 

| 

t5 
0 

Merchantville  (8). 

Woodbury  (6).  | 

1 
.1 

1 

Marshalltown  (4). 

Wenonah  (2).  | 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22).] 

^ 

J* 

C 

rt 

^ 

1 

S 

C 

c 
c 

£ 

Hornerstown.  | 

Vincentown.  | 

Manasquan. 

Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb  

7 

r 

Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf)  . 

7 

Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp  
Anomia  argentaria  Mort..  

7 

7 
6 

3 

0 

Pecten  conradi  Whitf 

5 

6 

Veniella  conradi  Mort 

5 

-i 

Hryphyla  conradi  Whitf  

5 

i 

Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb 



5 

5 

0 

Nemodon  eufaulensis    (Gabb.)  

— 

4 

_ 

-X 

2 

3 

I 

_ 

_ 

— 

Nemoarca   cretacea  Con 

,j 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort 

.-] 

1 

Liopistha  alternata  n.  sp  

1 

Cardium   ripleyanum    Con  
Panopea  decisa  Con  

2 

4 
4 

6 

0 

. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay) 

4 

-» 

Hemiaster  welleri  Clark  n.  sp  
Nucula  percrassa  Con 

— 

3 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp  

T 

^ 

Leda  compressifrons    (Whitf.)  
Perrisonota  protexta   Con 

3 

7 

4 

Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb  
Pecten   argillensis   Con  

- 

3 

3 

a 

0 

- 

f 

Crassatellites  cuneatus  Gabb 

T 

Meretrix  tippana  Con  . 

T 

3 

Legumen   planulatum    (Con.)  
Linearia  metastriata  Con  
Tellinimera   eborea  Con  
Leptosolen   biplicata  Con  

I 
T 

3 
3 
3 
3 

3 

2 

I 

T 



I 

3 

9 

I 

I 

I 



- 

E 

Solyma   lineolata   Con  

T 

2 

2 



T 

Cymbophora  lintea   (Con.)  .  .  . 

S 

3 

4 



I 



•* 

r 



_ 



1  The  plan  of  arrangement  of  this  table  is  the  same  as  that  for  the  Cliff  wood 
fauna  on  page  39. 


CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


Cliff  wood  (5). 

Merchantville  (8). 

Woodbury  (6). 

Englishtown. 

Marshalltown  (4). 
Wenonah  (2). 

Ul 

i 

V 
V 

^  3 

5 
g 

£ 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

Manasquan. 

"S 

3 

0 
*3. 

a 

3 
i 

3 
3 
3 
3 

i 

2 

4 

I 

i 

2 

I 

5 

I 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

y 

X 
X 

1 

Anchura  solitaria  Whitf  

Breviarca  cuneata  Gabb  
Pinna  laqueata  Con      

Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb 

-j 

Neithea   quinquecostata    (Sow.)  
Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.)  
Anomia  radiata  n    sp  

- 

3 

i 

I 

2 

i 

2 

2 
2 

i 
i 

Anatina  jamesburgensis  n   sp 

Liopistha  kummeli  n   sp 

Tenea  parilis  Con  

Cardium  spillmani  Con  
Protocardia  jerseyensis  n  sp 

Gyrodes  altispira  (Gabb)  

_ 

_ 

_ 

2 

ro 

2 

— 

— 



— 

Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort  

Cerithium  pilsbryi  Whitf 

- 

3 





I 

Odontofusus  slacki   (Gabb)  
Avellana  bullata  Mort  

Scap  kites  hippocrepis  (DeKav) 

Micrabacia  americana  M   &  H 

Catopygus  pusillus  Clark  

Trigonarca  cuneiformis  Con 

i 
i 

2 

I 

2 

4 

i 
3 

2 

I 

3 

- 

2 

I. 

I 
I 

I 
I 

3 

4 

I 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Area  obesa   (Whitf  ) 

Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Con  
Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb.  ?  

Paranomia  scabra  Mort 

Modiola  monmouthensis  n.  sp  
Anatina  jerseyensis  n.  sp  
Cymella  bella  Con  

Vetericardia  crenilirata  Con 

I 
'  I 

•"" 

~ 

•* 

~~ 

- 

- 

Cardium  pilsbryi  n    sp 

Cyprimeria  densata  (Con  ) 

Leptosolen  ?  terminalis  n.  sp  
Corbula  swedesboroensis  n    sp        .     ... 

Gastrochaena  linguiformis  n.  sp  
Pholas  cithara   Mort      .... 

Turnus  kummeli  n    sp 

Martesia  cretacea  Gabb  

THE   MERCHANTVILLE. 


59 


' 

vn 

1 

0 

"c 

u 

<u 

/-s 

1 

Englishtown. 

Marshalltown  (4). 

^ 

rt 
C 
0 

S 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

^ 
c 

03 

PQ 

§ 

| 

"c 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

Manasquan. 

a 

o 

0 

•a. 

'& 

Margarita  abyssitna  Gabb               

- 

. 

I 

4 

I 

- 

I 

2 
2 

9 
I 

14 

I 

I 

I 

- 

— 

— 

X 
X 
X 

X 

Amauropsis  tneekana  Whitf  

Turritella  lenolensis  n    sp        

Pyropsis  richardsoni    (Tuom.)  

I 
5 

2 

— 

- 

I 

5 

Turbinella  intermedia  n.  sp  
Volutomorpha  conradi  Gabb  ^  

Volutoderma  biplicata  (Gabb)  
Volutoderma  woolmani  Whitf  
Rostellites  texturatus  Whitf 

Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb  

Modulus   lapidosus   Whitf           

Morea,  naticella  Gabb  
Mortonoceras  delawarensis   (Mort.)  

Hoploparia  gabbi  Pilsb 

- 

— 

- 

4 

- 

4 

Callianassa  mortoni   Pilsb  
Cancer  ?  whitfieldi  Pilsb    

ANALYTICAL   DISCUSSION    Of1  THE   M£RCHANTVII,IvE   FAUNA. 

The  data  recorded  in  the  preceding  table  may  be  summarized 
as  follows,  to  show  the  number  of  species  common  to  the  Mer- 
chantville  and  to  'each  of  the  other  formations  in  the  series. 
Thirty-three  of  the  species  or  32  per  cent,  which  have  been  recog- 
nized in  the  Merchantville  have  not  been  seen  in  any  other  hori- 
zon, which  leaves  69  species  having  a  greater  range. 


60       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Cliffwood 16 

MERCHANTVILLE,    102 

Woodbury,    48 

Marshalltown 18 

Wenonah, ' 35 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink,    28 

Red  Bank 19 

Tinton,    II 

Ripley  Group,  etc.,  44 

This  table  does  not  exhibit  the  distinct  alternation  in  the  occur- 
rence of  the  larger  number  of  common  species  which  was  so  con- 
spicuously shown  in  the  similar  table  for  the  Cliffwood  fauna. 
The  proper  relationships  of  this  fauna,  however,  are  not  clearly 
shown  by  this  table,  because  the  extensive  collections  which  have 
been  made  in  the  Merchantville  from  one  or  two  localities,  have 
in  many  instances  brought  to  light  single  individuals  of  species 
which  occur  abundantly  in  the  Woodbury  and  more  or  less  fre- 
quently in  the  recurring  phases  of  the  same  fauna,  but  which 
are  a  negligible  element  in  the  Merchantville.  Of  the  total  102 
species  recognized  from  the  Merchantville,  44  have  been  noted 
from  but  a  single  locality,  many  of  these  being  represented  by 
single  individuals,  while  19  more  are  known  from  but  two  locali- 
ties. As  a  whole  the  species  which  are  common  to  the  Merchant- 
ville and  Woodbury  fall  into  two  groups,  one  group  of  species 
which  occur  rarely  in  the  Merchantville  and  more  commonly  in  the 
Woodbury,  and  a  second  group  of  species  which  occur  more  or 
less  abundantly  in  the  Merchantville  and  rarely  in  the  Wood- 
bury.  When  the  more  conspicuous  elements  in  these  two  faunas 
are  compared,  it  is  found  that  they  are  distinctly  different.  The 
large  number  of  species  common  to  the  two  faunas,  therefore,  does 
not  prove  their  complete  unity,  but  rather  demonstrates  that, 
while  living  contemporaneously,  they  were  not  separated  by  an 
impassable  barrier,  that  they  occupied  adjacent  areas  where 
somewhat  different  physical  conditions  obtained,  and  that  occa- 
sionally a  species  best  adapted  to  one  environment  wandered  into 
the  area  of  the  other. 

Notwithstanding  the  large  number  of  species  present  in  the 
Merchantville  fauna  which  are  more  normally  members  of  the 
Lucina  cretacea  fauna,  there  is  a  distinct  element  which  is  re- 
current in  the  Marshalltown,  Mount  Laurel-Navesink,  and  Tin- 
ton,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  following  list. 


THE    MERCHANTVILLE. 


61 


C 

M 

'W 

Ma 

We 

•  N 

R 

T 

Cucullaea  antrosa  

Cucullaea  neglecta 

X 
X 

— 

— 

— 

X 

V" 

— 

X 

Axinea  subaustralis  

x 

x 

V 

Neithea  quinquecostata  
Paranomia  scabra..    .. 

— 

X 

x 

— 

X 

x 

- 

x 

x 

Cardium   spillmani 

x 

x 

Turnus   kummeli  

x 

x 

Martesia  cretacea  

Pyropsis  richardsoni 

— 

X 

x 

— 

X 

x 

Rostellites  nasutus 

x 

x 

Callianassa    mortoni 

x 

y 

v 

Besides  the  above  list  of  species  which  have  not  as  yet  been 
observed  at  all  in  the  intermediate  stages,  the  species  of  the  fol- 
lowing list  fall  into  the  same  general  category,  their  occurrence  in 
the  intermediate  stages  being  sporadic  in  nature,  in  all  cases 
being  much  less  common  in  the  intermediate  formations  than  in 
the  Merchantville-Marshalltown-Navesink-Tinton  horizons. 


C 

M 

W 

Ma 

We 

N 

R 

T 

Nemodon    eufaulensis  
Pinna    laqueata  
Gervilliopsis    ensiformis 

— 

X 
X 

x 

x 
x 

X 

- 

X 

x 
x 

X 

X 

Inoceramus  proximus  

x 

x 

x 

Lima  reticulata  

Cardium   tenuistriatum 

x 
x 

— 

X 

x 

X 

x 

x 
x 

x 

X 

Panopea   decisa 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Lunatia    h-alli 

x 

x 

x 

Gyrodes   petrosa  
Baculites   ovatus 

— 

x 
x 

x 

— 

X 

x 
x 

The  forms  which  are  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  of  the 
Merchantville  fauna  and  its  recurrent  phases,  are  Axinea  subau- 
stralis and  the  species  of  the  genus  Cucullaea,  especially  C. 
antrosa,  and  as  a  matter  of  convenience  this  recurrent  fauna  may 
be  spoken  of  as  the  Cucullaea  fauna. 


CHAPTER  V. 


THE  WOODBURY  CLAY. 


The  Woodbury  formation  is  a  black  clay,  somewhat  micaceous, 
not  sandy  in  the  lower  portion  but  slightly  so  in  the  upper  part 
where  it  is  at  times  distinctly  laminated.  The  formation  is  easily 
differentiated  from  the  subjacent  Merchantville  by  reason  of 
the  general  absence  of  glauconite,  except  at  the  very  base  where 
the  transition  from  the  Merchantville  occupies  a  thickness  of 
from  one  to  four  feet. 

The  weathering  of  this  formation  is  quite  distinct  in  appear- 
ance from  that  of  the  Merchantville,  the  weathered  product  being 
a  dove-colored  or  light  chocolate-colored  clay,  which  breaks  into 
innumerable  blocks,  large  and  small,  frequently  exhibiting  con- 
choidal  fracture.  The  lower  portion  of  the  formation  is  often 
penetrated  by  numerous  joints,  which  are  sometimes  filled  with 
crusts  of  limonite.  These  sometimes  form  huge  honey-comb-like 
masses  many  feet  in  diameter  and  tons  in  weight. 

The  thickness  of  the  Woodbury  clay  varies  from  55  feet  in 
Monmouth  County  to  something  less  than  that  along  the  Dela- 
ware. 

FAUNA  OF  THE  WOODBURY  CLAY. 

The  fauna  of  the  Woodbury  clay  is  extensive,  and  more  or  less 
complete  collections  have  been  made  at  six  localities  distributed 
from  Lorillard,  in  Monmouth  County,  to  the  vicinity  of  flad- 
donfield  in  Camden  County,  a  distance  of  about  60  miles.  The 
essential  characteristics  of  the  fauna  occur  throughout  the  entire 
extent  of  the  formation,  In  the  northern  portion  of  the  area 
the  fossils  occur  in  ferruginous,  concretionary  nodules,  while  in 
the  more  southern  localities  they  occur  directly  in  the  clay,  usually 
in  the  condition  of  internal  casts  and  impressions  of  the  exterior, 
but  from  one  locality  near  Haddonfield,  as  shown  by  a  collection 

(63) 


64       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

made  many  years  ago  and  now  preserved  in  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Science,  the  shells  themselves  are  perfectly  pre- 
served. The  local  faunas  which  have  been  studied  will  be  noted 
in  order  according  to  their  localities,  from  the  northeast  to  the 
southwest. 

1  Locality  I022. — The  National  Fireproofmg  Company  operate 
extensive  clay  pits  at  Lorillard,  east  of  Keyport,  in  the  Woodbury 
clay.  In  the  deepest  portion  of  the  pit,  south  of  the  railroad 
tracks,  about  20  feet  of  black  clay  is  dug.  At  about  the  middle 
of  the  bank,  through  a  thickness  of  from  three  to  five  feet,  numer- 
ous concretionary  nodules  occur,  ranging  in  size  from  a  foot  or 
more  in  diameter,  down  to  a  few  inches,  which  are  thrown  aside 
as  the  clay  is  excavated  with  the  steam-shovel.  While  embedded 
in  the  clay  these  nodules  are  of  a  dark,  ash-gray  color,  but  on 
exposure  they  gradually  weather  to  a  reddish-brown  and  become 
harder.  They  are  abundantly  fossiliferous  and  have  afforded  a 
large  fauna,  as  follows : 

ANTHOZOA. 

Micrabacia  amencana  M.  &  H. 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Hemiaster  kiimmcli  Clark  n.  sp. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Lingula  subspatulata  H.  &  M. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  percrassa  Con. 
Nucula  whilfieldi  n.  sp. 
Leda  compressifrons  (Whitf.). 
Yoldia  longifrons  (Con.) 
Nemodon  conradi  Johns. 
Cucullaea  woodburyensis  n.  sp. 
Breviarca  saffordi  (Gabb). 
Breviarca  cuneata  (Gabb). 
Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 


See  p.  47  for  Locality  IO21. 


THE    WOODBURY.  65 

Axinea  congesta  (Con.). 
Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb.  ? 
Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  argillensis  Con. 
Pecten  conradi  (Whitf.). 
Plicatula  woodburyensis  n.  sp. 
Lima  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Anomia  radiata  n.  sp. 
Modiola  julia  Lea. 
Anatina  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Anatimya  anteradiata  Con. 
Cymella  bella  Con. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Scambula  perplana  Con. 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Cardium  dumosum  Con. 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 
Cardium  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Cardium  whit fie Idi  n.  sp. 
Cardium  uniformis  n.  sp. 
Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con. 
Legumen  planulatum  (Con.). 
Linearia  ornatissima  n.  sp. 
Solyma  lineolata  Con. 
Mactra  pentangularis  n.  sp. 
Corbula  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Pholas  cithara  Mort. 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con. 
Cadulus  obrutus  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Amauropsis  meekana  Whitf. 
Turritella  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
5  PA^ 


66       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Laxispira  lumbricaUs  Gabb. 
Triton  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Pyropsis  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
FIASUS  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Cryptorhytis  obliquicostata  Gabb. 
Cancellaria  subalta  Con. 
Cancellaria  smocki  n.  sp. 
Actaeon  gabbana  Whitf. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay). 
Scaphites  nodosus  (Owen). 
Baculites  ovatus  Say. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller. 

Locality  103. — At  Farry's  brickyards,  east  of  Matawan,  the 
Woodbury  clay  is  the  raw  material  used.  Numerous  ferruginous 
nodules  are  imbedded  in  the  clay  at  this  locality,  which  are  usually 
smaller,  more  irregular,  harder  and  redder  in  color  than  those  at 
Lorillafd.  Fossils  are  numerous  in  these  nodules  and  the  fol- 
lowing species  have  been  identified : 

ANTHOZOA. 

Micrabacia-  americana  M.  &  H. 

PEEECYPODA. 

Nucula  whMeldi  n.  sp. 
Yoldia  longifrons  (Con.) 
Yoldia  papyria  (Con.). 
Nemodon  sp. 

Trigonarca  cuneiformis  Con. 
Breviarca  saffordi  (Gabb). 
Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 
Ax'mea  congesta  (Con.). 
Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb.  ? 
Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb. 


THE    WOODBURY.  67 

Pecten  conradi  (Whitf.) 

Anomia  argentaria  Mort.  i«§ 

Modiola  julia  Lea. 

Pholadomya  occidentals  Mort. 

Anatina  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 

Cymella  bella  Con. 

Hry phyla  conradi  (Whitf.). 

Vetericardia  crenalirata  Con. 

Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 

Tenea  parilis  Con. 

Cardium  dumosum  Con. 

Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 

Isocardia  cliffivoodensis  Weller. 

Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con. 

PcTonaeo derma  georgiana  Gabb. 

Linearia  metastriata  Con. 

Linearia  ornatissima  n.  sp. 

Solyma  lineolata  Con. 

Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 

Corbula  bisulcata  Con. 

Corbula  foulkei  Lea. 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Amauropsis  meekana  Whitf. 
Gyrodes  sp. 

Turritella  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Turritella  quadrilirata  Johns. 
Anch'ura  pergracilis  Johns. 
Volutomorpha  biplicata  (Gabb).? 
Cancellaria  subalta  Con. 
Cancellaria  smocki  n.  sp. 
Actaeon  gabbana  Whitf. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (Dekay). 
Scaphites  nodosus  (Owen), 
B acuities  ovatus  Say. 


68  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  teeth. 


Locality  168. — The  next  locality  which  has  yielded  a  good 
fauna  from  the  Woodbury  clay,  is  at  J.  Braislin  &  Son's  clay  pits, 
at  the  village  of  Crosswicks,  on  Crosswicks  Creek,  east  of  Bor- 
dentown.  This  locality  is  about  30  miles,  along  the  strike,  from 
the  localities  already  mentioned  at  Lorillard  and  Matawan.  The 
fauna  collected  is  composed  of  the  following  species : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Lingula  subspatulata  H.  &  M. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Leda  compressifrons  (Whitf.). 
Yoldia  longifrons  (Con.). 
Breviarca  saffordi  Gabb. 
Nemoaxrca  cretacea  Con. 
Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 
Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con. 
Legumen  planulatum  (Con.). 
Corbula  cr-assiplica  Gabb. 
Patio  pea  decisa  Con. 
Pholas  cithara  Mort. 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentaliunt  subarcuatum  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  Gabb. 
Turritella  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Anchura  rostrata  (Gabb). 
Cancellaria  subalta  Con. 


THE    WOODBURY.  69 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Scap kites  sp. 

Locality  183. — In  1858  the  fossil  remains  of  a  Dinosaur, 
Hadrosaums  foulkii  Leidy,  were  described  from  near  Haddon- 
field,  and  in  the  process  of  excavating  the  bones  of  this  creature 
a  large  and  important  collection  of  fossil  invertebrates  was  se- 
cured1. This  Haddonfield  material  differed  from  most  of  the 
Cretaceous  fossils  which  had  previously  been  discovered  in  New 
Jersey  in  that  the  shell  substance  itself  was  perfectly  preserved. 
This  Haddonfield  collection  furnished  the  material  from  which 
many  new  species  were  described  by  Conrad,  Gabb,  Lea  and 
others,  and  the  types  of  these  species,  with  the  remaining  ma- 
terial of  the  Haddonfield  collection,  are  now  preserved  in  the 
collections  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science.  The  exact 
locality  from  which  the  material  was  secured  is  about  i  mile  a 
little  east  of  north  from  Haddonfield,  in  a  small  tributary  ravine 
to  Cooper's  Creek,  which  joins  the  main  stream  from  the  west 
almost  exactly  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  North  Branch  of  the 
creek.  No  material  has  been  secured  from  this  locality  during 
the  recent  operations  of  the  Survey,  and  the  following  list  of 
species  is  compiled  entirely  from  the  collections  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Science. 

ANTHOZOA. 

Micrabacia  americana  M.  &  H. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Lingula  subspatulata  H.  &  M. 

** 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  per  crass  a  Con. 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 

Leda  compressifrons  Con. 

Leda  eufaulensis  Gabb. 

Leda  pinnaformis  Whit,  (not  Gabb). 


Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  (1858),  p.  213. 


70       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Perrisonota  protexta.  Con. 
Yoldia  longifrons  Con. 
Yoldia  papyria  (Con.) 
Nemo  don  conradi  Johns. 
Trigonarca  cuneifonnis  Con. 
Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 
Pinna  laqweata  Con. 
Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Con. 
Pteria  navicula  Whitf. 
Ostrea  denticulifera  Con. 
Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  argillensis  Con. 
Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 
Modiola  julia  Lea. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Hriphyla  conradi  (Whitf.) 
Eriphyla  decemnaria  Con. 
Scambula  perplana  Con. 
Vetericardia  crenalirata  Con. 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Cardium  dumosum  Con. 
Cardiwm,  ripleyanum  Con. 
Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con. 
Meretrix'  cretacea  (Con.). 
Legumen  planulatum  ( Con. ) . 
Linearia  metastriata  Con. 
Tellinimera  eborea  Con. 
CEnonia  eufaulensis  Con. 
CEnonia  papyria  Con. 
Leptosolen  biplicatus  Con. 
Solyma  lineolatus  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Corbula  foulkei  Lea. 


THE    WOODBURY.  71 

SCAPHOPODA. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con. 
Cadulus  obrutus  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Leiostraca  cretacea  Con. 
Obeliscws  conellus  Whitf. 
Scala  sp. 

Amour opsis  meekana  Whitf. 
Gyrodes  crenata  Con. 
Turritella  lenolensis  n.  sp. 
Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb. 
Anchura  rostrata  (Gabb). 
Pyropsis  octolirata  Con.  ? 
Huthria  ?  fragilis  Whitf. 
Cancellaria  subalta  Con. 

Locality  165. — At  Dobbs'  clay-pits,  1.5  miles  northwest  of 
Haddonfield  and  about  i  mile  southeast  of  Collingswood  station, 
the  Woodbury  clay  is  well  exposed.  The  fossils  at  this  locality 
are  all  casts  and  moulds,  the  shell  substance  having1  been  removed 
by  solution,  and  their  condition  of  preservation  is  poor.  The 
following-  species,  however,  have  been  recognized : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Lingula  subspatidata  H.  &.  M. 

; 

PELECYPODA. 

Leda  compressifrons  (Whitf.). 
Perrisonota  pro  text  a  Con. 
Yoldia  longifrons  (Con.). 
Yoldia  papyria  (Con.). 
Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 
Pecten  conradi  (Whitf.). 
Modiola  julia  Lea. 
Cymella  bella  Con. 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 


72       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Cardmm  ripleyanum  Con. 
Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  crassiplicai  Gabb. 
Corbula  swedesboroensis  n.  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Turrit ella  sp. 

Anchura  ro strata  (Gabb). 

Cryptorhytis  obliquicostata  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Scaphites  sp. 

Locality  164+ — This  locality  is  at  the  crossroads  about  ^4  mile 
southwest  of  Dobbs'  clay-pits.  The  material  was  collected  from 
a  gully  in  a  field  to  the  west  of  the  corner,  and  the  following 
species  have  been  recognized : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Lingula  subspatulata  H.  &  M. 

PElvECYPODA. 

'Yoldia  longifrons  (Con.). 
Yoldia  papyria  (Con). 
Pecten  conradi  (Whitf.). 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Cardium  ripleyanum  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
.  Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Corbula  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Amawopsis  meekana  Whitf. 
Turritella  sp. 

Anchura  rostrata  Gabb.  ; 

Cancellaria  subalta  Con. 


THE    WOODBURY.  73 

TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION  FOR  THE  WOODBURY  FAUNA. 


•' 

1/5 

> 

te 

O 

Merchantville  (8). 

Woodbury  (6).  | 

Englishtown.  | 

Marshalltown  (4).  1 

"N" 

JS 
a 

o 

c 
Z 
$ 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

t 

.M 

c 

rt 
PQ 

1 

G 

c 

c 

"S 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown.  | 

Manasquan. 

d 
ti 

£ 

0 

•3 
>> 

"E 

5 

Yoldia  longifrons   (Con.)  
Pecten  conradi  (Whitf.)  

X 
X 

X 
X 

x 

X 
X 
X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 

2 
2 

S 
4 

6 
6 
6 

— 

- 

- 

2 

2 

- 

— 

- 

— 

Cardium  ripleyanuin  Con  

Nemoarca  cretacea  Con  
Tenea  parilis  Con  

Cyprimeria  cretacea   Con 

I 
I 

I 

5 

4 

2 

5 
i 

3 
3 

3 
4 
i 

i 

5 
S 
5 
5 
S 
5 

4 

4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

• 

— 

i 

I 
2 

1 
2 

2 

2 

I 
I 

2 
I 

I 
2 

2 
2 

3 

I 

I 

- 

- 

Cancellaria  subalta  Con  

Nucula  whitfieldi  n  sp 

Leda  compressifrons  Whitf  

Yoldia  papyria   (Con  )  

Modiola  julia  Lea  ... 

Cymbophora  lintea  (Con  ) 

Dentaliuin  subarcuatum  Con  

Amauropsis  meekana  Whitf  
Anchura  rostrata   (Gabb) 

Micrabacia  americana  M.  &  H  

Anomia  argentaria   Mort 

2 
I 

I 
I 

4 

2 

6 
i 

3 
3 

3 
3 

i 

2 
3 
3 

4 

: 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

2 

2 
2 

1    2 
1 


- 

2 

I 
- 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 
I 
I 

I 
I 
2 
X 

I 

2 

3 
3 

2 

4 

i 

i 
i 
i 

2 
2 

I 

I 

- 

_ 

— 

Cymella   bclla  Con 

Cardiutn  dumosum  Con  

Legumen  planulatum  (Con.)  
Solyma  lineolata  Con 

Turritclla  lorillardensis  n.sp  

Nucula  percrassa  Con  
Perrisonota  protexta  Con 

Trigonarca  cuneiformis  Con  
Axinea  congesta   (Con.)  
Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb  ?                  

Trigonia  cufaulensis  Gabb 

Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb  
Pecten  argillensis  Con  
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort  
V  eniella   conradi   Mort 

74 


CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


3 

*c 

S 
^w 

°> 

"c 

\O 

>, 

u 

a 

c 
$ 

^t 

c 

i 
2 

N 

.r: 

jrel-Navesink  (22). 

^ 

_^ 

G' 

stown. 

own. 

1 

% 

a 
O 

ii 

0 

.r: 
S 

CJ 

Woodb 

~&i 

A 

^r 
rt 

1 

^ 

^ 

e 

"C 
0 

2: 

| 
? 

Horner 

Vincent 

d 

c 

ri 

1 

s 

Eriphyla  conradi  (Whitf  ) 

Scambula  perplana  Con  

V  'etericardia  crenalirata  Con 

- 

2 

— 

- 

I 

^ 

Linearia  metastriata  Con 

^ 

Linearia  ornatissima  n.sp  

0 

Corbula  lorillardensis  n.sp  
Corbula  foulkei  Lea  

- 

- 

2 

Panopea  decisa  Con 

| 

<> 

V 

Pholas  cithara  Mort  

T 

7 

T 

V 

Cadulus  obrutus  Con  

-> 

Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb 

•j 

t 

v 

\^ 

Cancellari  smocki  n.sp  

T 

2 

V 

Actaeon  gabbana  Whitf    . 

i 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay)  

I 

4 

2 

— 

I 

2 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

X 
y 

Baculites  ovatus  Say  

T 

2 

r> 

V 

Hemiaster  Uummeli  Clark  n.  sp  
Leda  eufaulensis  Gabb  

— 

Leda  pinnaformis  Whitf.  (not  Gabb)  .  .  . 
Cucullaea  woodburyensis  n.  sp  
Breviarca  cuneata  (Gabb)  

— 

y 

Pinna  laqueata  Con  

v 

Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Con 

~ 

y 

Pteria  navicula  Whitf  .  .  . 

1 

Ostrea  denticulifera  Con 

1 

\s 

Lima  lorillardensis  n.sp  

Anomia  radiata  n.sp  

Anatina  jerseyensis  n.sp  .  . 

Anatimya   anteradiata   Con  
Eriphyla  decemnaria  Con  

Cardium  lorillardensis  n.sp.. 

— 

— 

~ 

I 

— 

— 

— 

X 

Cardium  whitfieldi  n.sp..  . 

Cardium  uniformis  n  sp 

Isocardia  cliff-woo  densis  Weller  

e 

j 

V 

Meretrix  cretacea  (Con.)  
Peronaeoderma  georgiana  Gabb  
Tellinimera  eborea  Con  

— 

I 

X 

— 

I 

— 

— 

— 

— 

X 

x 

CEnonia  eufaulensis  Con 

V' 

CEnonia  papyria  Con 

Leptosolen  biplicatus  Con  

T 

J 

2 

•j 

•7 

X 

Mactra  pentangularis  n.sp  

Corbula  bisulcata  Con  

g 

* 

..._ 

x 

THE    WOODBURY. 


75 


s 

X 

/-^. 

•^> 

s 

1 

^ 

JH 

G1 

c 

^ 

^ 

;r 

£ 

C 
P 

0 

> 

2 

f 

1 

§ 

| 

C 

c 

rt 

c 

i 

1 

D 

f 

1 

1 

*rt 
C 

c 

rt 

S 

c 

s 

"c 

1 
rt 

ifc 

~ 

c 

££ 

^ 

C 

•o 

"S 

Q 

c 

rt 

0 

% 

^ 

W 

S 

^ 

S 

(5 

£ 

> 

S 

Corbula  sivedesboroensis  n  sp 

I 

j 

Margarita  abyssima  Gabb  

I 

_ 



9 



i 

Leiostraca  cretacea  Con  





Obeliscus  conellus  Whitf 

Gyrodes  crenatus  Con  



4 

__ 



j 













Turritella   quadrilirata  Johns  

2 

Turritella  lenolensis  n  sp    .  .         

I 

Anchura  pergracilis  Johns 

j 

Triton  lorillardensis  n  sp 

Pyropsis  lorillardensis  n.sp  



• 

Buthria    ?  fragilis  Whitf 

Fusus  lorillardensis  n.sp  





Voluto  derma  biplicata  (Gabb)  
Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller  

2 

I 

i 

I 

ANAI.YTICAL  DISCUSSION   OP 


WOODBURY   PAUNA. 


The  data  recorded  in  the  preceeding  table  may  be  summarized 
as  follows  to  show  the  number  of  species  common  to  the  Wood- 
bury  and  to  each  of  the  other  formations  "in  the  series.  Thirty- 
two  of  the  species,  or  33  per  cent.,  which  have  been  recognized 
in  the  Woodbury,  have  not  been  seen  in  any  other  horizon,  which 
leaves  63  species  having  a  greater  range. 

Cliffwood,  ............................................  21 

Merchantville,    ........................................  49 

WOODBURY,    .......................................  95 

Marshalltown,   .........  ;  ..............................  10 

Wenonah,    ............................................  35 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink,   ................  .............  /  ____  13 

Red  Bank,  ............................................  19 

Tinton,    ...............................................  5 

Ripley  Group,  etc.,  ....................................  43 

The  largest  number  of  Woodbury  species  recognized  in  the 
fauna  of  any  other  member  of  this  series  of  formations,  is  found 


76 


CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


in  the  subjacent  Merchantville  clay.  The  facts  in  regard  to  the 
large  community  of  species  in  these  two  formations  have  already 
been  touched  upon  in  some  detail  under  the  discussion  of  the 
Merchantville  fauna,  and  need  not  be  repeated  at  this  place,  ex- 
cept to  say  that  the  most  conspicuous  species  of  each  fauna  are 
either  totally  wanting  or  are  exceedingly  rare  in  the  other  one. 
The  most  characteristic  species  of  the  Woodbury  clay  are  Lin- 
gula  subspatnlata,  Yoldia  longifrons,  Lucina  cretacea,  and  Cypri- 
meria  cretacca,  and  not  one  of  these  has  yet  been  observed  any- 
where in  the  Merchantville.  On  the  other  hand,  Axinea  sub- 
aiistralis  which  is  so  abundant,  and  characteristic  of  the  Mer- 
chantville does  not  occur  at  all  in  the  Woodbury,  and  the  genus 
Cucullaca  is  represented  only  by  a  single  individual  in  all  the  col- 
lections which  have  been  studied  from  the  higher  bed. 

In  passing  to  the  faunas  of  the  higher  formations  in  the  series, 
a  distinct  alternation  in  the  number  of  species  common  to  the 
Woodbury  is  shown,  similar  to  the  alternation  of  faunas  to  which 
attention  has  been  called  in  connection  with  the  discussion  of  the 
Cliffwood  fauna,  the  Wenonah  and  Red  Bank  faunas  having 
more  in  common  with  the  Woodbury  than  do  the  Marshalltown, 
Mount  Laurel-Navesink  and  Tinton.  The  following  list  of 
species  shows  the  alternation  in  the  occurrence  of  members  of  the 
Lucina  cretacea  fauna  of  the  Woodbury,  and  to  this  list  might 
be  added  several  others  whose  occurrence  in  the  intermediate  for- 
mations is  only  sporadic. 


Axinea   conge  sta 

Pteria    navicula 

Anatimya   anteradiata 

Scambula  p.erplana 

Lucina  cretacea 

C.ardium    dumosum 

Isocardia   cliff  wo  odensis 

Cyprimeria    cretacea 

Peronaeoderma  georgiana 

Turritella    quadrilirata 

Anchura  pergracilis 

Tetracarcinus  subquadratus . . . 


M 


W     Ma 


We 


RR 


THE    WOODBURY.  77 

Besides  that  element  in  the  Wpodbury  fauna  which  is  recurrent 
in  the  Wenonali  or  Red  Bank,  a  large  element,  32  species  in  all, 
has  as  yet  been  recognized  nowhere  in  New  Jersey  outside  of  the 
Woodbury.  Among  these  species  which  are  restricted  entirely 
to  the  Woodbury  we  find  one,  Yoldia  longifrons,  which  has  been 
identified  from  every  locality  which  has  afforded  a  Woodbury 
fauna,  and  which,  at  Lorrillard  where  the  most  extensive  collec- 
tions have  been  made  from  this  formation,  is  one  of  the  most 
abundant  species,  individually.  Another  species  of  this  same  sort 
is  Cancellaria  subalta  which  has  been  identified  from  each  of  the 
Woodbury  localities  but  one,  and  which  is  again  an  abundant 
species  in  the  Lorillard  collection.  This  species,  however,  has 
one  occurrence  in  the  Merchantville,  although  but  a  single  indi- 
vidual has  been  observed  in  a  large  collection. 

A  notable  characteristic  of  the  Woodbury  fauna  shown  in  fol- 
lowing it  from  the  more  northern  to  the  more  southern  localities, 
is  the  decrease  in  average  size  of  some  of  the  more  abundant 
species.  A  group  of  species  occurring  both  at  Lorillard  and  near 
Haddonfield,  and  including  such  characteristic  forms  as  Yoldia 
longifrons,  Lucina  cretacea,  Cyprimeria  cretacea,  Cancellaria 
subalta  and  others,  are  conspicuously  larger  in  the  former  locality 
than  in  the  latter,  the  largest  individuals  at  Lorillard  being  fully 
twice  the  size  of  the  largest  individuals  of  the  same  species  at 
Haddonfield.  The  reason  for  this  difference  is  doubtless  to  be 
found  in  the  varying  local  conditions  of  environment  at  the  time 
when  the  faunas  occupied  the  region,  the  more  northern  part  of 
the  area  furnishing  more  congenial  surroundings  for  the  robust 
development  of  the  typical  Lucina  cretacea  fauna  than  the  region 
further  south.  In  this  same  connection  it  may  be  noted  that  the 
differentiation  between  the  Merchantville  and  Woodbury  faunas 
is  more  sharp  at  the  north  than  at  the  south,  the  mingling  of  the 
species  of  the  two  faunas,  already  noted,  being  more  conspicuous 
to  the  south. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  ENGLISHTOWN1  SAND. 


The  formation  immediately  overlying  the  Woodbury  clay  is 
the  Englishtown  sand.  It  is  a  white  or  yellow  quartz  sand,  some- 
times marked  by  delicate  lines  of  red,  which  give  it  a  highly  varie- 
gated appearance.  Locally,  parts  of  the  formation  have  been 
cemented  with  iron  into  rather  massive  beds  of  sandstone. 
Usually  the  formation  is  a  clean,  quartz  sand,  often  closely  re- 
sembling the  sand  on  the  present  beaches,  yet  not  infrequently  it 
contains  thin  laminae  of  fine,  brittle  clay,  which  contain  no  sand 
or  grit,  and  towards  the  top  of  the  formation  there  is  a  horizon 
at  which  a  discontinuous  bed  of  clay  occurs  locally. 

This  formation  is  thickest  at  the  northeast  and  decreases  grad- 
ually towards  the  southwest.  In  Monmouth  County  it  has  a 
thickness  of  over  100  feet,  on  Crosswicks  Creek  it  has  diminished 
to  30  or  35  feet,  and  at  Swedesboro  it  hardly  exceeds  20  feet. 
Beyond  this  last  point  it  apparently  disappears  as  a  recognizable 
formation.  The  lithologic  characteristics  of  the  formation  are 
the  same  where  it  is  thin  as  where  it  is  thicker,  and  it  retains  its 
integrity  as  a  distinct  bed  which  is  readily  recognizable  from 
Atlantic  Highlands  to  Salem  County. 

The  differentiation  of  the  formation  from  the  subjacent  Wood- 
bury  clay  is  rather  sharp,  the  transition  from  the  clay  to  the  sand 
being  accomplished  in  a  thickness  of  two  or  three  feet  at  the  most. 
The  formation  passes  upward  by  a  somewhat  rapid  transition 
into  the  overlying  glauconitic  or  sandy  clay,  so  that  its  upward 
limit  can  be  easily  recognized. 

As  yet  this  formation  has  not  afforded  any  fauna,  not  a  single 
fossil  of  an  sort  having  been  detected  in  it. 


formerly  called  Columbus. 

(79) 


CHAPTER  VII. 


THE  MARSHALLTOWN  CLAY-MARL. 


This  formation  is  more  variable  in  its  lithologic  characteristics 
than  any  of  the  others  lying  above  the  Magothy,  which  have  been 
mentioned.  The  variations  in  the  formation  are  gradual,  how- 
ever, and  there  is  no  difficulty  in  tracing  the  formation  from  one 
place  to  another.  It  ranges  from  a  sandy  clay  with  little  or  no 
glauconite,  to  a  clayey  greensand  marl  which,  in  Salem  County, 
has  been  dug  for  fertilizing  purposes,  and  which  was  mistaken 
by  Cook,  in  the  early  work  of  the  Survey,  for  the  Lower  Marl, 
now  called  the  Navesink.  In  Monmouth  County  the  formation 
is  chiefly  a  laminated,  micaceous  clay  with  thin  seams  of  sand, 
glauconite  grains  being  absent  from  it,  except  in  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  bed,  and  then  the  greensand  is  only  locally  conspicu- 
ous. Near  Marshalltown,  in  Salem  county,  the  formation  is  a 
nearly  pure  greensand  marl,  and  was  once  extensively  used  for 
fertilizer.  The  thickness  of  the  formation  is  probably  between 
30  and  40  feet,  its  transition  into  both  the  subjacent  and  super- 
jacent  formations  is  somewhat  abrupt,  and  it  can  be  easily  recog- 
nized and  mapped  from  Monmouth  to  Salem  Counties  wherever 
it  is  not  too  deeply  buried  by  the  Pleistocene  formations. 

FAUNA  o?  THE  MARSHALLTOWN  CLAY-MARL. 

Fossils  have  been  collected  from  the  Marshalltown  formation 
only  in  its  more  marly  portions  in  the  southern  part  of  its 
area.  The  only  collections  made  by  the  writer  have  been  in  the 
vicinity  of  Swedesboro,  near  which  place  one  locality  has  afforded 
a  large  fauna  in  which  the  specimens  have  their  actual  shells 
perfectly  preserved.  This  same  fossiliferous  horizon  doubtless 
occurs  elsewhere  in  the  region.  Credner1  undoubtedly  had  the 


'Zeitsch.  der  Deutch,  Geolog.  Gesell,  vol.  22,  p.  191   (1870). 
6   PAL  (8l) 


82       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

same  horizon  in  his  "Trigonia  limbata  zone,"  his  T.  limbata 
being  the  shell  recognized  in  this  report  as  T.  thoracica.  Cred- 
ner's  chief  locality  was  in  a  railroad  cut  near  Woodbury,  which 
afforded  him  an  abundance  of  fossils  at  the  time  of  his  visit, 
prior  to  1870,  but  although  a  careful  search  has  been  made  for 
this  locality  during  the  recent  operations  of  the  Survey,  it  has 
not  been  detected.  From  an  excavation  near  Wenonah,  made 
some  years  ago,  a  marly  clay  rilled  with  well-preserved  fossil 
shells  has  been  reported,  which  could  only  be  the  Marshalltown, 
although  no  collections  were  secured  from  there  by  the  writer. 
Formerly,  when  the  marl  pits  were  being  actively  operated  near 
Marshalltown,  an  abundance  of  fossils  could  be  secured  there, 
but  none  could  be  obtained  during  the  prosecution  of  the  field 
work  in  connection  with  the  present  report.  From  time  to  time 
in  the  future,  however,  these  or  other  localities  in  the  region  will 
doubtless  be  opened  up,  and  additional  collections  should  be 
secured  for  comparative  study. 

Of  the  four  localities,  a  record  of  whose  faunas  are  he're  given, 
only  one  has  been  carefully  worked.  At  locality  177  the  better 
part  of  two  weeks  time  was  spent  in  an  attempt  to  make  as 
complete  a  collection  as  possible,  \vhile  not  over  one  hour  was 
spent  at  either  of  the  other  three  localities.  In  the  case  of  the 
Marshalltown  fauna,  therefore,  the  recorded  number  of  occur- 
rences is  not  of  so  great  importance  as  in  the  case  of  the  faunas 
of  those  formations  from  which  a  larger  number  of  careful  col- 
lections have  been  made.  However,  those  species  which  do  occur 
at  several  of  these  localities  may  be  safely  considered  as  being 
among  the  conspicuous  members  of  the  fauna. 

The  local  faunas  which  have  been  studied  are  as  follows : 

Locality  177. — By  far  the  most  important  fossiliferous  local- 
ity in  the  Marshalltown  formation,  from  which  collections  have 
been  secured  during  the  recent  operations  of  the  Survey,  is  about 
i  mile  a  little  south  of  west  from  Swedesboro.  The  clay  is  well 
exposed  in  the  banks  of  the  brook  in  the  woods  at  this  locality, 
and  the  condition  of  preservation  of  the  shells  is  exceptional  for 
the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New  Jersey,  the  shell  substance  itself  be- 


THE    MARSHALLTOWN.  83 

ing  perfectly  preserved.     The  shells  are  very  abundant  at  this 
locality,  the  species  which  have  been  identified  being  as  follows : 

VERMES. 

Serpula  circularis  n.  sp. 
Hamnlus  falcatus  (Con.). 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  per  crass  a  Con. 
Nemo  don  cufaulensis  (Gabb). 
Cucullaca  tippana  Con. 
Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom. 
Ostrea  falcata  Mort. 
Ostrca  plumosa  Mort.    k 
Gryphaca  mutabilis  Mort. 
Gryphaeostrea  vomcr  ( Mort. ) . 
Exogyra  ponderosa  Roem. 
..  .        Trigonia  thoracica  Mort. 

Neithea  quinqitecostata  (Sow.). 

Lima  reticulata  (  L.  &  F. ) . 

Lima  iwhitficldi  n.  sp. 

Plagiostoma  erecta  (Whitf.). 

Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 

Paranomia  scabra  (Mort.). 

Crenella  serica  Con. 

Veniella  conradi  Mort. 

Htea  carolinensis  Con. 

Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 

Unicardium  umbonata  (Whitf.). 

Lucina  sutedesboroensis  n.  sp. 

Cardium  tennistriatum  Whitf. 

Cyprimeria  excavata  ( Mort. ) . 

Merctrix  eiifaulcnsis  (Con.). 

Meretrix  cretacea  (Con.).  »  . 

Linearia  metastriata  Con. 

Cymb op hora  lintea  (Con.). 

Corbula  szvedesboroensis  n.  sp. 

Turnus  kummeli  n.  sp. 

Martesia  cretacea  Gabb. 


84  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

GASTROPODA. 

Scala  sillmani  Mort. 

Turrit ella  tippana  Con. 

Turritella  marshalltownensis  n.  sp. 

Pyropsis  sp. 

Rapana  stantoni  n.  sp. 

Volutomorpka  biplicata  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

^  P lac entic eras  placenta  (DeKay). 
Turrilites  pauper  Whitf. 

Locality  180. — The  Marshalltown  clay-marl  is  exposed  about 
2.5  miles  southwest  of  Swedesboro,  and  about  the  same  distance 
northwest  from  Harrisonville  station,  near  the  headwaters  of 
one  of  the  tributaries  of  Old  Man's  Creek.  The  fauna  here  is 
much  inferior  to  that  last  mentioned,  both  in  number  of  species 
collected  and  in  the  state  of  their  preservation.  The  following 
forms  have  been  observed : 

VERMES. 

Serpula  sp. 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  panda  Mort. 
Gryphaea  mutabilis  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convex  a  Mort. 
Gryph-aeostrea  vomcr  (Mort.) 
Neithea  quinquecostata  (Sow.) 
Plagiostoma  erecta  (Whitf.). 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  Whitf. 

GASTROPODA. 
Pyropsis  sp. 
Odontofusus  medians  Whitf. 


THE    MARSHALLTOWN.  85 

Locality  179. — A  few  fossils  have  been  collected  from  the 
Marshalltown  clay-marl  just  below  the  road  at  the  foot  of  an  old 
mill  pond  a  little  less  than  1.5  miles  northwest  of  Harrisonville 
station.  The  species  which  have  been  identified  are  as  follows  : 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  tip p ana  Con. 
Gryphaea  mutabilis  Mort. 
Pecten  argillensis  Con. 
Pec  ten  vcnustus  Mort. 
Neithea  quinquecostata  (Sow.). 
Plagiostoma  erecta  (Whitf.). 
Paranomia  scabra  (Mort.) 

GASTROPODA. 

Rostellites  sp. 

Locality  190. — In  1895  Mr.  G.  N.  Knapp  collected  a  small 
series  of  fossils  in  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  from  Lloyd's  marl 
pits  at  Marshalltown,  and  the  following  species  have  been  iden- 
tified : 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con. 

Cr  as  satellites  subplanus  (Con.). 

Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 

t 

GASTROPODA. 

Turritella  sp. 


86       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION   FOR  THE  MARSHAI/TOWN   FAUNA. 


3 

j 

Merchantville  (8). 

Woodbury  (6). 

| 

"S 

£ 

Marshalltown  (4). 

i 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

c 

rt 

PC 

3 

c 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

Manasouan. 

1 
O 

u 

"E. 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con 

\/ 

Gryphaea  mutabilis  Mort  

Neithea  quinquecostata  (Sow.)  
'Plagiostoma  erecta  (Whitf  ) 

- 

2 

- 

- 

3 

— 

3 

Cardium  tenuistriatum   (Whitf.)  

•7 

•» 

T 

J  | 

Gryphacostrea  vomer  (Mort.)  .  .  . 

Anomia  argentaria   Mort  
Paranomia  scabra  (Mort  ) 

2 

6 

3 

- 

a 

I 

3 

- 

— 

— 

— 

X 
v 

Crassatellites  subplanus   (Con.)  

j 

t 

Nucula  percrassa  Con  

-, 

v 

Nemodon  eufaulensis    (Gabb) 

i 

v 

Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom  

2 

s\ 

V 

Ostrea  falcata  Mort  
Ostrea  plumosa  Mort  

— 

— 

— 

4 

— 

— 

— 

X 
X 

Gryphaea  convexa  Mort  

j  ^ 

v 

Trigonia  thoradca  Mort  
Pecten  argillensis  Con  
Pecten  venustus  Mort 

— 

3 

2 

— 

I 
I 

i 

2 
g 

T 

-> 

— 

— 

— 

X 
X 

Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.)  

a 

T 

g 

f 

Lima  whitfieldi  n.sp  

Crenella  serica  Con  

0 

v 

Veniella  conradi  Mort  

1 

J 

V 

Unicardium  umbonatum  (Whitf.)  

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

V" 

v 

Meretrix  cretacea   (Con  ) 

Meretrix  eufaulensis   (Con  ) 

j 

_ 

v 

Linearia  metastriata  Con.  .  

T 

7 

j 

_ 

T 

T 



X 

Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.)  
Corbuki  swedesboroensis  n  sp  . 

5 

3 

T 

4 

T 

.  a 

— 

3 

I 

— 

— 

— 

X 

Turnus  kummeli  n.sp  

f 

Martesia   cretacea   Gabb 

•f 

T 

Scala  sillmani  Mort  

- 

X 

- 

- 

a 

X 

I 

I 

- 

— 

- 

X 

XX 

Turritella  marshalltownensis  n.sp  

- 

- 

- 

- 

y 

Volutoderma  biplicata  Gabb 

T 

3 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay)  
Turrilites  pauper  Whitf  

i 

4 

2 

— 

2 
T 

- 

- 

— 

- 

— 

- 

X 

THE    MARSHALLTOWN.  87 

ANALYTICAL    USCUSSION    OF    THE    MARSHALLTOWN    FAUNA. 

The  data  recorded  in  the  above  table  may  be  summarized  as 
follows,  in  order  to  show  the  number  of  Marshalltown  species 
cqfnmon  to  each  of  the  other  faunas  in  the  series.  Of  the  total 
43  species  recognized,  10  or  23  per  cent,  are  restricted  to  the 
Marshalltown  fauna. 

Cliffwood,   7 

Merchantville,    18 

Woodbury 10 

MARSHALLTOWN 43 

Wenonah,    16 

Mt   Laurel-Navesink 20 

Red  Bank, 13 

Tinton 8 

Ripley  Group,  etc.,   26 

In  the  above  summary  table  a  distinct  alternation  in  the  rela- 
tionship of  the  faunas,  already  noted,  is  shown,  the  Merchantville 
and  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  faunas  having  more  species  in  com- 
mon with  the  Marshalltown  than  do  the  Woodbury  and  We- 
nonah, although  the  latter  two>  formations  are  immediately  sub- 
jacent and  super jacent  to  the  Marshalltown.  The  Tinton,  how- 
ever, does  not  in  this  table,  show  a  closer  relationship  to  the 
Marshalltown  than  does  the  Red  Bank,  although  it  will  be  shown 
later  that  the  Tinton  is  much  more  closely  allied  to  the  Navesink 
than  is  the  Red  Bank. 

The  Cucullaea  element  in  the  Marshalltown  fauna  has  a  no- 
table development,  C.  tippana  being  one  of  the  most  abundant 
species  at  locality  177.  Neithea  quinquecostata  and  Cardium 
tenuistriatum  are  other  conspicuous  species  of  the  Cucullaea  fauna 
which  are  recurrent  from  the  Merchantville  and  take  a  con- 
spicuous place  in  this  fauna.  Axinea  subaustralis,  one  of  the 
most  characteristic  members  of  the  other  manifestations  of  the 
Cucullaea  fauna,  as  well  as  Cucullaea  antrosa  have  not  been  ob- 
served in  any  of  the  collections  which  have  been  studied  from 
the  Marshalltown,  although  it  is  not  improbable  that  they  may 
yet  be  observed  in  future  collections.  The  following  list  shows 
those  species  in  the  fauna  which  are  recurrent  from  the  Mer- 


88 


CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


chantville  or  which  reappear  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink 
fauna  without  being  present  in  the  intervening  Woodbury  below 
or  Wenonah  above. 


c 

M 

w 

Ma| 

We 

N 

RB 

T 

Ostrea    falcata  ...                         

:1 

x 

x 

Gryphaea-  convexa  :  





x 



x 

Neithea   quinquecostata 

x 

x 

x 

Plagiostoma    erecta  
Paranomia   scabra  

— 

x 

— 

X 

x 

- 

X 

x 

Unicardium   umbonatum  
Turnus    kummeli 

— 

x 

— 

x 
x 

— 

x 

Martesia    cretacea 

V 

x 

x 

x 

The  most  conspicuous  characteristic  in  the  Marshalltown  fauna 
is  a  new  element,  which  has  not  been  present  in  any  of  the  earlier 
faunas  in  this  region  and  which  may  represent  a  new  immigra- 
tion into  the  Cretaceous  area  of  New  Jersey  at  this  time,  an 
element  which  persists  in  the  recurrent  Cucullaea  faunas  of  later 
formations,  and  which  has  its  most  typical  manifestation  in  the 
Mount  Laurel-Navesink  fauna.  This  element  is  represented 
most  conspicuously  by  the  ponderous  species  of  Exogyra  and 
Gryphaea,  by  the  little  oyster  O.  falcata  which  is  of  the  type  of 
0.  larva,  and  by  Gryphaeostrea  vomer.  In  the  Cliffwood,  Mer- 
chantville  and  Woodbury  formations  these  oyster-like  shells  are 
essentially  absent.  An  occasional  example  of  the  internal  cast 
of  an  Hxogym,  much  smaller  than  the  usual  full-grown  repre- 
sentatives of  this  genus  in  the  Marshalltown  and  Navesink 
faunas,  occurs  in  the  Merchantville,  but  no  suggestion  of  the 
genus  has  been  met  with  in  the  Woodbury.  No  examples  at  all 
of  Gryphaea  and  Gryphaeostrea  have  been  met  with  in  these  lower 
faunas,  and  only  the  merest  suggestion  of  oysters  of  the  type  of 
O.  larva.  In  strong  contrast  with  the  paucity  of  these  forms  in 
the  faunas  of  the  Cliffwood,  Merchantville  and  Woodbury,  their 
great  abundance  in  the  Marshalltown  is  a  most  striking  char- 
acteristic of  the  fauna.  The  species  of  these  shells  are  for  the 
most  part  different  from  those  of  the  same  types  in  the  Mount 
Laurel-Navesink  fauna,  Exogyra  ponderosa,  Gryphaea  mutabilis 


THE   MARSHALLTOWN.  89 

and  Qstrea  falcata  of  the  Marshalltown  being  replaced  by  Hxo- 
gyra  costata,  Gryphaea  convexa,  and  Ostrea  mesenteries  in,  the 
higher  fauna,  although  G.  convexa  has  been  rarely  observed  in 
the  Marshalltown,  and  0.  falcata  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink. 
The  same  species  of  Gryphaeostrea,  G.  vomer  occurs  in  both 
faunas.  Besides  these  oyster-like  forms  which  so  strongly  char- 
acterize the  Marshalltown  and  the  Navesink,  some  other  species 
should  probably  be  included  in  the  same  faunal  element,  among 
which  are  the  following  species  which  are  as  yet  known  only 
from  these  two  faunas:  Plagiostoma  erecta,  Unicardiwm  um- 
bonatum,  and  Odontofusus  medians.  To  these  should  also  be 
added,  in  all  probability,  Trigonia  thoracica  which  has  been 
recognized  in  both  the  faunas  and  also  in  the  intermediate  Weno- 
nah,  where,  however,  only  a  single  occurrence  of  a  single  in- 
dividual has  been  observed. 

The  origin  of  this  Hxogyra  element  in  the  Marshalltown  fauna 
of  New  Jersey  is  probably  from  the  more  southern  gulf  region 
where  the  genus  Hxogyra  is  widely  distributed  and  very  abun- 
dant. Furthermore  the  stratigraphic  position  of  H.  ponderosa, 
as  regards  E.  costata,  is  the  same  in  the  south  as  in  New  Jersey. 


CHAPTER  VOT. 
THE  WENONAH  SAND. 


The  Wenonah  formation  is  usually  a  black  or  reddish-brown 
sand,  sometimes  strongly  micaceous,  and  often  having  a  peculiar 
mixture  of  pinkish,  brown,  or  gray  sand  grains  which  give  it  a 
characteristic  color.  Locally  it  is  distinctly  laminated,  with  thin 
seams  of  black  or  chocolate-colored  clay.  The  more  ferruginous 
layers  are  sometimes  cemented  into  a  ferruginous  sandstone,  but 
cementation  of  this  sort  is  less  frequent  than  in  the  Englishtown 
sand.  The  formation  sometimes  contains  small  amounts  of 
glauconite,  but  this  substance  is  never  conspicuous.  The  upper 
layers  of  the  formation  frequently  contain  coarse  grains  of 
quartz  of  the  size  of  peas.  In  Monmouth  County  the  formation 
is  50  or  55  feet  in  thickness  and  is  sharply  differentiated 
from  both  the  subjacent  and  super jacent  formations,  but  towards 
the  south,  the  Wenonah  and  the  super  jacent  Mount  Laurel 
sand  grow  lithologically  more  similar  and  it  is  practically 
impossible  to  distinguish  between  them  from  lithologic  charac- 
ters alone,  except  under  extremely  favorable  circumstances,  and 
consequently  it  is  not  possible  to  make  an  accurate  estimate  of  its 
thickness.  The  thickness  of  the  two  sand  formations  together, 
however,  in  Salem  County  is  somewhat  over  60  feet,  though  the 
Wenonah  portion  of  the  bed  is  probably  materially  thinner  than 
in  Monmouth  County. 

FAUNA  OF  THE  WENONAH  SAND. 

The  fauna  of  the  Wenonah  sand  has  been  collected  at  only  two 
localities,  both  of  which  are  in  Monmouth  County. 

At  John  Longstreet's  marl  pit,  a  little  less  than  i  mile  south- 
east of  Crawfords  Corner,  and  2*4  miles  a  little  east  of  north 
from  Holmdel,  there  is  an  excellent  exposure  of  the  higher  beds 
of  the  Wenonah  sand,  with  about  25  feet  of  the  'superjacent 

(90 


92       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY.        r 

Navesink  marl   (Locality  126).     The  section  at  this  point,  as 
made  out  by  the  writer  is  as  follows,  beginning  at  the  base : 

1261.  Gray  sand  with  dark  clay  bands  i  to  3  inches 

in  thickness  interbedded  in  the  upper  portion, 3  feet. 

1262.  Variegated  red  and  yellow  sand  with  many 
cylindrical  bodies,  lying  in  all  directions,  probably  plant 
remains  or  burrows, 2  feet. 

1263.  A  more  or  less  discontinuous  band  of  loosely 
indurated  ferruginous  sand,  filled  with  fossils, ^2  foot. 

1264.  Sand,  yellow  below,  becoming  gray  above,  the 
upper  3  feet  with  much  fine  gravel  included.     The  top 
of  the  Wenonah  sand  formation,  the  upper  3  feet  pos- 
sibly representing  the  Mount  Laurel,   9  feet. 

1265.  Dark,  chocolate-colored,  or  nearly  black  green- 
sand  marl  with  no  fossils, 10  feet. 

1266.  Much  lighter  colored,   gray,   greensand  marl, 

no  fossils  observed,   i  foot. 

1267.  Gray,  glauconitic  marl  like  that  of  the  bed  be- 
loy,  but  containing  an  abundance  of  fossils:     In  the 
lower  portion  of  the  bed  the  fossils  are  much  less  com- 
mon, but  they  increase  above  until  the  upper  i  foot  is  a 

mass  of  Gryphaea  shells,   2l/2   feet. 

1268.  Dark  or  nearly  black  greensand  marl  with  no 

fossils  except  an  occasional  Gryphaea  near  the  base,  ...      6  feet. 

1269.  Lighter  colored,  gray  marl  to  the  top  of  the 

bank.     No  fossils  observed,   6  feet. 

Locality  126*. — This  layer  in  the  Wenonah  sand,  at  Long- 
street's  marl  pits,  is  one  of  the  few  localities  of  this  formation 
from  which  fossils  have  been  secured.  These  fossils  are  all  more 
or  less  imperfect  internal  casts  and  moulds,  and  aside  from  the 
species  recognized  in  the  following  list,  there  are  many  others, 
especially  among  the  gastropods,  which  are  too  imperfectly  pre- 
served to  be  identified.  Including  these  unidentified  forms,  the 
entire  fauna  probably  does  not  fall  far  short  of  100  species.  The 
species  which  it  has  been  possible  to  identify  are  as  follows: 

ANTHOZOA. 

Micrabada  americana  M.  &  H. 


THE    WENONAH.  93 


ECHINODERMATA. 

Fragment  of  undetermined  Echinoid. 

VERMES. 

Hamulus  ??  sp. 

PElvECYPODA. 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Leda  marlboroensis  n.  sp. 
Nemodon  brevifrons  Con.  ? 
Nemodon  sp. 
Area  rostellata  Mort. 
Axinea  micro  dentus  n.  sp. 
Inoceramus  sp. 
Pterm  petrosa  (  Con. ) . 
Ostrea  subspatulata  Forbes. 
Ostrea  plumosa  Mort. 
Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb. 
Trigonia  thoracica  Mort. 
Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.). 
Lithophaga  ripleyana  Gabb. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Crassatellites  cuneatus  Gabb. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Cardium  dumosum  Con. 
Cardium  eufaulensis  Con. 
Cardium  longstreeti  n.  sp. 
Meretrix  tippana  Con. 
Meretrix  eufaulensis  (Con.). 
Tellina  georgiana  Gabb. 
Tellina  sp. 

Tellinimera  eborea  (Con.). 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Schizodesma  appressa  Gabb. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Pholas  cithara  Mort. 


94  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

GASTROPODA. 

Scala  sillmani  Mort. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodes  crenata  Con. 
Gyrodes  petrosus  (Mort.). 
Turrit ella  trilira  Con. 
Turrit  el  la  sp. 

'Anchura  rostrata  (Gabb).? 
Pterocerella  tippana  (Con.). 
Pugnellus  densatus  Con.? 
Pyropsis  retifer  (Gabb). 
Fusus  holmesianus  Gabb. 
Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb. 
Volutoderma  biplicata  (Gabb). 
Piestocheilus  bella  Gabb.  ? 
Piestocheilus  kanei  Gabb. 
Turbinopsis  depress  a  Gabb. 
Act  aeon  cretacea.  Gabb. 
Cylichna  recta  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placenticcras  placenta  (DeKay). 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  teeth,  several  species. 
Enchodus  sp.  (teeth). 

A  little  over  i  mile  east  of  Marlboro,  in  the  south  bank  of  Hop 
Brook,  just  east  of  the  wagon  bridge  across  this  stream,  is  an 
excellent  exposure  of  the  upper  beds  of  the  Wenonah  sand  and 
the  super jacent  Navesink  marl,  the  Mount  Laurel  not  being  rep- 
resented. The  section  shown  at  this  locality  (130)  is  as  fol- 
lows, beginning  at  the  base : 

1 30*.  Black,  micaceous  and  arenaceous  clay,  extend- 
ing below  the  level  of  the  brook.  Fossils  are  abundant, 
but  all  are  in  the  condition  of  casts.  In  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  bed  numerous  quartz  pebbles  of  the  size  of 
peas  are  scattered  throughout  the  clay, 6  feet. 


THE    WENONAH.  95 

1302.  Dark  clay  below,  with  more  or  less  glauconite, 
the  line  of  separation  between  this  bed  and  the  one  be- 
low being  ill-defined,  but  within  2.  feet  of  the  base  the 
clay  content  has  gradually  disappeared  and  the  bed  is 
nearly  pure  greensand  marl.     Near  the  base  of  the  bed 
the  typical   Navesink  species,  Belemnitella  americana, 

makes  its  appearance,  although  it  is  not  abundant,  ...       6  feet. 

1303.  Greensand  marl  with  numerous  specimens  of 
BjPOgyra  costata  and  a  smaller  number  of  individuals 

of  GrypJiaea  convex®  and  Belemnitella  annericana, ....      2.  feet. 

I3<D4.  Greensand  marl  with  fossils  less  conspicuous 
than  in  the  bed  below,  the  white  shells  not  being  exposed 
upon  the  surface  of  the  cliff, 4  feet 

I305.  Greensand  marl,  crowded  full  of  the  shells  of 
Gryphaea  convexa,  .  .,. i  foot. 

I3<D6.  Nearly  pure,  dark,  greensand  marl  below,  be- 
coming lighter  in  color  above  and  mixed  with  yellowish 
or  reddish  sand,  and  gradually  changing  to  the  more 
typical  beds  of  the  Red  Bank  sand  at  the  top  of  the 
bank,  20  feet. 

Locality  /jo1. — The  lowermost  bed  in  the  above  section,  is  at 
the  summit  of  the  Wenonah  sand,  this  passes  up  into  the  Nave- 
sink  marl,  and  at  the  very  top  of  the  bank  is  the  base  of  the 
Red  Bank  sand.  This  locality  abounds  in  fossils,  and  is  within 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  locality  which  furnished  a 
number  of  specimens  for  Whitfield,  which  are  recorded  in  his 
monograph  as  coming  from  "micaceous  clay  under  the  Lower 
Green  Sand  at  pits. of  Rev.  G.  C.  Schanck,  near  Marlborough, 
New  Jersey."  The  horizon  is  undoubtedly  the  same  at  the  two 
localities,  and  all  of  the  new  species  described  by  Whitfield  from 
this  "micaceous  clay"  have  been  detected  in  the  more  recent  col- 
lections of  the  Survey.  The  fauna  is  a  large  one  and  the  fol- 
lowing species  have  been  identified  : 

VERMES. 

Hamulus  falcatus  (Con.) 


96  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Lingula  subspatulata  M.  &  H. 

PElvECYPODA. 

Nucula  percrassa  Con. 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 

Leda  marlboroensis  n.  sp. 

Perrisonota  pro  text  a  Con. 

Nemodon  brevifrons  Con. 

Cucullaea  Up p ana  Con. 

Nemoarca  cretacea  Con. 

Axinea  congesta  (Con.) 

Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Con. 

Pteria  petrosa  (Con.). 

Ostrea  subspatulata  Forbes. 

Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb. 
Hxogyra  sp. 

Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  quinquenaria  Con. 
Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb. 
Pecten  argillensis  Con. 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Mytilus  oblivius  Whitf. 
Modiola  ivenonah  n.  sp. 
Pholadomya  roemeri  Whitf. 
Anatina  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Anatimya  anteradiata  Con. 
Liopistha  pro  text  a  Con. 
Cymella  bella  Con. 
Cymella  undata  (M.  &  H.) 
Cuspidaria  ventricosa  (M.  &  H.) 
Crassatellites  subplanus  Con. 
Crassatellites  transversus  Gabb. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Scambula  perplana  Con. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Cardium  ivenonah  n.  sp. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.) 


THE    WENONAH.  97 

Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  Weller. 
Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con. 
Legumen  planulatum  (Con.) 
Tellina  georgiana  Gabb. 
Peronaeoderma  georgiana  Gabb. 
Linearia  metastriata  Con. 
Tellinimera  eborea  (Con.) 
Leptosolen  bipticata  Con. 
Solyma  lineolata  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.) 
Schizodesma  appressa  Gabb. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Scala  sillmani  Mort. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodcs  petrosa  Mort. 
Tttrritella  trilira  Con. 
Nassa>  globosa  Gabb. 
Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay). 
Pachydisctis  complexus  (H.  &  M.) 
Turrilites  pauper  Whitf. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  sp. 


7   PAL 


98       CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

TABLE    OF    DISTRIBUTION    FOR    THE    WENONAH    FAUNA. 


• 

j 

Merchantville  (8). 

Woodbury  (6). 

Englishtown. 

Marshalltown  (4). 

Wenonah  (2). 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

c 

pq 

"5 

C 

C 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

Manasnuan. 

0 

O 

J1 

"H. 

i 

i 
3 

3 

4 

- 

- 

2 
2 
2 
2 

2 

- 

— 

- 

— 

X  X  XX  XX  X  XX  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 

Leda  marlboroensis  n.  sp  
Nemodon  brevifrons  Con  

Pteria  petrosa    (Con  )       .           

i 

2 

5 

2 

2 
2 

5 

E 

i 

2 
2 
2 

4 

2 

3 
2 

I 
I 

E 

~- 

= 

Veniella  conradi  Mort  
Tenea  parilis  Con               .             

Tellinimera    eborea    (Con.)  

i 
5 

2 

3 

3 
3 

5 
i 
i 

2 

i 
i 

4 

5 

- 

i 
i 

2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 

i 
I 

14 

10 

I 

3 
3 

2 
I 

2 

I 
I 

- 

- 

— 

Leptosolen  biplicata  Con  
Cymbophora  lintea   (Con  )                    ... 

Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb  
Scala  sillmani  Mort  
Lunatia  halli  Gabb 

Gyrodes  petrosus  (Mort  ) 

Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb  
Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay)  

Micrabacia  americana  M.  &  H  

1 
I 

4 

~4 

I 

3 
3 

4 

i 
I 

2 

3 

2 
2 

5 

2 

I 
.2 

- 

i 

i 
3 

2 

2 

4 

- 

— 

- 

- 

Perrisottota  protexta   Con 

2 

2 

I 

I 

I 

- 

— 

- 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con 

Area    rostellata    Mort  

Nemoarca  cretacea  Con  

Axinea  congesta   (Con  )  .  .  .  . 

Axinea  microdentus  nrsp 

Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Con  
Ostrea  plumosa  Mort.  

Ostrea   tecticosta  Gabb  

Trigonia  thoracica  Mort  .  .  . 

Pecten  quinquenaria  Con 

Pecten  bnrlingtonensis  Gabb  
P-ecten  argillensis  Con 

2 

3 

3 

2 

6 

2 

3 

.— 

i 
i 

2 

8 
3 

4 

I 

I 

- 

— 

— 

Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.)  

Anomia  argentaria  Mort  .... 

Mytilus    oblivius    Whitf  

Modiola  wenonah  n  sp  .  . 

Lithophaga  ripleyana  Gabb  

THE    WENONAH. 


99 


'lO 

T3 

ta 
o 

Merchantville  (8).  | 

Woodbury  (6).  | 

Englishtown. 

Marshalltown  (4). 

Wenonah  (2). 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

^f 
44 

G 
« 

u 

& 

Co 

c 
_c 
c 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

Manasquan. 

i 

0 
Wl 

o 
£ 

CH 
S3 

Pholadomya-  roemeri  Whitf 

i 

i 

i 

i 
i 

3 

- 

- 

i 
i 
i 
i 

6 

- 

I 

- 

- 

- 

X  XX  XXXXXXXXXXXX  XXX  XXXXX 

Anatina  jerseyensis  n.sp  
Anatimya  anteradiata  Con  
L,iopistha  protexta  Con                 .  .       .  .•  . 

Cymella  undata  (M    &  H  ) 

Cuspidaria  ventricosa  (M   &H)  

- 

3 

2 

- 

- 

i 
i 
i 
i 
i 
i 

7 

I 

I 

I 

4 

Crassatellites  transversus  Gabb  

Crassatellites  cuneatus  Gabb  

Cardium  tenuistriatum   (Whitf.)  

- 

7 

- 

- 

3 

i 

ii 

— 

— 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  Weller  

5 
I 

I 

3 

i 

c 

- 

-_ 

i 

Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con      

Legumen  planulatum  (Con.)  
Peronaeoderma  georgiana  Gabb  

i 
i 

3 

3 
3 

4 
I 

4 
3 

I 
2 

2 
I 

4 

— 

I 

I 

i 
i 
i 

i 
I 

- 

- 

- 

— 

— 

Solyma  lineolata  Con    

- 

- 

- 

I 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

i 

X 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Pyropsis  retifer  (Gabb)  

i\assa  giooosa  LraoD.  

Volutoderma  Uplicata  (Gabb)  
Piestocheilus  bella  Gabb  ?  

I 

I 

i 

— 

I 

I 

2 

I 

Piestocheilus  kanei  Gabb     

Actaeon  cretacea  Gabb  

•Cylichna  recta  Gabb      

Pachydiscus  complexus  (H.  &  M.)  
Turrilites  pauper  Whitf 

— 

^ 

— 

— 

~* 

i 

•vr 

ioo      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

ANALYTICAL  DISCUSSION  OF  THE   WENONAH    FAUNA. 

The  data  recorded  in  the  preceding  table  may  be  summarized 
as  follows,  19  of  the  Wenonah  species,  or  23  per  cent.,  not  being: 
recorded  from  any  other  horizon : 

Cliffwood,  19 

Merchantville, 35 

Woodbury,   35 

Marshalltown,    15 

WENONAH,  81 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink,   26 

Red  Bank, 26 

Tinton,  10 

Ripley  Group,  etc.,  50 

Although  in  this  summary  table  the  same  number  of  Wen- 
onah species  seem  to  be  present  in  both  the  Woodbury  and  the 
Merchantville,  the  most  characteristic  members  of  the  Cucullaea 
fauna  which  are  so  abundant  in  the  Merchantville  are  either  ab- 
sent, or  are  exceedingly  rare  in  the  Wenonah,  and  when  this 
fact  is  taken  into  consideration,  the  relationship  of  the  Wenonah 
fauna  is  seen  to  be  much  closer  with  the  Woodbury  than  with 
any  other  fauna  in  the  entire  series.  This  summary  table  also 
shows  the  same  number  of  Wenonah  species  common  to  the 
Mount  Laurel-Navesink  and  the  Red  Bank,  although  a  later 
table  will  show  that  a  larger  number  of  Red  Bank  species  are 
present  in  the  Wenonah  than  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink 
fauna.  Here  also,  when  the  most  highly  characteristic  and 
abundant  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  species  are  taken  into  account, 
it  is  seen  that  they  are  conspicuous  for  their  absence,  or  great 
rarity,  in  the  Wenonah,  and  in  reality  the  fauna  is  much  more 
closely  allied  to  the  Red  Bank  than  to  the  Mount  Laurel-Nave- 
sink fauna. 

Several  of  the  species  common  to  the  Wenonah  and  the  Mount 
Laurel-Navesink  appear  for  the  first  time  in  the  Wenonah,  and 
do  not  persist,  so  far  as  has  been  observed,  beyond  the  Navesink. 
These  species  are :  Pecten  quinquenaria,  L,ithophaga  ripleyana, 
Pyropsis  retifer,  Turbinopsis  depressa,  Turbinella  alabamensis 


THE    WENONAH.  101 

and  Cylinchna  recta,  and  to  these  may  be  added  the  following, 
which  occur  also  in  the  Marshalltown :  Trigonia  thoracic®,  Mere- 
trix  eufalenris  and  Actaeon  cretacea,  all  of  which  are  apparently 
more  truly  members  of  the  Marshalltown-Navesink  fauna  than 
of  the  Wenonah.  The  great  exogyras  and  gryphaeas,  with 
Ostreai  fatfcata  and  Gryphaeostrea  vomer,  which  are  so  abundant 
in  the  Marshalltown  and  which  either  recur  or  are  represented 
by  closely-allied  species  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink,  are 
entirely  absent  from  the  Wenonah. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


THE  MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK 
FORMATIONS. 


In  the  bluff  at  Atlantic  Highlands  the  Mount  Laurel  formation 
includes  from  3  to  5  feet  of  quartz  sand,  with  some  glauconite, 
the  "sand  marl"  of  Cook,  and  has  afforded  an  abundance  of  fos- 
sils. Immediately  above  this  bed  at  the  same  locality  there  are 
10  or  ii  feet  of  typical,  nearly  pure  greensand,  the  Navesink 
marl,  although  the  entire  Navesink  formation  is  not  exposed  here, 
its  total  thickness  in  the  region  of  its  typical  development  in  east- 
ern Monmouth  County  being  about  30  feet.  In  the  region  where 
it  is  typically  developed  the  Navesink  marl  is  sharply  defined 
below,  but  towards  its  summit  it  gradually  passes  into  a  layer  of 
darker  color,  with  less  glauconite  and  with  more  sandy  clay, 
sometimes  micaceous,  the  transition  to  the  superjacent  Red  Bank 
sand  being  somewhat  gradual.  About  10  feet  from  the  base  of 
the  Navesink,t  in  eastern  Monmouth  County,  a  conspicuous  shell 
layer  about  one  foot  in  thickness  and  composed  almost  entirely 
of  the  shells  of  Gryphaea  convexa,  is  a  very  constant  feature  of  the 
formation. 

In  the  southwestern  extension  of  the  Mount  Laurel  and  Nave- 
sink  formations  the  lower  sand  formation  apparently  increases  in 
thickness  at  the  expense  of  the  upper  greensand  marl  formation, 
until  it  is  probable  that  the  entire  interval  occupied  in  eastern 
Monmouth  County  by  the  two  formations  is  occupied  by  the 
Mount  Laurel  sand  alone. 

FAUNA  OP  THE  MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK  FORMATIONS. 

The  faunas  of  the  Mount  Laurel  sand  and  the  Navesink  marl 
constitute  a  single  unit,  and  in  any  discussion  of  them  they  must 
be  considered  together.  Collections  of  this  fauna  have  been  made 

(103) 


io4      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

from  22  localities  during  the  recent  operations  of  the  Survey, 
and  these  will  be  noted  in  regular  geographical  order,  so  far  as  it 
can  be  done,  beginning  with  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  area 
and  proceeding  to  the  southwest.  The  collections  from  these  dif- 
ferent localities,  however,  have  not  been  equally  complete,  and  in 
only  a  few  places  have  conditions  been  such  as  to  allow  the  for- 
mation of  exhaustive  collections. 

The  most  northeasterly  locality  from  which  the  Navesink  fauna 
has  been  collected,  is  at  Atlantic  Highlands,  in  the  bluff  along  the 
shore  of  Raritan  Bay,  east  of  the  railroad  station.  The  section 
here  (Locality  108),  is  as  follows,  beginning  at  the  base: 

loS1.  Laminated  sand  and  clay  with  little  or  no  glau- 
conite,  usually  of  a  gray  color;  the  Wenonah  sand, 40  feet. 

1082.  Moderately  coarse  quartz  sand  with  more  or 
less  glauconite,   fossils  abundant;  the  Mount  Laurel 

sand,    . .,. .1. . ., ,:..,... .,.. ,. . ... . .,. . .       3  feet. 

1083.  Dark  greenish,  greensand  marl,  with  a  line  of 
concretions  at  the  base, — i. . ... .  .1. . .... . .,. ... .  .•     n  feet. 

1084.  Yellow  sand  and  gravel.     Pensauken. 

Locality  lofP* — At  the  time  this  locality  was  visited  by  the 
writer,  the  conditions  were  not  favorable  for  making  a  large 
collection  of  fossils,  but  a  collection  of  material  from  the  same 
locality,  preserved  in  the  State  Museum  at  'Trenton,  has  been 
available  for  study,  and  has  supplied  many  species  not  collected 
by  the  writer.  Prof.  R.  P.  Whitfield,  of  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History  in  New  York,  has  visited  the  locality  fre- 
quently and  has  accumulated  a  large  representation  of  the  fauna, 
which  is  now  preserved  in  the  collections  of  the  American  Mu- 
seum. This  collection  contains  a  number  of  species  not  observed 
by  the  writer.  The  long  list  of  fossils  published  by  Prather1 
from  Atlantic  Highlands  are  all  from  this  same  fossil  bed, 
although  many  of  his  identifications  are  manifestly  incorrect, 
and  his  stratigraphy  is  muddled  beyond  all  possibility  of  inter- 
pretation. The  fossil  bed  at  this  point  is  the  basal  or  "sand 
marl"  division  of  the  Lower  Marl  of  Cook2,  being  the  Mount 


1Am.  Geol.,  vol.  36,  pp.  168-171. 
'Geol.  N.  J.  (1868),  p.  263. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  105 

Laurel  division  of  the  Monmouth  group,  in  the  classification  of 
Clark.  The  species  which  have  been  identified  in  the  collections 
that  have  been  available  for  study  are  as  follows : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

PElvBCYPODA. 

Cucidlaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Cucullaca  tip  p  ana  Con. 
Cucullae  ncglecta  Gabb. 
Area  uniopsis  Con. 
Gerueilliopsis  enjiformis  (Con.). 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Ostrea  sp. 

Exogyra  costata  Say. 
Trigonia  thoracic®  Mort. 
Neithea  quinquecostata  Lam. 
Lima  reticulata  L.  &  F. 
Paranomia  scabra  Mort. 
Corimya  tenms  Whitf. 
Clauagella  armata  Mort. 
Liopistha  protexta  Con. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Crassatellites  subpkma  (Con.). 
Unicardium  umbonatum  (Whitf.). 
Cardium  spillmani  Con. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 
Cardium  trilineatum  n.  sp. 
Legumen  planulatum  Con. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Lunatia  sp. 

Gyrodes  abyssima  Mort. 
Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort. 
Gyrodes  sp. 


io6      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Xenophora  leprosa  Mort. 
Turritella  vertebroides  Mort. 
/     Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Rostellaria  fusiformis  Whitf . 
Rostellaria  curta  Whitf.? 
Cypraea  mortoni  Gabb. 
Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whitf. 
Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  (Gabb.) 
Pyr apsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.). 
Pyropsis  rickardsoni  (Tuom.). 
Pyr  op  sis  septemlirata  Gabb. 
Pyropsis  sp. 

Serrifitsw  crosswickensis  Whitf. 
Odontofusus  medians  Whitf. 
Odontofusus  ,sp. 
Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb. 
Turbinella  parva  Gabb. 
Volutoderma  ovata  Whitf. 
V 'olutomorpha  conradi  Gabb. 
V olwtowioYph®  ponderosa  Whitf. 
Piestochilus  sp.    - 
Rostellites  angulatus  Whitf. 
Turbinopsis  depressa  Gabb. 
Turbinopsis  curta  Whitf. 
Turbinopsis  ?  sp. 
Morea  plicata  (Whitf.)  ? 
Cithara  mullicaensis  Whitf. 
Actaeon  cretacea  Gabb. 
Haminea  mortoni  (Forbes). 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Heteroceras  conradi  Mort. 
Baculites  ovatus  Say. 
Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  107 

VERTEBRATA. 

Fish  vertebrae. 
Bone  of  reptile. 
Coprolite. 

In  a  marl  pit  at  Middletown  (Locality  113),  a  little  more  than 
y2  mile  west  of  the  railroad  station,  the  sandy  Mount  Laurel 
bed  (us1)  is  poorly  exposed  in  the  gullies  by  the  roadside,  the 
typical  Navesink  (ii32)  being  well  shown  in  the  excavation  a 
little  higher  up. 

Locality  uj1. — This  bed  is  more  or  less  calcareous,  with 
rounded  quartz  pebbles  the  size  of  peas.  The  exposure  is  hot 
well  adapted  for  the  collection  of  fossils  and  only  a  few  species, 
all  more  or  less  fragmentary,  have  been  identified,  as  follows : 

PELECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  sp. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  sp. 
Gastrochaena  ?  (tube). 

GASTROPODA. 

Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  (Gabb). 

Locality  uj2. — The  fossils  here  occur  in  a  grayish,  greensand 
marl,  which  has  been  dug  for  fertilizing  purposes.  The  species 
which  have  been  identified  are  as  follows : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  neglects  Gabb. 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 


io8      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Dianchora  echinata  Mort. 
Anomia  argent  aria  Mort. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb). 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodes  petrosus  (Mort.). 
Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  ( Mort. ) . 
Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.). 
Piestochilus  mucronata  Gabb. 
Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb. 
Cithara  mullicaensis  Whitf. 

CEPHAIX>PODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

Locality  121. — At  a  locality  in  the  Navesink  marl  about  %  of 
a  mile  south  of  Oak  Hill,  and  about  1 24  miles  south  of  Middle- 
town,  no  complete  collection  was  made,  but  the  following  species 
occur  abundantly : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 

Locality  120: — In  the  bank  of  a  small  ravine  on  the  east  side 
of  the  New  York  and  Long  Branch  Railroad,  iJ<Sf  miles  north- 
west of  the  Red  Bank  station,  the  lower  portion  of  the  Navesink 
marl  is  exposed  and  has  yielded  the  following  fauna : 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  neglecta  Gabb. 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Ostrea  nasuta  Mort. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  109 

Ostrea  falcata  Mort. 
Gryphaeostrea  vomer  (Mort.) 
Exogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  quinquenaria  Con. 
Lima  reticulata  (L.  £  F.) 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.) 

GASTROPODA. 

Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Pyropsis  retifer  (Gabb). 
Pyropsis  sp. 
Cithara  mullicaensis  Whitf. 

Locality  126* . — 'The  section  at  this  locality,  Long-street's  marl 
pit  near  Crawford's  Corner,  has  already  been  given  (See  p.  92). 
This  fossiliferous  bed  in  the  Navesink  marl  is  limited  to  about 
2.5  feet,  the  fossils  being  sparsely  represented  below  although 
a  larger  number  of  species  are  present  there  than  in  the  upper  one 
foot  of  the  bed,  which  is  a  mass  of  shells  of  Gryphaea  convexa 
with  some  examples  of  Ostrea  mesenteries,  these  being  essentially 
the  only  species  present.  The  fauna  from  this  locality  is  the 
largest  which  has  been  collected  from  the  Navesink  marl  proper, 
although  a  larger  number  of  species  have  been  recognized  from 
the  Mount  Laurel  facies  at  Atlantic  Highlands.  The  species 
which  have  been  recognized  at  this  locality  are  as  follows : 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Spine  of  echinoid. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Cucullaea  neglect  a  Gabb. 
Axinea  subaustralis  (d'Orb.). 
Pinna  laqueata  Con. 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 


no      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY 

Ostrea  monmouthensis  n.sp. 
Gryphaea  cowuexa  Mort. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 
Spondylus  gregalis  Mort. 
Lima  pelagica  Mort. 
Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.) 
Plagiostoma  erecta  (Whitf.) 
Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 
Mytilus  smocki  n.sp. 
Corimya  tennis  Whitf. 
Clavagella  armata  Mort. 
Liopistha  pro  text  a  Con. 
Cuspidaria  jerseyensis  n.sp. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Caprotina  jerseyensis  n.sp. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.) 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Pleurotomaria  crotaloides  (Mort.) 
Margarita  abyssima  ( Gabb) . 
Scala  sillmani  Mort. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodes  abyssima  (Mort.) 
Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort. 
Xenophora  leprosa  Mort. 
Turritella  vertebroides  Mort. 
Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  (Mort.) 
Anchura  abrupta  Con. 
Perissolax  dubia  (Gabb). 
Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.) 
Odontofusus  typicalis  Whitf. 
Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb. 
Turbinella  parua  Gabb. 
Piestochilus  mucronatus  Gabb. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  in 

Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb. 
Cithara  Mullicaensis  Whitf. 
Cithara  sp. 
Hamirtea  mortoni  (Forbes). 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 


VERTEBRATA. 

Crocodile  scutes. 

Henry  Conover's  marl  pit  is  situated  a  little  over  1.5  miles  a 
little  west  of  north  fromi  Holmdel.  The  Navesink  fauna  at  this 
point  occurs  in  two  zones  in  the  marl,  the  association  of  species 
being  somewhat  different  in  each.  The  following  section  has 
been  recognized  at  this  locality  (Locality  128). 

1281.  At  the  edge  of  the  brook  north  of  the  marl  pit 
the  dark  Wenonah  sand,  is  exposed,  its  depth  being  un- 
known. 

1282.  Dark  greensand  marl,  no  fossils,  .  . .,. .,......,.      4  feet. 

1283.  Gray,   brown   or  dark  greensand  marl,   with 

many  fossils,  . ...  . ... ' ,.  .  ...  .  .,.       2  feet. 

1284.  Greensand  marl,  barren  or  but  sparsely  fossilif- 

erous,  . ... . .-. .,. . ... ..,..., .'. . .,. ... .;     3  feet. 

1 285.  Greensand  marl   with   many   fossil   Gryphaea 

shells  and  other  fossils,  ,.  . .'.  . .,.  . .. ,.  .  *, I  foot. 

1286.  Greensand  marl  without  fossils  to  top  of  bank,    15  feet. 
Locality  128?. — The  lowermost  fossiliferous  zone  in  Henry 

Conover's  marl  pit  is  marked  by  the  common  occurrence  of  Tere- 
bratella  vanuxewti,,  a  species  which  has  not  been  recognized  else- 
where, in  the  recent  operations  of  the  Survey.  T.  plicata  occurs 
also,  but  it  is  a  rare  species  in  this  bed,  becoming  much  more 
abundant  in  the  higher  fauna  in  the  same  section.  The  complete 
fauna  recognized  here  is  as  follows : 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Echinoid  spines. 


ii2  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  vanuxemi  L  &  F. 
Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nemo  don  sp. 

Inoceramus  confertim-annulatus  Roemer. 

Meleagrinella  abrupta  (Con.). 

Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 

Exogyra  costata  Say. 

Pecten  venustus  Mort. 

Pecten  sp. 

Dianchora  echinata  Mort. 

Plagiostoma  erecta  (Whitf.) 

Crassatellites  sp. 

Cardium  tenuistratum  (Whitf.) 

GASTROPODA. 

Gyrodes  petrosus  (  Mort. ) 
Turrit ella  sp. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

Locality  128*. — In  the  higher  fossiliferous  zone  in  the  same 
marl  pit,  the  following  species  have  been  identified : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

PELECYPODA. 

"'*'  •          Cucullaea  neglecta  Gabb. 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Lima  pelagica  Mort. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.) 
Cyprimeria  sp. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  113 

GASTROPODA. 

Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura pennata  (Mort.) 
Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.) 
Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 


Locality  127.  —  Edgar  Schanck's  marl  pit  is  situated  a  little 
less  than  y2  mile  southwest  from  that  of  Henry  Conover,  and 
about  1.5  miles  northwest  of  Holmdel.  The  bank  from  which 
marl  has  been  dug  is  about  16  feet  in  height,  and  was  largely 
covered  with  talus  at  the  time  it  was  visited  by  the  writer.  Ex- 
amples of  Gryphaea  convexa  and  Ostrea  mesenterica  are  abundant 
in  the  disintegrated  marl  of  the  talus  slope.  By  digging  through 
the  disintegrated  material  it  was  found  that  the  fossiliferous  zone 
is  apparently  restricted  to  a  thickness  of  about  three  feet  near  the 
mid-height  of  the  entire  exposure.  In  the  lower  portion  of  this 
zone  the  fossils  are  somewhat  sparsely  scattered  through  the  marl, 
and  the  large  Gryphaea  shells  are  inconspicuous,  but  in  the  upper 
part  these  shells  become  more  abundant,  and  at  the  very  top  of 
the  zone  there  occurs  a  conspicuous  shell  bed  about  one  foot  in 
thickness  made  up  almost  exclusively  of  the  shells  of  Gryphaea 
convexa.  The  entire  fauna  collected  at  this  locality  is  as  follows  : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 


Cucnllaea  neglecta  Gabb. 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.) 
8  PAL 


ii4  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

GASTROPODA. 

Turrit  ella  cncrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.) 
Turbinella  parva  Gabb. 
Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

Locality  194. — At  John  Holmes'  marl  pit,  i  mile  northwest  of 
Holmdel,  no  attempt  was  made  to  make  a.  complete  collection,  but 
the  following  species  were  recognized  during  a  few  minutes'  visit 
to  the  locality : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Tcrebratella  plicata  Say. 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Exogyra  costata  Say. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Baculites  ovatus  Say. 
Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

Locality  131. — In  Obadiah  Herbert's  marl  pit,  just  east  of  the 
village  of  Marlboro,  an  extensive  exposure  of  the  Navesink  marl 
may  be  seen.  At  the  time  this  locality  was  visited  by  the  writer, 
however,  the  pit  was  not  being  operated,  and  little  opportunity 
was  afforded  for  the  collection  of  fossils.  The  following  species 
which  were  secured,  doubtless  represent  but  a  small  percentage 
of  the  entire  fauna,  which  might  be  collected  under  more  favor- 
able conditions : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  115 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaca  neglecta  Gabb. 
,  Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 

Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Gryphaeostrea  voiner  (Mort.). 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Lithophaga  ripleyana  (Gabb.). 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.) 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belenmitclla  americana  Mort. 

Locality  133. — In  an  old  marl  pit  3  miles  west  of  Freehold, 
and  i  mile  a  little  east  of  south  from  Tennants  station,  at  the 
head  waters  of  a  small  tributary  of  Wemrock  Brook,  the  lower 
portion  of  the  Navesink  is  shown,  and  the  following  species  of 
fossils  have  been  collected : 

PEIvECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  (Con.) 
Inoceramus  confertim-annulatus  Roemer. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Pecten  tenuitestus  Gabb. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb.). 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Turrit  ell  a  encrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  (Mort.). 
Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whitf. 
Volutomorpha  conradi  Gabb. 
Cinulia  natic aides  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 


n6  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  tooth. 
Enchodus  (tooth). 

Along  the  road  leading  up  the  hill  south  of  Walnford,  the 
Mount  Laurel  sand  and  Navesink  marl  are  exposed,  the  transi- 
tion from  the  pure  red  or  yellow  sand  to  the  sandy  marl  being 
gradual. 

Locality  148*-'. — The  lower  portion  of  the  section  at  this  locality 
is  a  pure  quartz  sand,  stained  with  iron  to  a  bright  orange  or 
yellow  color.  Fossils  occur  in  these  beds,  but  they  are  for  the 
most  part  poorly  preserved,  about  the  only  species  represented 
being  Ostrea  fdcata  Mort.,  and  a  small,  convex  Gryphaea^ik^ 
shell,  all  in  the  condition  of  casts.  A  little  higher  up  the  beds 
gradualy  become  more  glauconitic,  but  are  much  decomposed. 
In  addition  to  the  species  already  mentioned,  Plicatula  urticosa 
Mort.,  Paranomia  scabra  Mort.,  and  Belemnitella  americana  have 
been  detected  in  this  higher  portion  of  the  bed.  These  fossils 
are  distributed  through  10  feet  or  more  of  strata. 

Locality  148*. — Lying  above  these  beds  already  mentioned, 
there  is  three  feet,  more  or  less,  of  ferruginous,  sandy,  highly 
decomposed  greensand  marl,  exposed  in  the  gullies  by  the  road 
side  near  the  top  of  the  hill,  which  is  abundantly  fossiliferous. 
There  is,  however,  no  sharp  line  between  this  bed  and  the  sub- 
jacent one.  The  fauna  collected  from  this  bed  comprises  the 
following  species : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

VERMES. 

Hamulus  lineatus  n.  sp. 

PElvECYPODA. 

Nemodon  eufaulensis  Gabb. 
Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Axinea  subaustralis  (d'Orb,). 
Pinna  laqueata  Con. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  117 

Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Trigonia  sp. 
Plicatula  urticosa  Mort. 
Spondylus  gregalis  Mort. 
L,ima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.). 
Lithopliaga  ripleyana  (Gabb). 
Liopistha  protexta  Con. 
Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  subplanum  (Con.). 
Cardium  spillmani  Con. 
Cyprimeria  sp. 
Meretrix  eufaulensis  Con. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb). 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodes  petrosus  (Mort.) 
Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whitf. 
Volutomorpha  conradi  Gabb. 
Turbinopsis  depressa  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Baculites  ovatus  Say. 
Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb. 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  tooth. 

Locality  149. — From  a  natural  outcrop  of  the  Navesink  marl 
in  a  tributary  of  Crosswicks  Creek,  about  I  mile  south  of  the  last 
locality,  the  following  species  have  been  collected : 


n8  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

VERMES. 

Hamulus  lineatus  n.  sp. 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Area  uniopsis  Con. 
Axinea  subaustralis  (d'Orb.). 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Gryphaeostrea  vowier  (Mort.) 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Pec  ten  tenuitestus  Gabb. 
Pecten  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Pecten  argillensis  Con.? 
Lima  pelagica  Mort. 
Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.). 
Plagiostoma  erecta  (Whitf.) 
Mytilus  smocki  n.  sp. 
Liopistha  pro  text  a  Con. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  subplanutn  (Con.). 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitf.). 
Legumen  planulatum  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb). 
Delphinula  sp. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodes  petrosus  Mort. 
Turritella  vertebroides  Mort. 
Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  (Mort.) 
Triton  precedens  Whitf. 


MOUNT  LAUREI^NAVESINK.  119 

Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whitf. 
Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  (Gabb). 
Odontofusus  typicus  Whitf. 
Odontofusus  medians  Whitf. 
Turbinopsis  curta  Whitf.  ? 
Act  aeon  cretacea  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb; 

Locality  147. — This  locality  is  situated  about  24  of  a  mile 
south  of  the  last,  and  about  21/4  miles  northwest  of  New  Egypt. 
The  beds  are  the  lower  portion  of  the  Navesink  marl  and  are 
exposed  in  the  bank  of  a  tributary  of  Crosswicks  Creek  which 
joins  the  main  stream  almost  opposite  the  mouth  of  Lahaway 
Creek,  just  east  of  the  wagon  road,  about  ^  of  a  mile  from 
Crosswicks  Creek.  Several  distinct  beds  may  be  recognized. 

1471.  This  is  a  gray  sand  exposed  in  the  bank  of  the  creek 
about  90  yards  east  of  the  bridge.    No  fossils  were  obtained  from 
it  and  its  depth  was  not  determined.     It  should  probably  be  re- 
ferred to  the  Wenonah  sand. 

1472.  This  is  a  gray,  arenaceous  bed,  one  foot  in  thickness, 
with  very  little  glauconite,  containing  vast  numbers  of  Belemni- 
tella, Gryphaea  and  Exogyra,  examples  of  all  these  species  being 
of  exceptionally  large  size.     The  number  of  species  present  in 
the  fauna  is  small,  as  follows : 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  falcata  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convex  a  M'ort. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Neithea  quinquecostata  (Sow.). 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 


120      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1 47s.  Lying  above  the  bed  containing  such  an  abundance  of 
Belemnitella  there  are  about  18  inches  of  gray,  sandy  marl,  whose 
fauna  contains  a  larger  number  of  species,  although  the  number 
of  individuals  is  very  much  smaller.  The  following  species  have 
been  identified: 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Exogjra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Veniella  trigona  'Gabb. 
Tenea  paralis  Con. 
Cardiwm  spillmani  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb.). 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

I474.  This  bed  is  about  I  foot  in  thickness  and  contains  a 
larger  fauna  than  either  of  the  two  lower  horizons.  It  is  still  a 
sandy  marl,  but  the  glauconite  content  is  larger  than  in  the  beds 
below.  In  the  fauna  of  this  bed  Gryphaea  is  again  abundant,  but 
Belemnitella  is  one  of  the  less  common  species.  The  following 
species  have  been  identified  : 

BRANCHIOPODA. 

Terebrafella  plicata  Say. 

VERMES. 

Hamulus  lineatus  n.  sp.. 

PEIvECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Axinea  subaustraiis  (d'Orb.). 


MOUNT  LAUREI^-NAVESINK.  121 

Inocermnus  confertim-annulatus  Roemer. 

Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 

Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  Mort. 

Hxogyra  costata  Say. 

Trigonia  sp. 

Pecten  tenuitestus  Gabb. 

Pecten  argillensis  Con. 

Lima  pelagica  (Mort.). 

Lima  reticulata  (L,.  &  F.),. 

Anomia  argentaria  Mort. 

Paranomia  scabra  Mort. 

Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 

Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 

Unicardium  umbonatum  (Whitf.). 

Cardium  spillmani  Con. 

Meretrix  eufaulensis  (  Con  .  )  . 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  Gabb. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodes  abyssima  Mort. 
Gyrodes  petrosus  Mort. 
Turritella  vertebroides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Pyropsis  retifer  (  Gabb.  ) 
Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb. 
Volutomorpha  conradi  Gabb. 
Cithara  mwllicaensis 


CEPHALOPODA. 

Baculites  ovatus  Say. 
Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

Locality  195.  —  In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  locality 
last  described,  are  Bruere's  marl  pits,  which  furnished  a  number 
-of  specimens  used  by  Whitfield  in  the  preparation  of  his  mono- 


122      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

graph.  A  collection  in  the  State  Museum  at  Trenton,  ascribed 
to  this  locality,  has  been  available  for  study  by  the  writer  in 
which  the  following  species  have  been  identified : 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Echinoid  spine 

BRANCHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

Terebratella  vanuxemi  L.  &  F. 

f 
VERMES. 

Hamulus  lineatus  n.  sp. 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 

Area  uniopsis  Con. 

Axinea  subamtralis  (d'Orb.). 

Inoceramus  confertim-annulatus  Roemer. 

Ostrea  falcata  Mort. 

Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort.  , 

Ostrea  sp. 

Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  Mort. 

Exogyra  costata  Say. 

Pecten  venustus  Mort. 

Pecten  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 

Neithea  sp. 

Spondylus  gregalis  Mort. 

Lima  reticulata  ( L.  &  F. ) . 

Paranomia  scabra  Mort. 

Lithophaga  ripleyana  (Gabb.). 

Corimya  tennis  Whitf. 

Liopistha  protexta  Con. 

Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 

Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 

Tenea  parilis  Con. 

Cardium  spillmani  Con. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  123 

Cardiuwi  tenuistriatuwi  (Whitf.). 
Cyprimeria  sp. 

Legumen  planulatum  (Con.). 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Panopea  decisa  Con. 
Gastrochaena  whitneldi  n.  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  Gabb. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Lunatia  ?  pauperata  (Whitf.). 
Lunatia  sp. 

Gyrodes  petrosus  Mort. 
Xenophora  leprosa  Mort. 
Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Turritella  vertebroides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Anchura  abrupt  a  Con. 
Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whitf. 
Perissolax  dubia  Gabb. 
Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  Gabb. 
Pyropsis  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Odontofitsus  typicus  Whitf. 
Odontofusus  medians  Whitf. 
Turbinella  parva  Gabb. 
Voluioderma  ovata  Whitf. 
Piestochiliis  mucronatus  (Gabb). 
Piestochilus  bella  (Gabb). 
Piestochihts  sp. 
Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb. 
Twbinopsis  depressa  Gabb. 
Turbinopsis  elevata  Whitf. 
Cithara  mullicaensis  Whitf. 
Citkara  sp. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Baculites  ovatus  Say. 
Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 


i24  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb. 


Locality  150. — From  an  exposure  of  the  Navesink  marl,  1^/4 
miles  northwest  of  Jacobstown,  and  about  iy2  miles  southwest 
of  Arneytown,  the  following  fauna  has  been  identified: 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 

; 
VERMES. 

Hamulus  line  at  us  n.  sp. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nemo  don  eufaulensis  (Gabb). 
Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Cucullaea  tippana  Con. 
Area  sp. 

Axinea  subaustralis  (d'Orb.). 
Pinna  laqueata  Con. 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Gryphaeostrea  vomer  Mort. 
Hxogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Lima  pelagic®  Mort. 
Liopistha  sp. 

Crassatellites  subplana  Mort. 
Cardwn,  spillmani  Con. 
Cardmm  sp. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  Gabb. 
Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort. 
Xenophora  leprosa  Mort. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  125 

Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 
Turritella  vertebroides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Triton  precedent  Whitf. 
Trachytriton  sp. 
Volutomorpha  gabbi  Whitf. 
Cinulia  natic aides  Gabb. 


Nautilus  dekayi  Mort. 
Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  wort oni  Pilsb. 

Locality  166. — An  exposure  by  the  roadside,  i  mile  southwest 
of  Mount  Laurel,  is  arenaceous  with  some  calcareous  material, 
but  with  no  glauconite,  and  it  may  evidently  be  referred  to  the 
Mount  Laurel.  This  locality  has  yielded  the  following  fauna : 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort. 
Axinea  subaustralis  (d'Orb.). 
Gryphaeostrea  vomer  Mort. 
Exogyra  costata  Say. 
Pecten  craticulus  Mort.  ? 
Cardium  tenuistriatu-m  (Whitf.). 

GASTROPODA. 

Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Turritella  vertebroides  Mort. 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  (Gabb). 
Volu-tomorpha  conradi  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 


126      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Mullica  Hill  has  long  been  a  noted  locality  for  New  Jersey 
Cretaceous  fossils.  The  fossil  locality  is  in  the  village,  the  ex- 
posure being  in  the  hillside  just  south  of  the  railroad  trestle.  The 
section  at  this  point  is  as  follows  (Locality  169)  from  the  base 
upward. 

169*.  Yellow  or  red  quartz  sand  without  glauconite,  about  20 
feet  exposed  at  the  base  of  the  bluff.  Th£  contained  fossils  are 
poorly  preserved  casts,  but  Beletnnitella  americana,  Gryphaea 
and  Neithea  have  been  recognized,  and  the  bed  may  be  confi- 
dently referred  to  the  Mount  Laurel  sand. 

169*.  Above  the  yellow  sand  is  a  5-foot,  indurated  shell  bed, 
filled  with  fossils.  The  matrix  in  which  the  fossils  are  imbedded 
is  sandy,  with  pea-like  quartz  pebbles,  the  whole  colored  dark- 
green  by  a  considerable  percentage  of  glauconite.  The  shells  of 
those  species  which  are  not  represented  by  casts,  have  for  the 
most  part  been  replaced  by  the  mineral  vivianite  ,  a  phosphate  of 
iron  doubtless  derived  from  the  glauconite. 

i693.  Above  the  shell  bed,  a  nearly  pure  greensand  marl  con- 
tinues to  the  summit  of  the  exposure. 

Locality  i6p2.  —  The  fauna  of  the  shell  bed  exposed  at  Mullica 
Hill  has  yielded  the  following  species,  although  the  list  is  doubt- 
less incomplete: 

ANTHOZOA. 

Paracyathus  vawghani  n.  sp. 
Undetermined  coral. 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Cardiaster  smocki  Clark  n.  sp. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratella  plicata  Say. 


Cucullaea  neglecta  Gabb. 
Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  (Con.). 
Inocercbmus  confcrtim^annulatus  Roemer. 


MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK.  127 

Ostrea  mesent  erica  Mort. 
Gryphaea  convexa  Mort. 
Exogyra  costata  Say. 
Trigonia  sp. 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Pecten  conradi  Whitf. 
Neithea  quinquecostata  (Sow.) 
Plicatula  mullicaensis  n.  sp. 
Dianchora  echinata  Mort. 
Lima  pelagica  Mort. 
Lima,  reticulata  ( L.  &  F. ) . 
Lima  sp. 

Lithophaga  ripleyana   (Gabb). 
Corimya  tennis  Whitf. 
Liopistha  protexta  ( Con. ) . 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 
Cardium  kiimmeli  n.  sp. 
Teredo  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Pleurotomaria  crotaloides  (Mort.) 

Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 

Gyrodes  abyssima  (Mort.) 

Gyrodes  petrosa  Mort. 

Turritella  encrinoides  Mort. 

Anchura  pennata  Mort. 

Anchura  ?  sp.  * 

Perissolax  dubia  (Gabb). 

Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  (Gabb). 

Pyrifusms  macfarlandi  Whitf. 

Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.). 

Pyropsis  septemlirata  Gabb. 

Odontofusus  typicus  Whitf. 

Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb. 

Volutomorpha  conradi  Gabb. 

Piestochilus  sp. 

Turbinopsis  elevata  Whitf. 


128 


CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


CEPHALOPODA. 

Nautilus  dekayi. 
Baculites  ovatus  Say. 
Belemnitella  americana  Mort. 

TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION   FOR  THE  MOUNT   LAUREL-NAVESINK 
FAUNA. 


1 

§ 
ts 

0 

Merchantville  (8). 

jo 

>, 

B 

^ 
~3 

1 

Englishtown. 

Marshalltown  ("4"). 

Wenonah  (2). 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

T] 

.id 

C 

M 

K 

-0 
\j 

'V 

:-3 

c 
c 
n 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

Manasquan. 

d 

-s 

c£ 
yt 
p 

b 

O 

>> 

CJ 

"E 
S 

Belemnitella  americana  Mort 

V' 

Exogyra  costata  Say 

i1-' 

V 

Terebratella  plicata  Say        

I  r 

Anchura  pennata  Mort 

V 

Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort  

1  1 

7 

7 

Gryphaea  convexa  Mort 

T 

v 

Lunatia  halli  Gabb  

T 

'  ^ 

M 

_ 



V 

Cardium  tenuistriatum   (Whitf  ) 

y 

*' 

y 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort 

T 

v 

Gyrodes  petrosus  Mort 

v 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb)  

I 

T 

Cucullaea  neglecta  Gabb  

<f 

« 

v 

Pecten  venustus  Mort  
Lima  reticulata   (L.   &  F.)  

Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb 

- 

-..'a 

~. 

- 

I 
I 

•f 

S 
8 

•y 

3 

•a 

1 

3 

i 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer   (Mort.)  
Crassatellites  subplanus   (Con  ) 

- 

— 

- 

2 

7 

i 

i 

6 

- 

X 

Cardium  spillmani  Con 

j 

y" 

Lima  pelagica  Mort  

5 

Liopistha  protexta  Con  
Pyrifusus  mullicaensis    (Gabb)  
Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.)  
Volutomorpha  conradi  Gabb  







-I 

i 

6 

6 

6 
6 

J 

i 

i 

2 

- 

- 

- 

X 

X 
X 

X 

Til 

Baculites  ovatus  Say.  .  . 

_ 

T 

? 

—  1 

6 

V 

MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK. 


129 


';..'•' 

c. 
1 

'E 

3 

Merchantville  (8). 

EH 

Englishtown.  j 

Marshalltown  (4).  | 

Wenonah  (2).  | 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22).] 

1 

_C 

Hornerstown.  | 

Vincentown.  | 

Manasquan.  | 

% 

Inoccramus  confcrtim-annulatus  Roemer 
Veniella  trigona  Gabb  

- 

i 

i 
5 

- 

i 

2 
I 

i 

2 

5 
5 
5 
5 

4 
4 

1 
4 
4 

3 

4 

i 

- 

— 

- 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 

: 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 

X 
V 

Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whitf  

Rostellites  nasutus   Gabb  

Ostrea  falcata  Mort  

Pecten  whitfieldi  n   sp 

Paranomia  scabra  Mort 

Lithophaga  rip  ley  ana  (Gabb)  
Corimya  tenuis  Whitf 

Veniella  conradi  Mort  

Xenoiphora  leprosa  Mort  
Odontofusus  typicus  Whitf 

- 

- 

—     2 

4 
4 
4 
4 

3 
3 

3 
3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

a 

2 
2 

* 
2 

a 

2 

2 

a 


I 

I 

I 
3 
i 

3 

2 

4 

I 

— 
— 

I 
3 

I 

- 

- 
— 

Turbinella  alabamensis  Gabb 

Turbinella  parva  Gabb  
Callianassa  tnortoni  Pilsb      

Pinna  laqueata  Con  
Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  (Con.)  

2 
I 

- 

"7 

2 

I 

~2 

~6 

3 
3 
4 

— 
~4 

j 

£ 

i 
i 



~3 

3 

i 

2 

E 

6 

2 

- 

I 

- 

3 

"7 

I 

Jl 

I 
I 

T 

I 
- 

= 

I 

I 
2 

I 

I 

— 
I 

— 

2 
T 

Pecten  tenuitestus  Gabb 

Neithea  quinquecostata  Lam  
Spondylus  gregalis  Mort  
Diane  hora  echinata  (Mort.)  

Plagiostoma  ere  eta   (Whitf  ) 

Anomia  argentaria  Mort:  
Legumen  planulatum  (Con  ) 

Leptosolen   biplicata  Con 

Panopea  decisa  Con 

Perissolax  dubia  (Gabb)  
Odontofusus  medians  Whitf           

Piestochilus  mucronatus  Gabb 

Turbinopsis  depressa  Gabb  

Terebratella  vanuxemi  L   &  F             ... 

Nemodon  eufaulensis  Gabb 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con  

Pecten  conradi  Whitf  

Pecten  argillensis  Con 

Plicatula  urticosa  Mort 

Mytilus  smocki  n.  sp  

Unicardium  umbonatum  (Whitf.)  
Tenea  parilis  Con  

Meretrix  eufaulensis  Con.  .  . 

9  PAI, 


1 3o 


CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 


' 

""•5 

"O 

£ 

G 

X 

~ 

3 

a 

Woodbury  (6). 

Englishtown. 

rr 

c 

* 

o 

"rt 

_E 

rt 

Z 

Wenonah  (2). 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

^r 

^ 
a 
3 

P5 

1 

!S 

c 

p 

H 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

Manasquan. 

« 

V 

eS 
a 

8 

o 

|> 

5i 

s 

\f 

f-leurotomana  crotaloiaes   (Mort.)  

* 

NA 

Triton  precedens  Whitf 

7 

Pyropsis  retifer  Gabb  
Pyropsis  septetnlirata  Gabb      

- 

- 

— 

— 

— 

I 

2 

-7 

Volutoderma  ovata  Whitf 

f 

Turbinopsis  curta  Whitf  



7 

Turbinopsis  elevata  Whitf  

^ 

-? 

Actacon  cretacea  Gabb 

1 

1 

T 

Cinulio,  naticoides  Gabb 

2 

Haminea  mortoni  (Forbes)  

f 

Nautilus  dekayi  Mort                     

T 

V 

Paracyathus  vaughani  n.  sp  

T 

Cardiaster  smocki  Clark  n.  sp  

. 

T 

Meleagrinella  abrupta  (Con.)  
Ostrea  nasutct  Mort 

-- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

I 

V 

Ostrea  monnwuthensis  n.  sp  

T 

Trigonia,  thoracica  Mort 

._ 

| 

T 

T 

V 

Pecten  craticulus  Mort  ^ 

T 

Pecten  quinquenaria  Con  





T 

T 

..-i 

..•: 

V 

Plicatula  mullicaensis  n    sp  . 



T 

\s 

Caprotina  jersey  ensis  n.  sp  

T 

Cardium  kumtneli  n   sp    . 



•| 

1 

V' 

Cardiwn  trilineatum  n   sp 

T 

Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb  

5 

5 

> 

2 





• 

X' 

Gastrochaena  whitfieldi  n.  sp  
Scala  sillmani  Mort  . 

— 

T 

— 

y 

'£ 

f 

T 

1 

\/ 

Lunatia  ?  pauperata  (Whitf  ) 

Rostellaria  fusiformis  Whitf  
Rostellaria  curta  Whitf  ?  

- 

^ 

- 

- 

~ 

- 

I 
T 

Pyrifusus  macfarlandi  (Gabb)  

T 

Pyropsis  whitfieldi  n.  sp  



T 

Pyropsis  richardsoni  (Tuotn.)  
Serrifusus  crosswickensis  Whitf  

-- 

I 

— 

— 

— 

— 

'I 

'  T 

"" 

-* 

— 

- 

— 

X 

Volutomorpha  gabbi  Whitf  

• 

T 

Volutomorpha  ponderosa  Whitf       .   . 

T 

Piestochilus  bella   (Gabb) 

Rostellites  angulatus  Whitf 

Morea  plicata  (Whitf  )  ? 

Cylichna  recta  Gabb  







T 

T 

Heteroceras  conradi  Mort  



1 

MOUNT  LAUREL^NAVESINK.  131 


ANALYTICAL  DISCUSSION  OF  THE  MOUNT  LAUREL-NAVESINK 
FAUNA. 

The  following  summary  presents  the  data  recorded  in  the  above 
table  in  a  condensed  form,  showing  the  number  of  species  com- 
mon to  the  Mount  L/aurel-Navesink  and  to  each  of  the  other  for- 
mations in  the  series.  Fifty-four  of  the  total  112  species  in  the 
fauna,  or  48  per  cent.,  have  not  been  recognized  in  any  other 
horizon : 


Cliffwood,.    4 

Merchantville,    28 

Woodbury,     14 

Marshalltown,    20 

Wenonah,    26 

MT.  LAUREL-NAVESINK,   112 

Red  Bank,  : 23 

Tinton,    22 

Ripley  Group,  etc.,  48 


A  careful  analysis  of  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  fauna  shows 
several  peculiar  characteristics  in  which  it  differs  from  any  of  the 
other  faunas  of  the  series.  In  the  first  place  the  number  of  recog- 
nized species  is  larger  than  in  any  of  the  other  faunas,  a  fact 
which  might  be  due  to  the  larger  number  of  localities  from  which 
collections  have  been  examined.  However,  from  many  of  the 
localities  recorded,  it  was  quite  impossible  to  make  complete  col- 
lections, and  only  a  few  of  the  common  species,  such  as  could  be 
gathered  in  a  few  minutes'  search,  were  secured,  and  while  the 
larger  number  of  localities  may  account  in  part  for  the  larger 
fauna,  it  cannot  wholly  do  so,  and  it  is  certainly  true  that  this 
horizon  actually  does  contain  a  larger  fauna  than  any  of  the 
others. 

In  the  second  place  this  fauna  contains  a  much  larger  propor- 
tion (48%)  of  species  which  are  restricted  to  it  than  does  any 
other  in  the  series,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  following  table 
showing  the  percentages  of  restricted  species  in  each  fauna. 


1 32      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formatidi.  Restricted.      Extraterritorial. 

Cliffwood,    40%  49% 

Merchantville,    32%  42% 

Woodbury,    33%  45% 

Marshalltovvn,    23%  60% 

Wenonah,    23%.  62% 

Mt.   Laurel-Navesink,    48%  42% 

Red  Bank,  9%  69% 

Tinton,    21%  60% 

Accompanying  this  larger  percentage  of  species  which  are 
restricted  to  this  fauna  in  New  Jersey,  the  above  table  shows 
further  that  there  is  a  decided  reduction  in  the  percentage  of 
species  which  are  extra-territorial  in  their  distnibution,  or  in 
those  which  occur  also  in  the  Ripley  faunas  of  the  Gulf  border 
region,  only  42  per  cent,  being  recognized.  These  two  facts, 
when  taken  together,  suggest  that  there  was  an  immigration  of 
species  into  the  region  from  some  other  direction  than  the  south. 

A  third  peculiarity  of  this  fauna  is  the  large  number  of  gastro- 
pods present,  as  compared  with  the  other  faunas  in  the  series,  a 
fact  which  is  shown  clearly  in  the  following  table  recording  the 
number  of  species  of  Pelecypods  and  Gastropods  in  the  several 
faunas. 

Pelecypoda.    Gastropoda. 

Cliffwood,    : 33  8 

Merchantville,    62  29 

Woodbury,    65  23 

Marshalltowr,    35  6 

Wenonah, 59  17 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink, 56  46 

Red  Bank,  38  4 

Tinton,   25  5 

It  is  seen  from  this  that  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  fauna 
a  nearly  equal  number  of  Pelecypods  and  Gastropods  are  present, 
while  the  Gastropods  do  not  exceed  50  per  cent,  of  the  Pelecypods 
in  any  other  fauna  of  the  series.1  In  the  Red  Bank  and  Tinton 


1  If  the  undetermined  species  were  included  in  this  estimate  the  total  num- 
ber of  gastropod  species  would  more  than  equal  the  number  of  pelecypods. 
Also,  if  these  undetermined  forms  were  included  the  percentage  of  restricted 
species  would  be  materially  increased,  and  the  percentage  of  extraterritorial 
one  reduced. 


MOUNT  LAUREI^NAVESINK.  133 

formations  the  actual' number  of  Gastropods  should  be  greater 
than  the  table  indicates,  because  of  several  undetermined  forms, 
but  if  all  these  species  were  included  the  proportion  would  not 
nearly  reach  that  shown  by  the  Navesink  fauna. 

The  two  species  occurring  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink 
fauna,  which  may  be  taken  as  the  most  characteristic  members 
of  the  fauna,  are  Belemnitella  americana  and  Terebratella  plicata. 
Neither  of  these  occur  in  any  of.  the  other  faunas  of  the  series. 
The  first  of  them  has  been  detected  in  19  of  the  22  localities 
which  are  recorded,  and  with  a  little  search  the  species  would, 
doubtless,  be  found  also  in  the  other  three.  The  second  species 
has  been  recognized  in  only  15  of  the  localities,  but  this,  too, 
would,  doubtless,  be  found  in  most  of  the  others  were  complete 
collections  available.  These  two  species  are  totally  different  from 
any  of  the  forms  which  have  preceded  them  in  the  region.  They 
could  not  have  been  derived  through  the  processes  of  evolution 
from  any  members  of  preceding  faunas  in  New  Jersey,  and  must 
be  considered  as  representatives  of  an  immigrant  element  in  the 
fauna.  Belemnitella  americana  occurs  at  widely  distributed  local- 
ities in  the  southern  States,  but  it  is  always  a  rare  form,  while 
in  New  Jersey  it  is  usually  common  and  is  frequently  abundant. 
Terebratella  plicata,  however,  has  not  been  recorded  from  any 
of  the  localities  of  the  Gulf-border  region.  The  relationships  of 
B.  americana  are  more  close  with  the  European  B.  mucronata 
than  with  any  other  species ;  in  fact,  it  is  doubtful  whether-  the 
two  should  be  considered  as  specifically  distinct.  In  England  and 
France  this  species  is  highly  characteristic  of  a  horizon  near  the 
summit  of  the  Senonian.  Terebratella  plicata  does  not  have  so 
close  an  ally  in  the  European  faunas,  its  closest  relationship  evi- 
dently being  with  T.  menardi  Lam.  of  England  and  France.  In 
Europe  this  brachiopod  occurs  in  the  Upper  Greensand,  a  hor- 
izon considerably  lower  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  than  the  Belem- 
nitella mucronata  zone.  Still,  the  occurrence  in  European  faunas 
of  a  brachiopod  so  similar  in  form  to  this  American  shell,  and 
the  entire  absence  of  any  related  forms  in  other  portions  of 
America,  as  well  as  the  close  relationship  or  identity  of  the  species 
of  Belemnitella,  strongly  suggests  a  European  origin  for  this 
conspicuous  immigrant  element  in  the  Belemnitella  fauna  of  the 


i34      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  formations  in  New  Jersey.  It  is  not  neces- 
sary to  assume  that  this  faunal  element  in  New  Jersey  immi- 
grated directly  from  the  regions  in  Europe  where  the  Belemnitella 
mucronata  zone  is  known  to  occur,  since  the  facts  may  be  inter- 
preted to  mean  that  this  Belemnitella  fauna  has  migrated  from 
some  unknown  province  into  both  the  regions  where  it  is  now 
known  to  occur  so  conspicuously,  in  America  and  in  Europe. 

If  the  assumption  is  correct  that  the  Belemnitella  element  of 
Mount  Laurel-Navesink  fauna  was  an  immigrant  from  the  east, 
possibly  from  Europe,  it  is  strange  that  it  did  not  spread  down 
the  Atlantic  coast  and  occupy  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  faunas 
of  the  Gulf-border  region.  It  is  true  that  the  Belemnitella  does 
occur  rarely  in  the  south,  although  it  is  never  a  conspicuous  mem- 
ber of  the  faunas,  but  Terebratella  plicata  is  not  known  to  occur 
in  that  region  at  all.  It  is  possible  that  the  explanation  of  the 
rarity  of  this  element  in  the  faunas  of  the  South  may  be  due  to 
the  debouchure  of  a  great  Cretaceous  river  near  the  present  posi- 
tion of  the  Delaware  or  Chesapeake  bays.  A  great  stream  of 
fresh  water  might,  under  certain  conditions,  be  a  more  or  less 
efficient  barrier  to  the  coastwise  migration  of  certain  forms  of 
shallow  water  life.  To  the  squid-like  Belemnites,  however,  such 
a  barrier  would  doubtless  be  less  effective  than  to  the  brachiopods. 
This  explanation  of  the  distribution  of  the  faunas  is  offered  only 
as  a  suggestion,  since  it  is  difficult  to  understand  why  such  a 
barrier  should  not  have  been  just  as  effective  against  the  spread 
of  certain  conspicuous  forms  in  the  fauna  which  are  evidently 
of  southern  origin,  as  against  organisms  migrating  in  the  oppo- 
site direction,  although  the  southern  forms,  so  far  as  they  are 
recognized,  are  pelecypods  and  gastropods,  while  Terebratella 
plicata,  the  one  form  which  most  clearly  suggests  a  barrier  of 
some  sort,  is  a  brachiopod,  a  very  different  type  of  organism. 

Aside1  from  this  foreign  element  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink 
fauna,  we  find  recurring  here  the  conspicuous  Exogyra  element 
which  had  first  appeared  in  New  Jersey  in  the  Marshalltown 
fauna,  although  £.  ponderosa  of  the  earlier  fauna  has  given  place 
here  to  B.  costata.  This  species  differs  from  the  Belemnitella 
and  Terebratella,  in  being  a  conspicuous  member  of  the  Upper 


MOUNT  LAUREL^-NAVESINK.  135 

Cretaceous  faunas  of  the  Gulf-border  region  in  America,  where 
it  is  more  abundant,  apparently,  than  in  New  Jersey.  It  may  be 
safely  assumed  that  this  species  and  some  of  its  associates  origi- 
nated in  this  southern  region  in  America  and  spread  northward 
to  New  Jersey,  probably  continuing  eastward  to  where  it  is  found 
in  the  European  faunas.  The  Gryphaea  convexa,  is  perhaps  not 
distinct  from  the  abundant  European  G.  vesicularis  Lam.,  and 
the  same  or- closely  allied  forms  occur  commonly  in  the  faunas  of 
the  Gulf  border  region.  It  may  have  originated  in  the  New 
Jersey  faunas  from  Europe  or  the  east,  although  its  appearance 
in  New  Jersey  in  the  Marshalltown  associated  with  the  southern 
Exogyra  ponderosa,  before  the  appearance  in  the  region  of  the 
more  clearly  European  Belemnitella,  suggests  that  its  origin  also 
was  from  the  south. 

With  the  incomplete  knowledge  which  we  must  necessarily 
possess  of  most  fossil  faunas,  it  is  difficult  to  analyze 'them 
exactly  into  their  component  elements.  Undoubtedly  a  consider- 
able number  of  other  species  accompanied  Belemnitella  and  Tere- 
bratella  in  their  migration  from  the  east,  and  it  may  be  assumed 
that  all  the  species  characteristic  of  this  fauna  alone  in  New 
Jersey  and  not  known  to  occur  elsewhere  in  America  belong  to 
this  class.  Further  faunal  studies,  however,  especially  in  the 
Gulf-border  region  may  change  the  status  of  many  of  these 
species,  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  some  molluscs  which  accom- 
panied Belemnitella  from  the  east  spread  into  the  southern  region, 
just  as  Belemnitella  itself  is  known  to  have  done. 

A  third  conspicuous  element  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink 
fauna,  distinct  from  the  European  Belemnitella  and  its  associates, 
and  also  from  the  southern  Exogyra  element,  is  the  Cucullaea 
fauna  recurrent  from  the  Merchantville  and  the  Marshalltown. 
The  largest  number  of  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  species  common 
to  any  other  fauna  of  this  New  Jersey  series,  is  found  in  the 
Merchantville,  and  among  these  species  are  to  be  found  such 
highly  characteristic  forms  as  Axinea  subaustralis  and  Cucullaea 
antrosa,  with  an  entire  absence  of  the  characteristic  members  of 
the  Lucina  cretacea  fauna  of  the  Woodbury  clay. 

The  most  characteristic  species  of  the  foreign  immigration 


136      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

element  of  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  fauna,  Belemnitella 
americana  and  Terebratella  plicata,  are  restricted  absolutely  to 
this  horizon  in  New  Jersey,  and  the  zone  through  which  they 
occur  undoubtedly  represents  a  strict  zone  of  contemporaneity 
through  the  Cretaceous  sediments  of  the  State.  This  contem- 
poraneous life  zone,  however,  does  not  conform  strictly  with 
the  stratigraphic  relations  of  the  sediments,  since  the  Belemnitella 
fauna  occurs  in  both  the  Mount  Laurel  sand  and  the  Navesink 
marl.  The  stratigraphic  line  between  these  two  formations  cuts 
diagonally  across  the  life  zone  from  near  its  lower  limit  in  the 
northeast  to  its  summit  in  the  southwest.  The  fauna  of  this  life 
zone,  in  its  entirety,  is  a  composite  assemblage  of  life  having  at 
least  three  distinct  elements:  (i)  the  indigenous,  shifting,  Cu- 
cullaea  element  recurrent  from  the  Merchantville  and  the  Mar- 
shalltown;  (2)  the  southern  Exogyra  element,  recurrent  from 
the  Marshalltown,  and  (3)  the  foreign  Belemnitella  element, 
probably  an  immigrant  from  Europe. 


CHAPTER  X. 


THE  RED  BANK  SAND. 


The  Red  Bank  sand,  the  "red  sand"  of  Cook-,  has  its  most 
characteristic  development  in  eastern  Monmouth  County.  In  the 
lower  beds  of  the  formation  there  is  a  gradual  transition  from 
the  subjacent  Navesink  marl,  from  10  to  20  feet  of  the  lower 
beds  being  dark-colored  sandy  clays,  with  more  or  less  glau- 
conite.  The  great  mass  of  the  formation,  at  least  in  the  weath- 
ered condition  in  which  it  is  usually  seen,  is  composed  of  a  highly 
characteristic,  very  ferruginous  red  sand.  The  total  thickness  of 
the  formation  in  eastern  Monmouth  County  is  nearly  100  feet. 

Towards  the  southwest  the  Red  Bank  sand  becomes  much  less 
characteristic,  the  bed  being  reduced  in  thickness,  until  beyond 
the  western  border  of  Monmouth  County  the  formation  cannot 
be  differentiated.  It  has  already  been  shown  how  the  Navesink 
marl  of  eastern  Monmouth  County  is  displaced  in  its  southward 
extension  by  the  greater  and  greater  development  of  the  sub- 
jacent Mount  Laurel  sand.  It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the 
Belenmitella  fauna  of  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  represents  a 
contemporaneous  life  zone,  and  consequently  the  boundary  line 
between  the  Mount  Laurel  and  Navesink  is  not  a  contempo- 
raneous line,  but  in  passing  from  the  northeast  to  the  southwest 
represents  a  later  and  later  time  until  finally  the  sand  deposition 
continues  through  the  entire  period  of  deposition  of  the  Nave- 
sink  marl  of  eastern  Monmouth  County,  and  the  gteensand 
deposition  becomes  contemporaneous  with  the  typical  Red  Bank 
sand  of  the  more  northeastern  area,  and  continues  without  in- 
terruption into  the  Hornerstown  marl  formation.  The  disappear- 
ance of  the  Red  Bank  sand  to  the  southwest,  therefore,  does  not 
represent  any  lack  of  continuity  of  sedimentation,  nor  an  over- 
lap unconformity,  but  simply  a  change  in  the  nature  and  thick- 
ness of  the  sediments  in  passing  along  the  strike  of  the  beds. 

(137) 


138  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

FAUNA  OF  THE  RED  BANK  SAND. 

The  fauna  of  the  Red  Bank  sand  is  known  chiefly  from  the 
lower,  black,  clayey  layers  of  the  formation.  These  beds  con- 
tain an  assemblage  of  species  quite  different  in  character  from 
the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  fauna,  being  in  the  main  a  recur- 
rence of  the  faunas  from  the  formations  below  the  Mount  Laurel. 
Fossils  are  scarce  and  poorly  preserved  in  the  typical,  upper, 
red-sand  division  of  the  formation,  and  have  rarely  been  ob- 
served. The  four  localities  which  have  afforded  fossils  during 
the  recent  operations  of  the  Survey,  are  all  at  no  great  distance 
from  the  town  of  Red  Bank,  and  the  three  showing  the  best  rep- 
resentation of  the  fauna  are  all  from  the  lower,  black,  sandy- 
clay  division  of  the  formation. 

Locality  up. — The  Red  Bank  sand  is  well  exposed  upon  both 
shores  of  the  Shrewsbury  River  in  the  vicinity  of  Red  Bank,  the 
beds  for  the  most  part  being  a  black,  clayey  sand,  with  more  or 
less  glauconite.  The  locality  under  consideration  here  is  upon  the 
north  shore  of  the  river,  just  east  of  Guyon's  Point,  about  2  miles 
from  the  railroad  station  at  Red  Bank.  The  following  species 
have  been  identified  in  the  fauna  from  this  place : 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  whit-field  n.  sp. 
Perrisonota  pro  text  a  Con. 
Nemo  don  eufatulensis  (Gabb). 
Cucullaea  tippana  Con.? 
Ostrea  phtmosa  Mort.  ? 
Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort. 
Grypkctea  convex®  Mort. 
Hxogyra  cost  at  a  Say. 
Trigonia  kummeli  n.  sp. 
Pec  ten  vemistus  Mort. 
Lima,  reticulata  (L.  &  F.). 
Liopistha  protexta  Con. 
Cuspidaria  ventricosa  M.  &  H. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 


RED  BANK  SAND.  139 

Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Peronaeoderma  georgiana  (Gabb). 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 


GASTROPODA. 
Pyropsis  sp. 
Act  aeon  cretacea  Gabb. 

Locality  116. — On  the  south  bank  of  the  Shrewsbury  River, 
about  one  mile  from  the  railroad  station  at  Red  Bank,  the  black, 
clayey,  Red  Bank  sand  has  yielded  the  following  fauna.  The 
specimens  are,  for  the  most  part,  poorly  preserved  casts,  and 
besides  the  species  recorded  there  are  a  number  of  others,  especi- 
ally gastropods,  which  are  represented  by  specimens  too  poorly 
preserved  to  admit  of  identification: 

PEXECYPODA. 

Ferris  onota  pro  text  a  Con. 
Nemo  don  eufaulensis  (Gabb). 
Cucullaea  tip p ana  Con. 
Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  (Con.). 
Ostrea  me  sent  eric  a  Mort. 
Ostrea  nasuta  Mort. 
Gryphaea  sp. 
Trigonia  kummeli  n.  sp. 
Pec  ten  venustus  Mort. 
Crenella  serica  Con. 
Liopistha  pro  text  a  Con. 
Cuspidaria  ventricosa  M.  &  H. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Tenea  parilis  Con. 
Linearia  metastriata  Con. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Leptosolen  ?  elongata  n.  sp. 


140      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Solyma  lineolata  Con. 
Cymbopkora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Pan,opea  decisa  Con.  • 

GASTROPODA. 

Scala  sillmani  (Mort.). 
Gyrodes  petrosus  Mort. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Nautilus  dekayi  Mort. 

Locality  123. — On  the  south  side  of  Tower  Hill,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  town  of  Red  Bank,  a  coarse,  red,  incoherent,  quartz 
sand,  belonging  in  the  Red  Bank  formation,  is  exposed.  The 
fossils  are  poorly  preserved  but  the  following  species  have  been 
recognized : 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  nasuta  Mort. 
Gryphaea  sp. 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  (Mort.). 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.). 

Locality  11,2. — :In  the  bank  of  a  small  brook  at  a  road  corner 
2.5  miles  southwest  of  Middletown,  a  black,  clayey  sand  of  the 
Red  Bank  formation,  similar  lithologically  to  the  beds  along  the 
Shrewsbury  River  at  Red  Bank,  has  yielded  the  following  fauna : 

PELECYPODA. 

Nucula  wJutfieldi  n.  sp. 
Perrisonota  pro  text  a  Con. 
Nemodon  eufaulensis  (Gabb). 
Nemoarca  cretace®  Con. 
Axinea.  corn-press  a  n.  sp. 
Pteria  navicula,  Whitf. 
Ostrea  nasuta  Mort. 


RED  BANK  SAND.  141 

Trigonia  ktimmeli  n.  sp. 
Pecten  simplicum  Con. 
Anomia  argeniaria  Mort. 
Crenella  serica  Con. 
Liopistha  protexta  Con. 
Ciispidaria  ventricosa  M.  &  H. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Lucina  cretacea  Whitf. 
Cardium  dumosum  Con. 
Cardium  kummeli  n.  sp. 
Cardium  wenonah  n.  sp. 
Legumen  planulatum  (Con.). 
Tellinimera eborea  (Con.). 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Con. 
Leptosolen  ?  elongata  n.  sp. 
Cyinbophora  lintea  (Con.). 
Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Corbula  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Gyrodes  petrosus  Mort. 

Turritella  sp. 

Bulla  macrostoma  Gabb. 


142      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION  FOR  THE  RED  BANK  FAUNA; 


Cliffwood  (5). 

Merchantville  (8). 

Woodbury  (6). 

EnglisHtown. 

Marshalltown  (4). 

Wenonah  (2). 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22). 

C 

rt 

•n 

0 

Cc" 
"c 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown. 

c 
rt 

1 
rt 
C 
rt 

•t 

$4 

0 

"E. 

15 

Perrisonota  protexta  Con 

2 

7 

J 

7 

1 

T 

_ 

•7 

\ 

x 

Ostrea  nasuta  Mort  

__ 



_^ 

7 

3 







v 

Trigonia  kummeli  n.  sp  

—  , 

— 

— 

- 

— 

g 

3 

Liopistha  protexta  Con  

T 

6 

3 

T 

V 

Cuspidaria  ventricosa  M   &  H    

7 

— 

3 

'~T 

. 





x 

Veniella  conradi  Mort. 

- 

, 



7 

2 

1 

3 

7 

__ 

x 

Lsptosolen  biplicata  Con  

T 

3 

7 



f 

3 

? 







x 

Cymbophora  lintea  (Con  )     

5 



1 

7 







V 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp  

T 

3 

1 

. 

? 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con                         .    .    . 



•} 

7 

? 

2 

3 





v 

Ostrea  mesenterica  Mort 



i  i 

2 

7 

Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.)  



7 





7 

'T 

i 

T 

Crenella  serica  Con  





.-T 

2 







V 

Lucina  cretacea  Whitf 

2 



6 







> 







x 

Tenea  parilis  Con 

7 

2 



7 

, 

7 

7 

x 

Leptosolen  f  elongata  n.  sp  





_^ 





> 

Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb                



5 

5 

• 



^ 

T 







•v 

Gyrodes  petrosus  Mort 



2 

I  n 

2 



V 

Nemoarco  cretacea  Con  

1 

5 

7 

Axinea  compressa  n  sp           .           







Gervilliopsis  ensiformis    (Con.)  
Pteria  navicula  Whitf  

~ 

i 

i 

7 

— 

— 

I 

3 

— 

— 

— 

*r 

X 

Ostrea  plumosa  Mort.  ?  



_.  j 

; 

I 





__ 

__ 

__ 

_ 

x 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  (Mort.)  

_: 

' 





7 

I 

6 



v 

Hxogyra  costata  Say 





18 

7 

v 

Pec  ten  simplicum  Con 

3 

Anomia  argentaria  Mort  
Crassatellites  subplanus   (Con  )       .... 

2 

6 

3 

— 

2 

3 
j 

— 

— 

— 

X 

Cardium  dumosum  Con    . 

- 

Cardium  kumn\eli  n   sp 







I 

. 



X 

CarUium  wenonah  n.  sp  













1  ' 



v 

Legumen  planulatum  (Con  )  

3 

3 





3 

.._ 





v 

Peronaeoderma  georgiana  (Gabb)  
Linearia  metastriata  Con         , 

T 

I 
> 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

X 
v 

Tellinimera  eborea  Con  

3 















v 

Solyma  lineolata  Con  

7 

3 











V 

Panopea  decisa  Con  

'. 

3 



• 



V 

Scala  sillmani  (Mort.)  

J 



f 

2 

7 

T 







V 

Actaeon  cretacea  Gabb    .    . 

_ 

... 

7 

7 

x 

V 

RED  BANK  SAND.  143 


ANALYTICAL  DISCUSSION   OF   THE  RED  BANK   FAUNA. 

A  summary  of  the  above  tables  shows  the  following  numbers 
of  Red  Bank  species  which  are  common  to  each  of  the  other 
faunas  in  the  series.  Only  4  species,  or  9  per  cent,  of  the  whole, 
are  restricted  to  the  Red  Bank. 

Cliffwood,   8 

Merchantville,    19 

Woodbury,    19 

Marshalltown,    13 

Wenonah,    27 

Mt.  Laurel- Navesink,  23 

RED  BANK,   43 

Tinton, 17 

Ripley  Group,  etc.,  29 

In  its  essential  features  the  Red  Bank  fauna  is  a  recurrence 
of  the  Lucina  crptacea  fauna  of  the  Cliffwood,  Woodbury  and 
Wenonah  formations,  with  a  smaller  element  holding  over  from 
the  Navesink.  None  of  the  highly  characteristic  species  of  the 
foreign  element  in  the  Navesink  fauna,  however,  such  as  Belem- 
nitella  americana  and  Terebratella  plicata  occur  in  the  Red  Bank. 
A  notable  feature  of  the  Red  Bank  fauna  is  the  small  number 
of  species  which  are  restricted  to  it,  these  species  constituting 
only  9  per  cent.,  while  in  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  48  per 
cent,  of  the  species  were  restricted  to  the  fauna.  The  essentially 
recurrent  nature  of  the  fauna  and  its  relationships  to  the  Wen- 
onah and  Woodbury,  rather  than  to  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink 
and  Marshalltown  faunas,  is  clearly  shown  by  the  table  above, 
the  Wenonah  and  Woodbury  faunas  having  more  species  com- 
mon to  the  Red  Bank  than  do  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  and 
Marshalltown.  The  Merchantville  has  the  same  number  of  Red 
Bank  species  as  are  present  in  the  Woodbury,  15  of  the  19  such 
species  being  present  also  in  the  Woodbury.  The  reappearance 
in  the  Red  Bank  fauna  of  Lucina  cretacea  is  an  important  feature 
in  the  fauna.  This  species  was  one  of  the  most  diagnostic  mem- 
bers of  the  Woodbury  fauna,  but  has  not  been  observed  in  any 


144      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

of  the  intervening  beds,  although  it  is  rather  a  common  species 
at  two  of  the  Red  Bank  localities.'  Other  Woodbury  species  in 
the  fauna  which  h'ave  not  been  observed  elsewhere,  unless  in  the 
Wenonah,  are  Pteria  navicula,  Cardium  dumosum  and  Peronaeo- 
derma  georgiana. 

Such  forms^  as  Ostrea  mesent  erica,  Ostrea  nastita,  Gryphaeos- 
trea  vomer,  Hxogyra  costata,  Pecten  venustus,  and  Crassatel- 
lites  subplanus,  are  persistent  Navesink  forms  which  continue  in 
the  Red  Bank,  and  the  species  of  Gryphaea  which  is  not  infre- 
quently met  with  is  in  the  same  category.  Although  this  Gry- 
phaea  is  somewhat  common  in  the  fauna,  not  sufficiently  complete 
examples  have  been  observed  to  admit  of  their  accurate  identifi- 
cation, although  they  seem  to  be  at  least  varietially  different  from 
the  common  Navesink  form  G.  convexa. 


CHAPTER  XL 


THE  TINTON  BEDS. 


In  his  discussion  of  the  "red  sand,"  Cook  recognized  an  upper 
division  which  he  designated  as  the  "indurated  green  earth,"1 
and  Clark  followed  Cook  in  including  this  bed  in  the  Red  Bank 
sand.  These  beds,  however,  are  somewhat  different  from  the 
subjacent  sand  beds,  especially  in  the  much  larger  content  of 
glauconite  and  in  the  induration  of  the  sediments.  In  the  deep 
cut  at  Beers  Hill,  on  the  Keyport  and  Holmdel  turnpike,  the  entire 
thickness  of  this  formation  is  exposed,  about  12  feet  in  all,  the 
basal  portion  of  the  formation  being  locally  a  nearly  pure  green- 
sand  marl.  At  Tinton  Falls,  where  this  formation  is  22  feet  in 
thickness,  the  indurated  sediments  are  responsible  for  a  waterfall 
in  a  tributary  of  the  Swimming  River.  Not  only  are  these  in- 
durated beds  lithologically  distinct  from  the  Red  Bank  sand,  but 
the  fauna  also  is  quite  different,  it  consisting  largely  of  a  recur- 
rent Navesink  element.  Because  of  this  faunal  and  lithologic 
differentiation  of  the  bed  it  has  seemed  advisable  to  distinguish 
it  by  a  special  name,  and  the  name  Tinton  beds  has  been  proposed2 
and  will  be  used  here. 

In  its  geographic  distribution  the  Tinton  formation  cannot  be 
differentiated  beyond  the  point  where  the  Red  Bank  sand  is 
typically  developed,  the  most  southwestern  locality  observed 
where  the  bed  can  be  certainly  recognized  being  at  Red  Valley. 
In  eastern  Monmouth  County  the  formation  can  always  be 
recognized  in  its  proper  position  in  the  section,  unless  it  is  too 
deeply  covered  with  superficial  deposits. 


1  Geol  N.  j.,  1868,  p.  268. 

"Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13,  p.  81 ;  also,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Am.  Rep.  State  Geol., 
for  1904,  p.  155. 

10   PAL  (145) 


146      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

FAUNA  OF  THE  TINTON  BEDS. 

The  most  complete  fauna  of  the  Tinton  beds  has  been  col- 
lected from  the  exposures  in  the  deep  cut  at  Beers'  Hill,  where 
fossils  have  been  secured  from  several  distinct  beds.  The  as- 
semblage of  species  in  the  different  beds  is  somewhat  different, 
and  in  the  number  of  localities  recognized  each  of  these  beds  is 
considered  separately.  The  various  localities  from  which  fossils 
have  been  studied,  with  the  several  local  faunas,  are  as  follows : 

Locality  no. — From  the  typical  exposure  of  the  Tinton  beds, 
just  below  the  mill  at  the  village  of  Tinton  Falls,  the  following; 
species  of  fossils  have  been  identified : 

PEIvECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  sp. 

Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 

Ostrea  me  sent  eric  a  Mort. 

Gryphaea  sp. 

Pecten  venustus  Mort. 

Pec  ten  simplicum  Con. 

Dianchora  echinata  Mort. 

Cardium  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb). 
Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.). 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Sphenodiscus  lobatus  (Tuom.). 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb. 
Callianassa  conradi  Pilsb. 

One  of  the  best  exposures  of  the  Tinton  beds,  and  the  locality 
which  has  furnished  the  most  abundant  fauna,  is  in  the  deep' 


TINTON  BEDS.  147 

cut  at  Beers  Hills,  on  the  Keyport  and  Holmdel  turnpike  (Local- 
ity 129).  The  section  at  this  locality,  as  made  out  by  the  writer, 
is  as  follows,  beginning  at  the  base: 

Red  Bank  Sand. 

129*.  Dark  sand,  often  black  in  color,  and  sometimes 
much  iron-stained,  scarcely  consolidated.  "Traces  of 
fossils  are  present,  but  they  are  not  abundant  and  are 
too  poorly  preserved  to  be  readily  identified, .±20  feet. 

1292.  Yellow  or  red  sand,  sometimes  becoming  black 

above, . . . •., ... 2.^/2  feet. 

1293.  Brown,  iron-stained,  more  or  less  indurated 

sand, . .  . . ,. . ., 2-3  feet. 

1294.  Extremely  variable  yellow  or  gray  sand,. ....       3  feet. 

Tint  on  Beds. 

1295.  Dark,  brown  or  yellowish  sand,  more  or  less 
glauconitic,  sometimes  almost  pure  green-sand;  some- 
times indurated.    Fossils  abundant,  . ...  .1 ,..,.....  .1       3  feet. 

129°.  Ferruginous  sand  of  variable  character,  the  bed 
not  strictly  horizontal  in  position,  ....,..., ±14  foot. 

1297.  Indurated,  sandy  greensand  marl,  with  many 
fossils,  one  species  of  Cucullaea  being  the  most  con- 
spicuous form,   . .; i , ... .». ... . . ...       3  feet. 

1298.  Indurated,  sandy,  greensand  marl,  similar  to 
the  subjacent  bed  but  with  the  fossils  of  that  bed  rare 
or  absent.    The  bed  is  crowded  with  peculiar,  more  or 
less  cylindrical,  vertical  bodies,  probably  burrows  of 
some  sort  or  vegetable  in  origin,  having  a  maximum 
length  of  about  i  foot,  with  a  diameter  varying  from 

y-z  to  24  of  an  inch, ,. .. .  .1 i. 4  feet. 

1299.  Rock  similar  to  that  below,  but  with  an  abun- 
dance of  fossils,  the  shells  of  which  in  the  unweathered 
portion  of  the  bed  have  been  replaced  by  a  blue  or  green- 
ish mineral,  vivianite,  „ 2  feet. 


148  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Hornerstozvn  Marl. 

I2910.  Greensand  marl  with  thin  bands,  more  or  less 
indurated  with  iron,  extending  to  the  top  of  the  bank, .  .±  10  feet. 

Locality  I2<f. — This  bed  has  yielded  the  following  fauna: 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Catopygus  sp. 

PEI.ECYPODA. 

Leda  tintonensis  n.  sp. 
Perissonota  protexta  Gon. 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Exogyra  costata  Say. 
Trigonia  cerulea  Whitf. 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Pec  ten  simplicum  Con. 
Crenella  elegantula  M.  &  H. 
Liopistha  protexta  Con. 
Cuspid&ria  ventricosa  M'.  &  H. 
Veniella  conradi  Mort. 
Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 
Tenea  paralis  Con. 
Cardium  k-ummeli  n.  sp. 
Isocardia  tintonensis  n.  sp. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.). 

Locality  I2p7. — In  addition  to  the  following  list  of  species 
from  this  bed,  several  gastropods  were  collected  which  it  has 
been  impossible  to  identify  because  of  their  poor  state  of  preser- 
vation : 

PEXECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con. 
Cucullaea  littlei  Gabb. 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 


TINTON  BEDS.  149 

Trigonia  cerulia  Whitf. 
Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  subpldmis  (Con.). 
Cardium  kummeli  n.  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Several  undetermined  species. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Sphenodiscus  lobatus  (Tuom.). 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb. 

Locality  I2$P. — This  bed  has  yielded  the  following  fauna: 

BRACHIOPODA. 
Lingula  sp. 

PELECYPODA.*  ' 

Nemodon  eufaulensis  Gabb. 
Cucullaea  tip p ana  Con. 
Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb. 
Ostrea  nasuta  Mort. 
Gryphaea  sp. 
Exogyra  costata  Say. 
Trigonia  cerulia  Whitf. 
Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 
Cardium  kummeli  n.  sp. 
Cardium  sp. 
Meretrix  ?  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuom.). 
Several  undermined  species. 


150  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb. 
Callianassa  conradi  Pilsb. 

Locality  132. — In  the  bank  of  a  run  at  the  south  side  of  Chas. 
Campbell's  farm,  4.5  miles  east  of  Freehold,  and  1.5  miles  south- 
west of  Colts  Neck,  the  following  species  have  been  collected 
from  the  Tinton  beds : 

PELECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con. 
Cucullaca  antrosa  Mort. 
Axinea  subaustralis  (d'Orb.). 
Ostrea  tnesenterica  Mort. 
Ostrea  nasuta  Mort. 
~Gryphaea  sp. 
Trigonia  cerulia  Whitf. 
Pecten  venustus  Mort. 
Pecten  simplicum  Con. 
Lima  reticulata  (L.  &  F.) 
Veniella  trigona  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con.). 
Cardium  kummeli  n.  sp. 

GASTROPODA. 

Scala  sillmani  (Mort.) 
Anchura  pennata  Mort. 
Pyrifusus  innllicaensis  Gabb. 

CEPHALOPODA. 

Sphenodiscus  lobatus  (Tuom.). 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb. 

Locality  123. — In  the  bank  of  Ivanhoe  Brook,  about  I  mile 
east  of  Red  Valley,  Ostrea  nasuta  is  not  uncommon  in  a  coarse 
sand  which  is  probably  to  be  included  in  the  Tinton,  although 


TINTON  BEDS.  151 

it  is  possibly  in  the  Red  Bank  formation.  Because  of  the  isolated 
nature  of  the  outcrop  it  is  not  possible  to  certainly  establish  its 
stratigraphic  relations. 

Locality  152. — At  the  road  side  just  east  of  the  mill  at  Red 
Valley,  is  an  outcrop  which  represents  the  most  southwesterly 
extension  of  what  can  be  definitely  distinguished  as  the  Tinton 
beds.  Fossils  are  not  abundant,  and  only  the  following  species 
have  been  recognized: 

PElvECYPODA. 

Ostrea  nasuta  Mort. 
Pecten  simplicum  Con. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  sp. 


1 52      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

TABLE  OF  DISTRIBUTION  FOR  THE  TINTON  FAUNA. 


Cliffwood  (5). 

Merchantville  (8).  | 

Woodbury  (6).  | 

Englishtown.  1 

Marshalltown  (4). 

Wenonah  (2).  | 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink  (22).) 

^r 

| 
n 

PO 

•O 
<u 

& 

vC 

1 

i 

Hornerstown. 

Vincentown.  1 

p 

2 

1 

£ 

(J 

"£ 

cC 
s 

0 

O 

1 

S 

Axinea  subaustralis  d'Orb 

•7 

7 

V 

Trigonia  cerulia  Whitf  

| 

Veniella  trigona  Gabb        

e 

j 



v 

Crassatellites  subplanus  (Con-) 

o 

T 

J 

Cardium  kwnmeli  n.  sp  



T 

T 

j 

V 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsb 

1 

] 

•| 

Cucullaea  tippana  Con  

3 

T 

2 

2 

3 

- 

V 

O  street,  nasuta  Mort                         .     .  *-. 



T 

3 

3 

— 

V 

-> 

Pecten  venustus  Mort  



T 

8 

3 

3 

Pecten  sitnplicum  Con 



I 

j 

y 

Ostrea  tnesenterica  Mort 

I  | 

7 

0 

Exogyra  costata  Say 

[8 

7 

0 

V 

Pyropsis  trochiformis   (Tuom  )   



6 

0 

x 

Leda  tintonensis  n    sp 

Perissonota  protexta  Con  

3 

2 



T 

3 

Nemodon  eufaulensis  Gabb 

^ 

T 

^ 

3 

V 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort  



<1 

T 



TO 

V 

Cucullaea  littlei  Gabb 

y 

Dianchora  echinata  Mort 

3 

Lima,  reticulata  (L.  &  F.)  

9 



T 

T 

8 

? 

y" 

Liopisthtt  protexta  Con        .... 

T 

6 

3 

x 

Cuspidaria  ventricosa  M    &  H 



T 

•j 

x 

Veniella  conradi  Mort  

._.._ 

5 

•? 

T 

7 

-I 

3 







V' 

Tenea  parilis  Con  

T 

7 

5 



3 

? 

•? 



x 

Isocardia  tintonensis  n  sp 



_ 

_ 

Cymbophora  lintea  (Con.)  

^ 

3 

1 

T 

? 

3 

, 



x 

Margarita  abyssima  (Gabb)  

' 

T 

T 

o 

Scala  sillmani  (Mort  )  

T 



f 

r> 

T 

T 

___ 

V 

Anchura  pennata  Mort      ... 





T  r 

a_ 

x 

Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  Gabb  













| 









x 

Callianassa  conradi  Pilsb  



TINTON  BEDS.  153 

Analytical  Discussion  of  the  Tinton  Fauna. 

The  summary  table  here  given  exhibits  some  of  the  data 
recorded  in  the  above  distribution  tables  in  a  condensed  form, 
7  of  the  species,  or  21  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  being  restricted  to 
the  formation : 

Cliffwood,  2 

Merchantville,   1 1 

Woodbury,    6 

Marshalltown,   8 

Wenonah,    10 

Mt.  Laurel-Navesink,   22 

Red  Bank, 17 

TINTON, ; 33 

Ripley  Group,  etc.,  20 

A  notable  feature  of  the  above  summary  table  is  the  distinct 
alternation  which  is  shown  in  the  relationships  of  the  Tinton 
fauna,  as  exhibited  by  the  number  o*f  species  common  to  the 
Tinton  and  to  each  of  the  other  faunas  in  succession,  the  Nave- 
sink,  Marshalltown  and  Merchantville  being  the  more  closely 
allied  to  the  Tinton.  The  only  exception  in  this  regular  sequence 
of  alternation  is  in  the  Wenonah,  where  a  larger  number  of 
Tinton  species  are  present  than  in  the  Marshalltown.  It  has 
already  been  shown,  however,  that  the  Wenonah  fauna  is  dis- 
tinctly different  from  that  of  the  Marshalltown  and  the  Mount 
Laurel-Navesink,  having  its  most  intimate  relations  with  the 
Woodbury.  The  greatest  community  of  species  is  between  the 
Tinton  and  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink  faunas,  two-thirds  of 
the  Tinton  species  being  present  in  this  earlier  fauna.  The  fol- 
lowing Tinton  species,  not  observed  in  the  Red  Bank,  are  recur- 
rent from  the  Mount  Laurel-Navesink: 

Cucullaea  antrosa. 
Axin\ea  subaustralis. 
Dianclwra  echinata. 
Vcniella  trigona. 
Margarita  abyssima. 


154      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Anchura  pennata. 
Pyrifusus  mullicaensis. 
Pyropsis  trochiformis. 
Callianassa  mortoni. 

Among  the  conspicuous  members  of  the  Tinton  fauna  are  the 
crustacean  claws  belonging  to  the  genus  Callianassa.  Examples 
of  these  claws  can  usually  be  found  at  exposures  of  the  formation, 
even  though  the  outcrop  is  highly  weathered.  In  the  Mount 
Laurel-Navesink  faunas  the  same  form  of  claws  are  usually 
present  in  the  more  southwestern  localities,  although  they  have 
not  been  commonly  observed  in  Monmouth  County. 

Only  a  small  proportion  of  the  members  of  the  Tinton  fauna 
are  restricted  to  the  formation,  21  per  cent,  in  all,  but  among 
these  species  is  Sphenodiscus  lobatus,  an  ammonite  distinctly 
different  from  any  which  have  been  present  in  preceding  faunas, 
but  which  is  so  widely  distributed  in  the  Tinton  beds  that  it  may 
be  taken  as  one  of  the  most  characteristic  members  of  the  fauna. 


CHAPTER  XH. 


THE  HORNERSTOWN  MARL. 


Clark  proposed  the  name  Sewell  for  the  old  "middle  marl" 
formation  of  Cook,  omitting  the  limesand  portion,  but  since  this 
term  was  previously  applied  to  a  formation  in  the  Carboniferous 
of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  the  name  "Hornerstown,"  first 
applied  by  Knapp  in  unpublished  manuscript,  is  used  instead. 
The  formation  can  be  traced  across  the  State  from  Monmouth 
to  Salem  counties,  and  is  uniformly  a  dark,  nearly  pure,  greeni- 
sand  marl,  although  the  glauconite  content  diminishes  some- 
what in  its  southwestward  extension.  In  Monmouth  County 
the  total  thickness  of  the  formation  is  about  30  feet,  and  it  is 
sharply  differentiated  from  the  Tinton  beds  below  and  from  the 
Vincentown  formation  above.  Further  south,  however,  where 
the  Red  Bank  and  Tinton  formations  are  no  longer  typically 
developed,  their  time  interval  being  occupied  by  the  more  highly 
glauconitic  beds  which  seem  to  be  the  southern  continuation  of 
the  Navesink  marl  of  the  north,  it  becomes  impossible  to  recog- 
nize any  definite  base  for  the  Hornerstown  marl. 

FAUNA   OF  THE   HORNERSTOWN    MARL. 

The  main  portion  of  the  Hornerstown  marl  is  only  sparsely 
fossiliferous,  but  at  the  very  summit  of  the  formation  a  distinct 
shell  layer  5  feet  or  less  in  thickness  is  uniformly  present,  com- 
posed of  vast  numbers  of  a  species  of  Gryphaea  and  usually  with 
very  many  examples  of  Terebratula  harlani.  Collections  have 
been  made  from  the  formation  from  the  following  localities : 

Locality  152. — This  locality  is  ^4  mile  southwest  of  Horners- 
town, and  lies  southwest  of  that  point  in  the  State  where  the 
Tinton  beds  can  be  differentiated  as  a  distinct  formation,  and  as 

(155) 


156      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  southwestern  extension  of  the  Red  Bank  sand  assumes  a  more 
and  more  marly  character,  becoming  a  nearly  pure  greensand 
marl  opposite  Hornerstown,  it  is  not  possible  to  draw  a  line  to 
separate  this  marl  from  the  subjacent  formation  in  this  region. 
The  fossils  in  the  following  list  were  collected  from  beds  along 
the  creek  just  below  the  extensive  marl  pits  which  were  formerly 
operated  near  Hornerstown,  and  are  from  strata  which  lie  beneath 
the  beds  which  have  been  excavated.  The  same  fossils,  however, 
are  highly  characteristic  of  the  Hornerstown  marl  in  J.  S.  Cook's 
pits  near  Tinton  Falls,  where  the  marl  bed  is  distinctly  above  the 
Tinton  beds,  and  consequently  the  fossil-bearing  beds  near 
Hornerstown  are  included  in  the  Hornerstown  formation.  The 
known  fauna  consists  of  only  three  recognized  forms,  as  follows : 

PElvECYPODA. 

Cucullaea  vulgaris  Mort. 
Cucullaea  compressirostra  Whitf. 

GASTROPODA.' 

Turritella  sp. 

Locality  14,2. — On  Crosswicks  Creek,  about  I  mile  north  of 
New  Egypt,  the  Hornerstown  marl  has  been  extensively  dug  in 
the  marl  pits  of  George  Hartshorn.  Several  layers  may  be  dis- 
tinguished at  this  point,  as  follows: 

I421.  The  lower  portion  of  the  Hornerstown  formation  at  this 
locality  is  a  pure  greensand  marl,  which  has  been  excavated  to 
a  depth  of  10  feet  or  more,  although  at  the  time  the  locality  was 
visited  by  the  writer  the  pits  were  filled  with  water.  Several 
large  piles  of  the  excavated  marl,  however,  were  available  for 
examination  and  the  fauna  recorded  in  the  following  list  of 
species  was  collected : 

ANTHOZOA. 

Flabellum  mortoni  Vaughan. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratulina  atlanticum  (Mort.). 


HORNERSTOWN  MARL.  157 

PELECYPODA. 

Ciicullaea  sp. 
Caryatis  veto.  Whitf . 

GASTROPODA. 

Two  undetermined  species. 

I422.  This  bed,  two  feet  in  thickness,  is  a  nearly  black  green- 
sand  marl  essentially  like  that  below,  but  it  contains  an  abundance 
of  fossil  shells,  the  following  species  being  recognized : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula  harlani  Mort. 

PElvECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  dissimilaris  n.  sp. 
Polorthus  tibialis  (Mort.). 

142s.  The  highest  bed  at  the  Hartshorn  marl  pits  is  a  green- 
sand  marl  similar  to  that  below,  2T/2  to  3  feet  in  thickness,  but 
with  a  distinctly  greener  color.  It  is  filled  with  shells,  all  of 
which  are  stained  a  yellowish  color,  and  the  examples  of 
Terebratula  are  much  less  common  than  in  the  bed  below.  The 
only  species  recognized  in  the  fauna  are: 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula  harlani  Mort. 

PElvECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  dissimilaris  n.  sp. 

Locality  160. — Two  miles  north  of  Pemberton  and  a  little  over 
I  mile  southwest  of  Juliustown,  an  exposure  of  the  Hornerstown 
marl  has  afforded  the  following  fauna : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula^  fragilis  Mort. 


158  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

PELECYPODA. 

Graphaea  sp. 
Cardium  knap  pi  n.  sp. 

Locality  182. — From  some  old  marl  pits  I  mile  southeast  of 
Mullica  Hill,  the  Terebratula  bed  of  the  Hornerstown  marl  has 
yielded  the  following: 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula  harlani  Mort. 
Terebratula  fragilis  Mort. 

PELECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  dissimilaris  n.  sp. 

Locality  181.  In  the  bank  of  the  creek  by  the  roadside,  2 
miles  northeast  of  Woodstown,  and  the  same  distance  southwest 
of  Harrisonville,  the  upper  shell  bed  of  the  Hornerstown  marl 
is  exposed  west  of  the  road,  all  the  contained  fossils  being  stained 
a  deep  chocolate-brown  color.  The  following  species  have  been 
recognized : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula  harlani  Mort. 

PELECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  dissimilaris  n.  sp. 
Gryphaeostrea  vonier  (Morfe) . 


ANALYTICAL,  DISCUSSION   OP   THE   HORNERSTOWN    FAUNA. 

The  total  fauna  of  the  Hornerstown  marl  is  small  and  the 
fossils  from  that  portion  of  the  formation  beneath  the  shell  bed 
have  been  rarely  met  with.  Whitfield  has  described  two  species 
of  Cucullaea  from  the  marl  pits  of  J.  S.  Cook,  near  Tinton  Falls, 
but  no  collections  were  secured  by  the  writer  from  this  locality. 
The  same  species,  however,  were  found  near  Hornerstown 


HORNERSTOWN  MARL.  159 

(Locality  152).  The  chief  of  these  species  is  C.  vulgaris,  which 
may  be  a  genetic  successor  of  some  member  of  the  genus  in  the 
lower  formations,  possibly  C.  tippana. 

The  most  important  fauna  from  this  lower  portion  of  the  for- 
mation was  secured  near  New  Egypt  (Locality  142).  Only  three 
species  could  be  definitely  identified  with  any  certainty,  a  coral, 
a  brachiopod,  and  a  pelecypod,  all  of  which  are  specifically  iden- 
tical with  forms  occurring  commonly  in  the  Manasquan  marl, 
the  youngest  member  of  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  New 
Jersey,  immediately  beneath  the  Shark  River  Eocene  marl.  A 
fourth  species  recognized  at  the  same  locality  belongs  to  the 
genus  Cucullaea,  and  is  possibly  C.  vulgaris,  the  species  which 
occurs  at  Tinton  Falls  and  near  Hornerstown,  but  the  examples 
are  all  too  imperfect  for  certain  identification.  The  interesting 
fact  in  regard  to  this  fauna  is  that  it  is  totally  different,  in  its 
essential  characters,  from  the  faunas  of  the  subjacent  formations 
from  the  Tinton  down,  and  that  it  is  the  first  appearance  of  a 
fauna  which  has  its  most  typical  expression  in  the  Manasquan 
marl,  at  the  very  summit  of  the  Cretaceous  series. 

The  shell  bed  at  the  summit  of  the  Hornerstown  marl  contains 
a  fauna  which  is  closely  related  to  the  fauna  of  the  super jacent 
Vincentown  beds,  and  it  is  possible  that  this  shell  bed  should  be 
considered  as  the  basal  portion  of  the  Vincentown  instead  of 
the  top  of  the  Hornerstown,  since  it  is  frequently  quite  sandy 
and  sometimes  almost  completely  sand.  Where  the  bed  is  highly 
glauconitic,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  is  only,  worked  over  and 
redeposited  greensand  from  the  beds  below,  after  the  initiation 
of  the  Terebratula  harlani  fauna  in  the  region,  being  contempo- 
raneous with  nearly  pure  sand  beds  elsewhere,  in  the  same  general 
region.  The  Terebratula  harlani  which  appears  at  this  horizon 
in  such  abundance  is  clearly  an  immigrant  from  some  other 
region,  probably  from  Europe,  since  it  does  not  extend  into  the 
south  beyond  Maryland  and  it  has  several  more  or  less  closely 
allied  species  in  the  European  upper  Cretaceous  faunas.  After 
its  introduction  at  this  time  it  becomes  the  dominant  element  in 
the  faunas  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  region  at  least,  through- 
out the  time  of  deposition  of  the  Vincentown  formation. 


160      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

The  Gryphaea  associated  with  Terebratula  harlani  in  this  shell 
bed  is  a  form  similar  to  the  earlier  representives  of  the  genus 
in  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  the  state,  and  doubtless  was 
genetically  related  to  them,  although  it  has  certain  characters 
which  seem  to  be  constantly  different  from  any  of  the  lower 
forms  and  has  been  described  in  this  report  as  a  distinct  species. 


CHAPTER 


THE  VINCENTOWN  FORMATION. 


The  Vincentown  formation  has  two  distinct  lithologic  facies. 
In  Monmouth  County  it  is  the  "yellow  sand"  bed  of  Cook,  and 
is  typically  a  bright  yellow'  quartz  sand,  frequently  with  a  small 
percentage  of  glauconite  grains.  Sometimes  the  formation  is 
more  ferruginous,  with  a  redder  color,  with  thin,  irregular,  iron- 
cemented  beds  and  peculiar  tubular  iron  concretions.  The  thick- 
ness of  the  formation  in  eastern  Monmouth  County  is  40  to  50 
feet.  In  tracing  the  formation  towards  the  southwest,  certain 
calcareous  beds  are  seen  to  be  included  in  it.  Whether  these 
beds  are  lenticular  sheets  or  continuous  layers  cannot  be  deter- 
mined from  the  limited  exposures  which  are  available  for  obser- 
vation, but  they  continue  to  become  more  conspicuous  in  the 
direction  indicated,  until  in  Salem  County  the  calcareous  beds 
essentially  replace  the  yellow  sand  beds  of  the  northeast.  This 
calcareous  facies  is  what  was  called  the  Vincentown  limesand  by 
Clark,  the  name  Vincentown  being  here  extended  to  include  also 
the  sand  facies.  These  calcareous  beds  are  at  times,  especially 
in  Monmouth  County,  a  crumbling  limesand,  often  with  some 
quartz  and  glauconite  grains,  but  in  its  more  southwestern  ex- 
tension they  usually  consist  of  firm  limestone  layers  with  softer 
material  interbedded.  At  several  localities  these  harder  layers 
have  been  quarried  and  burned  for  lime. 

FAUNA  OF  THE  VINCENTOWN   FORMATION. 

Fossils  are  usually  rare  or  entirely  absent  in  the  exposures  of 
the  arenaceous  facies  of  the  formation,  but  somewhat  full  faunas 
have  been  collected  from  several  localities.  The  calcareous  facies 
of  the  formation  is  more  often  fossiliferous,  and  one  locality  near 
Vincentown  has  afforded  a  very  large  fauna, 
ii  PAL  (161) 


1 62      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Locality  122.  In  a  road-cutting  at  Deal,  just  south  of  Whale 
Pond  Brook,  in  a  slight  elevation  known  locally  as  California 
Hill,  an  excellent  exposure  of  the  "yellow  sand"  may  be  seen 
which  is  abundantly  fossiliferous.  This  exposure  is  near  the 
summit  of  the  Vincentown  formation,  since  the  Manasquan 
marl  occurs  only  a  short  distance  south,  down  the  dip.  The  fauna 
recognized  here  is  as  follows: 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Tercbratula  harlani  Mort. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nemodon  sp. 
Cucullaea  sp. 
Axinca  sp. 
Ostrea  sp. 
Cardita  sp. 

Cardium  knap  pi  n.  sp. 
Caryatis  sp. 
Tellina  sp. 

Locality  in. — One  mile  southwest  of  Eatontown,  at  an  ex- 
posure in  the  base  of  Gold  Hill,  this  sand  is  abundantly  fossilifer- 
ous, the  following  species  being  recognized : 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Spines  of  Echinoids. 

BRYOZOA. 

Onychocella  digitata  (Mort.) 

.     BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula  harlani  Mort. 

PELECYPODA. 

Graphaea  sp. 

Locality  134. — In  the  south  bank  of  the  Manasquan  River  at 
New  Bargain  Mills,  1.5  miles  west  of  Farmingdale,  near  West 


VINCENTOWN  FORMATION.  163 

Farms,  the  Vincentown.  sand  is  well  exposed  and  is  highly 
fossiliferous.  The  bed  at  this  locality  is  well  towards  the  summit 
of  the  formation  and  has  a  larger  content  of  glauconite  than 
either  of  the  other  localities  which  have  been  mentioned.  The 
fauna  recognized  at  this  locality  is  as  follows : 

ECHINODERMATA. 
S edema  sp. 
Cardiaster  cinctus  (Mort.). 

BRYOZOA. 

Onychocella  digitata  (Mort.). 

PELECYPODA. 

Nemo  den  sp. 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  (Mort.). 

Cardium  knap  pi  n.  sp. 

A  few  rods  down  the  stream  from  where  the  above  fauna  was 
collected,  a  bed  in  the  same  formation  was  recognized  which  is 
completely  filled  with  examples  of  the  bryozoan  Onychocella 
digitata,  with  some  plates  and  spines  of  Echinoids,  the  association 
being  exactly  that  which  is  often  seen  in  the  Vincentown  lime- 
sand,  although  the  matrix  in  this  case  is  a  quartz  "and  glauconitic 
sand  with  no  lime. 

Locality  146. — In  the  side  of  the  road  crossing  Crosswicks 
Creek  a  little  over  i  mile  north  of  New  Egypt,  a  yellow  sand  is 
well  exposed  on  the  west  side  of  the  creek,  which  has  all  the 
lithologic  characters  of  the  Vincentown  sand  in  some  of  its  ex- 
posures further  east.  At  this  point,  however,  the  sand  is  appar- 
ently well  down  in  the  formation  near  the  top  of  the  subjacent 
Hornerstown  marl.  The  fossil  species  recognized  at  this  locality 
.are : 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Terebratula  harlani  Mort. 

PELECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  sp. 


1 64      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

From  New  Egypt  southwestward  the  calcareous  facies  of  this 
formation  becomes  more  and  more  conspicuous,  and  all  the  fos- 
siliferous  localities  from  which  collections  have  been  made  are  in 
the  limesand  or  limestone. 

Locality  143. — In  the  banks  of  a  small  stream  west  of  the  rail- 
road track  a%little  over  y^  mile  northeast  of  the  station  at  New 
Egypt,  the  Vincentown  limestone  is  exposed  and  has  yielded  the 
following  species  of  fossils : 

ANTHOZOA. 

Undetermined  coral. 

f 
ECHINODERM.ATA. 

Echinoid  spines,  several  species. 

BRYOZOA. 

Undetermined  species. 

PEI.ECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  sp. 

Gryphacostrea  vomer  (Mort.). 

Periplomya  sp. 

Tenea  ?  sp. 

Cardium  knappi  n.  sp. 

Caryatis  veto,  Whitf. 

Gastrochaena  americana  Gabb. 

GASTROPODA. 

Several  undetermined  species. 

Locality  151. — From  an  exposure  of  the  Vincentown  limesand 
just  south  of  the  railroad  trestle  east  of  the  station  at  Cookstown 
specimens  of  Pinna  rostriformis  Mort.  were  recognized,  along 
with  several  other  pelecypoda  and  some  bryozoa. 

Locality  154. — On  the  north  bank  of  Rancocas  Creek,  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile  northwest  of  Vincentown,  a  decomposed  layer  of 


VINCENTOWN  FORMATION.  165 

the  Vincentown  limesand  is  exposed.    This  material,  on  washing, 
has  yielded  a  large  fauna  as  follows : 

PROTOZOA.1 

Haplophragmium  irregulafe  (Roem.). 

TextulariO'  agglutinans  d'Orb. 

Textularia  agglutinans  var.  porrecta  Brady. 

Textularia  gramen  d'Orb. 

Textulara  sagittula  Defrance. 

Textularia  turns  d'Orb. 

Verneuilina  triquetra  (Miinster). 

Gaudryina  pupoides  d'Orb. 

Lagena  globosa  (Montagu). 

Vitrewebbina  sollasi  Chap. 

Vitrewebbinulaevis  (Sollas). 

Nodosaria  acuminata  (Reuss). 

Nodosaria  awiulata  Reuss. 

Nodosaria  consobrina  var.  emaciata  (Reuss). 

Nodosaria  laemgata  d'Orb. 

Nodosaria  obliqu-a  (Linne). 

Nodosaria  rotundata  (Reuss). 

Nodosaria  zippei  Reuss. 

Lingulina  carinata  d'Orb. 

Frondicularia  aiata  d'Orb. 

Frondicularia  angusta  var.  dimidia  Bagg. 

Frondicularm  archiaciana  var.  strigillata  Bagg. 

Frondicularia  major  Bornemann. 

Frondicularia  ovata  Roemer. 

Crist ellaria  acutauricularis  (F.  &  M.). 

Cristellaria  articulata  (Reuss). 

Crist ellaria  cassis  (F.  &  M.) . 

Cristellaria  crepidula  (F.  &  M.). 

Cristellaria  cretacea  Bagg. 

Cristellaria  gibba  d'Orb. 

Cristellaria  project  a  Bagg. 

Cristellaria  rotulata  (Lam.). 


1  This  list  of  species  of  Foraminfera  is  for  the  most  part  compiled  from 
Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88. 


1  66      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Crist  ellaria  wether  ellii  (Jones)  . 
Plabellina  cor  data  Reuss. 
Flabellina  saggitaria  (Lea). 
Polymorphism  compfessa  d'Orb. 
Polymorphina  communis  (d'Orb.). 
Polymorphina  gibba  (d'Orb.). 
.    Polymorphina  lactea  (W.  &  J.). 
Polymorphina  orbignii  (Zborz.). 
Globigerina  bulloides  d'Orb. 
Globigerina  bulloides  var.  triloba  Reuss. 
Globigerijw  cretacea  d'Orb. 
Truncatulina  haidingerii  (d'Orb). 
Anomalina  ammonoides  (Reuss). 
Pulvinulina  karsteni  (Reuss). 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Rhizocrinus  cylindricus  n.  sp. 
Goniaster  mammillata  Gabb. 
Cidaris  splendent  Mort. 
Cidaris  walcotti  Clark. 
Pseudodiadema  diatretum  (Mort.). 
Cardiaster  cinctus  Mort. 


Serpula  rotula  (Mort.). 

BRYOZOA.1 

Stomatopora  regularis  G.  &  H. 
Stomatopora  kummeli  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
'  Stomatopora  temnichorda  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Berenicea  americana  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Discosparsa  varians  Ulr. 
Diastropora  lineata  G.  &  H. 
Reticulipora  sagena  G.  &  H. 
Reticulipora  dichotomy  G.  &  H. 
Crisina  striatopora  Ulr. 


1  For  the  identification  of  these  bryozoans  I  am  under  obligation  to  Dr.  R.  S. 
Bassler. 


VINCENTOWN  FORMATION.  167 

Bisidmonea  gabbiana  U.  &  B  n.  sp. 
Idmonea  abbotti  G.  &  H. 
Filisparsa  contortilis  (Lons.). 
Filisparsa  bifurcata  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Hntalophora  cowradi  G.  &  H. 
Spiropora  calamus  G.  &  H. 
Clausa  americana  G.  &  H. 
Filifascigera  megaera  (Lons.). 
Discocytis  eccentrics  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Heteropora  parvicella  (G.  &  H.). 
Retelea  ovalis  G.  &  H. 
Flustrella  ?  capistrata  G.  &  H. 
Onychocella  digitata  (Morton). 
Biftustra  tort  a  G.  &  H. 
Biflustra  disjuncta  G.  &  H. 
Amphiblestrum  heteropora  (G.  &  H.). 
Membranipora  plebia  G.  &  H. 
Membranipora  annuloidea  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Membranipora  nematoporoides  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Membranipora  jerseycnsis  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Membranipora  perampla  G.  &  H. 
Pyripora  irregularis  G.  &  H. 
Planicellaria  ocnlata  d'Orb. 
Planicellaria  cylindrica  G.  &  H. 
Escharinella  altimuralis  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Reptomulticava  cepularis  G.  &  H. 
Cribrilina  sagena.  (Mort.). 
Cribrilina  immersa  G.  &  H. 
Membraniporella  abbotti  (G.  &  H.). 
Membraniporella  distans  (G.  &  H.). 
Reptoporina  carinata  G.  &  H. 
Reptesckafellina  prolifera  G.  &  H. 
Micropora  cylindracea  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Micropora  pukhra-  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Micropora  ?  vincentbivnensis  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Microporella  sparsipora  U.  &  B.  n.  sp. 
Monoporella  exserta  (G.  &  H.). 
Porinalabiata  (G.  &H.). 


168      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Porina  quadrangularis  G.  &  H. 
Porina  coronata  (Reuss)  ? 
Lepralia  asp  era  G.  &  H. 
Mucronella  muralis  (G.  &  H.). 
Mucronella  typica  (G.  &  H.). 
Mucronella  aspera  Ulr. 
Mucronella  pumila  (G.  &  H.). 

BRACHIOPODA. 

Cistella  beec/wri  Clark. 
Platidia  cretacea  n.  sp. 

PELECYPODA. 

Gryphaea  sp. 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  (  Mort. ) . 

Polorthus  tibialis  (Mort.) 

GASTROPODA. 

Pleurotrema  solariformis  Whitf. 

CRUSTACEA. 

Callianassa  sp. 

In  addition  to  the  above  species,  the  following  are  recorded 
from  this  formation  at  Vincentown,  but  have  not  been  collected 
by  the  writer : 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Pentacrinus  bryani  Gabb. 
Pentaceros  asperulus  Clark  n.  sp. 
Salenia  tumidula  Clark. 
Treinatopygus  crucifer  ( Mort. ) 
Ananchytes  ovdis  Clark. 
Hemiaster  parastatus  (  Mort. ) . 
Hemiaster  Stella  (Mort.) 
Hemiaster  ungula  (Mort.) 
Linthia  tumidula  Clark. 


VINCENTOWN  FORMATION.  169 

Locality  161. — At  Medford,  along  the  creek  Just  west  of  the 
town,  the  Vincentown  limesand  is  exposed,  and  the  following 
species  of  fossils  have  been  recognized : 

ECHINODERMATA. 

Pseudodiadema  diatrema  (Mort.) 
Echinoid  spines. 

VERMES. 

Serpula  rotula  (Mort.) 

BRYOZOA. 

Onychocella  digitata  ( Mort. ) 
Retelea  avails  G.  &  H. 
Several  undetermined  species. 

PELECYPODA. 

Polorthus  tibialis  (Mort.) 

Locality  171. — On  Mantua  Creek,  just  below  the  mouth  of 
Bethel  run,  near  Hurffville,  the  following  species  were  collected 
from  the  Vincentown  limesand  : 

BRYOZOA. 

Onychocella  digitata  (Mort.) 

PELECYPODA. 

Area  quindecemradiata  Gabb. 
Gryphaeostreavomer  (Mort.) 
Polorthus  tibialis  (Mort.) 

Locality  IJQ. — This  locality  is  situated  about  J4  mile  up  the 
creek  from  the  last,  and  has  yielded  the  following  species  : 

VERMES. 

Serpula  rotula  (Mort.) 

BRYOZOA. 

Onychocella  digitata  (Mort.) 


1 70  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  bryani  Gabb? 
Gryphaeostreavomer  (Mort.) 
Polorthws  tibialis  (Mort.) 

CRUSTACEA. 

Scalpellum  conradi  Gabb. 

Locality  Ip6. — Along  a  small  stream  northwest  of  Alloway 
station,  the  Vincentown  formation  is  well  exposed.  In  places  it  is 
a  hard  yellow  limestone,  and  has  been  quarried  for  the  purpose  of 
burning"  into  lime,  and  from  one  such  quarry,  1.5  miles  northwest 
of  the  station,  the  following  fossils  have  been  identified : 

ANTHOZOA. 

Undetermined  coral. 

PELECYPODA. 

Nemodon  sp. 

Area  sp. 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  (Mort.) 

Pecten  sp. 

Cardium  knappi  n.  sp. 

Caryatis  veta  Whitf. 

GASTROPODA. 

Calyptraea  sp. 

Several  undetermined  species. 

ANALYTICAL   DISCUSSION    OF   THE   VINCENTOWN    FAUNA. 

There  are  really  two  faunas  to  be  considered  in  this  discussion,, 
or  at  least  two  quite  distinct  facies  of  the  same  fauna,  one  occur- 
ring in  the  sand  and  the  other  in  the  calcareous  facies  of  the 
formation.  The  fauna  of  the  sand  is  especially  characterized  by 
Terebratula  harlani,  this  species  being  present  throughout  the 
entire  formation,  wherever  fossils  occur,  and  it  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  more  or  less  imperfectly  preserved  casts  of  a  species 
of  Gryphaea.  This  association  of  species  is  essentially  the  same 


VINCENTOWN  FORMATION.  171 

as  that  of  the  shell  layer  at  the  summit  of  the  Hornerstown  marl, 
and,  as  has  already  been  pointed  out,  this  shell  layer  should,  per- 
haps, be  considered  as  the  base  of  the  Vincentown  rather  than 
as  the  top  of  the  Hornerstown.  The  most  extensive  fauna  of 
this  sand  facies  has  been  collected  near  Deal  (Locality  122),  from 
near  the  summit  of  the  formation,  where,  associated  with  T. 
harlani,  by  far  the  most  abundant  member  of  the  fauna,  are 
several  species  of  pelecypods,  of  which  species  of  the  genera 
Ncmodon,  Cucullaea  and  Axinea  are  somewhat  closely  related  to 
members  of  the  same  genera  in  the  lower  faunas.  Scattered 
through  the  Vincentown  sand,  fragments  of  bryozoa  and  spines 
of  echinoids  are  not  infrequently  met  with,  forms  which  belong 
rather  to  the  calcareous  facies  of  contemporaneous  age.  At  one 
locality  on  the  Manasquam  River  west  of  Farmingdale  (Locality 
134),  although  the  bed  is  arenaceous,  but  with  a  higher  content 
of  glauconite  than  usual,  the  fauna  is  essentially  the  bryozoan 
and  echinoid  fauna  of  the  typical  Vincentown  calcareous  beds. 

The  fauna  of  the  Vincentown  limesand  is  unique  among  the 
Cretaceous  faunas  of  New  Jersey.  Calcareous  bryozoans  are 
abundant,  in  some  beds  constituting  locally  a  very  large  per- 
centage of  the  total  calcareous  matter,  no  less  than  54  species 
of  these  organisms  being  recognized  in  the  fauna  at  one  locality 
near  Vincentown.  Associated  with  these  bryozoans  are  many 
echinoids,  and  large  numbers  of  shells  of  foraminifera.  In  other 
localities  where  the  bryozoans  and  echinoids  are  less  conspicuous, 
or  nearly  absent,  Gryphaeastrea  vomer,  a  species  commonly  pres- 
ent in  the  Marshalltown  and  Navesink  faunas,  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous member  of  the  fauna,  associated  with  which  Polorthns 
tibialis  is  frequently  present.  In  the  denser  limestone  layers  of 
the  formation  at  some  points,  several  species  of  pelecypods  and 
gastropods  are  present,  but  on  the  whole,  the  molluscan  element 
in  the  fauna  is  not  large  in  the  number  of  species.  Some  of  the 
species  of  molluscs,  such  as  Cardimn  knap  pi  and  Caryatis  veto., 
occur  also  on  the  subjacent  Hornerstown  marl  and  in  the  super- 
jacent  Manasquan  marl,  although  in  the  main  the  species  of  the 
entire  Vincentown  are  different  from  those  of  the  Hornerstown 
and  the  Manasquan. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


THE  MANASQUAN  MARL. 


The  Manasquan  marl  is  the  youngest  Cretaceous  formation  in 
New  Jersey,  and  is  restricted  to  the  northeastern  half  of  the  Cre- 
taceous belt  in  the  State.  The  formation  is  most  typically  de- 
veloped in  eastern  Monmouth  County,  especially  in  the  vicinity 
of  Farmingdale,  and  is  gradually  overlapped  by  later  formations, 
so  that  it  practically  disappears  entirely  in  Camden  County  a 
short  distance  from  the  boundary  between  Burlington  and  Cam- 
den  counties.  Lithologically  the  formation  is  a  nearly  pure 
greensand  marl  of  a  dark-green  color,  with  at  times  a  mixture 
of  clayey  material.  The  formation  is  somewhat  sharply  differen- 
tiated from  the  subjacent  Vincentown  formation,  but  it  passes 
almost  imperceptably  mto  the  super jacent  Shark  River  marl  of 
Eocene  age.  This  marl  bed  has  a  maximum  thickness  of  nearly 
50  feet  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  its  -area,  which  diminishes 
to  the  southwest,  being  reduced  to  about  30  feet  near  the  south- 
western boundary  of  Burlington  County. 

FAUNA  OF  THE;  MANASQUAN  MARL. 

The  fossils  of  the  Manasquan  marl  are  not  abundant  and  are 
frequently  poorly  preserved.  During  the  prosecution  of  the  field 
work  undertaken  in  connection  with  the  preparation  of  the  present 
report,  collections  have  been  made  from  but  three  localities. 

Locality  138. — From  the  heaps  of  marl  at  the  pits  along  the 
Manasquan  River,  I  mile  south  of  Farmingdale,  the  following 
fossils  have  been  collected : 

ANTHOZOA. 

Plabellum  mortoni  Vaughan. 
Trochocyathns  conoides  (G.  &  H.). 
Balanophyllia  inauris  Vaughan. 

(173 


i74  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

BRACHIOPODA. 

TercbratuUna  atlantica  (Mort.) 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  bryani  Gabb. 
Pccten  sp. 

Modiola  johnsoni  Whitf. 
Etea  delazvarensis  (Gabb). 
Crassatellites  littoralis  (Con.) 
Caryatis  veta  Whitf. 

GASTROPODA. 

Rostellaria  biconicus  Whitf. 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  teeth. 
Sting  of  Ray. 

Locality  155. — From  the  heaps  of  marl  at  the  marl  pits  2  miles 
southwest  of  New  Egypt,  the  following  fossils  have  been  col- 
lected : 

ANTHOZOA. 

Balanophyllia  inauris  Vaughan. 

PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  bryani  Gabb. 
Crassatellites  littoralis  (Con.). 
Caryatis  veta  Whitf. 

GASTROPODA. 

Rostellaria  biconicus  Whitf. 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  teeth. 
Fish  vertebra. 

Locality  759. — From  the  heaps  of  marl  at  the  group  of  pits  a 
little  less  than  I  mile  south  of  Vincentown,  the  following  fossils 
have  been  identified : 


MANASQUAN  MARL.  175 


PELECYPODA. 

Ostrea  bryani  Gabb. 
Caryatis  veto,  Whitf. 
Teredo  sp. 
Polorthits  tibialis  (Mort.). 

VERTEBRATA. 

Shark's  teeth. 
Fish  vertebra. 


ANALYTICAL   DISCUSSION    OF   THE   MANASQUAN    FAUNA. 

As  shown  in  the  lists  of  species  collected  from  the  above 
localities,  the  fauna  of  the  Manasquan  marl  is  totally  different 
from  the  faunas  of  the  beds  lying  below  the  Hornerstown  marl. 
There  is,  however,  a  distinct  recurrence  of  species  from  the  Hor- 
nerstown. One  O'f  the  conspicuous  elements  in  the  fauna  are  the 
small,  simple,  horn  corals,  of  which  three  species  are  recognized, 
one  of  the  most  common  of  them,  Flabellum  mortoni,  being  also 
present  in  the  Hornerstown.  Terebratutina  atlantica  and  Caryatis 
veto,  are  two  other  species  of  the  Manasquan  fauna  which  occurred 
earlier  in  the  Hornerstown  marl,  and  of  these  three  species  only 
Caryatis  veto,  has  been  observed  in  the  intervening  Vincentown 
formation.  Although  the  known  fauna  of  the  Manasquan  is 
larger  than  the  yet  known  fauna  of  the  Hornerstown  marl  beneath 
the  shell  layer  ~at  the  summit  of  that  formation,  yet  the  evidence 
seems  to  be  sufficient  to  permit  the  assumption  that  the  Mana- 
squan fauna  in  its  essential  characters  is  a  recurrence  of  the  fauna 
of  the  Hornerstown,  with  some  modifications  of  course,  due  to 
the  recurrence  in  the  same  region  of  similar  physical  conditions. 
The  fauna  had  doubtless  persisted  somewhere  in  the  adjacent 
Cretaceous  sea,  where  the  physical  conditions  were  favorable  for 
it,  during  the  entire  intervening  time. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND   CORRELATION 

OF  THE  CRETACEOUS  FAUNAS 

OF  NEW  JERSEY. 


A  critical  analysis  of  the  entire  series  of  marine  Cretaceous 
faunas  of  New  Jersey  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  but  two  major 
paleontologic  divisions  can  be  recognized.  Continued  investiga- 
tion of  the  faunas  has  shown  that  the  recognition  of  four  major 
divisions,  as  proposed  by  Clark,1  and  as  previously  accepted  with 
some  modifications  by  the  writer,2  does  not  properly  represent  the 
true  conditions  in  the  history  of  the  faunas.  It  has  been  shown 
in  the  series  of  summary  tables  given  in  the  preceding  pages  for 
each  of  the  faunas  from  the  Cliffwood  to  the  Tinton,  inclusive, 
how  intimate  are  the  relations  between  them  all.  Not  one 
of  them  but  which  contains  a  greater  or  less  number  of  species 
common  to  each  of  the  others,  and  although  different  elements 
are  present  in  these  faunas,  which  are  developed  in  varying" 
degrees  in  different  members  of  the  faunal  series,  yet  the  inter- 
relationship between  all  is  very  close.  From,  the  faunal  point  of 
view  the  recognition  of  a  Matawan  division  and  a  Monmouth 
division  in  New  Jersey  is  strictly  arbitrary  and  unnatural.  Some 
species,  to  be  sure,  are  restricted  to  the  lower  formations  of  the 
series  and  others  to  the  upper,  but  there  is  no  assemblage  of  forms 
which  can  properly  be  said  to  constitute  a  Matawan  fauna  and 
another  a  Monmouth  fauna,  which  are  any  more  distinct  in. 
character  than  the  faunas  of  successive  formations. 


1  Matawan,  Monmouth,  Rancocas  and  Manasquan. 

2  Jour.  Geol.,  vol.   13,  pp.  71-84;  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Am.  Rep.  State  Geol.  for 
1904,  pp.  145-159. 

12    PAL  (177) 


178      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

If  the  foreign  Belemnitella  element  introduced  in  the  Mount 
Laurel-Navesink  fauna  had  persisted,  and  had  supplanted  in  any 
notable  degree  the  older  faunas  in  the  region,  instead  of  being  a 
minor,  although  important  episode  in  the  faunal  history,  merely 
being  one  element  in  a  fauna  which  as  a  whole  was  closely  related 
to  an  earlier  one,  and  which  was  followed  by  another  one  in  which 
the  Belemnitella  element  was  absent,  and  which  was  essentially  a 
recurrence  of  an  earlier  fauna,  then  there  would  be  good  paleonto- 
logical  reasons  for  recognizing  the  Matawan  and  Monmouth  as 
distinct  major  divisions.  But  this  is  not  the  case. 

Neither  are  there  two  distinct  lithologic  divisions  in  New  Jersey 
which  can  be  properly  designated  as  the  Matawan  and  Monmouth 
formations.  In  fact  the  accepted  line  between  these  two 
divisions  cannot  be  mapped  with  any  accuracy  through  a  large 
portion  of  its  extent  in  New  Jersey,  and  although  a  very  important 
greensand  marl  deposit  is  included  in  the  Monmouth,  yet  in  the 
Matawan  the  Marshalltown  formation  is  for  the  southern  half 
of  its  outcrop  so  nearly  a  pure  greensand  marl  that  it  was  mis- 
taken by  Cook  in  the  earlier  investigations  of  the  Survey  for  the 
marl  bed  of  the  Monmouth,  i.  e.,  the  Navesink  marl  O'f  Monmouth 
County.  The  Merchantville  formation,  also,  in  some  places,  con- 
tains so  much  glauconite  that  it  has  been  dug  for  fertilizing  pur- 
poses. On  the  other  hand,  the  Mount  Laurel  and  Red  Bank  sands 
of  the  Monmouth  are  formations  which,  for  the  most  part,  are  as 
free  from  glauconite  as  any  of  the  formations  of  the  Matawan 
division.  With  a  full  consideration  of  the  data  involved,  there 
seems  to  be  no  utility  whatever  in  New  Jersey  for  the  recognition 
of  divisions  to  be  known  as  the  Matawan  and  Monmouth,  except 
possibly  as  an  aid  in  correlating  the  New  Jersey  formations  with 
those  found  farther  south. 

The  discovery  in  the  Hornerstown  marl  of  a  fauna  having  the 
essential  characters  of  that  of  the  Manasquan  marl  removes  all 
paleontological  foundation  for  the  recognition  of  the  two  major 
divisions,  Rancocas  and  Manasquan,  for  the  upper  portion  o>f  the 
series. 

The  line  separating  the  two  natural  paleontological  divisions, 
which  have  been  indicated,  lies  between  the  Tinton  and  the 
Hornerstown  formations  of  Monmouth  County,  but  to  the  south, 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  CORRELATION.          179 

where  the  Red  Bank  and  Tinton  have  thinned  out,  and  the  Nave- 
sink  and  Hornerstown  marls  are  in  juxtaposition,  this  line  can- 
not be  sharply  located  stratigraphically.  It  seems  to  be  impor- 
tant that  certain  definite  names  be  applied  to  these  two  major 
faunas,  yet  none  of  the  names  heretofore  used  in  New  Jersey 
are  at  all  applicable  to  either  of  the  divisions.  It  will  be  noticed 
on  examining  the  tables  of  distribution  of  the  faunas  from  the 
Cliffwood  to  the  Tinton,  given  above,  that  in  each  fauna  a  con- 
siderable number  of  species  have  an  extra-territorial  distribution, 
and  by  far  the  larger  number  of  these  species  which  occur  out- 
side of  New  Jersey  are  known  from  the  upper  Cretaceous  for- 
mations of  the  Gulf-border  region,  in  the  Ripley  and  associated 
formations  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Texas,  etc.  The  com- 
munity of  species  between  this  southern  region  and  New  Jersey 
is  so  marked  that  no  doubt  can  be  entertained  as  to  the  essential 
time  equivalence  of  the  formations  and  faunas  of  the  two 
-regions,  and  because  of  the  typical  development  of  the  faunas 
in  the  Ripley  formation  this  series  may  be  designated  by  the 
name  Ripleyian. 

The  higher  fauna  recognized  in  the  Cretaceous  formations  of 
New  Jersey  appears  to  have  its  typical  development  in  this  State. 
Its  most  conspicuous  faunule  is  the  one  characterized  by  Tere- 
bratula  harlam,  but  south  of  Maryland  this  fauna  has  not  been 
recognized,  although  the  species  T.  harlani  has  been  identified 
from  some  of  the  Eocene  beds  of  the  south.  This  higher  fauna 
may  therefore  be  designated  as  the  Jerseyian. 

The  Ripleyian  fauna  in  New  Jersey  characterizes  all  the  marine 
beds  up  to  the  top  of  the  Tinton,  including  the  Magothy  below. 
The  subordinate  formations  carrying  this  fauna  are  without 
-doubt  strictly  local,  as  is  shown  even  in  their  distribution  in  New 
Jersey,  where  the  Englishtown  and  Red  Bank  formations  do  not 
-continue  entirely  across  the  State.  In  Maryland,  as  has  been 
shown  by  Clark,  the  New  Jersey  formations  described  above 
-cannot  all  be  recognized,  yet  the  Ripleyian  fauna  is  clearly  de- 
fined. In  the  States  further  south  the  local  formations  vary, 
their  lithologic  characters,  whether  sand,  clay,  or  calcareous 
material,  being  dependent  upon  the  local  conditions  which 


i8o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

obtained  at  the  various  localities  during  this  period.  In  the 
south,  at  least  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  all  the  marine  Upper 
Cretaceous  faunas  seem  to  be  of  Ripleyian  age,  although  it  is,  of 
course,  possible  that  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  faunas  of 
that  region  will  necessitate  some  modification  of  this  interpreta- 
tion. 

The  Ripleyian  fauna  as  seen  in  New  Jersey  is  a  complex 
assemblage  of  organisms  with  two  or  more  distinct  facies,  which 
were  doubtless  associated  with  different  environmental  conditions, 
such  as  depth  of  water,  character  of  the  sea  bottom,  etc.  As  has 
been  pointed  out,  two  distinct  facies  of  the  fauna  have  here  been 
distinctly  recognized,  one  of  which,  the  Cucullaea  fauna,  as  it  has 
been  called  in  the  preceding  pages,  is  characteristic  of  the  more 
glauconitic  beds,  the  Merchantville,  Marshalltown,  Navesink  and 
Tinton.  The  second  faunal  facies,  characterized  by  Lucina 
cretacea  or  its  associates,  occurs  in  the  clays  and  sandy  clays  of 
the  Cliffwood,  Woodbury,  Wenonah  and  Red  Bank  formations. 
In  the  existing  seas  the  areas  where  glauconitic  sands  are  being 
formed  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  are  some  distance  off 
shore  at  depths  beyond  the  action  of  waves  and  currents,  and  at 
sufficient  distance  from  the  mouths  of  rivers  to  be  comparatively 
free  from  terrigenous  sediments.1  The  sands  and  clays,  on  the 
other  hand,  are  deposited  nearer  shore.  The  faunas  associated 
with  the  two  types  of  sediments  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous 
beds  were  doubtless  characteristic  of  the  deeper  and  the  shallower 
waters.  The  existence,  therefore,  of  these  two  alternating  faunal 
facies  with  the  particular  types  of  sediments  with  which  they  are 
associated,  within  the  present  belt  of  outcrop  of  the  Cretaceous 
in  New  Jersey,  necessitates  the  assumption  that  the  Cretaceous 
shore  across  the  present  area  of  New  Jersey  was  subjected  to  a 
series  of  oscillations,  being  alternately  elevated  and  depressed. 
During  the  periods  of  depression  the  deeper  waters,  with  the 
accompanying  glauconitic  sediments  and  the  Cucullaea  fauna, 
gradually  crept  to  the  northwest  and  occupied  a  belt  which  had 
formerly  been  inhabited  by  the  shallower  water  fauna,  and  where 


1  For  a  discussion  of  the  "Origin  of  Greensand"  see  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Ann. 
Rep.  of  State  Geol.  for  1892,  pp.  218-239. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  CORRELATION.         181 

more  clastic  sediments  had  been  deposited.  At  a  later  period  of 
emergence  the  deeper-water  fauna  would  shift  to  the  southeast 
and  the  shallower-water  fauna  would  again  occupy  the  region  it 
had  formerly  occupied.  These  conditions  furnish  a  rational  ex- 
planation for  the  recurrence  of  the  two  essential  elements  in  this 
fauna  in  New  Jersey,  as  well  as  for  the  more  or  less  intimate 
mingling  of  the  two  faunal  elements  which  is  observed  in  certain 
horizons.  Since  there  could  have  been  no  hard  and  fast  line 
separating  the  shallower  and  deeper-water  faunas,  members  of 
the  shallower-water  fauna  were  free  to  wander  into  the  deeper 
waters,  and  the  deeper-water  forms  into  the  shallower  waters, 
while  in  the  belt  of  intermediate  depth  there  was  of  necessity  a 
mingling  of  the  two  faunal  elements. 

If  the  conditions  here  postulated  are  the  true  interpretation  of 
the  conditions  in  New  Jersey  during  the  existence  here  of  the 
Ripleyian  fauna,  the  shallower-water  formations  should,  on 
being  traced  down  the  dip,  gradually  become  more  glauconitic, 
and  at  some  distance  in  this  direction  the  entire  series  of  sediments 
might  be  found  to  be  glauconitic  in  character.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  more  glauconitic  formations  as  seen  under  present  con- 
ditions of  exposure,  must  originally  have  had  their  shallower- 
water  equivalents  characterized  by  the  absence  of  glauconite  and 
by  the  shallower-water  fauna,  which  has  been  entirely  removed 
by  erosion  since  Cretaceous  time. 

That  the  oscillations  of  the  Cretaceous  coast  across  New  Jer- 
sey were  but  local  phenomena  is  shown  in  the  case  of  the  Red 
Bank  'formation,  which  cannot  be  recognized  beyond  Monmouth 
County,  a  fact  indicating  that  the  elevation  which  brought  about 
the  change  from  Navesink  to  Red  Bank  conditions  was  limited 
to  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  area,  while  farther  southwest 
the  deeper  waters  continued  with  the  accompanying-  glauconitic 
deposits.  In  this  more  southwestern  region  the  depression  accom- 
panying the  Navesink  marl  of  eastern  Monmouth  County  was  not 
so  marked  since  the  more  clastic  Mount  Laurel  sand,  apparently 
a  shallower-water  formation,  was,  in  part  at  least,  contempo- 
raneous with  it. 

In  tracing  these  elements  of  the  Ripleyian  fauna  beyond  the 
limits  of  New  Jersey  the  local  details  in  their  history  will  not 


1 82      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY.  •  , 

necessarily  be  found  to  conform  with  their  history  in  New  Jersey, 
The  alternation  of  the  two  faunal  facies  may  or  may  not  occur. 
In  certain  regions  it  may  be  found  that  the  one  or  the  other 
facies  persists  through  the  period,  or  if  the  alternation  does  occur,, 
the  recurrences  may  be  less  or  more  frequent  than  has  been 
observed  in  New  Jersey.  In  tracing  their  relationships  with  other 
Cretaceous  faunas  in  North  America,  it  is  found  that  they  have  a 
close  analog  in  the  faunas  of  the  Montana  group  of  the  West  and 
Northwest.  Just  as  in  the  New  Jersey  area  an  alternation  of 
shallower  and  deeper-water  faunas  is  a  conspicuous  feature,  so- 
in  the  Northwest  a  shallower-water  fauna  described  first  as  the 
"Fox  Hills"  fauna  and  supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  the  upper 
division  of  the  Montana,  has  been  found  to  be  recurrent  at  various 
horizons  throughout  the  entire*  Montana  series.  In  regard  to 
this  fauna  Stanton  says  "Faunas  similar  to  that  of  the  Fox  Hills 
sandstone  have  a  great  vertical  range  and  are  likely  to  be  found 
at  any  horizon  within  the  Montana  group  where  a  littoral  or 
shallow-water  facies  is  developed."1 

A  comparison  of  the  shallower-water  facies  of  the  Ripleyian 
fauna  in  New  Jersey  with  this  Fox  Hills  fauna  of  the  Northwest 
shows  many  characteristics  in  common.  The  following  Fox 
Hills  species  have  been  identified  in  these  New  Jersey  faunas: 
Micrabada  americana,  Cuspid-aria  ventricosa,  Cymella  undata, 
Pteria  petrosa.  Many  others  of  the  New  Jersey  species  are 
clearly  allied  very  closely  to  Fox  Hills  forms,  and  further  critical 
studies  with  the  comparison  of  large  collections  from  the  two 
areas  will  doubtless  lead  to  the  recognition  of  many  more  species 
common  to  the  two  faunas. 

The  deeper-water  Cucuilaea  fauna  of  the  New  Jersey  area  does 
not  so  clearly  correspond  with  the  deeper-water  Pierre  fauna  of 
the  northwestern  Montana  group,  this  fauna  in  New  Jersey,  as 
well  as  the  shallower-water  facies,  having  much  in  common  with 
the  Fox  Hills  fauna  of  that  region.  However,  certain  genera 
such  as  Inoceramus  and  the  oyster-like  forms  are  more  character- 
istic of  the  deeper-water  facies  in  both  regions. 

In  connection  with  the  present  investigation  of  the  New  Jersey 
faunas  it  has  not  been  practicable  to  make  as  extensive  nor  as 


1  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  257,  p.  66. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  CORRELATION.         183 

critical  comparisons  of  the  fauna  with  those  of  the  Montana 
group  as  would  be  highly  desirable,  but  enough  has  been  seen  to 
show  that  the  relationships  are  close,  far  closer  than  would  be 
suggested  by  a  mere  comparison  of  the  species  here  considered  as 
identical,  and  future  studies  will  surely  show  many  more  identical 
species  as  well  as  many  which  are  closely  allied.  These  relation- 
ships are  so  close,  in  fact,  that  the  name  Montanan  might  per- 
haps be  extended  U>  embrace  the  faunas  and  their  including  sedi- 
ments. 

In  Europe  the  Cretaceous  fauna  which  seems  to  be  most  closely 
allied  to  this  Ripleyian  fauna  of  New  Jersey  and  the  Gulf-border 
region  is  that  of  the  Cretaceous  beds  at  Aachen.  This  fauna  has 
been  elaborately  described  and  illustrated  by  Holzapfel1,  and 
when  the  opportunity  is  given  for  a  critical  comparison  of  col- 
lections from  these  Aachen  beds  with  collections  of  our  American 
forms,  a  considerable  number  of  species  will  doubtless  be  found 
to  be  common  to  the  faunas.  The  Aachen  beds  are  of  Se- 
nonian age,  and  in  their  upper  portion  are  characterized  by 
Belemnitella  mucronata,  a  close  analog,  as  has  been  pointed  out, 
of  the  New  Jersey  B.  americana.  Furthermore,  this  Belemnitella 
zone  is  highly  characteristic  of  the  higher  Senonian  beds  of 
England,  France  and  Germany,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  zone 
on  opposite  sides  of  the  Atlantic  is  without  doubt  essentially  con- 
temporaneous, although  in  Europe  it  probably  represents  a  longer 
time  interval  than  in  America. 

In  "An  approximate  correlation  of  the  Atlantic  coast  Creta- 
ceous formations"  suggested  by  Clark,2  his  Matawan  and  Mon- 
mouth  divisions  are  referred  to  the  Senonian,  the  Cliffwood  beds 
being  considered  as  Cenomanian  and  the  Raritan  proper  as 
Albian,  these  latter  correlations  being  based  primarily  upon  floral 
evidence.  From  the  evidence  of  the  invertebrate  fossils,  however, 
as  shown  in  the  earlier  pages  of  this  report,  the  Cliffwood  clays 
cannot  be  removed  from  association  with  the  super jacent  beds. 
As  to  the  Raritan  the  invertebrate  evidence  is  too  meagre  to  be  of 


1  Die  Mollusken  der  Aachener  Kreide,  von  E.  Holzapfel,  Palaeontographica, 
vol.  34,  pp.  29-180,  plates  4-20;  vol.  35,  pp.  139-268,  plates  8-29. 
*  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  (4),  vol.  18,  p.  440. 


1 84      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

practical  use  in  correlation,  and  the  correlation  of  that  formation 
must  rest  upon  the  evidence  of  the  fossil  plants. 

The  Hornerstown,  Vincentown  and  Manasquan  formations 
do  not,  in  general,  afford  SO'  extensive  faunas  as  do  the  lower 
formations.  The  period  was  introduced  with  a  nearly  pure 
greensand  marl  formation,  which,  southwest  of  the  point  where 
the  Red  Bank  and  Tinton  formations  can  be  differentiated,  is 
apparently  continuous  with  the  subjacent  glauconitic  deposits. 
During  the  middle  portion  of  the  period  there  was  apparently  an 
elevation  of  the  coast,  and  in  the  belt  which  formerly  received 
the  deeper-water  glauconitic  sediments,  the  shallower-water  Vin- 
centown sediments  were  deposited.  During  the  closing  epoch 
of  the  period  the  coast  was  again  depressed  as  is  shown  by  the 
recurrence  of  the  glauconitic  sediments  in  the  Manasquan,  and 
with  the  return  of  similar  conditions  a  recurrence  of  the  life 
of  the  Hornerstown  marl  is  seen  in  the  Manasquan. 

These  beds  or  their  equivalents  seem  to  be  absent  in  the  Gulf- 
border  region  south  of  Maryland,  in  fact,  no  faunas  related  to 
the  Jerseyian  fauna  being  recognized  elsewhere  in  North  America. 
It  is  not  improbable,  however,  that  certain  of  the  non-marine, 
higher  Cretaceous  beds  of  the  west  may  have  been  formed  con- 
temporaneously with  the  marine  beds  containing  the  Jerseyian 
fauna. 

As  has  been  pointed  out  by  Clark,1  the  faunas  of  this  higher 
division  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  referred  by  him  to  the  two 
divisions,  Rancocas  and  Manasquan,  but  considered  here  as  com- 
prising a  single  paleontological  division,  the  Jerseyian,  show  cer- 
tain affinities  with  the  lower  or  Maestrichtian  division  of  the 
Danian  series  of  the  western  European  Cretaceous.  The  faunas, 
of  the  Hornerstown  and  Manasquan  marls  are  in  general  too 
meagre  and  too  poorly  preserved  to  allow  of  any  satisfactory 
comparison  with  foreign  faunas,  neither  does  the  fauna  of  the 
arenaceous  facies  of  the  Vincentown  afford  much  for  comparison 
with  European  faunas.  A  comparison,  however,  of  the  extensive 
bryozoan  fauna  of  the  Vincentown  limesand  with  similar  bry- 
ozoan  faunas  of  typical  Maestricht  beds  shows  a  remarkably 


1  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  Ann.  Rep.  State  Geol.  for  1897,  p.  207. 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  CORRELATION.         185 

•close  relationship.  The  genera  are  largely  the  same  and  many 
of  the  species  also  are  either  identical  or  closely  allied  in  the 
two  faunas,  and  when  critical  comparisons  can  be  made  of  the 
American  and  European  collections  several  and  perhaps  many 
of  the  American  species  will  probably  be  shown  to  be  synonyms. 
From  this  evidence  of  the  bryozoans  the  lower  Danian  or  Maes- 
trichtian  age  of  the  Vincentown  can  be  safely  assumed,  and  with 
this  correlation  the  Danian  age  of  the  entire  Jerseyian  fauna  iray 
be  safely  implied. 


PART  II. 


Descriptive  Paleontology. 


CHAPTER  L1 


Branch  PROTOZOA. 

Class  RHIZOPODA. 
Order  FORAMINIFERA. 
Family  LITUOLID^l. 
Sub-family    LITUOL1N/E. 

Genus  HAPLOPHRAGMIUM  Reuss. 

Haplophragmium  concavum  Bagg. 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1898.     Haplophragmium  concavum  Bagg.,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No. 
88,  p.  27,  pi.  2,  figs,  i  a-b. 

Description. — "Test  arenaceo-siliceous,  rough,  of  a  dull-gray 
color;  consisting  of  eight  or  nine  chambers,  which  are  concave 
upon  their  inner  margin,  giving  the  form  an  approximately  tri- 


1  This  chapter  on  the  Protozoa  has  been  taken  almost  in  its  entirety  from 
Bulletin  No.  88  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  "The  Cretaceous 
Foraminifera  of  New  Jersey,"  by  Dr.  R.  M.  Bagg.  Figures  have  been  added, 
however,  to  illustrate  many  of  the  species,  copied  for  the  most  part  from  the 
Challenger  Report  on  the  Foraminifera.  In  using  these  figures  for  purposes 
of  identification  it  must  always  be  kept  in  mind  that  they  were  drawn  from 
recent  specimens,  and  that  they  will  often  differ  somewhat  in  appearance  from 
fossil  specimens.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  these  figures  will  be  of  material 
assistance  to  those  wishing  to  identify  the  species. 

In  recording  the  formations  and  localities  of  the  species,  Bagg  has  been 
followed,  although  the  names  of  the  formations  have  been  changed  to  cor- 
respond with  the  usage  in  the  present  volume.  In  most  cases  it  has  been 
clear  from  the  original  references  from  what  formations,  here  recognized, 
the  species  were  collected,  but  in  the  cases,  of  those  forms  recorded  from  the 
"Rancocas"  it  has  not  always  been  clear  whether  the  specimens  came  from  the 
Hornerstown  marl  or  the  Vincentown  limesand.  In  consequence  of  this,  a 
few  errors  may  have  crept  into  the  formation  records  here  given. 

In  recording  the  geographic  distribution  of  the  species  no  attempt  has 
been  made  to  go  beyond  North  America,  but  in  the  case  of  those  forms  which 
have  also  been  recognized  in  the  Tertiary  formations  of  America,  such  occur- 
ence  has  been  'noted. 

(I89) 


190      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

angular  outline  in  transverse  section ;  chambers  variable  in  size ; 
ultimate  chamber  largest  and  very  slightly  elevated  in  the  central 
portion;  septal  lines  straight,  marked  by  definite  deep  constric- 
tions; aperture  a  large  elongated  oval  opening,  situated  toward 
the  outside  edge  of  the  ultimate  chamber  and  nearer  the  convex 
side. 

"Length,  i  mm.;  breadth,  0.43  mm."     (Bagg.) 
Formation    and    locality. — Hornerstown     marl,     Blue    Ball 
(Bagg). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Haplophragmium  irregulare   (Rcemer). 

1840.     Spirolina    irregularis    Rcemer,    Verstein.     norddeutsch. 

Kreide,  p.  98,  pi.  xv,  fig.  29. 
1860.     Haplophragmium  irregulare  Reuss,   Sitz.  Akad.   Wiss. 

Wien.,  vol.  xl,  p.  219,  pi.  x,  fig.  9;  pi.  xi,  fig.  I. 
1898.     Haplophragmium  irregulare  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No. 

88,  p.  27. 

Description. — "Test  arenaceous,  rough,  flask-shaped ;  chambers 
unequal  and  irregular,  at  first  involute,  then  evolute  and  arranged 
in  an  elongated  series,  closely  set,  numerous  (about  fifteen), 
narrow,  separated  by  straight  depressed  septa;  aperture  divided. 

"Length,  2.6  mm. ;  breadth,  0.6-0.9  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-family  TROCHAMMININ/E. 

Genus  TROCHAMMINA  Parker  and  Jones. 

Trochammina  inflata  (Montagu). 

Plate  I.,  Figs.  3-5. 

1808.     Nautilus  inflatus  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.  Suppl.,  p.  81,  pi. 

xviii,  fig.  3. 
1884.     TrocJmmmina  inflata  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  338, 

pi.  xli,  fig.  4,  a-c. 
1898.     Trochammina  inflata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

27. 


FORAMINIFERA.  191 

Description. — "Test  free;  trochoid  or  convex,  depressed,  rotali- 
form;  consisting  of  about  three  convolutions,  the  outermost  of 
which  is  formed  of  five  or  six  very  ventricose  segments  with 
deeply  excavated  septal  lines.  Inferior  face  somewhat  concave, 
with  sunken  umbilicus;  peripheral  margin  tabulated.  Aperture 
small,  arched ;  situated  on  the  inferior  side  of  the  final  segment, 
close  to  the  previous  convolution,  a  little  within  the  periphery. 
Color  pale  brown,  the  small  primary  segments  much  darker  than 
the  rest."  (Brady.) 

Remarks. — "The  above  description  agrees  closely  with  the  New 
Jersey  specimens,  but  the  color  is  rather  a  yellowish  white  than  a 
brown,  and  the  external  view  shows  only  two  convolutions  instead 
of  three,  as  in  Professor  Brady's  figure. 

"Diameter,  0.43  mm."    (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek, 
near  Mullica  Hill  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  TEXTULARID.^. 
Sub-family  TEXTULARIN/E. 

Genus  TEXTULARIA  Defrance. 

Textularia  agglutinans  d'Orbigny. 

Plate  I.,  Figs.  6-7. 

1839.     Textularia  agglutinans  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Cuba,  p.  136, 

pi.  i,  figs.  17,  1 8,  32-34. 
1884.     Textularia  agglutinans  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  363, 

pi.  xliii,  figs.  1-3;  var.,  figs.  4,  12. 
1898.     Textularia  agglutinans  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  28. 
1898.     Textularia  agglutinans  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No. 

10,  p.  19  (313). 
1904.     Textularia  agglutinans  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene, 

p.  470,  pi.  132,  fig.  5. 


192      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — "Test  agglutinous,  elongated,  of  a  dull  gray 
color,  laterally  convex ;  chambers  rather  numerous,  ten  to  twelve 
in  long  specimens ;  septa  nearly  straight ;  aperture  semilunar. 

"Length,  2.37  mm."     (Bagg). 

Remarks — "This  is  a  rather  common  species  at  Vmcentown, 
where  it  occurs  in  the  "lime  sand."  It  is  interesting  to  see  the 
small,  smooth  glauconite  grains  which  help  to  form  the  shell  sub- 
stance." (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek,  (Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincen- 
town (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Miocene  of  Maryland, 

Textularia  agglutinans  var.  porrecta  Brady.  > 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  8-9. 

1884.     Textularia  agglutinans  var.  porrecta,  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,. 

vol.  ix,  p.  364,  pi.  xliii,  fig.  4. 
1898.     Textularia  agglutinans  var.  porrecta  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G, 

S.,  No.  88,  p.  28. 

Description. — "Test  much  elongated,  agglutinous,  of  nearly 
uniform  width;  chambers  more  numerous  than  in  Textularia 
agglutinans,  otherwise  both  forms  are  very  similar. 

"The  New  Jersey  specimens  are  not  quite  so  elongated  as  the 
figure  in  the  Challenger  Report. 

"Length,  2  mm.;  breadth,  0.6  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown. 
(Bagg.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Canada. 

Textularia  gibbosa  d'Orbigny. 

1826.     Textularia  gibbosa  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  vii,  p. 

262,  No.  6. 
1891.     Textularia  gibbosa  Terrigi,  Mem.  R.  Com.  G.  Regno,  voL 

iv,  pt.  i,  p.  68,  pi.  i,  fig.  10. 
1898.     Textularia  gibbosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  29. 


FORAMINIFERA.  193 

Description. — "Test  ovate  elongate,  smooth,  of  a  dull-gray 
color ;  transverse  section  round ;  shell  composed  of  only  four 
chambers  in  each  series ;  septal  lines  arched,  scarcely  discernible 
externally;  aperture  a  median  semi-lunar  arch  in  the  ultimate 
segment. 

"Length,  0.9-1  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Textularia  globulosa  Ehrenberg. 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  10-12. 

1839.     Textularia  globulosa  Ehrenberg,  Abhandl.  k.  Ak.  Wiss, 

Berlin  (1838),  p.  135,  pi.  iv,  fig.  b. 
1885.     Textularia  globulosa  Woodward  and  Thomas,  I3th  Ann, 

Kept.  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Survey  Minnesota  for  1884,  p. 

1 66,  pi.  iii,  figs.  1—5. 
1895.     Textularia.    globulosa    Woodward    and    Thomas,     Pal.. 

Minn.,  vol.  I,  p.  29,  pi.  C,  figs.  1-6. 
1898.     Textularia  globulosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

29. 

Description. — "Test  small,  consisting  of  a  few  smooth, 
spherical,  or  globular  chambers;  suture  lines  deep;  shell  pos- 
teriorly acute,  anteriorly  obtuse. 

"Length  unknown."     (Bagg). 

Remarks. — "It  has  been  impossible  to  find  shells  in  perfect 
preservation,  since  the  constrictions  between  the  chambers  are  so 
pronounced  that  the  chambers  are  easily  broken  off,  but  the  few 
globular  chambers  we  do  find  are  sufficient  for  the  determination 
of  the  species."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (rare) 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Minnesota. 

Textularia  gramen  d'Orbigny. 

Plate  I.,  Figs  13-14. 

1846.     Textularia  gramen  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 
Vienne,  p.  248,  pi.  xv,  figs.  4-6. 
13  PAL 


194      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1884.     Textularia  gramen  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol  ix,  p.  365,  pi. 

xliii,  figs.  9,  10. 

1898.     Textularia  gramen  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  29. 
1898.     Textularia  gramen  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  10, 

P-  3i3- 

1904.     Textularia  gfamen  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene,  p. 
471,  pi.  132,  figs.  8-9. 

Description. — "Test  arenaceous,  rough  externally,  stoutly  built, 
laterally  compressed,  margin  subangular;  five  to  six  wide  cham- 
bers, very  slightly  convex ;  posterior  end  neatly  rounded ;  general 
outline  very  similar  to  Textularia  hauerii,  but  distinguished  from 
that  species  by  its  more  angular  lateral  edges,  and  differing  from 
Textularia  abbreviata,  which  it  also  resembles,  in  being  less  short 
and  thick. 

"Length,  I  mm.;  breadth,  0.52  mm."     (Bagg). 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  Maryland. 

Textularia  sagittula  Defrance. 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  15-17. 

1824.     Textularia  sagittula  Defrance,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxxii, 
p.  177;  1828,  vol.  liii,  p.  344;  Atlas,  Conch.,  pi.  xiii, 

fig-  5- 
1884.     Textularia  sagittula  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  361, 

pi.  xlii,  figs.  17,  1 8. 
1898.     Textularia  sagittula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  29. 
1898. .  Textularia  sagittula  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  10, 

P-  3i4- 
1901.     Textularia  sagittula  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

234,  pi.  62,  fig.  2. 
1904.     Textularia  sagittula  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene,  p. 

472,  pi.  132,  figs.  11-12. 

Description. — "Test  elongated,  strongly  compressed,  with 
sharp- angled  peripheral  margin;  chambers  numerous  (12  to  15), 


FORAMINIFERA.  •— '  195 

closely  set,  visible  externally  in  the  upper  portion  only;  septal 
lines  almost  straight,  curving  very  gently  toward  the  central  por- 
tion ;  aperture  linear. 

"Length,  0.45-0.55  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
New  Egypt,  Timber  Creek.  (Bagg.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Eocene  and  Miocene 
of  Maryland. 

Textularia  turris  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  18-19. 

1840.     Textularia  turris  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  France,  ser. 

1,  vol.  iv,  p.  46,  pi.  iv,  figs.  27,  28. 

1884.     Textularia  turris  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  366,  pi. 

xliv,  figs.  4,  5. 
1898.     Textularia  turris  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  30. 

Description. — "Test  nearly  round  in  transverse  section, 
•elongate,  conical,  rugose,  tapering,  anteriorly  truncate;  chambers 
numerous,  complanate,  somewhat  irregular,  quite  distinct  at  the 
distal  end. 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  VERNEUIWNA  d'Orbigny. 

Verneuilina  polystropha  (Reuss). 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  20-21. 

1845.     Bulimina  polystropha  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt.- 

2,  p.  109,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  53. 

1884.     Vemewlina  polystropha  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p. 

386,  pi.  xlvii,  figs.  15-17. 
1898.     Verneuilina  polystropha  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  30. 

Description. — "Test  arenaceous,  rough,  somewhat  triangular, 
composed  of  only  a  few  chambers,  which  increase  very  rapidly  in 


196      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

size  from  below  downward ;  aperture  a  central  arched  opening  in 
the  ultimate  segment. 

"Length,  0.43  mm."     (Bagg). 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Verneuilina  triquetra  (Minister). 
Plate  I.,  Fig.  22. 

1838.     Texttdaria  triquetra  Miinster,  in  Rcemer's  paper,  Neues 

Jahrb.,  p.  384,  pi.  iii,  fig.  19. 
1851.     Textularia  atlantica  Bailey,  Smithsonian  Contrib.,  vol.  ii,. 

art.  3,  p.  12,  figs.  38-43. 
1884.     Verneuilina  triquetra  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  383, 

pi.  xlvii,  figs.  18-20. 
1898.     Verneuilina  triquetra  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p, 

30,  pi.  2,  fig.  2. 

Description. — "Test  composed  of  coarse  sand  grains  and 
scattered  grains  of  glauconite,  triserial;  chambers  with  flattened 
sides,  definitely  marked  by  sutures,  eight  to  ten  in  each  series; 
transverse  section  an  almost  equilateral  triangle;  surface  rugose, 
and  the  coarse  sand  grains  are  interspersed  with  grains  of  glau- 
conite; septal  lines  arched  in  the  central  portion  and  directed 
downward  toward  the  edges;  triangular  edges  not  always 
straight,  but  curved  somewhat  in  passing  frqm  the  primordial  to 
the  distal  end ;  aperture  a  median  elongated  slit  with  a  depressed 
margin. 

"The  shell  is  of  a  dull-gray  color,  and  attains  large  size. 

"An  analysis  of  Verneuilina  triquetra  gave  41.37  per  cent,  of 
silica.  The  sand  grains  are  very  firmly  cemented  by  calcareous 
substance  which  forms  the  base  of  the  shell. 

"It  is  a  very  common  species. 

"Length,  3.13  mm."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentownr 
Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincen- 
town (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


FORAMINIFERA.  197 

Genus  TRITAXIA  Reuss. 
Tritaxia  tortilis  (Reuss). 

1861.     Bulimina  tortilis  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xliv, 

pt.  i,  p.  338,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3,  a,  b. 
1898.     Tritaxia  tortilis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  31. 

Description. — "Test  small,  trihedral ;  chambers  few,  five  to 
seven  in  each  series,  somewhat  inflated  and  depressed  at  the  septal 
lines;  peripheral  margins  rather  sharp;  primordial  end  bluntly 
pointed;  ultimate  segment  large,  overreaching,  and  bearing  the 
elliptical  aperture  near  the  upper  part  of  the  septal  facer. 

"Length,  0.52  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Swedesboro 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Tritaxia  tricarinata  (Reuss). 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  23-24. 

1845.     Textularia  tricarinata  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt. 

i,  p.  39,  pi.  viii,  fig.  60. 
1884.     Tritaxia  tricarinata  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  389,  pi. 

xlix,  figs.  8,  9. 
1898.     Tritaxia  tricarinata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  31. 

Description. — "Test  tricarinate;  lateral  surfaces  slightly  con- 
cave, consisting  of  a  few  (four  or  five)  rather  indistinct  segments 
in  each  row ;  aperture  central,  rotund,  in  a  short  elevated  neck. 

"Length,  1.3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Swedesboro,- 
Timber  Creek  (Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  GAUDRYINA  d'Orbigny. 

Guadryina   pupoides  d'Orbigny. 

Plate  I.,  Figs.  27-29. 

1840.     Gaudryina  pupoides  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  France 
ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  44,  pi.  iv,  figs.  22-24. 


198      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1884.     Gaudryina  pupoides  Brady,  dial.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  378, 

pi.  xlvi,  figs.  1-4. 
1898.     Gaudryina  pupoides  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88, 

P-  3i- 

Description. — ''Gaudryina  pupoides  is  an  easily  recognized 
species.  Its  dimorphous  mode  of  growth  is  generally  very  ap- 
parent, and  its  variability  is  limited  to  such  features  as  the  num- 
ber of  segments,  the  relative  length  and  breadth  of  the  test,  and 
the  degree  of  lateral  compression.  In  recent  shells  the  walls  are 
thin  and  calcareous,  smooth  externally,  and  almost  invariably  of 
a  grayish  -hue ;  fossil  specimens  sometimes  exhibit  slightly  rough 
exterior.  In  form  and  position  the  aperture  resembles  that  of 
the  typical  Textulariae,  but  it  is  often  surrounded  by  a  raised 
tip  or  border.  (Brady.) 

"Length,  2  mm." 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  CLAVULINA  d'Orbigny. 

Clavulina  communis  d'Orbigny. 

1826.     Clavulina  communis  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  viir 

p.  268,  No.  4. 
1846.     Clavulina  communis,   d'Orbigny,    Foram.    Foss.    Bassin 

tert.  Vienne;  p.  196,  pi.  xii,  figs.  I,  2. 
1898.     Clavulina  communis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  32. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  straight,  rough  externally  and 
arenaceous;  early  segments  triquetrous,  spiral,  and  forming  a 
pointed  apex,  a  transverse  section  of  which  is  round,  not  angular 
as  in  Clavulina  parisiensis  d'Orbigny;  anterior  chambers  marked 
by  depressa  septa,  somewhat  irregular  in  size,  but  the  ultimate 
one  is  the  largest ;  aperture  normally  a  central  opening  in  a  short 
tubular  neck  of  the  ultimate  chamber. 

"Length,  2.1  mm."     (Bagg.) 


FORAMINIFERA.  199 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Brownsville 
(Bagg). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Clavulina  parisiensis  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  I.,  Fig.  25. 

1826.     Clavulina  parisiensis  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  vii, 

p.  268,  No,  3;  Modele,  No.  66. 
1884.     Clavulina  parisiensis  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  395, 

pi.  xlviii,  figs.  14-18. 
1898.     Clavulina  parisiensis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  32. 

Description. — "Test  coarsely  arenaceous,  elongated,  straight 
or  nearly  so;  ultimate  chambers  nodosarian,  short,  marked  by 
straight,  somewhat  depressed  septa;  primordial  segments  trique- 
trous as  in  Clavulina  communis  d'Orbigny,  but  wedge-shaped 
and  triangular  in  outline  instead  of  being  rounded;  aperture  a 
central  opening  in  a  short  tubular  neck. 

"Length,  2.4  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Brownsville 
(Bagg). 

Geogrd-phic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-family   BULIMININ/E, 

Genus  BUUMINA  d'Orbigny. 
Bulimina  puschi  Reuss. 

1851.     Bulimina  puschi  Reuss,  Haidinger's  Naturw.  Abhandl., 

vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  p.  37,  pi.  iii,  fig.  6. 
1898.     Bulimina  puschi  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  32. 

Description. — "Test  elongate  oval,  obtusely  rounded  above, 
acutely  rounded  below,  shell  wall  very  punctate;  chambers  rap- 
idly increasing  in  size  from  below  upward,  irregularly  wedge- 
shaped,  moderately  depressed  at  the  sutures;  aperture  a  comma- 
shaped  slit  near  the  margin  of  the  ultimate  segment. 

"Length,  0.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 


200      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Bulimina  variabilis  d'Orbigny. 

1840.     Bulimina  variabilis  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  geol.  France, 
ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  p.  40,  pi.  iv,  figs.  9-12. 

1845.  Bulimina  variabilis  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt.  i, 

p.  37,  pi.  viii,  figs.  56,  76,  77. 
1898.     Bulimina  variabilis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88,  p.  33. 

Description. — "Test  variable,  ovate  or  oblong,  very  finely  per- 
forate; spire  short,  obtuse  posteriorly;  segments  few,  very  nar- 
row, slightly  oblique;  ultimate  chamber  ending  in  a  flat  surface; 
aperture  oval,  situated  at  the  inner  margin. 

"Diameter,  0.2-0.3  mm."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  BOUVINA  d'Orbigny. 

Bolivina  punctata  d'Orbigny. 

Plate  I.,  Fig.  26. 

1839.     Bolivina  punctata  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Amer.  Merid.,  p. 
63,  pi.  viii,  figs.  10-12. 

1846.  Bolivina  antiqua  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 

Vienne,  p.  240,  pi.  xiv,  figs.  11-13. 
1857.     Bolivina  punctata  Macdonald,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser. 

2,  vol.  20,  p.  193,  pi.  vi,  figs.  26,  27. 
1884.     Bolivind  punctata  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9,  p. 

417,  pi.  Hi,  figs.  1 8,  19. 
1884.     Bolivina  punctata  Woodward  and  Thomas,  Thirteenth 

Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Nat.  Hist.  Survey  Minnesota,  p.  169, 

pi.  iii,  fig.  12. 
1895.     Bolivina  punctata  Woodward  and  Thomas,  Pal.  Minn., 

vol.  i,  p.  34,  pi.  C,  figs.  27-28. 
1898.     Bolivina  punctata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No,  88, 

p.  33,  pi.  ii,  fig.  3. 
1905.     Bolivina  punctata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268.  p.  24, 

pi.  3,  fig.  6. 


FORAMINIFERA.  201 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  textulariform,  smooth,  com- 
pressed, finely  perforate,  anterior  end  obtuse,  posterior  acute, 
lateral  margins  subcarinate ;  chambers  five  to  seven  in  each  series ; 
septal  lines  depressed;  aperture  terminal,  simple,  oval. 

"Length,  0.35  mm.;  greatest  breadth,  0.15  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  common  at  Freehold.  It  resembles 
Bolivina  textilaroides  Reuss  in  the  small  number  of  chambers 
and  somewhat  broader  outline,  but  differs  from  this  latter  species 
in  being  much  more  oval  in  outline  when  seen  in  transverse  sec- 
tion." (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Freehold,  Bruere's  pits  on  Cross- 
wicks  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Minnesota,  Nebraska; 
Miocene,  California. 

Bolivina  textilaroides  Reuss. 
Plate  I,  Figs.  30-31. 

1862.     Bolimna    textilaroides    Reuss,     1862,     Sitzungsber.     K. 

Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  46,  p.  81,  pi.  x,  fig.  i. 
1880.     Bolivina  textularioides  Berthelin,  1880,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol. 

France,  ser.  3,  vol.  I,  p.  28,  pi.  I  (xxiv),  fig.  5. 

1883.  Bolivina,  textilarioides  Terrigi,  1883,  Atti  Accad.  Ponti- 

ficia  Nuovi  Lincei,  vol.  35,  p.  191,  pi.  iii,  fig.  32. 

1884.  Bolivina  textilarioides  Brady,  1884,  Challenger  Report, 

vol.  9,  p.  419,  pi.  liii,  figs.  23-25. 
1888.     Bolivina  textilarioides  Brady,  Parker,  and  Jones,  1888, 

Trans.  Zool.  Soc.,  vol.  12,  pt.  7,  p.  221,  pi.  xliii,  fig.  I. 
1895.     Bolivina  textularoides  Egger,  1895,  Jahrsber.  Naturhist." 

Ver.  Passau,  vol.  16,  p.  12,  pi.  i,  fig.  8. 
1898.     Bolivina  textilaroides  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  34- 

1905.     Bolivina  textilaroides  Bagg,  Bull,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268, 
p.  25,  pi.  4,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Test  textulariform;  segments  few  in  number, 
.about  six  in  each  series ;  septal  lines  depressed,  and  the  chambers 


202      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

somewhat  inflated;  surface  smooth,  finely  punctate;  peripheral 
margins  rounded,  and  more  or  less  lobulated. 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.)  .v, 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  less  common  than  Bolivina  punc- 
tate?' (Bagg). 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene,  California. 

Genus  PLEUROSTOMEIXA  Reuss. 

Pleurostomella  subnodosa  (Reuss). 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  32-34. 

1845.     Nodosaria  wdosa  (pars)  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreider 

pt.  i,  p.  28,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  22. 
1850.     Dentalina  subnodosa  (pars)  Reuss,  Haidinger's  Naturw. 

Abhandl.,  vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  p.  24,  pi.  i,  fig.  9. 
1884.     Pleurostomella  subnodosa  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p. 

412,  pi.  Hi,  figs.  12,  13. 
1898.     Pleurostomella  subnodosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.. 

88,  p.  34. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  almost  straight,  with  somewhat 
irregular  outline;  chambers  enlarging,  slightly  convex,  separated 
by  oblique  sutures;  ultimate  chamber  largest,  shortly  acute;  pri- 
mordial chamber  smallest,  rounded;  aperture  an  elongated, 
naked,  oval  opening  extending  slightly  down  the  side  of  the 
ultimate  segment. 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  LAG-ENID^. 
Sub-family  LAGENIN/E. 

Genus  LAGRNA  Walker  and  Boys. 
Largena  globosa  (Montagu). 

Plate  I.,  Figs.  35-37. 
1803.     Vermiculum  globosum  Montagu;  Testae.  Brit.,  p.  523- 


FORAMINIFERA.  203 

1851.  Oolina  simplex  Reuss,  Haidinger's  Naturw.  Abhandl., 
vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  p.  22,  pi.  i,  fig.  2. 

1857.  Entosolenia  globosa  Parker  and  Jones,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.,  ser.  2,  vol.  19,  p.  278,  pi.  u,  figs.  25-29. 

1858.  Entosolenia  globosa  Williamson,  Recent  Foram.  Great 
'   Brit.,  p.  8,  pi.  i,  figs.  15-16. 

1863.     Lagena  globosa  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xlvi, 

pt.  i,  p.  318,  pi.  i,  figs.  1-3. 
1876.     Lagena  globosa  Terquem,  Anim.  Plage  Dunkerque  (2), 

p.  67,  pi.  7,  figs.  3-4. 
1884.     Lagena  globosa  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  452,  pi.  Ivi, 

figs.  1-3. 
1898.     Lagena.  globosa  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  10,  pp. 

3I7-3I8. 

1898.     Lagena  globosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  34. 
1905.     Lagena  globosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p.  26, 

Pi.  4,  %.  3- 

Description. — "Test  subglobular,  elliptical  or  pyriform;  surface 
smooth;  finely  perforate  shell  with  thin,  hyaline  cell  walls;  an- 
terior margin  somewhat  projecting,  with  aperture  in  an  entoro- 
lenian  neck. 

"Length,  2  mm.;  breadth,  1.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
MullicaHill  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;   Miocene,   California. 

Genus  VITRIWEBBINA  Chapman. 

Vitriwebbina    sollasi  Chapman. 

Plate  I.,  Figs.  38-39. 

1892.  Vitriwebbina  sollasi  Chapman,  Geol.  Mag.,  n.  s.,  decade 
3,  vol.  ix,  No.  2,  Feb.,  pp.  53-54,  pi-  "',  figs.  1-3. 

1898.  Vitrewebbina  sollasi  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 
35,  pi.  2,  figs.  5a-b. 

Description. — "Test  smooth,  adherent,  hyaline,  finely  perforate; 
consisting  of  one  or  many  chambers  arranged  in  a  more  or  less 


204      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

curving  irregular  chain;  chambers  attached  by  stoloniferous 
tubes;  aperture  terminal  in  ultimate  chamber;  length  variable, 
dependent  upon  the  number  of  chambers. 

"Breadth,  0.2-0.6  mm. ;  shell  diameter,  o.oi  mm."    (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  a  very  common  form  at  Vincentown,  and 
is  frequently  found  adhering  to  Flabellina  sagittaria,  'although 
often  occurring  on  other  shell  fragments.  Although  the  pri- 
mordial chamber  is  generally  the  smallest  and  the  ultimate  the 
largest,  there  is  no  regularity  of  arrangement  in  regard  to  size  of 
the  chambers. 

"It  was  with  some  difficulty  that  the  position  of  this  form  was 
determined.  The  structure  of  the  shell  substance  alone  separates 
it  from  Trochammina  irregularis  Carpenter,1  but  solution  of  the 
shell  in  hydrochloric  acid  failed  to  reveal  any  trace  of  arenaceous 
or  siliceous  material,  although  in  some  cases  there  was  an  inner 
coating  of  amorphous  material  remaining  insoluble  in  the  acid. 

"A  form  similar  to  the  one  under  discussion  is  figured  by 
Quenstedt2  and  described  by  him  as  Bullopora  rostrata  in  the  fol- 
lowing words :  'This  consists  of  simple,  small,  dark  hemispheres, 
united  with  each  other  through  lengthened  tubes.  This  tube 
often  projects  from  the  end  cell  like  a  beak,  whence  I  have  given 
it  its  name.  Generally  the  pustules  (chambers)  increase  in  size, 
with  now  and  then  smaller  ones  between,  while  the  primordial 
cell  is  similar  to  those  succeeding.'  This  species  is  described  by 
Schwager3  as  Placopsilina  rostrata,  and  is  placed  under  the  cal- 
careous perforate  division  of  the  Dentaloidea. 

"In  the  original  description  of  the  genus  Placopsilina4  no  men- 
tion is  made  of  the  nature  of  the  test,  whether  of  arenaceous  or 
calcareous  composition,  but  later  authorities  (Brady5)  consider 
the  genus  under  arenaceous  types  of  the  Lituolidse. 

"The  tubulated  structure  of  the  genus  Webbina,  simulating  the 
arenaceous  Trochamminse,  is  quite  striking,  and  its  calcareous 


1  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Foraminifera,  p.   142,  PI.  XI,  figs.  6-10. 

2  Der  Jura,  1858,  p.  580,  Atlas,  PI.  LXXIII,  fig.  28. 

3  Bolletino  del  R.  Comitato  Geol.  d'ltalia,  1877,  vol.  viii,  p.  18,  PI.  fig.  12. 
M'Orbigny,  A.  D.,  Prodrome  de  Paleontologie  Stratigraphique,  1850,  vol.  ii, 

p.  96. 

5  Challenger  Report,  1884,  vol.  ix,  p.  314. 


FORAMINIFERA.  .  205 

composition  in  this  case  led  to  a  discussion  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Sollas,1 
'On  the  perforate  character  of  the  genus  Webbina,'  etc.,  and  the 
later  establishment  of  a  new  genus,  Vitriwebbina,  by  Frederick 
Chapman,2  which  I  have  adopted  as  a  solution  of  the  difficulty 
presented  by  this  isomorphous  form."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentowrr 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Vitriwebbina   laevis    (Sollas). 
Plate  I,  Figs.  40-41. 

1877.     Webbina  laws,  Sollas,  Geol.  Mag.,  n.  s.,  decade  2,  vol.  iv. 

No.  3,  March,  pp.  103-104,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-3. 
1892.     Vitriwebbina  lavis  Chapman,  Geol.  Mag.,  n.  s.,  decade  3, 

vol.  9,  p.  54,  pi.  2,  fig.  4. 
1898.     Vitrewebbina  lavis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  36, 

pi.  2,  figs.  4a-b. 

Description. — ''Test  very  similar  to  Vitriwebbina  sollasi  in 
shape  and  general  appearance,  and  differing  from  that  species 
only  in  having  no  external  marginal  flange  and  in  being  some- 
what more  elevated.  The  form  occurs  with  the  preceding  in  the 
limesand  at  Vincentown,  but  is  not  very  common,  while  Vitri- 
mebbina  sollasi  is  rather  plentiful."  (  Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-family  NODOSARIN/E. 

Genus  NODOSARIA  Lamarck. 

Nodosaria  acuminata  (Reuss). 

1860.     Dentdina  acuminata  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol. 

xl,  p.  181,  pi.  i,  fig.  7. 
1898.     Nodosaria  acuminata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

36. 


1  Geol.  Mag.,  n.  s.,  decade  2,  vol.  iv,  No.  3,  March,  1877,  pp.  102-105. 

2  Geol.  Mag.,  n.  s.,  decade  3,  vol.  ix,  No.  2,  Feb.,  1892,  p.  53. 


2o6  .     CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  straight,  tapering  sharply;  sur- 
face smooth;  nine  oval,  regular  chambers,  rapidly  increasing  in 
size  toward  the  distal  end ;  primordial  end  acuminate ;  ultimate 
chamber  globose,  anteriorly  prolonged  into  a  distinct  eccentric 
tube;  septa  depressed,  transverse;  aperture  nipple-shaped. 

"Length,  0.9  mm."    (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  above  species  is  very  similar  to  Dentalina 
subrecta  Reuss,  but  the  latter  has  fewer  segments  and  the  proximal 
end  less  acuminate."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  adolphina  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  I.,  Fig.  42. 

1846.     Dentalina  adolphina  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 

Vienne,  p.  51,  pi.  ii,  figs.  18^20. 
1855.     Dentalina  adolphina  Bornemann,  Zeitsch.  Deutsch.  Geol. 

Gesell.,  vol.  7,  p.  324,  pi.  13,  fig.  5. 
1886.     Dentalina  adolphina  Sherborn  and  Chapman,  Jour.  Roy. 

Micros.  Soc.,  ser.  2,  vol.  vi.,  p.  750,  pi.  xv,  figs,  n, 

a,  b,  12. 
1898.     Nodosaria  adolphinula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  37- 
1900.     Nodosaria  adolphina  Chapman,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  ser. 

3,  vol.  i,  p.  249,  pi.  29,  fig.  1 6. 
1905.     Nodosaria  adolphina  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 

28,  pi.  5,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Test  composed  of  six  or  seven  short,  oval  cham- 
bers, very  strongly  separated  by  septal  constructions.  The  an- 
terior portions  of  the  ultimate  chambers  are  smooth,  but  upon  the 
lower  ends  of  these  are  two  rows  of  spines  or  tubercles  jutting  out 
at  a  low  angle  from  the  surface.  Upon  the  primordial  segments 
these  spines  are  found  to.  cover  the  whole  surface.  Primordial 
chamber  armed  with  a  short  spine ;  ultimate  segment  ending  in  a 
tubular  neck,  which  carries  the  round  aperture. 


FORAMINIFERA.  .    207 

"Length,  i  mm.  and  over."    (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  small  nodosarian  form  is  not  uncommon  in 
the  limesand  beds  below  Swedesboro"  (Bagg). 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  near  Swedes- 
boro (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  annulata  Reuss. 

1844.  Nodosaria  annulata  Reuss,  Geogn.  Skizze  Bohmen,  vol. 

ii,  pt.  i,  p.  210. 

1845.  Nodosaria  annulata  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt.  i, 

p.  27,  pi.  viii,  figs.  4,  6,  7;  pi.  xiii,  fig.  21. 
1898.     Nodosaria  annulata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  37. 

Description. — "Test  smooth  and  glistening,  arcuate,  very 
elongate,  tapering  sharply  to  a  point  toward  the  proximal  end; 
chambers  spherical,  numerous,  fifteen  to  twenty,  more  constricted 
and  globose  toward  the  ultimate  chamber,  which  is  prolonged 
somewhat  in  its  upper  portion  and  carries  the  round  mammillate 
aperture ;  septa  transverse,  definitely  depressed  at  the  anterior  end. 

"Length,  over  10  mm.  in  long  specimens;  breadth  of  largest 
chamber,  i  mm."  (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  one  of  the  largest  of  all  our  nodosarian 
types.  It  resembles  the  specimens  of  Nodosaria  obliqua,  but  is 
easily  distinguished  from  the  latter  by  its  smooth  surface.  The 
proximal  end  of  the  shell  sometimes  shows  very  faint  striae  as 
indications  of  ribs,  but  these  are  never  prominent,  and  are  visible 
only  under  the  microscope. "  (  B  agg1. ) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg)  ; 
Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  communis  (d'Orbigny.) 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  43-44- 

1826.     Dentalina  communis  d'Orbigny,   Annales   Sciences  Na- 

turelles,  vol.  7,  p.  254,  No.  35. 
1840.     Dentalina  communis  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  France, 

vol.  4,  p.  13,  pi.  i,  fig.  4. 


208      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1845.  Nodosaria  communis  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreid.,  pt, 

i,  p.  28,  pi.  xii,  fig.  21. 
1860.     Dentalina  conwnunis  Reuss,  Sitzungsber.  K.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Wien,  vol.  40,  p.  186. 
1860.     Dentalina  legumen  Reuss,  Sitzungsber.  K.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Wien,  vol.  40,  p.  186. 
1860.     Dentalina  communis  Jones    and    Parker,    Quart.    Jour. 

Geol.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  16,  p.  453,  pi.  19,  figs.  25-26. 
1884.     Nodosaria  communis  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9, 

pp.  504,  505,  pi.  Ixii,  figs.  19—22. 
1895.     Nodosaria  communis  Egger,  Jahrsber.   Naturhist.  Ver. 

Passau,  vol.  16,  p.  20,  pi.  ii,  figs,  i,  2. 
1898.     Nodosaria  communis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

37- 
1898.     Nodosaria  communis  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  ior 

P-  3I9- 
1901.     Nodosaria  communis  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

237,  pi.  62,  fig.  7. 
1905.     Nodosaria  communis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 

29,  pi.  5,  fig.  2. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  slightly  arcuate,  smooth;  septa 
oblique,  depressed;  chambers  numerous,  ten  to  fifteen,  convex 
anteriorly;  aperture  small,  radiate,  situated  near  the  incurved 
margin. 

"Length  3.26  mm."    ( Bagg. ) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crearn  Ridge, 
Bruere's  pits  on  Crosswicks  Creek  (Bagg);  Vincentown  lime- 
sand,  New  Egypt,  Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Maryland; 
Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  consobrina  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  48-49. 

1846.  Dentalina  consobrina  d'Orbigny,    Foram.    Foss.    Bassin 

tert.  Vienne,  p.  46,  pi.  ii,  figs.  1-3. 

1856.     Dentalina  consobrina  Neugeboren,  Denkschr.  K.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  12,  p.  86,  pi.  3,  fig.  15. 


FORAMINIFERA.  209 

1884.     Nodosaria  consobrina  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  501, 

pi.  Ixii,  figs.  23,  24. 
1^98.     Nodosaria  consobrina  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.   No.  88,  p. 

38. 

1905.     Nodosaria  consobrina  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268, 
p.  29,  pi.  5,  fig.  3. 

Description. — "Test  smooth,  dentaline,  attenuated,  and  grace- 
ful ;  chambers  nine  or  ten,  shorter  and  less  distinct  at  the  proximal 
end,  but  becoming  more  definite  above  and  more  elongated ;  septa 
distinct,  straight,  or  nearly  so,  becoming  more  marked  in  the 
proximal  extremity;  ultimate  chamber  somewhat  prolonged  into 
a  neck  which  carries  the  oral  aperture;  proximal  end  very  neatly 
rounded. 

"Length,  2  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  slender  little  species  is  very  closely  allied  to 
the  emaciate  variety  found  in  the  Hornerstown  marl  beds,  but 
it  is  not  so  elongated  and  has  a  much  smaller  number  of 
chambers."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay  marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  consobrina  var.  emaciata  (Reuss). 
Plate  I.,  Figs.  45-46. 

1851.     Dentalina    emaciata    Reuss,    Zeitschr.    Deutsch,    Geol. 

Gesell.,  vol.  3,  p.  63,  pi.  3,  fig.  9. 
1865.     Nodosaria  (D.)  consobrina,  var.  emaciata,  Reuss,  Denks. 

Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  Vol.  xxv,  p.  132,  pi.  ii,  figs.  12,  13. 
1884.     Nodosaria  (D.)  consobrina,  var.  emaciata,  Brady,  ChaL 

Rept,  vol  ix,  p.  502,  pi.  Ixii,  figs.  25,  26. 
1898.     Nodosaria  consobrina  var.  emaciata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G. 

S.,  No.  88,  p.  38. 
1898.     Nodosaria  consobrina  var.  emaciata  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal., 

vol.  2,  No.  10,  p.  319. 
1901:    Nodosaria  consobrina.  var.   emaciata  Bagg,   Md.   Geol. 

Surv.,  Eocene,  p.  238,  pi.  62,  fig.  8. 

14    PAIv 


210      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Nodosaria  consobrina  var.  emaciata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G. 
S.,  No.  268,  p.  30,  pi.  5,  fig.  4. 

Description. — "Test  smooth,  greatly  elongated,  tapering;  seg"- 
ments  numerous,  short,  elongate  oval ;  similar  to  Nodosaria  con- 
sobrina, but  more  elongated  and  slender;  septa  somewhat  de- 
pressed, transverse,  primordial  end  rounded;  aperture  mam- 
millate,  somewhat  prolonged  into  a  tube. 

"Length,  2  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Maryland, 
Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  farcimen   (Soldani). 
Plate  I.,  Fig.  50. 

1791.     Orthoceras  farcimen  Soldani,  Testaceographia,  vol.  i,  pt. 

2,  p.  98,  pi.  cv,  fig.  o. 
1861.     Dentalina  farcimen  Reuss,   Bull.  Acad.   Roy.   Belgique, 

ser.  2,  vol.  15,  p.  146,  pi.  i,  fig.  18. 
1884.     Nodosaria  farcimen  Brady,   Challenger  Report,  vol.  9, 

pp.  498,  499,  pi.  Ixii,  figs,  17,  1 8,'  and  woodcuts,  p.  499. 
1898.     Nodosaria  farcimen  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No. 

88,  pp.  38,  39. 
1898.     Nodosaria  farcimen  Bagg,  Bull.  American  Paleont..  vol. 

2,  No.  10,  pp.  25,  26,  pi.  i,  fig.  2. 
1900.     Nodosaria  farcimen  Chapman,   Pfoc.   California  Acad. 

Sci.,  ser.  3,  vol.  i,  No.  8,  p.  248,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  13. 
1905.     Nodosaria  farcimen  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 

30,  pi.  5,  fig.  5. 

Description. — "Test  arcuate,  tapering,  with  from  six  to  ten 
inflated  segments,  separated  by  deep,  straight,  transverse  sutures. 
The  latter  quality  separates  this  species  from  Nodosaria  com- 
munis,  in  which  the  sutures  are  oblique.  There  is  also  an  irreg- 
ularity in  the  increase  of  the  size  of  the  chambers  noticeable  in 
most  specimens.  The  ultimate  chamber  is  prolonged  into  a  round 
tube  which  bears  the  oral  opening. 


FORAMINIFERA.  211 

"Length,  2.82  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  New  Egypt 
<Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Virginia, 
Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  filiformis  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  I.,  Fig.  47. 

1826.     Nodosaria  filiformis  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Natur.,  vol. 

vii,  p.  253,  No.  14. 
1840.     Dentalina  gracilis  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  France, 

ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  14,  pi.  i,  fig.  5. 
1884.     Nodosaria  filiformis  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  500, 

pi.  Ixiii,  figs.  3-5. 
1898.     Nodosaria  fiiliformis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  39- 

1905.     Nodosaria  filiformis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268, 
p.  31,  pi.  5,  fig.  6. 

Description. — "Test  slender,  elongated,  smooth,  crenate; 
•chambers  numerous  (12),  distinct,  elongate  oval;  septa  trans- 
Terse,  nonoblique;  aperture  simple,  round. 

"Length,  2.1  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Cream  Ridge 
(Bagg) ;  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  lime- 
sand,  Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  indifferens  (Reuss). 

1863.     Dentalina  indifferens  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol: 

xlviii,  pt.  i,  p.  44,  pi.  ii,  figs.  15,  16. 
1898.     Nodosaria  indifferens  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  39- 

Description. — "Test  consisting  of  from  six  to  eight  smooth, 
short,  inflated  chambers  of  unequal  size;  primordial  chamber 
larger  than  the  succeeding  one,  obtusely  rounded ;  ultimate  cham- 
ber large  and  more  constricted  than  any  of  the  other  chambers. 


212      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

"Length,  1.7  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation    and    locality. — Navesink    marl,     Cream     Ridge 
(Bagg). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria   inornata    (d'Orbigny). 

1846.     Dentalina  inornata  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 

Vienne,  p.  44,  pi.  i,  figs.  50,  51. 
1886.     Dentalina  inornata  Sherborn  and  Chapman,  Jonr.  Roy. 

Microsc.  Soc.,  ser.  2,  vol.  vi,  pt.  2,  p.  750,  pi.  xv,  fig.  8. 
1898.     Nodosaria  inornata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88,  p.  39. 

Description. — "Test  smooth,  gently  tapering,  with  chambers 
distinct  and  more  indented  upon  one  side  than  upon  the  other; 
septa  very  oblique,  and  curving  very  slightly  in  the  central,  and 
more  markedly  so  near  the  margin  of  the  lowest  end  of  each 
chamber ;  aperture  nearer  one  side. 

"Only  three  segments  preserved. 

"Length  unknown."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  New  Jersey  specimens  are  almost  identical 
with  the  form  figured  by  Sherborn  and  Chapman  from  the  Lon- 
don clay  of  England. 

"According  to  Professor  Brady,  this  species  is  considered  to  be 
identical  with  Nodosaria  communis  d'Orbigny,  and  is  given  by 
him  as  a  synonym  under  that  name,  but  it  is  here  kept  distinct  for 
several  reasons,  as  it  is  by  Chapman  and  Sherborn."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  laevigata  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  L,  Figs.  51-54. 

1826.     Nodosaria  (Glandulina)  Icevigata  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  ScL 

Nat.,  vol.  vii,  p.  252,  pi.  x,  figs.  1-3. 
1846.     Glandulina  Icevigata  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert_ 

Vienne,  p.  29,  pi.  i,  figs.  4,  5. 


FORAMINIFERA.  213 

1884.     Nodosaria  Icemgata  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  pp.  490, 

493,  pi.  Ixi,  figs.  17-22,  32. 
1898.     Nodosaria  lavigata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  40. 

Description. — "Test  cylindrical,  tapering  rapidly  to  a  point  at 
the  primordial  chamber;  shell  smooth,  consisting  of  five  or  six 
short,  indistinct  segments;  septal  lines  transverse;  aperture 
round,  crenulate. 

"Length,  0.65  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  small  species  occurs  sparingly  in  the  lime- 
sand  at  Vincentown.  The  American  specimens  are  very  similar 
to  the  forms  from  Germany  figured  by  Professor  Reuss  under 
the  name  Glandulina  elliptica.1"  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution.-r-New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  longiscata  rt'Orbigny. 

1846.     Nodosaria  longiscata  d'Orbigny,   Foram.   Foss.   Bassin 

tert.  Vienne,  p.  32,  pi.  i,  figs.  1012. 
1898.     Nodosaria  longiscata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  40. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  smooth,  consisting  of  chambers 
greatly  extended  and  united  end  to  end  by  definite  constrictions. 
The  forms  are  never  found  of  full  length,  owing  to  the  weak 
jointing  of  the  segments,  which  allows  them  to  break  apart  very 
readily.  The  species  is  somewhat  similar  to  Nodosaria  ovulata 
Sherborn  and  Chapman,  but  the  chambers  are  not  angular  at 
their  base,  as  in  the  latter  species. 

"Length  unknown."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wein,  1863,  vol.  xlviii,  p.  47,  pi.  iii,  figs.  29-31. 


2i4      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Nodosaria  multicostata   (d'Orbigny). 

1840.  Dentalina  multicostata  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  geoL 
France,  ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  15,  pi.  i,  figs.  14,  15. 

1898.  Nodosaria  multicostata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
P-  40. 

Description. — "Test  large,  abruptly  tapering,  arcuate;  surface 
marked  by  numerous  (24  at  the  anterior  end)  sharp,  distinct, 
longitudinal  costse,  slightly  twisted  and  irregular  in  their  arrange- 
ment; chambers  nine  or  ten,  short,  deeply  constricted,  becoming 
more  distinct  toward  the  proximal  end;  aperture  small,  rotund, 
ending  in  a  definitely  constricted  neck  surrounded  by  a  crenu- 
lated  margin. 

"Length,  4-5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  nitida  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  II.,  Fig.  14. 

1826.     Nodosaria  nitida  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  vii,  p. 

254,  No.  33. 
1871.     Nodosaria  nitida  Parker,  Jones,  and  Brady,  Ann.  Nat, 

Hist.,  ser  4,  vol.  viii,  p.  158,  pi.  ix,  fig.  44. 
1876.     Nodosaria  nitida  Tate  and  Blake,  Yorkshire  Lias,  p.  457. 

pi.  xvii,  fig.  19. 
1898.     Nodosaria  nitida  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  41. 

Description. — "A  small  striate  Nodosaria,  deeply  constricted 
at  its  septa  and  having  few,  distinct,  oval,  or  fusiform  segments. 
A  less  robust  form  than  Nodosaria  scalaria,  and  less  neatly  fin- 
ished as  to  base  and  terminal  neck  than  that  species  generally  is." 
( Parker,  Jones  and  Brady. ) 

"Length  (of  the  three  ultimate  segments),  2.82  mm." 
(Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "Owing  to  the  deep  constrictions,  this  form  is 
easily  broken,  and  I  have  no  specimens  with  more  than  three 


FORAMINIFERA.  215 

segments.  The  ribs  are  very  distinct  and  elevated,  and  there  are 
small  intermediate  striae  between  some,  but  not  all,  of  the  main 
costse.  The  aperture  ends  in  a  phialine  neck."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  obliqua  (Linne). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  12-13. 

1767.  Nautilus  obliquus  Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  twelfth  ed.,  pp.  281, 
1163;  1788,  ibid.,  thirteenth  (Gmelins)  ed.,  p.  3372, 
No.  14. 

1822.     Orthocera  obliqua  Lamark,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  7,  No. 

4,  P-  594- 
1827.     Nodosaria  sulcata  Nilsson,  Petrefacta  Suec.,  p.  8,  pi.  ix, 

fig.  19. 
1840.     Dentalina  sulcata  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  geol.  France, 

ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  15,  pi.  i,  figs.  10-13. 
1855.     Dentalina  steenstrupi  Reuss,  Zeits.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell., 

vol.  vii,  p.  268,  pi.  viii,  fig.  I4a. 

1855.     Dentalina  sulcata  Reuss;  ibid.,  p.  269,  pi.  viii,  fig.  I4b. 
1866.     Dentalina  obliqua  Jones,  Parker,  and  Brady,  Monograph 

Foram.  Crag,  Pal.  Soc.  vol.  xix,  p.  54,  pi.  i,  fig.  9. 
1884.     Nodosaria  obliqua  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  9,  pp.  513, 

514,  pi.  64,  figs.  20-22. 

1898.  Nodosaria  obliqua  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  41, 
1898.  Nodosaria  obliqua  Bagg,  Bull.  Amer.  Pal,  vol.  2,  No, 

10,  p.  26  (320).- 

1900.  Nodosaria  obliqua  Chapman,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  3, 

vol.  i,  No.  8,  p.  249,  pi.  29,  fig.  17. 

1901.  Nodosaria  obliqua  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.   Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

239,  pi.  62,  fig.  10. 

1905.  Nodosaria  obliqua*  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p.. 
31,  pi.  5,  fig.  7. 

Description. — "Test  very  large,  elongated,  arcuate,  tapering; 
septal  lines  depressed ;  numerous  costae  upon  the  surface,  which 
vary  in  size  and  number  in  different  specimens;  chambers  nu- 


216      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

merous,  ventricose,  distinct;  aperture  central,  radiate.  Some 
specimens  end  in  a  spine  at  the  distal  end. 

"Length,  2-13.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — '"This  species  is  very  common  in  the  New  Jersey 
marl  beds  and  is  one  of  the  few  forms  which  are  found  in  all 
the  horizons  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  series."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg)  ;  Hornerstown 
marl,  Blue  Ball  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek,  Harrisonville,  New  Egypt  (Bagg)  ; 
Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  pauperata  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  6-8. 

1846.     Dentalina  pauperata   d'Orbigny,   Foram.    Foss.    Bassin 

Tert.  Vienne,  p.  46,  pi.  i,  figs.  57,  58. 
1855.     Dentalina,  pauperata  Bornemann,  Zeitschr.  Deutsch.  Geol. 

Gesell.,  vol.  7,  p.  324,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  7. 
1860.     Dentalina,  pauperata  Jones  and  Parker,  Quart.  Journ. 

Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  16,  p.  453,  pi.  xix,  fig.  22. 
1884.     Nodosaria  pauperata  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9, 

p.  500,  woodcuts  fig.  I4a,  b,  c. 
1886.     Dentalina  pauperata  Sherborn  and  Chapman,  Jour.  Roy. 

Microsc.  Soc.,  ser.  2,  vol.  6,  p.  750,  pi.  xv,  fig.  9. 
1896.     Nodosaria  pauperata  Jones,  Mon.  Foram.  Crag,  pt.  3, 

pp.  224-226,  pi.  i,  figs,  13-18,  20. 
1898.     Nodosaria  pauperata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No. 

88,  p.  42. 
1900.     Nodosaria  pauperata  Chapman,  Proc.  California  Acad. 

Sci.,  ser.  3,  vol.  i,  No.  8,  p.  247,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  12. 
1905.     Nodosaria  pauperata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268, 

p.  32,  pi.  5,  fig.  8. 

Description. — "Test  smooth,  somewhat  arcuate,  tapering  very 
gradually;  chambers  quite  uniform  in  size,  ten  or  eleven  in  num- 


FORAMINIFERA.  217 

"her,  not  constricted  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  shell,  but  becoming 
distinct  and  more  constricted  as  they  approach  the  proximal  end ; 
ultimate  segment  prolonged,  provided  with  a  constricted  tube- 
like  neck  which  carries  the  round  aperture. 

"Length,  2-3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  polygona  Reuss. 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  g-n. 

1855.     Nodosaria  polygona  Reuss,  Zeits.  Deutsch.  Geol.  Gesell., 

p.  265,  pi.  viii,  figs.  7,  8. 
1898.     Nodosaria  polygona  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  42. 

Description. — "Test  cylindrical,  elongate,  costate,  tapering  very 
gradually,  straight  or  but  slightly  curved;  chambers  numerous, 
ten  to  sixteen,  becoming  more  constricted  and  globose  toward  the 
ultimate  segment;  primordial  chamber  larger  than  the  one  suc- 
ceeding, bulbous,  mucronate;  ultimate  chamber  terminates  in  a 
short  tubular  neck,  in  which  the  round  oral  aperture  is  situated; 
longitudinal  costae  few  in  number,  eight  to  ten,  very  distinct,  and 
elevated  and  extending  from  end  to  end. 

"Length,  sometimes  9  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks 4 — "The  specimens  from  the  Marshalltown  marl  beds 
are  small  (i.i  mm.  in  length),  and  have  only  six  chambers,  and 
are  rare,  while  the  Vincentown  limesand  forms  are  very  numerous 
and  are  among  the  largest  of  the  Nodosariae  from  New  Jersey." 
(Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg);  Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg);  Hornerstown 
marl,  Blue  Ball  ( Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  New  Egypt, 
Harrisonville  (Bagg);  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution.— New  Jersey. 


218      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Nodosaria  radicula  (Linne). 
Plate  II.,  Fig.  5. 

1767.     Nautilus  radicula  Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  i2th  ed.,  pp.  285, 

1164;  1788;  Gmelin's  ed.,  vol.  i,  pt.  6,  p.  3373,  No.  18. 
1803.     Nautilus  radicula  Montagu,  Test.   Brit.,  p.   197,  pi.  vi, 

fig.  4. 
1826.     Nodosaria   radicula   d'Orbigny,    Annales    Sciences    Na- 

turelles,  vol.  7,  p.  252,  No.  3,  Modele  No.  i. 
1876.     Nodosaria  radicula  Brady,  Palseont.  Soc.,  vol.  30,  p.  124,. 

pi.  10,  figs.  6- 1 6. 
1884.     Nodosaria  radicula  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9,  p. 

495,  pi.  Ixi,  figs,  28-31. 
1888.     Nodosaria  radicula  Agassiz,  Three  Cruises  "Blake,"  vol. 

2,  p.  1 66,  fig.  504. 
1898.     Nodosaria  radicula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.. 

88,  p.  42. 
1900.     Nodosaria  radicula  Chapman,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci. 

ser.  3,  vol.  i,  No.  8,  p.  247,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  n. 
1905.     Nodosaria  radicula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p, 

32,  pi.  5,  fig.  9. 

Description. — "Test  straight,  elongated,  tapering,  composed  of 
from  four  to  seven  subglobose  segments ;  surface  of  shell  smooth  ; 
septal  lines  transverse,  depressed ;  aperture  a  nipple-shaped  pro- 
tuberance on  the  ultimate  segment. 

"Length,  2  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  raphanus  (Linn6). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  3-4. 

1767.     Nautilus  raphanus  Linne,    Syst.    Nat.,   twelfth   ed.,   pp. 

283,   1164;   1788,  ibid.,  thirteenth   (Gmelin's)    ed.,  p. 

3373,  No.  16. 
1872.     Nodosaria  raphanus  Silvestri,  Nodos.  Fos.  Viv.  d'ltalia, 

p.  43,  pi.  iv,  figs.  67-81. 


FORAMINIFERA.  219 

1884.     Nodosaria  raphanus  Brady,  dial.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  512, 

pi.  Ixiv,  figs.  6-10. 
1898.     Nodosaria,  raphanus  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-43- 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  straight,  somewhat  tapering, 
stoutly  built;  surface  marked  by  eight  sharp,  elevated,  distinct 
costse;  chambers  few  in  number,  generally  fewer  than  ten,  not 
very  distinct,  since  the  septal  lines  are  nonlimbate ;  aperture  a 
semilunar  arch,  median,  surrounded  by  a  thickened  border. 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality — Vincentown  limesand,  southeast  of 
Swedesboro,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  roemeri  (Neugeboren). 
Plate  II,  Figs.  1-2. 

1856.     Dentalina    roemeri    Neugeboren,    Denks.    Akad.    Wiss. 

Wien.,  vol.  xii,  pt.  2,  p.  82,  pi.  ii,  figs.  13-17. 
1870.     Nodosaria  roemeri  Reuss,  Sitzungsber.  K.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Wein,  vol.  62,  p.  475. 
1870.     Nodosaria  roemeri  Schlicht,  Foram.  Pietzpuhl.,  pi.   10, 

figs.  21,  22,  24. 
1884.     Nodosaria  roemeri,  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  9,  p.  505, 

pi.  63,  fig.  i. 

1898.     Nodosaria,  roemeri  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88..  p.  43. 
1905.     Nodosaria  roemeri  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 

33,  pi.  5,  fig.  10. 

Description. — "Test  smooth,  consisting  of  six  or  seven  large 
chambers  separated  by  nearly  straight,  slightly  depressed  sutures ; 
primordial  chamber  rounded  and  rather  blunt;  ultimate  chamber 
carrying  the  oral  aperture  nearer  the  incurved  margin.  Some 
specimens  are  slightly  curved,  but  the  curvature  is  never  very 
great. 

"Length,  0.82  mm."     (Bagg.) 


220      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Miocene  of  California. 

Nodosaria  rotundata  (Reuss). 

1850.     Glandulina  rotundata  Reuss,  Denks.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien., 

vol.  i,  p.  366,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  2. 
1863.     Glandulina  obtussima  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien., 

vol.  xlviii,  pt.  i,  p.  66,  pi.  viii,  figs.  92,  93. 
1898.     Nodosaria  rotundata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P- 43- 

Description. — "Test  oval,  not  much  elongated,  with  rounded 
base,  consisting  of  only  two  or  three  segments,  usually  two,  of 
which 'the  ultimate  chamber  is  much  the  largest;  surface  of  shell 
smooth  and  white;  aperture  small,  rotund,  crenulate,  placed  cen- 
trally in  ultimate  chamber. 

"Length,  1-3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  not  an  uncommon  form  in  the  limesand 
at  Vincentown.  Our  specimens  agree  very  closely  with  those 
figured  by  Professor  Reuss."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  scabra  (Reuss). 

1850.     Dentalina  scabra  Reuss,  Denk.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  i, 

p.  367,  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  7,  8. 
1898.     Nodosaria  scabra  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  43. 

Description. — "Test  small,  elongate,  tapering;  surface  uni- 
formly covered  with  raised  longitudinal  striae,  or  tubercles,  visible 
only  under  high  power  in  reflected  light ;  chambers  eight  in  num- 
ber, strongly  constricted,  becoming  quite  spheroid  in  the  upper 
portion ;  primordial  chamber  furnished  with  a  long,  delicate  spine 
upon  the  inside  edge  of  the  line  of  flexure ;  ultimate  chamber  pro- 
longed into  a  round  phialine  neck ;  aperture  rotund. 


FORAMINIFERA.  221 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "Reuss  describes  this  form  as  being  very  variable  in 
character,  and  states  that  there  are  two  extreme  types,  which 
would  be  considered  distinct  species  were  it  not  for  the  connecting 
forms.  It  is  a  rare  species  at  Vincentown,  and  we  can  not  state 
whether  the  American  type  is  constant  or  not.  The  one  described 
agrees  very  closely  with  Professor  Reuss's  figure."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  spinulosa  (Montagu). 

1808.     Nautilus  spinulosus  Montagu,  Test.  Brit.  Suppl.,  p.  86, 

pi.  xix,  fig.  5. 
1886.     Dentalina  spinulosa  Sherborn  and  Chapman,  Jour.  Roy. 

Microsc.  Soc.,  ser.  2,  vol.  vi,  p.  751,  pi.  xv,  fig.  13. 
1898.     Nodosaria  spinulosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  44. 

Description. — "Test  slightly  arcuate,  elongate ;  surface  marked 
by  elevated  rib-like  spines,  which  cover  the  segments  irregularly. 
These  rib-like  projections  jut  out  prominently,  especially  on  the 
posterior  portion  of  each  segment.  Chambers  somewhat  con- 
stricted, ten  or  more  in  number  on  long  specimens. 

"Length,  2.16  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — The  specimens  described  by  Professors  Chapman 
and  Sherborn  were  from  the  London  clay. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  vertebralis  (Batsch). 

1791.  Nautilus  (Orthoceras*)  vertebralis  Batsch,  Conch.  Sea- 
sands,  p.  3,  No.  6,  pi.  ii,  fig.  6,  b. 

1886.  Dentalina  vertebralis  Sherborn  and  Chapman,  Jour.  Roy. 
Microsc.  Soc.,  ser.  2,  vol.  vi,  p.  752,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  39,  a,  b. 

1898.  Nodosaria  vertebralis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 
44- 


222      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — "Test  long,  nearly  straight;  surface  marked  by 
slightly  elevated  longitudinal  costse,  very  slightly  twisted ;  cham- 
bers eight  in  number,  of  uniform  size,  but  tapering  somewhat 
toward  the  primordial  segment,  unconstricted  and  marked  by 
rather  wide,  straight  transverse  septa;  aperture  central,  mam- 
millate. 

"Length,  2.4  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "Dr.  Anthony  Woodward  describes  this  species 
from  Stratton's  marl  pit,  near  Mullica  Hill,  where  it  occurs  in 
the  shell  layer  of  the  green  marl,  and  also  from  Timber  Creek, 
in  the  lime-sand  bed;  but  it  is  not  a  common  form  in  either 
locality."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  New  Egypt 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nodosaria  williamsi  Bagg. 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  15-16. 

1895.     Nodosaria  williamsi  Bagg,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circu- 
lars, No.  121,  pp.  11-12. 

1898.     Nodosaria  williamsi  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  45, 
pi.  3,  figs.  2a-b. 

Description. — "Test  small,  oval  or  elliptical,  similar  to  Nodo- 
saria comata  Batsch,  but  differing  from  that  species  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  costae,  which  in  our  specimens  extend  the  entire  length 
of  the  shell,  while  in  the  former  species  the  oral  end  is  smooth. 
The  costse  are  very  numerous,  fine;  chambers  three  or  four,  large, 
inflated,  scarcely  discernible  by  the  transverse  septa;  uncon- 
stricted at  the  septal  nodes ;  ultimate  chamber  truncate ;  aperture 
very  large,  rotund. 

"Length,  1.13  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  southeast  of 
Swedesboro  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


FORAMINIFERA.  223 

Nodosaria  zippei  Reuss. 
Plate  II.,  Fig.  24. 

1844.  Nodosaria  zippei  Reuss,  Geogn.  Skizze  Bohm,  vol.  ii,  pt. 

'i,  p.  210. 

1845.  Nodosaria  zippei  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt.  I, 

p.  25,  pi.  viii,  figs.  1-3. 

1860.  Dentalind  pulchra  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadel- 
phia, n.  s.,  vol.  iv,  p.  402,  pi.  Ixix,  figs.  40,  41. 

1894.  Nodosaria  raphanistrum  Woodward,  Jour.  N.  Y.  Microsc. 
Soc.,  vol.  x,  No.  4,  p.  no. 

1898.  Nodosaria  zippei  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  45, 
pi.  3,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Test  straight,  or  but  slightly  arcuate,  very  large 
and  long,  sometimes  reaching  10  millimeters  in  length;  chambers 
numerous,  becoming  more  distinct  toward  the  ultimate  chamber; 
primordial  segment  slightly  larger  than  the  one  succeeding, 
mucronate;  surface  of  shell  marked  by  from  seven  to  fourteen 
(usually  about  twelve)  very  prominent  costse,  only  part  of  which 
extend  the  whole  length  of  the  shell ;  ultimate  chamber  slightly 
prolonged ;  aperture  rotund. 

"Length,  9  mm.  and  over.  Small  specimens,  3.2  mm. ;  breadth, 
0.5-1  mm."  (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  beautiful  species  is  one  of  the  very  largest 
forms  of  Foraminifera  found  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  marl 
beds,  and  was  described  by  Gabb  as  early  as  1860,  under  the 
name  Dentalina  pulchra.  Owing  to  its  great  length  it  is  very 
easily  broken,  so  that  only  a  few  of  the  largest  specimens  are 
perfect.  It  was  very  well  described  by  Reuss  in  1844  (loc.  cit), 
who  said  that  its  length  was  sometimes  il/2  inches,  the  number 
of  chambers  twenty  to  thirty,  the  costse  seven  to  fourteen,  and 
that  there  were  secondary  riblets  occasionally  set  in  between  the 
main  costse  and  running  a  short  distance  along  the  surface  of 
the  shell. 

"Reuss  also1  pointed  out  the  similarity  of  Nodosaria  septemr- 
costata  and  N.  undecimco'Stata  Geinitz,  and  considered  the  two 
latter  as  identical  with  N.  zippei.  Dr.  Anthony  Woodward  con- 


224      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

skiers  this  species  identical  with  N.  raphanistrmn,  but  the  two 
species  are  sufficiently  distinct  to  justify  the  retention  of  the 
original  name  given  by  Professor  Reuss. 

"This  species  has  a  very  wide  geological  range  and  distribution 
in  the  Cretaceous,  and  occurs  in  every  marl  bed  of  New  Jersey. 

"In  the  large  amount  of  material  examined  in  the  preparation 
of  this  report  an  interesting  case  of  dimorphism  was  observed  in 
one  of  the  specimens  of  Nodosaria  zippei.  The  shell  which  has 
been  previously  referred  to  begins  as  a  textularian  with  two 
chambers  side  by  side,  each  bearing  the  same  number  of  costas 
as  the  original  form  and  united  above  into  a  straight  typical 
ncjdosarian  chamber.  It  was  found  in  the  green  marl  of  Blue 
Ball,  where  the  Nodosarise  are  so  perfectly  preserved  that 
mucronate  forms  still  retain  their  spines  in  almost  perfect  con- 
dition." (Bagg.) 

Formation  .and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg);  Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg);  Hornerstown 
marl,  Blue  Ball;  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown,  Harrison- 
ville,  etc.  (Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  LINGULINA  d'Orbigny. 

Lingulina  carinata  d'Orbigny. 

Plate  II.,  Figs.  25-26. 

1826.     Lingulina  carinata  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  viir 

p.  257,  No.  i. 
1884.     Lingulina  carinata  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  517,, 

pi.  Ixv,  fig.  1 6,  17. 
1898.     Lingulinw  carinata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  46. 

Description. — "Test  elliptical,  elongate,  laterally  compressed; 
surface  smooth  and  glistening;  shell  consisting  of  six  somewhat 
extended  chambers,  separated  by  arched  septa ;  peripheral  margin 
obtusely  angular;  chambers  increasing  rapidly  in  size  toward  the 
distal  end  and  marked  by  distinct  transverse  septal  lines ;  prirhor- 
dial  chamber  circular,  not  elevated;  aperture  a  narrow  terminal 
slit. 


FORAMINIFERA.  225 

"Length,  1.2-1.85  mm.;  breadth,  1-1.3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  beautiful  little  species  is  common  in  the  lime- 
sand  at  Vincentown.  It  resembles  Lin\gulina  bohemica  Reuss 
both  in  its  lateral  compression  and  in  its  external  form,  but  is 
distinguished  from  that  form  by  its  broader  elliptical  outline  and 
in  having  invariably  six  chambers  instead  of  five."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
<Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  FRONDICUIVARIA  Defrance. 

Frondicularia  alata  d'Orbigny. 

Plate  II.,  Figs.  17-19. 

1826.  Frondicularia  alata  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  vii, 

p.  256,  No.  2. 
1884.     Frondicularia  alata  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  522, 

pi.  Ixv,  figs.  20-23  J  pl-  Ixvi,  figs-  3-5. 
1898.     Frondicularia  alata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  46. 

Description. — "Test  broadly  oval,  large,  complanate;  surface 
smooth,  marked  by  fairly  distinct  septal  lines ;  chambers  narrow, 
numerous,  arched;  primordial  segment  oval,  elevated,  situated  a 
little  within  the  periphery;  basal  portion  of  shell  more  or  less 
covered  by  spinous  projections,  which  are  either  single  or  united. 

"Length,  4.34  mm. ;  breadth,  3  mm."     (Bagg.-) 

Remarks. — '"This  form  is  rather  common  in  many  localities 
where  the  limesand  is  developed."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Brownsville,  etc.  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Frondicularia  angusta  (Nillson)  var.  dimidia  Bagg. 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  20-21. 

1827.  Planidaria  angusta  Nilsson,  Petref.  Suec,  p.   n,  pl.  ix, 

fig.  22  a,  A. 
15  PAL 


226      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1845.     Frondicularia  angusta  Reuss,   Verstein,  bohm.   Kreider 

pt.  i,  p.  29,  pi.  viii,  figs.  13,  14. 
1898.     Frondicularia  angusta  var.  dimidia  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G. 

S.,  No.  88,  p.  47,  pi.  3,  fig.  7  a-b. 

Description. — "Test  lanceolate,  very  elongate,  strongly  com- 
pressed and  leaf-like ;  consisting  of  from  ten  to  twelve  chambers, 
which  gradually  increase  in  size  toward  the  proximal  end,  where 
the  greatest  breadth  occurs;  primordial  chamber  spherical,  ele- 
vated, mucronate,  and  the  surface  marked  by  three  sharply  defined 
ribs ;  surface  of  shell  marked  by  numerous  fine  longitudinal  lines, 
running  nearly  parallel  to  the  lateral  edges ;  septa  distinct,  slightly 
raised  externally  as  ridges;  aperture  normally  round,  terminal. 

"Length,  2.6  mm. ;  breadth,  i  mm. 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  European 
forms,  but  differs  principally  in  the  number  of  chambers,  which 
is  invariably  less  than  one-half  of  those  of  the  former  type.  It 
is  common  in  the  limesand  at  Vincentown."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Frondicularia  archiaciana  d'Orbigny,  var.  strigillata  Bagg. 
Plate  II.,  Fig.  22. 

1840.     Frondicularia-  archiaciana  d'Orbigny,   Mem.   Soc.   geol. 

France,  ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  20,  pi.  i,  figs.  34-36. 
1884.     Frondicularia  archiaciana'  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.-  ix,  p. 

520,  pi.  cxiv,  fig.  12. 
1898.     Frondicularia  archiaciana-  var.  strigillata  Bagg,  Bull.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  47,  pi.  3,  fig.  5. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  complanate,  anteriorly  acute, 
posteriorly  obtuse,  and  provided  with  a  short  spine;  chambers, 
six  to  eight,  relatively  large,  equally  compressed,  and  slightly 
limbate  at  the  lateral  edges ;  surface  marked  by  definite  elevated 
striae,  of  which  the  two  central  rows  are  more  prominent  than 
those  near  the  margin;  primordial  chamber  globular;  ultimate 
chamber  prolonged,  tube-like ;  aperture  small,  rotund. 


FORAMINIFERA.  227 

"Length,  1.6  mm.;  breadth,  0.6  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  'and  locality.  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 


Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Frondicularia  clarki  Bagg. 
Plate  II.,  Fig.  23. 

1895.     Frondicularia  clarki  Bagg,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circu- 

lars No.  121,  p.  ii. 

1898.     Frondicularia  clarki  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88,  p. 
48,  pi.  3,  fig.  4. 

Description.  —  "Test  complanate,  smooth,  very  elongate,  oval 
in  outline;  consisting  of  from  12  to  14  narrow  parallel  cham- 
bers; primordial  chamber  bulbous,  elevated,  costate,  mucron- 
ate;  ultimate  chamber  elongate,  bearing  upon  one  surface  a  hol- 
low, somewhat  extended  tube,  which  forms  an  elevated  median 
ridge  with  rather  angular  edges,  and  extends  for  a  short  distance 
down  the  shell.  This  tube  terminates  anteriorly  in  the  nearly 
rotund  aperture. 

"Length,  3.4  mm.;  breadth,  0.9  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Frondicularia  gaultina  Reuss. 

1860.     Frondicularia  gcmltina  Reuss,   Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss  Wien. 

vol.  xl,  p.  194,  pi  v,  fig.  5. 
1898.     Frondicularia  gaultina  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  48. 

Description.  —  "Test  rather  narrow,  smooth,  very  elongate, 
compressed;  consisting  o>f  numerous  chambers,  gradually  in- 
creasing in  size  from  below  upward;  septal  lines  approximately 
straight,  paralleled,  depressed  ;  shell  broadest  nearer  the  ultimate 
segment,  gradually  diminishing  below;  primordial  segment  not 
preserved. 

"Length  unknown."     (Bagg.) 


228      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Frondicularia  inversa  Reuss. 

1844.  Frondicularia  inversa  Reuss,  Geogn.  Skizze  Bohm.,  vol. 

ii,  pt.  i,  p.  211. 

1845.  Frondicwlara  inversa,  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm  Kreide,  pt. 

i,  p.  31,  pi.  viii,  figs.  15-19;  pi.  xiii,  fig.  42. 
1898.     Frondkularia  inversa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88, 
p.  48. 

Description. — "Test  complanate,   leaf-like,   elongate,   smooth, 
broadest  near  the  middle,  tapering  at  the  sides  toward  the  anterior 
and  posterior  ends  by  straight  wedge-shaped  lateral  margins; 
peripheral  edges  square ;  one  lateral  surface  slightly  curved  along 
the  median  line,  opposite  surface  approximately  flat;  chambers 
10  to  12,  narrow,  elongate,  nearly  parallel  to  upper  peripheral 
edges;  primordial  chamber  oval,  elevated,  marked  by  a  median 
ridge,  mucronate ;  apertue  rotund,  crenulated. 
"Length,  2.82  mm.;  breadth,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 
Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

• 
Frondicularia  lanceola  Reuss. 

1865.     Frondicularia  lanceola,  Reuss's  Model  No.  23  (Catalogue 

No.  46,  1861). 

1898.     Frondicularia  lanceola  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
p.  49. 

Description. — "Test  very  elongate,  lanceolate,  tapering  sharply 
to  an  acute  point  at  the  primordial  end;  segments  numerous, 
12  or  more,  quadrangular  in  cross  section ;  septa  depressed 
sharply,  so  that  the  chambers  appear  elevated  into  oblique  folds ; 
surface  smooth  and  glistening;  peripheral  margin  limbate;  ulti- 
mate chamber  extended  into  a  distinct  tube,  which  carries  the 
oral  aperture;  primordial  chamber  nearly  circular,  not  elevated; 
aperture  radiate. 

"Length,  3  mm.;  breadth,  0.6  mm."     (Bagg.) 


FORAMINIFERA.  229 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Frondicuiaria  major  Bornemanu. 
Plate  II.,  Fig.  27. 

1854.     Frondicuiaria  major  Bornemann,   Lias  form,   Gottingen, 

p.  36,  pi.  iii,  figs.  21  a-c. 

Frondicuiaria  major  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 
49,  pi.  iii,  fig.  3. 

Description* — '"Test  smooth,  compressed,  somewhat  thicker 
along  the  median  line,  thinner  at  the  peripheral  margins,  which 
are  neatly  rounded ;  chambers  varying  from  four  to  nine ;  some- 
what convex  forward ;  septal  lines  distinct ;  posterior  margin  ob- 
tusely rounded;  anterior  acuminate;  aperture  a  central  radiate 
opening. 

"Length,  1-4  mm. ;  breadth,  1.6  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Frondicuiaria  ovata  Roemer. 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  28-29. 

1840.     Frondicuiaria    ovata    Roemer,    Verstein,    norddeutsch. 

Kreid.,  p.  96,  pi.  xv,  fig.  9. 
1898.     Frondicuiaria  ovata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

49,  pi.  iv,  figs.  2  a,  2  b. 

Description. — "Test  ovate,  complanate,  smooth;  consisting  of 
a  small  number  of  parallel  chambers,  which  are  distinct  and 
marked  very  slightly  at  the  lower  peripheral  edges  by  the  septal 
endings ;  primordial  chamber  flat,  basal ;  ultimate  chamber  large, 
slightly  prolonged  into  the  rounded  aperture;  peripheral  margins 
rather  squarely  set  off. 

"Length,  9.82  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


23o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Frondicularia  pulchella  Karrer. 

1870.     Frondicularia  pulchella  Karrer,  Jahrb,  k.  k.  geol.  Reich- 

sanstalt,  vol.  xx,  p.  171,  pi.  i,  fig.  8. 
1898.     Frondicularia  pulchella  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  49- 

Description. — "Test  large,  elongated,  complanate;  surface 
smooth,  marked  by  rather  distinct  septal  lines,  which  separate 
the  narrow,  extended,  parallel  chambers ;  greatest  width  near  the 
middle  of  the  shell,  thence  tapering  rather  sharply  toward  both 
extremities,  but  the  lower  portion  slightly  incurved,  while  the 
anterior  end  is  slightly  outcurved,  though  not  markedly  so;  pri- 
mordial segment  lost. 

"Length,  about  5  mm. ;  breadth  (central),  1.8  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation,  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Frondicularia  reticulata  (Reuss). 
Plate  II.,  Fig.  30. 

1850.     Flabellina  reticulata  Reuss,  Haidinger's  Nat.  Abhandl., 

vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  p.  30,  pi  i,  fig.  22. 
1898.     Frondicwlaria  reticulata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  50,  pi.  3,  fig.  6. 

Description. — "Test  thin,  leaf-like,  broad  at  the  center,  but 
tapering  rapidly  toward  the  oral  end;  consisting  of  10  rather 
narrow,  elongated  chambers,  the  surfaces  of  which  are  marked 
transversely  by  numerous  delicate  costae,  which  run  from  septum 
to  septum,  and  completely  cover  the  whole  form  like  a  network ; 
primordial  chamber  nearly  circular,  but  not  elevated,  very  slightly 
eccentric,  yet  not  enough  toi  justify  its  being  placed  among  fla- 
belline  types. 

"Length,  0.87  mm.;  greatest  breadth,  0.88  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all  frondi- 

cularians,  and  is  at  the  same  time  exceedingly  rare.     We  have 

only  one  specimen  from  the  Lower  Marl  at  Freehold,  and  it  is 

interesting  to  note  that  Professor  Reuss  records  the  single  occur- 


FORAMINIFERA.  231 

rence  of  a  perfect  specimen  from  the  Kreidemergel  of  Lemberg." 
(Bag-g.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold    (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Frondicularia  verneuilina  d'Orbigny. 

1840.     Frondicularia  verneuilina  d'Orbigny,   Mem.    Soc.   geol. 

France,  ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  20,  pi.  i,  figs.  32,  33. 
1898.     Frondicularia  verneuilina  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No. 

88,  p.  50. 

Description.* — "Test  elongate  elliptical ;  peripheral  margins 
gracefully  curved,  broadest  near  the  center,  not  compressed  lat- 
erally as  much  as  most  Frondicularia ;  chambers  relatively  large, 
few;  primordial  segment  globose,  costate,  mucronate,  distinctly 
set  off  from  the  succeeding  chamber ;  ultimate  chamber  prolonged 
into  a  tubular  neck,  which  carries  the  little  round  aperture. 

"Length,  1.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  RHABDOGONIUM  Reuss. 
Rhabdogonium  roemeri  Reuss. 

1860.     Rhabdogonium  roemeri  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien., 

vol.  xl,  p.  201,  pi.  vi,  fig.  7. 
1898.     Rhabdogonium  roemeri  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  5i- 

Description. — "Test  coarsely  arenaceous,  partly  composed  of 
glauconite  grains,  elongate,  straight,  or  slightly  bent,  sharply 
triangular,  obtusely  rounded  and  slightly  angular  at  the  ends; 
peripheral  margin  curved,  sharp;  chambers  few  in  number, 
usually  six,  short,  separated  by  arched  depressed  septa;  aperture 
elliptical,  placed  centrally  at  the  distal  end. 

"Length,  1.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality.— Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 


232  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Rhabdogonium  tricarinatum  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  31-32. 

1826.     Vaginulina  tricarinata  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  voL 
vii,  p.  258,  No.  4;  Modele,  No.  4. 

1861.  Rhabdogonium  pyramidale  Karrer,    Sitz.   Akad.   Wiss, 

Wien,  vol.  xvi,  p.  19,  pi.  i,  fig.  34. 
1884.     Rhabdogonium  tricarinatum  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol.  ixr 

p.  525,  pi.  Ixvii,  figs.  1-3. 
1898.     Rlwbdogonium\  tricarinatum  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No. 

88,  p.  51. 

Description. — "Test  triangular,  elongated  and  gradually  taper- 
ing toward  both  extremities ;  peripheral  margins  sharp,  becoming 
slightly  twisted  below;  anterior  end  prolonged  into  a  tube-like 
neck;  chambers  about  10,  narrow,  arched,  and  separated  by 
curved  septa;  aperture  rotund. 

"Length,. 2. 6  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Brownsville 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Rhabdogonium  tricarinatum  var.  acutangulum  Reuss. 

1862.  RJwbdogoniuni\   tricarinatum   var.    acutangulum   Reuss,. 

Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol.  xlvi,  Abth.  i,  p.  55,  pi.  iv, 
fig.  14,  a,  b. 

1898.     Rhabdogonium    tricarinatum    var.    acutangulum    Bagg, 
Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  51. 

Description. — "Test  small,  trihedral,  coarsely  arenaceous;  the 
three  marginal  angles  sharp  and  distinct;  chambers  few,  short, 
separated  by  somewhat  arched  septa,  not  very  distinct  externally ; 
primordial  end  sharp,  anterior  obtusely  angular;  aperture  tri- 
angular; with  incurved  lateral  edges. 

"Length,  1.73  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


FORAMINIFERA.  233 

Genus  MARGINUUNA  d'Orbigny. 

Marginulina  ensis  Reuss. 

1845.  Marginulina  ensis  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt.  i, 
p.  29,  pi.  xii,  fig.  13;  pi.  xiii,  figs.  26,  27;  pt.  2,  p.  106, 
pi.  xxiv,  fig.  30. 

1894.  Nodosaria  communis  Woodward,  Jour.  N.  Y.  Microsc. 
Soc.,  vol.  x,  No.  4,  p.  103. 

1898.     Marginulinu  ensis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  51. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  oval  or 
elliptical  in  transverse  section;  shell  variable  in  outline,  either 
nearly  straight  throughout  its  whole  length  or  incurved;  septa 
very  slightly  oblique,  directed  toward  the  primordial  chamber, 
apparent  externally  as  ridges;  proximal  chambers  more  involute 
than  in  Marginulina,  elongata;  chambers  numerous,  apparent  ex- 
ternally; ultimate  chamber  somewhat  prolonged,  and  ending 
posteriorly  in  a  short  tube;  aperture  rotund,  with  crenulated 
margin. 

"Length,  1.3,  1.73  mm.;  breadth,  0.43  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "Professor  Sherborn  prefers  to  change  the  word 
Marginulina  to  Cristellaria  for  this  species,  thus  making  it 
Cristellaria  ensis  ( Reuss) .  The  writer  prefers  to  leave  it  under 
the  original  name  of  Professor  Reuss."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Bruere's  pits  on 
Crosswicks  Creek  (Bagg)  ;  Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Mullica  Hill,  New  Egypt 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Marginulina  pediformis  Bornemann. 

1855.     Marginulina  pediformis  Bornemann,  Zeitsch.  d.  Deutsch. 

geol.  Gessell.,  vol.  vii,  p.  326,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  13. 
1898.     Marginulina  pediformis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P- 52. 

Description. — "Test  smooth,  short,  circular  in  transverse  sec- 
tion ;  consisting  of  about  six  chambers,  of  which  the  first  two  or 


234      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

three  are  inrolled  and  rounded  at  the  base;  segments  becoming 
more  definite  above;  ultimate  chamber  largest  and  slightly  pro-- 
longed;    aperture    small,    rotund,    crenulate;    septa    depressed, 
slightly  oblique,  though  not  markedly  so. 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Marginulina  trilobata  d'Orbigny. 

1840.     Marginulina  trilobata  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  geol.  France, 

ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  16,  pi.  i,  figs.  16,  17. 
1898.     Marginulina  trilobata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  S^. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  smooth,  and  glistening,  com- 
pressed laterally,  slightly  arcuate  at  the  primordial  end;  some- 
what tapering;  chambers  short,  oval,  regular,  numerous,  10  to 
1 6,  slightly  constricted;  surf  act  marked  by  small,  distinct, 
elliptical  ridges,  giving  the  form  a  peculiar  trilobed  appearance, 
whence  its  name ;  primordial  chamber  small,  nearly  spherical ; 
septal  lines  depressed;  aperture  small,  radiate. 

"Length,  4  mm.  in  large  specimens ;  breadth,  0.6  mm."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
.town  (Bagg)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  VAGINULINA  d'Orbigny. 

Vaginulina  legumen  (Linne). 

Plate  II.,  Fig.  33. 
1758.     Nautilus  legumen  Linne,  Syst.  Nat.,  tenth  ed.,  p.  711, 

No.  248;  1767,  twelfth  ed.,  p.  1164,  No/288. 
1891.     Vaginulina  legumen  Terrigi,  Memoire  R.  Com.  g.  Regno, 

vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  p.  94,  pi.  iii,  fig.  6. 

1895.     Vaginulina  legumen  Bagg,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  circ., 
vol.  15,  No.  121,  p.  12. 


FORAMINIFERA.  235 

1898.     Vaginulina  legumemBa.gg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

53,  pi.  4,  fig-  4- 
1898.     Vaginulina  legumen  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  10, 

p.  26(320).  « 

1901.     Vagimtlina  legumen  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.  Eocene,  p. 

240,  pi.  63,  fig.  i. 

Description.. — "Test  straight  or  nearly  so,  smooth,  compressed 
laterally,  pod-like;  consisting  of  only  six  or  seven  chambers; 
septa  nonlimbate,  oblique,  parallel,  not  very  distinct  externally; 
ultimate  chamber  slightly  prolonged  upon  one  side  and  carrying 
the  small  radiate  aperture. 

"Length,  1.3  mm.;  breadth,  0.47  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  above  species  has  been  lately  described  from 
the  Alabama  chalk  by  Dr.  Woodward.  It  is  a  beautiful  little 
shell,  of  snow-white  color,  and  is  rather  rare."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  New  Egypt,  Mullica  Hill 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution, — New  Jersey,  Alabama;  Eocene  of 
Maryland. 

Vaginulina  strigillata    (Reuss). 

Plate  II.,  Fig.  34. 

1845.     Citharina  strigillata  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt.  2, 

p.  1 06,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  29. 
1860.     Vaginulina  strigillata  and  var.  Jones  and  Parker,  Quart. 

Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  453,  pi.  xx,  figs.  29-35. 
1898.     Vaginulina  strigillata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  53,  pi.  4,  fig.  3. 

Description. — "Test,  complanate,  leaf-like,  very  large,  roughly 
triangular;  surface  smooth,  marked  by  slightly  elevated  septal 
lines;  chambers  numerous,  oiten  as  many  as  25,  narrow, 
parallel,  slightly  oblique,  becoming  constricted  toward  the  curved 
margin  and  passing  rapidly  downward  toward  the  proximal  end, 
where  the  septal  lines  finally  appear  only  as  fine  ridges.  As  a 


236      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

result  of  this  constriction  of  the  chambers  at  the  curved  margin^ 
transverse  sections  show  only  four  or  five  chambers.  Along  the 
straight  edge  run  three  elevated,  rounded  costae,  with  sometimes- 
one  or  two  smaller  ones"  between.  The  latter,  however,  do  not 
extend  the  whole  length  of  the  shell  as  do  the  ridges.  Septal 
lines  distinct,  slightly  crenate,  becoming  much  thickened  toward 
the  straight  edge  of  the  shell ;  primordial  chamber  oval,  elevated, 
slightly  mucronate,  covered  by  numerous  costse. 

"Length,  3-9  mm.;  breadth,  2.3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  very  common  in  the  lower  marl 
of  Freehold,  but  I  have  not  found  it  elsewhere."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Lamarck.    , 
Cristellaria  acutauricularis  (Fichtel  and  Moll). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  35-36. 

1803.     Nautilus  acutauricularis  Fichtel  and  Moll,  Test.  Micros. r 

p.  102,  pi.  xviii;  figs.  g-i. 
184.0.     Cristellaria  namcula  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  geol.  France, 

vol.  iv,  ser.  I,  p.  27,  pi.  ii,  figs.  19,  20. 
1884.     Cristellaria  acutauricularis  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p. 

543,  pi.  cxiv,  fig.  17  a,  b. 
1898.     Cristellaria  acutauricularis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No, 

88,  p.  54. 

Description. — "Test  involute,  thick,  convex,  smooth;  septa! 
plane  broad,  triangular,  nearly  flat;  chambers  seven  or  eight, 
weakly  curved ;  keel  acute  carinate ;  aperture  nipple-shaped,  situ- 
ated at  the  extremity  of  the  convex  side. 

"Length,  1.43  mm.;  breadth,  0.65  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentownr 
Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


FORAMINIFERA.  237 

Cristellaria  articulata  (Reuss). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  37-38. 

1863.     Robulina  articulata  Reuss,  Sitzungsber.  K.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Wien,  vol.  48,  p.  53,  pi.  v,  fig.  62. 
1870.     Cristellaria  articulata  Reuss,  Sitzungsber.  K.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Wien,  vol.  62,'  p.  483. 
1884.     Cristellaria  articulata  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9, 

p.  547,  pi.  Ixix,  figs.  1012,  also  figs.  1-4. 
1898.     Cristellaria  articulata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No. 

88,  p.  54- 
1905.     Cristellaria  articulata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268, 

p.  34,  pi.  6,  fig.  i. 

Description — '"Test  nearly  circular,  smooth,  thickened,  flat- 
tened at  the  sides;  obtusely  angular  peripheral  margin;  chambers 
six  or  seven,  broadly  triangular,  separated  by  depressed  septa; 
aperture  oval,  surrounded  by  a  fissured  border. 

"Diameter,  1.3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "Prof.  Brady  considers  this  species  a  thick  variety 
of  Cristellaria  rotulata."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;   Miocene  of  California. 

Cristellaria  cassis  (Fichtel  and  Moll). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  39-40. 

1798.     Nautilus  cassis  Fichtel  and  Moll,  Test.  Microsc.,  p.  95, 

pi.  xvii,  figs,  a,  i. 
1816.     Cristellaria  cassis  Lamarck,  Tabl.  Encyl.  et  Method.,  pi. 

cccclxvii,  figs.  3  a-d. 
1884.     Cristellaria  ca\ssis  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9,  pp. 

552,  553,  pl-  Ixvifi,  fig.  10. 

1898.  Cristellaria  cassis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  88, 

P-  54- 

1899.  Cristellaria  cassis  Silvestri,  Mem.  Accad.  Lincei,  vol.  15, 

pp.  206-212,  pl.  vii,  figs.  13-17. 


238      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1900.     Cristellaria  cassis  Chapman,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci., 

ser  3,  vol.  i,  p.  250,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  18. 
1905.     Cristellaria  cassis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p.  35, 

pi.  6,  fig.  2. 

Description. — "Test  very  large,  complanate,  elongate  ovalr 
distinctly  carinate;  chambers  irregular,  16  to  15  in  final  volution; 
septa  distinct,  arcuate,  depressed ;  aperture  oval  with  crenulated 
margin. 

"Length,  4.3-4.56  mm.;  breadth,  3-4  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown. 
Brownsville,  New  Egypt,  etc.  (Bagg.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Miocene  of  California. 

Cristellaria  crepidula  (Fichtel  and  Moll). 
Plate  II.,  Figs.  41-42. 

1803.     Nautilus  crepidula  Fichtel  and  Moll,  Test.  Microsc.,  p, 

107,  pi.  xix,  figs.  g-i. 
1839.     Cristellaria  crepidula  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Cuba,  p.  64,  pi. 

viii,  figs.  17,  1 8. 
1865.     Cfestettafia  crepidula  Parker  and  Jones,  Philos  Trans., 

vol.  155,  p.  344,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  15,  16,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  4. 
1884.     Cristellaria  crepidula  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9,. 

pp.  542,  543,  pi.  Ixvii,  figs.  17,  19,  20;  pi.  Ixviii,  figs. 

I,  2. 

1898,     Cristellaria  crepidula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No, 

88,  P-  55- 
1905.     Cristellaria  crepidula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,, 

p.  35,  pi.  6,  fig.  3. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  arcuate,  smooth,  compressed,, 
pellucid;  chambers  10  to  12,  oblique,  separated  by  slightly  con- 
vex walls;  posterior  chambers  involute,  anterior  chambers  evo- 
lute;  aperture  rotund,  slightly  crenate. 

"Length,  0.7  mm.;  breadth,  0.26  mm."  (Bagg.) 
Remarks. — "The  above  form  is  not  a  common  species.     Our 
specimens  are  similar  in  shape  to  Cristellaria  intermedia  Reuss, 


FORAMINIFERA.  239 

which  is  considered  as  identical  with  the  above  by  Professor 
Brady."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Mullica  Hill  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Miocene  of  California. 

Cristellaria  cretacea  Bagg. 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1898.     Cristellaria  cretacea  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88,  p. 
55,  pi.  5,  figs.  2  a-b. 

Description. — "Test  complanate,  smooth,  elongate,  oval,  re- 
sembling Cristellaria  cassis  in  general  contour,  but  differing  from 
that  species  in  the  absence  of  the  marginal  keel ;  margin  rounded ; 
chambers  numerous,  about  12  in  final  convolution,  narrow, 
elongated;  septa  distinct,  convex;  ultimate  chamber  truncate, 
anterior  margin  straight;  aperture  small,  narrow  elliptical,  with 
crenulated  margin. 

"Length,  4.3  mm.;  breadth,  3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  above  species  is  less  elongated  than  Cristel- 
laria project®,  which  it  resembles  closely. 

"These  two  forms,  together  with  Cristellaria  cassis,  are  rather 
abundant  at  Vincentown,  and  all  attain  an  enormous  size  for  the 
type."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cristellaria  cultrata  (Montfort). 
Plate  III.,  Fig.  3. 

1808.     Robulus  cultratus  Montfort,  Conch.  Syst,  vol.  i,  p.  214,, 

54e  genre. 
1846.     Robulina  cultrata  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 

Vienne,  p.  96,  pi.  iv,  figs.  10-13. 
1865.     Cristellaria  cultrata  Parker  and  Jones,  Phil.  Trans.,  voL 

155,  p.  344,  pi.  13,  figs.  17-18,  pi.  1 6,  fig.  5. 
1898.     Cristellaria  cultrata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

55,  pi.  6,  fig.  i. 


24o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1898.     Cristellaria  cultrata  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol  2,  No.  10. 

p.  26  (320). 
1904.     Crist ellaria  cultrata  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene,  p. 

474,  pi.  132,  fig.  15. 

Description. — "Test  circular,  biconvex,  smooth  and  glistening, 
peripheral  margin  sharp,  broadly  keeled;  chambers  7  to  n.  in 
final  convolution,  somewhat  convex,  smooth  or  costate;  aperture 
radiate. 

"Diameter,  1-2  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  common  at  Freehold  and  is  beau- 
tifully preserved.  The  width  of  the  marginal  keel  is  variable,  as 
is  also  the  number  of  chambers.  It  is  similar  to  Cristellaria  ro- 
tidata,  with  the  addition  of  the  keel.  Specimens  of  Cristellaria 
cultrata  from  New  Egypt  and  Swedesboro  are  not  smooth,  as  in 
typical  forms,  but  are  marked  externally  by  raised  septa." 
(Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold,  Bruere's 
pits  on  Crosswicks  Creek,  Marlboro  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  lime- 
sand,  Mullica  Hill,  New  Egypt,  Swedesboro,  Timber  Creek 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia. 

Cristellaria  gibba  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  III.,  Pigs.  4-5. 

1839.     Cristellaria.  gibba  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Cuba,  p.  63,  pi.  vii, 

figs.  20,  21. 
1855.     Cristellaria  excisa  Bornemann,  Zeitsch.  d.  Deutsch  Geol. 

Gesell.,  vol.  7,  p.  328,  pi.  13,  figs.  19-20. 

1862.  Cristellaria  pulchella  Reuss,  Sitzungsb.  d.  k.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Wien,  vol.  46,  p.  71,  pi.  8,  fig.  I. 

1863.  Cristellaria  concinna  Reuss,  Sitzungsb.  d.  k.  Akad.  Wiss. 

Wien,  vol.  48,  p.  52,  pi.  5,  fig.  58. 
1884.     Cristellaria  gibba  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9,  pp. 

546,  547,  pi.  Ixix,  figs.  8,  9. 
1898.     Cristellaria  gibba  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,No.  88,  p.  56. 


FORAMINIFERA.  241 

1900.     Cristellaria  gibba  Chapman,  Proc.  California  Acad.  Sci., 

ser.  3,  vol.  i,  No.  8,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  3. 
1905.     Cristellaria  gibba  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268-  p.  37, 

pi.  6,  fig.  6. 

Description. — "Test  oblong,  biconvex,  smooth,  subcarinate, 
narrow;  chambers  few  (seven  or  eight),  slightly  arcuate,  sep- 
arated by  distinct  septa;  aperture  marginate. 

"Length,  1.3  mm.;  breadth,  0.87  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality.' — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Miocene  of  California. 

Cristellaria  italica  (Defrance). 

Plate  III.,  Figs.  6-7. 

1824.     Sarecenaria  italica  Defrance,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxxii, 

p.  177;  vol.  xlvii,  p.  344;  Atlas  Conch.,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  6. 

1884.     Cristellaria  italica,  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  544,  pi. 

Ixviii,  figs.  17,  1 8,  20-23. 

1898.     Cristellaria  italica  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  56, 
pi.  4,  figs.  5  a,  b. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  trihedral,  planospiral  segments 
few,  succeeding  chambers  five  or  six,  arranged  in  a  nearly  straight 
superimposed  series ;  dorsal  margin  sharp,  noncarinate ;  transverse 
section  triangular,  segments  short,  slightly  oblique,  inclined  an- 
teriorly toward  initial  end. 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  not  a  common  species.  It  bears  some 
resemblance  to  Cristellaria  acutauricularis,  but  is  more  elongate, 
and  the  anterior  edge  is  more  erect.  Another  species,  closely 
allied  to  the  above  form,  is  Marginulina  triangularis  d'Orbigny."1 
(Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  near  Swedesboro,  Mullica  Hill 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


1  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert.  Vienne,  1846,  p.  71,  PI.  Ill,  figs.  22,  23. 
1 6   PAL 


242      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Cristellaria  mamilligera  Karrer. 
Plate  III.,  Fig.  8. 

1864.     Cristellaria  mamilligera  Karrer,   Novara  Exped.   Geol.,. 

vol.  i,  pt.  2,  p.  76,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  5. 
1884.     Cristellaria  mamilligera  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p, 

553,  pi.  Ixx,  figs,  17,  1 8. 

1898.     Cristellaria  mamlligera  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
•    p.  56. 

Description. — "Test  complanate  nearly  circular;  anterior 
margin  truncate,  posterior  margin  slightly  carinate;  surface 
ornamented  with  a  number  of  large  raised  ridges  and  tubercles 
in  the  umbilical  region ;  septa  depressed,  the  depressions  partially 
filled  by  exogenous  material  which  forms  the  ridges ;  chambers 
large,  slightly  arcuate,  eight  or  nine  in  the  final  convolution ; 
septal  plane  narrow,  surrounded  by  a  definite  border;  aperture 
an  elongate  oval  opening  surrounded  by  a  crenulatecl  margin. 

"Diameter,  1.74  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  very  rare  in  the  green  marl  of 
Blue  Ball,  and  has  not  been  recognized  elsewhere." 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cristellaria  megapolitana  (Reuss). 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  9-10. 

1855.     Robulina  megapolitana  Reuss,  Zeits.  d.  Deutsch  geol.  Ge- 

sell.,  vol.  vii,  p.  272,  pi.  ix,  fig.  5. 

1898.     Cristellaria  megapolitana  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
P-57- 

Description. — "Test  circular  compressed,  smooth  and  glisten- 
ing, keeled  and  with  more  or  less  definite  flange.  There  are  seven 
or  eight  strongly  curved  chambers  apparent  externally  as  raised 
lines,  which  are  thicker  at  the  umbilicus,  but  become  attenuated 
toward  the  peripheral  margin.  Umbilical  disk  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct. Septal  plane  triangular,  with  raised  border. 


FORAMIXIFERA.  243 

"Length,  1-1.5  nim."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cristellaria  projects  Bagg. 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  14-15. 

1895.     Cristettaria  projecta  Bagg,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  circulars, 

No.  121,  p.  ii. 

1898.     Cristellaria  projecta  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 
57,  pl-  5,  fig"5-  i  a,  b- 

Description. — "Test  greatly'  elongated,  complanate,  smooth, 
consisting  of  two  and  one-half  convolutions ;  chambers  numerous, 
20  or  more  in  the  last  volution,  arcuate,  narrow,  elongate, 
ultimate  chamber  nearly  at  right  angles  to  umbilicus;  margin 
rounded ;  septal  lines  very  slightly  depressed ;  aperture  elliptical. 

"Length,  5.3  mm.;  breadth,  2.7  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  a  rare  form  in  the  jimesand  at  Vincentown,. 
and  has  not  been  found  elsewhere."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cristellaria  rotulata  (Lamarck). 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  n-12. 

1804.     Leniiculites  rotulata  Lamarck,  Ann.  du  Mus.,  vol.  5,  p. 

1 88,  No.  3. 
1840.     Cristellaria  rotulata  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  geol.  France, 

ser.  i,  vol.  iv.,  p.  26,  pl.  ii,  figs.  15-18. 
1865.     Cristellaria  rotulata  Parker  and  Jones,  Phil.  Trans.,  vol. 

155,  P-  345,  Pi-  13,  %  19- 
1884.     Cristellaria  rotulata  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  %  p. 

547,  pl.  Ixix,  fig.  13. 
1892.     Cristellaria  rotulata  Dervieux,  Boll.  Soc.  Geol.  Italiana, 

vol.  10,  p.  626. 
1898.     Cristellaria  rotulata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No. 

88,  pp.  57,  58. 


244      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1898.     Cristellaria  rotulata  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  10, 

p.  27  (321). 
1901.     Cristellaria  rotulata  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

242,  pi.  63,  fig.  5. 
1905.     Cristellaria  rotulata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 

37>  PL  5,  fig-  7- 

Description. — "Test  involute,  biconvex,  smooth ;  peripheral 
edge  sharp,  noncarinate;  chambers  numerous,  but  only  eight  or 
nine  in  final  volution ;  septa  moderately  curved,  visible  externally 
as  fine  lines;  aperture  elliptical,  radiate. 

"Diameter,  1-2  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  one  of  the  most  common  forms  in  the 
limesand  bed,  and  is  especially  plentiful  at  Vincentown.  The  size 
of  the  shell  is  very  variable,  some  of  the  largest  specimens  being 
more  than  2  millimeters  in  diameter."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown,  Mullica  Hill,  New 
Egypt,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;    Eocene  of  Maryland, 

Miocene  of  California. 

• 

Cristellaria  secans  Reuss. 

1859.     Cristellaria  secans  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol. 

xl,  p.  214,  pi.  ix,  fig.  7. 
1898.     Cristellaria  secans  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  58. 

Description. — "Test  circular,  laterally  compressed,  sharply 
keeled  on  the  peripheral  margin ;  umbilical  disc  prominent  and 
septa  radiating  from  this  in  gently  curving  lines;  about  10  small 
triangular  chambers  in  the  last  convolution. 

"Diameter,  1.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold   (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cristellaria  trachyomphala   (Reuss). 

1850.     Robulina  trachyomphala  Reuss,   Haidinger's   Nat.   Ab- 
handl.,  vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  p.  34,  pi.  iii  (error  for  ii),  fig.  12. 


FORAMINIFERA.  245 

1898.     Cristellaria  trachyomphala  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No. 

88,  p.  58. 

Description. — "Test  rounded,  compressed,  with  angular  peri- 
phery ;  umbilical  disc  raised,  nearly  round,  more  marked  in  some 
forms  than  others ;  septal  lines  distinct,  convex.  There  are  from 
8  to  10  chambers  in  the  last  whorl.  Aperture  a  triangular- 
shaped  opening  surrounded  by  a  raised  crenulated  margin  at  the 
external  edge  of  the  ultimate  segment. 

"Diameter,  0.86-1.3  nim."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cristellaria  triangularis  d'Orbigny. 

1840.  Cristellaria  triangularis  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  geoL 
France,  ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  27,  pi.  ii,  figs.  21,  22. 

1845.  Cristellaria  triangularis  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide, 
pt.  i,  p.  34,  pi.  viii,  fig.  48. 

1898.  Cristellaria  triangularis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
p.  58. 

Description. — "Test  triangular,  very  convex,  smooth;  peri- 
phery sharply  carinate;  lateral  surfaces  somewhat  concave; 
chambers  few,  six  or  seven,  large,  evolute,  superposed;  septa 
oblique,  very  slightly  convex  anteriorly;  'septal  plane  broadly 
triangular;  aperture  radiate. 

"Length,  i  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  occurrence  of  this  species  from  the  craie 
blanche  of  the  Paris  basin,  France,  was  recorded  by  d'Orbigny 
as  early  as  1840.  I  have  found  but  two  specimens  in  the  lower 
marl  of  Freehold."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cristellaria  wetherellii  (Jones). 

Plate  III,  Fig.  13. 

1854.  Marginulina  wetherellii  Jones,  Morris  Catalogue,  Brit. 
Foss.,  ed.  2,  p.  37. 


246      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1884.     Cristellaria  wetherellii  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  537, 

pi.  cxiv,  fig.  14. 
1898.     Cristellaria  wetherellii  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

P-  59- 
1898.     Cristellaria  utetfierellii'Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol  2,  No. 

10,  p.  27  (321). 
1904.     Cristellaria  wetherellii  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene, 

P-  475,  Pi-  132,  fig.  16. 

Description:  —  "Test  elongate,  pod-like,  compressed;  primordial 
segments  spiral,  ultimate  segments  straight,  evolute;  surface 
marked  by  large  tubercles  more  or  less  regular  and  crossing  the 
shell  surface  like  septal  ridges  ;  aperture  round,  at  the  end  of  a 
somewhat  prolonged  neck. 

"Length,  1.56  mm.;  breadth,  0.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks.  —  "The  above  species  is  rare  at  Vincentown.  Dr. 
Woodward  states  that  it  is  rare  at  Mullica  Hill,  but  common 
at  Timber  Creek."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey  ;  Miocene  of  Maryland. 

Genus  FLABELUNA  d'Orbigny. 
Flabellina  cordata  Reuss. 


1845.     Flabellina  cordata  Reuss;  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreide,  pt.  i, 

p.  32,  pi.  viii,  figs.  37-46,  78. 
1854.     Flabellina,  cordata  Reuss,  Denks.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol. 

vii,  p.  67,  pi.  xxv,  figs.  6-8. 
1898.     Flabellina  cordata  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  59. 

Description.  —  "Test  broadly  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  compla- 
nate,  with  numerous  narrow,  elongated  chambers;  primordial 
chamber  somewhat  elevated  and  more  or  less  globular,  succeed- 
ing chambers  at  first  flabelline,  later  Frondicularia-like  ;  anterior 
extremity  wedge-like  with  gently  curving  sides,  posterior  border 
much  wider  than  in  Flabellina  sagittaria  and  differing  from  that 
species  in  the  irregularity  of  the  basal  margin  caused  by  the 


FORAMINIFERA.  247 

•extension  of  the  primordial  chamber;  surface  of  test  smooth 
and  glistening;  aperture  a  small  radiate,  terminal  opening. 

"Length,  1.8-4  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Brownsville  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Flabellina  sagittaria  (Lea). 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  16-17. 

1833.  Palmula  sagittaria*  Lea,  Contributions  to  Geol.,  pp.  219- 
220,  pi.  vi,  fig.  228. 

1842.  Planularia  cimeata  Morton,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil- 
adelphia, vol.  viii,  pt.  2,  p.  214,  pi.  xi,  fig.  5. 

1898.  Plabellina  sagittaria  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 
59,  pi.  4,  figs,  i  a-b. 

Description. — "Test  complanate,  broadly  elliptical  (some- 
times rather  narrow  and  more  elongate),  occasionally  slightly 
convex  along  the  median  line,  while  the  opposite  side  is  .concave, 
though  in  typical  specimens  both  surfaces  are  flat ;  septa  distinct, 
forming  a  sharp  median  angle;  chambers  numerous,  the  number 
dependent  somewhat  upon  the  size  of  the  individual;  peripheral 
margins  moderately  rounded;  primordial  chamber  bulbous,  mu- 
cronate,  or  more  usually  smooth;  surface  smooth  and  glistening; 
aperture  typically  mammillate,  though  frequently  the  shell  is 
worn  or  broken  off  so  that  a  round  opening  appears. 

"Length,  1-9  mm. ;  breadth,  1-4.3  mm-"     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  one  of  the  most  common  forms  at 
Vincentown.  It  is  very  variable  in  size  and  shape  and  is  found 
in  all  stages  or  growth.  As  has  been  previously  stated,  it  was 
the  first  Foraminifera  to  be  described  from  the  New  Jersey  green- 
sands."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown,  New  Egypt, 
Brownsville,  etc.  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


248      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Sub-family  POLYMORPHI NINAE. 

Genus  POLYMORPHINA  d'Orbigny. 

Polymorphina  compressa  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  III.,  Fig.  20. 

1846.  Polymorphina  compressa  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin 
tert.  Vienne,  p.  233,  pi.  xii,  figs.  32-34. 

1870.  Polymorphina  compressa  Brady,  Parker  and  Jones, 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  27,  p.  227,  pi.  40,  figs. 
12  a-f. 

1898.  Polymorphina  compressa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88, 
p.  60. 

1898.  Polymorphina  compressa  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol  2,r 
No.  10,  p.  29  (323). 

1901.  Polymorphina  compressa  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene, 
p.  246,  pi.  63,  fig.  10. 

1904.  Polymorphina  compressa  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Mio- 
cene, p.  476,  pi.  133,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Test  oblong,  compressed,  inequilateral;  cham- 
bers numerous,  arranged  biserially,  somewhat  inflated;  septal 
lines  depressed,  surface  smooth ;  aperture  variable,  usually  simple, 
circular,  and  coronate,  sometimes  labyrinthic  or  porous. 

"Length,  3  mm.  in  large  specimens."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Virginia, 
Miocene  of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Polymorphina  communis  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  III.,  Fig.  18. 

1826.  Guttulina  commwnis  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  Vol.  vii, 
p.  266,  pi.  xii,  figs.  1-4;  Modele,  No.  62. 

1870.  Polymorphina  communis,  Brady,  Parker,  and  Jones, 
Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  London,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  224,  pi.  xxxix, 
fig.  loa-b. 


FORAMINIFERA.  249 

1884.     Polymorphina  communis  Brady,  Chal.  Rep.,  vol.  9,  p. 568, 

pi.  72,  fig.  19. 
1898.     Polymorphina  communis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  60,  pi.  6,  fig.  2. 
1898.     Polymorphina  corn-munis  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

No.  10,  p.  29  (323). 
1901.     Polymorphina  communis  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene, 

p.  244,  pi.  63,  figs.  8-9. 

Description. — "Test  irregularly  ovoidal,  or  egg-shaped,  con- 
sisting of  about  four  visible  segments ;  anterior  extremity  acute ; 
posterior  obtuse;  surface  smooth,  with  distinct  septal  depres- 
sions; chambers  inflated,  elliptical,  embracing;  aperture  mam- 
millate. 

"Length,  i. 3-1. 4mm.;  breadth,  1-1.3  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Virginia. 


Polymorphina  emersoni  Bagg. 

Plate  III.,  Fig.  19. 

1898.     Polymorphina  emersoni  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
p.  60,  pi.  6,  fig.  3. 

Description. — "Test  elongate  oval,  oral  end  acute,  posterior 
obtusely  rounded ;  surface  of  test  covered  completely  by  fine  longi- 
tudinal costae;  chambers  two,  elongated,  oblique,  separated  by 
nearly  straight  septa  slightly  marked  near  the  posterior  end  and 
depressed  at  the  peripheral  margin ;  •  aperture  rotund. 

"Length, -i. 9  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  a  very  rare  species,  and  has  only  been  ob- 
tained in  the  lower  marl  of  Freehold."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


250      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Polymorphina  gibba  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  III.,  Fig.  21. 

1826.     Globulina  gibba  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  vii,  p.  266, 

No.  20;  Modele  No.  63. 
1870.     Polymorphina  gibba  Brady,   Parker  and  Jones,   Trans. 

Linn.  Soc.  London,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  216,  pi.  xxxix,  fig. 

2  a-d. 
1884.     Polymorphina  gibba  Brady,  Chal.  Rep.,  vol.  9,  p.  561, 

pi.  71,  fig.  12. 
1898.     Polymorphina  gibba  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  61. 
1898.     Polymorphina  gibba  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  10, 

p.  30  (324). 
1901.     Polymorphina  gibba  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

248,  pi.  63,  fig.  12. 
1904.     Polymorphina  gibba  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene,  p. 

477,  PL  133,  fig.  4. 

Description. — "Test  subglobular,  apex  slightly  produced,  base 
obtusely  rounded ;  consisting  of  from  two  to  four  chambers,  com- 
pactly joined  and  overlapping;  surface  smooth,  unmarked  by 
septal  constrictions ;  septa  visible  as  delicate,  oblique  lines,  later- 
ally very  slightly  compressed,  though  usually  nearly  circular  in 
transverse  section ;  shell  larger  than  Polymorphina  lactea,  less 
elongated  toward  the  apex ;  aperture  mammillate. 

"Diameter,  0.5-1.17  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg)  ; 
Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  Miocene  of  Maryland. 

Polymorphina  lactea  (Walker  and  Jacob). 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  22-23. 

1798.     Serpula  lactea  Walker   and  Jacob    (fide   Kanmacher)  ; 

Adams's  Essays,  second  ed.,  p.  634,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  4. 
1858.     Polymorphina   lactea   Williamson,    Recent    Foram.    Gt. 

Brit.,  p.  71,  pi.  6,  fig.  147. 


FORAMINIFERA.  251 

1870.     Polymorphina  lactea  Brady,   Parker  and  Jones,  Trans. 

Linn.  Soc.  Loncl.,  vol.  27,  p.  213,  pi.  39,  figs,  i  a-c. 
1884.     Polymorphina  lactea  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  559, 

pi.  Ixxi,  fig.  ii  (typical),  pi.  Ixxii,  fig.  14  (variety). 
1898.     Polymorphina  lactea  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  61. 
1898.     Polymorphina  lactea  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No.  10, 

P.  3i  (325)- 
1901.     Polymorphina  lactea  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

248,  pi.  63,  fig.  13. 
1904.     Polymorphina  lactea  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.   Surv.,  Miocene, 

P-  477,  pl-  133.  %s.  5-6. 

Description. — "Test  ovate  or  subpyriform,  only  slightly  com- 
pressed; three  or  four  chambers,  scarcely  visible  externally; 
aperture  terminal,  radiate. 

"Diameter,  0.87  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg)  ; 
Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand, 
Vincentown,  New  Egypt,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Maryland, 
Miocene  of  Maryland. 


Polymorphina  lactea  elongate  variety  Brady. 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  24-25. 

1884.     Polymorphina  lactea  elongate  variety  Brady,  Chal.  Rept., 

vol.  ix,  p.  559,  pl.  Ixxi,  fig.  14. 
1898.     Polymorphina  lactea  elongate  variety  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  No.  88,  p.  61. 

Description. — "Test  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  elongated. 
"Length,  1.5  mm.;   breadth,  0.6  mm."     (Bagg). 
Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


252      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Polymorphina  oblonga  d'Orbigny. 

1846.  Polymorphina  oblonga  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin 
tert.  Vienne,  p.  232,  pi.  xii,  figs.  29-31. 

1898.  Polymorphina  oblonga  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88r 
p.  62. 

Description. — "Test  elongate,  consisting  of  a  small  number  of 
oblong  inflated  chambers  separated  by  deep  sutures.  This  feature 
separates  it  from  Polymorphina  lactea  var.  oblonga  Williamson, 
which  has  an  oval  compressed  shell  with  erect  segments  and  flush 
sutures. 

"Length,  1.43  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg)  ; 
Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Polymorphina  orbignii  (Zborzewski). 
Plate  III.,  Fig.  26. 

1834.  Apiopterina  d' orbignii  Zborzewski,  Nouv.  Mem.  Soc, 
Imp.  Nat.  Moscou,  vol.  iii,  p.  311,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  2  b. 

1870.  Polymorphina  orbignii  Parker,  Jones  and  Brady,  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  London,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  244,  pi.  xlii,  fig.  38  a-c. 

1898.  Polymorphina  orbignii  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
p.  62. 

Description. — "Test  oval,  with  a  fistulose  base;  surface  of  shell 
sm'ooth.  The  tube-like  projections  are  very  interesting  and  pecu- 
liar, and  are  the  distinguishing  feature  of  the  species.  They  sur- 
round the  base  like  a  crown,  extend  out  irregularly,  and  branch 
at  their  distal  ends.  The  figures  of  this  species  indicate  septal 
divisions,  but  these  are  not  discernible  externally. 

"Diameter,  0.87  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


FORAMINIFERA.  253 

Polymorphina  problema  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  27-28. 

1826.     Guttulina  problema  d'Orbigny,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  vii, 

p.  266,  No.  14,  Modele  No.  61. 
1870.     Polymorphina  problema  Brady,  Parker  and  Jones,  Trans. 

Linn.  Soc.  London,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  225,  pi.  xxxix,  fig. 

n,  a-b. 
1898.     Polymorphina  problema  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  62. 

Description. — '"Test  oblong  ovate,  composed  of  several  in- 
flated chambers  (six  in  one  specimen)  marked  by  strong  septal 
depressions.  Very  similar  to  the  more  abundant  Polymorphina 
communis,  but  differing  from  that  species  in  the  greater  number 
of  chambers.  Surface  of  shell  smooth;  aperture  small,  rotund, 
radiate. 

"Length,  i  mm.;   breadth,  0.73  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  New  Egypt, 
Mullica  Hill,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Polymorphina  regularis  von  Minister. 
Plate  III.,  Figs.  29-31. 

1838.  Polymorphina  regularis  von  Miinster  (fide  Rcemer), 
Neues  Jahrb.  fur  Min.,  p.  385,  pi.  iii,  fig.  21. 

1870.  Polymorphina  regularis  Brady,  Parker,  and  Jones,  Trans. 
Linn.  Soc.  London,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  229,  pi.  xl,  fig.  13  a-c. 

1898.  Polymorphina  regularis  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 
p.  63. 

Description. — "Test  oblong,  compressed,  biconvex,  narrow 
below  but  somewhat  broader  above;  peripheral  margin  thin, 
rounded ;  chambers  four  to  nine,  oblique ;  septal  lines  marked  by 
slight  constrictions  visible  externally ;  surface  smooth ;  aperture 
small,  round,  central,  surrounded  by  fine  grooves. 

"Length,  1-4  mm. ;  greatest  breadth,  1.6  mm."     (Bagg.) 


254      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,   Brownsville 
(Bagg). 
Geograpliic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  GLOBIG-ERINIDAE. 

Genus  GLOBIGERINA  d'Orbigny. 

Globigerina  bulloides  d'Orbigny. 

Plate  III.,  Figs.  32-34. 

1826.     Globigerina  bulloides  d'Orbigny,  Annales  Sciences  Na- 

turelles,  vol.  7,  p.  277,  No.  I,  Modele  No.  17  (young) 

and  No.  76. 
1839.     Globigprina  hirsuta  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Canaries,  p.  132, 

pi.  ii,  figs.  4-6. 
1846.     Globigerina  bulloides  d'Orb.,  Foram.  Fors.  Bassin  tert 

Vienne,  p.  163,  pi.  9,  figs.  4-6. 
1884.     Globigerina  budloides  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9, 

PP-  593,  594,  595,  Pls-  Ixxvii,  Ixxix,  figs.  3-7. 
1898.     Globigerina  bulloides  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

88,  p.  63. 
1898.     Globigerina  bulloides  Bagg,  Bull.  American  Paleont,  vol. 

2,  No.  10,  p.  33  (327). 
1901.     Globigerina  bulloides  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

250,  pi.  63,  figs.  15,  16,  i6a. 

1904.  Globigerina  bulloides  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene,  p. 

468,  pi.  132,  figs.  1-2. 

1905.  Globigerina  bulloides  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 

41,  pi.  7,  fig.  7. 

Description.-. — "Test  spiral,  subtrochoid ;  superior  surface  con- 
vex, inferior  more  or  less  convex,  but  with  deeply  sunken  um- 
bilicus, periphery  rounded,  tabulated;  adult  specimens  composed 
of  about  seven  globose  segments,  of  which  four  form  the  outer 
convolution,  the  apertures  of  the  individual  chambers  opening 
independently  into  the  umbilical  vestibule.  Diameter,  sometimes 
one- fortieth  of  an  inch  (0.63  mm.),  but  oftener  much  less." 
(Brady.) 


FORAMINIFERA.  255 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  not  uncommon  in  the  limesand  at 
Vincentown,  but  it  is  rather  rare  in  the  overlying  Manasquan  marl 
beds.  It  is,  however,  much  larger  in  the  latter,  and  some  speci- 
mens measure  0.4  mm.  in  diameter."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality.—  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Swedesboro  (Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Eocene  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  Miocene  of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Globigerina   bulloides  var.  triloba   Reuss. 
Plate  III.,  Fig.  35. 

1849.     Globigerina  triloba  Reuss,  Denks.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  vol. 

i,  p.  374,  pi.  xlvii,  fig.  n,  a-e. 
1884.     Globigerina  bulloides  var.  triloba  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol. 

ix,  p.  595,  pi.  Ixxix,  figs.  1,2;  pi.  Ixxxi,  figs.  2,  3. 
1898.     Globigerina  bulloides  var.  triloba  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S., 

No.  88,  p.  63. 

Description. — "Test  similar  to  Globigerina  bulloides,  but  dis- 
tinguished from  the  latter  by  its  consisting  of  only  three  visible 
chambers  in  the  final  convolution.  The  diameter  of  the  shell 
varies  from  0.5  to  I  mm."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Globigerina  cretacea  d'Orbigny. 

1840.     Globigerina  cretacea  d'Orbigny,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  France, 

ser.  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  34,  pi.  iii,  figs.  12-14. 
1879.     Globigerina  cretacea  Brady,,  Quart.  Jour.  Microsc.  Soc. 

n.  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  285. 
1884.     Globigerina  cretacea  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  9,  pp.  596, 

597,  pi.  82,  figs.  10  a-c  (Fossil  form,  fig.  n). 
1898.     Globigerina  cretacea  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

64. 
1904.     Globigerina  cretacea  Bagg.  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene,  p. 

469,  pi.  132,  fig.  3. 


256      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Globigerina  cretacea  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 
42,  pi.  8,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Test  rotaliform,  but  strongly  depressed ; 
superior  surface  flattened  or  but  slightly  convex,  inferior  side 
depressed  toward  the  center  and  excavated  at  the  umbilicus ; 
periphery  obtuse  and  lobulated ;  shell  typically  composed  of  three 
fairly  distinct  convolutions,  the  outermost  consisting  of  from  five 
to  seven  segments,  the  latter  relatively  small,  subglobular ;  aper- 
ture opening  into  the  umbilical  vestibule. 

"Diameter,  less  than  I  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg)  ; 
Vincentown  limesand,  Quinton,  Vincentown,  Mullica  Hill,  Tim- 
ber Creek,  etc.  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  Maryland 
and  California. 

Family  BOTALIDAE. 
Sub-family  ROTALINAE. 

Genus  DISCORBINA  Parker  and  Jones. 

Discorbina  bertheloti  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  1-3. 

1839.     Rosalina  bertheloti  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Canar.,  vol.  ii,  pt. 

2,  p.  135,  pi.  i,  figs.  2&-30. 
1884.     Discorbina  bertheloii,  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p.  650, 

pi.  Ixxxix,  figs.  10-12. 
1898.     Discorbina  bertheloti  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,  p. 

64. 
1898.     Discorbina  bertheloti,  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No. 

10,  p.  34  (328). 
1901.     Discorbina  bertheloti  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 

251,  pi.  64,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Test  very  strongly  compressed,  carinate,  per- 
forate; spiral  side  approximately  flat,  reverse  side  low,  convex; 
chambers  depressed,  numerous,  convex,  with  limbate  margins. 


FORAMINIFERA.  257 

"Length,  1.22  mm. ;  breadth,  0.82  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "Similar  to  Truncatulina  lobatula,  but  more  de- 
pressed, and  with  more  finely  perforate  walls."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Virginia. 

Genus  TRUNCATULINA  d'Orbigny. 

Truncatulina  akneriana  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  IV..  Figs.  4-6. 

1846.     Rotalina  akneriana  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 

Vienne,  p.  156,  pi.  viii,  figs.  13-15. 
1866.     Truncatulina  akneriana  Reuss,  Denks.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien, 

vol.  xxv,  p.  1 60,  No.  6. 
1884.     Truncafulina  akneriana  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p, 

663,  pi.  xciv,  fig.  8,  a,  b,  c. 
1898.     Truncatulina  akneriana  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  64. 

Description., — "The  superior  face  of  the  test  of  Truncatulina 
akneriana  is  flat,  the  inferior  convex  at  the  margin,  but  depressed 
toward  the  umbilicus ;  and  the  convolutions  are  not  completely 
involute  on  the  inferior  side,  as  in  Truncatulina  lobatula,  but 
leave  a  portion  of  the  earlier  whorls  visible  at  the  center."' 
(Brady.) 

"Diameter,  0.43  mm."    (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  form  is  commonly  associated  with  Trun- 
catulina lobatula  or  Truncatulina  ungeriana,  or  with  both,  and 
has  a  similar  distribution."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Truncatulina  haidingerii   (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  7-9. 

1846.     Rotalina  haidingerii  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 
Vienne,  p.  154,  pi.  vii,  figs.  7,  9. 
17  PAL 


258      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1851.     Rotalina    ehrenbergii    Bailey,     Smithsonian     Cont.     to 

Knowl.,  vol.  n,  art.  3,  p.  10,  figs.  11-13. 
1884.     Truncatulina  Jwidingern  Brady,  Chal.  Rept.,  vol.  ix,  p. 

663,  pi.  xcv,  fig.  7,  a-c. 
1898.     Truncaiulina  haidingerii  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  65. 

1898.     Truncatulina  haidingerii  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No. 
10,  p.  35  (329)- 

Description. — "Test  circular,  biconvex,  trochoid ;  volutions 
three,  chambers  marked  by  slightly  depressed  septa  on  inferior 
side,  about  twelve  segments  in  the  last  convolution;  aperture  a 
small  marginal  slit. 

"Diameter,  0.58  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  above  species  is  similar  to  Truncatulina  un- 
geriana,  but  differs  from  it  in  being  more  valuted  and  less  de- 
pressed at  the  umbilicus.  It  is  also  a  smaller  form  and  is  not  so 
abundant,  being  rather  rare  in  the  middle  marl  bed.  There  is, 
furthermore,  no  distinct  groove  following  the  whorls  upon  the 
superior  side,  and  the  perforations  are  smaller  than  in  Trun- 
catulina ungeriana."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Eocene  of  Virginia. 

Truncatulina  lobatula  (Walker  and  Jacob). 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  10-12. 

1798.     Nautilus  lobatulus  Walker  and  Jacob,  Adam's  Essays, 

Kanmacher's  ed.,  p.  642,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  36. 
1884.     Truncatulina  lobatula  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9, 

pp.  660,  661,  pi.  xcii,  fig.  10 ;  pi.  xciii,  figs,  I,  4,  5;  pi. 

cxv,  figs.  4,  5. 
1895.     Truncatulina  lobatula  Egger,  Jahrsber.  Naturalist,  Ver. 

Passau,  vol.  16,  p.  31,  pi.  v,  fig.  5,  a,  b,  c. 
1898.     Truncatulina  lobatula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

88,  p.  65. 
1898.     Truncatulina  lobatula  Bagg,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  2,  No. 

10,  p.  35  (329). 


FORAMIXIFERA.  259 

1901.     Truncatulina  lobatula  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 
252,  pi.  64,  fig.  3. 

1904.  Truncatulina  lobatula  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Miocene,  p. 

464,  pi.  1 3 1,  figs.  7-8. 

1905.  Truncatulina  lobatula  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268,  p. 

46,  pi.  9,  fig.  i. 

Description^ — "Test  plano-convex,  moderately  vaulted;  last 
volution  consisting  of  seven  or  eight  chambers,  with  very  slightly 
depressed  septa;  septa  more  curved  upon  the  superior  (flat)  sur- 
face; aperture  a  small,  neatly  shaped  arch  at  the  margin  of  the 
ultimate  segment. 

"Diameter,  0.36-1.13  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  above  species  shows  great  variation.  Pro- 
fessor Brady  considers  that  the  more  convex  varieties  merge  into 
Truncatulina  refulgent,  while  flattened  forms  resemble  Trunca- 
tulina ivuellerstorfi.  The  regular-built  convex  varieties  constitute 
the  Truncatulina  boueana  of  d'Orbigny,  and  the  less  regular  tne 
Truncatulina  variabilis  of  the  same  author."  (  Bagg. ) 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Bagg)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown 
limesand,  New  Egypt,  Mullica  Hill  (Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl, 
Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Eocene  of  Maryland 
.and  Virginia,  Miocene  of  Maryland  and  California. 

Truncatulina  refulgens   (Montfort). 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  13-15. 

1808.     Cibicides  refulgens,  Montfort,  Conch.  Syst.,  vol.  i,  p,  122, 

3ie  genre. 
1884.     Truncatulina  refulgens,  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p. 

659,  pi.  xcii,  figs.  7-9. 
1898.     Truncatulina  refulgens  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  66. 

Description. — "Test  subconical,  superior  surface  complanate, 
inferior,  very  much  elevated ;  consisting  of  about  eight  chambers 
in  the  last  convolution ;  sutures  somewhat  depressed  upon  the  in- 


260      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

ferior  (vaulted)  surface;  peripheral  margin  sharp;  aperture  an 
inframarginal  opening  near  the  base  of  the  ultimate  segment. 

"Diameter,  0.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "There  is  a  possibility  that  this  is  an  Eocene  fossil, 
as  it  was  obtained  from  some  of  the  uppermost  greensand  of  the 
New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  which  carries  a  number  of  Eocene  fossils, 
together  with  some  of  late  Cretaceous  age.  The  specimens  came 
from  the  upper  marl  bed  at  Vincentown,  and  only  a  very  few 
forms  were  found."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl  ?,  Vincentowrt 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Truncatulina  ungeriana  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  16-18. 

1846.     Rotalina  ungeriana,  d'Orbigny,  Foram.  Foss.  Bassin  tert. 

Vienne,  p.  157,  pi.  viii,  figs.  16-18. 
1884.     Truncatulina  ungeriana,  Brady,  Chal.  Kept.,  vol.  ix,  p. 

664,  pi.  xciv,  fig.  9,  a-d. 
1898.     Truncatulina  ungeriana  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88,. 

p.  66. 
1901.     Truncatulina  ungeriana  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,. 

p.  253,  pi.  64,  fig.  4. 

Description. — "Test  large,  rotaliform,  circular,  coarsely  porous, 
both  sides  moderately  convex,  unequal,  depressed  slightly  on  the 
inferior  side  at  the  umbilicus,  consisting  of  three  convolutions. 
The  last  volution  consists  of  from  10  to  12  limbate  chambers. 
Septa  arched ;  aperture  a  median  semilunar  slit. ' 

"Diameter,  0.78  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  rather  common  at  New  Egypt.  In 
the  upper  marl  bed  the  forms  are  much  smaller,  the  shell  being 
only  about  one-half  the  size  of  the  New  Egypt  specimens." 
(Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vmcentown  limesand,  New  Egypt 
(Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Eocene  of  Maryland. 


FORAMINIFERA.  261 

Truncatulina  wuellerstorfi  (Schwager). 

Plate  IV.,  Figs.  19-21. 
1866.     Anomalina     wuellerstorfi     Schwager,     Novara-Exped., 

Geol.,  vol.  2,  p.  258,  pi.  vii,  figs.  105,  107. 
1884.     Truncatulina  wuellerstorfi  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol. 

9,  p.  662,  pi.  xciii,  figs.  8,  9. 
1886.     Truncatulina    wuellerstorfi    Uhlig,    Jahrb.    K.-k.    geol. 

Reichsanstalt,  vol.  36,  p.  174,  fig.  3. 
1895.     Truncatulina  wuellerstorfii  Egger,  Jahrsber,   Naturhist. 

Ver.  Passau,  vol.  16,  p.  31,  pi.  v,  fig.  6  a,  b,  c. 
1898.     Truncatulina  wuellerstorfi.  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No. 

88,  p.  66. 
1905.     Truncatulina  wuellerstorfi  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No. 

268,  p.  47,  pi.  9,  fig.  3. 

Description. — "Test  circular,  coarsely  porous ;  inferior  surface 
convex,  superior  complanate;  peripheral  edge  acute;  chambers 
narrow ;  septa  strongly  curved,  crescent-shaped  with  broad  septal 
ridges,  nine  in  the  last  convolution;  aperture  a  small  marginal 
cleft. 

"Diameter,  0.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  is  similar  in  its  outline  to  figure  8, 
plate  xciii,  Challenger  Report,  vol  ix.  None  of  our  specimens  are 
as  flat  as  figure  9  of  the  same  plate,  which  Professor  Brady  con- 
siders the  more  typical  form.  This  author  states  that  this  species 
is  described  from  the  Pliocene  deposits  of  Kar  Nicobar  by 
Schwager,  but  does  not  mention  its  earlier  occurrence.  It  is  an 
intermediate  form  between  Truncatulina  lobatula  and  Anomalina 
ariminensis."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown 
(Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Miocene  of  California. 

Genus  ANOMAUNA  d'Orbigny. 

Anomalina  ammonoides  (Reuss). 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  26-29. 

1845.     Rosalina  ammomoides  Reuss,  Verstein.  bohm.  Kreid.,  pt. 
i,  p.  36,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  66;  pi.  viii,  fig.  53. 


262      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1870.     Rot  alia    ammonoides    Giimbel,    Sitzungsber.    K.    bayer, 

Akad.  Wiss.,  p.  283. 
1872.     Planorbulina  ammonoides  Jones  and  Parker,  Quart.  Jour, 

Geol.  Soc.  London,  vol.  28,  p.  106;  table,  p.  109. 
1884.     Anomalina  ammonoides  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  vol.  9,. 

pp.  672,  673,  pi.  xciv,  fig.  2,  3. 
1898.     Anomalina  ammonoides  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  67,  pi.  vi,  fig.  5. 
1901.     Anomalina  ammonoides  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocener 

p.  254,  pi.  64,  fig.  5. 
1905.     Anomalina  ammonoides  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268r 

p.  47,  pi.  9,  fig.  4. 

Description. — "Test  nautiloid,  coarsely  porous,  small,  com- 
pressed ;  lateral  surfaces  nearly  equally  convex ;  depressed  at  the 
umbilici;  peripheral  edge  round;  aperture  an  arched,  nearly 
medium  slit  upon  the  inner  margin  of  the  ultimate  segment. 

"Diameter,  0.5-0.8  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold,  Bruere's 
pits  on  Crosswicks  Creek  (Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincen- 
town,  New  Egypt,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  Eocene  of  Maryland, 
Miocene  of  California. 

Anomalina  grosserugosa  (Giimbel). 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  22-25. 

1868.     Truncatulina  grosseru\gosa,  Giimbel,  1868;  Abhandl.  d.  k. 

bayer.  Akad.  Wiss.,  vol.  x,  p.  660,  pi.  ii,  fig.  104,  a.  b. 
1875.     Truncatulina  grosserugosa  Hautken,  Mittheil.  K.  ung. 

geol.  Anstalt,  vol.  4,  p.  74,  pi.  9,  figs.  6  a-b. 
1884.     Anomalina'  grosserugosa  Brady,  Challenger  Report,  voL 

9,  P-  673,  pi.  xciv,  figs.  4,  5. 

1898.  Anomalina  grosserugosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  88, 

p.  67,  pi.  vi,  fig.  4. 

1899.  Anomalina  grosserugosa  Sherborn  and  Chapman,  Jour. 

Roy.  Microsc.  Soc.,  p.  487,  pi.  xi,  fig.  34. 


FORAMINIFERA.  263 

1900.  Anomalina    grosserugosa    Chapman,     Proc.    California 

Acad.  Sci.,  ser.  3,  vol.  i,  No.  i,  pp.  253,  254,  pi.  xxx, 
fig.  9. 

1901.  Anomalina  grosserugosa  Bagg,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene, 

p.  254,  pi.  64,  fig.  6. 

1905.     Anomalina  grosserugosa  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  268, 
p.  48,  pi.  9,  fig.  6. 

Description. — "Test  nautiloid,  very  coarsely  porous,  pores 
larger  and  more  numerous  upon  inferior  surface;  both  sides  con- 
vex; umbilici  distinct;  peripheral  margin  round;  chambers  large, 
inflated,  only  eight  in  final  convolution;  septa  nearly  straight; 
aperture  median,  arched. 

"Diameter,  0.43-0.82  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "The  above  species  is  very  similar  to  Anomalina 
ammonjoides,  but  differs  from  it  in  being  relatively  larger  and 
thicker,  with  a  smaller  number  of  chambers  in  the  final  convo- 
lution, and  also  in  its  more  obtusely  rounded  margin."  (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Swedesboro 
(Bagg)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  Vincentown  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Eocene  of  Maryland, 
Miocene  of  California. 

Genus  PULVINULJNA  Parker  and  Jones. 

Pulvinulina  karsteni   (Reuss). 
Plate  IV..  Figs.  30-32. 

1855.     Rotalia  karsteni  Reuss,  Zeit.  d.  Deutsch.  geol.  Gesell., 

vol.  vii,  p.  273,  pi.  ix,  fig.  6. 
1861.     Rotalia  karsteni  Reuss,  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien.,  vol. 

xliv,  pt.  i,  p.  337. 
1884.     Pulvinulina  karsteni  Brady,  Chal.  Rept,  vol.  ix,  p.  698, 

pi.  cv,  figs.  8,  9. 
1898.     Pulvinulina  karsteni  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  .88, 

p.  67. 

Description. — "Test  circular,  regularly  built,  convex  on  both 
sides,  with  obtuse-angular  periphery;  composed  of  from  three 


264      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

to  four  convolutions ;  septal  markings  on  superior  surface  appar- 
ent as  fine  lines,  while  the  lower  surface  shows  slight  depressions 
of  the  radiating  septa ;  last  convolution  consisting  of  six  or  seven 
chambers;  aperture  a  cleft  on  the  lower  side  somewhat  removed 
from  the  margin. 

"Length,  0.45-0.5  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown, 
Quinton  (  Bagg) . 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pulvinulina  micheliniana   (d'Orbigny). 

1839.  Rotalina  truncatwlinoides  d'Orbigny,   Foram.   Canaries, 

vol.  ii,  pt.  2,  p.  132,  pi.  ii,  figs.  25-27. 

1840.  Rotalina    micheliniana    d'Orbigny,     Mem.     Soc.    geol. 

France,  sen  i,  vol.  iv,  p.  31,  pi.  iii,  figs.  1-3. 
1884.     Pulvinulina  micheliniana  Brady,  Chal.  Rep.,  vol.  ix,  p. 

694,  pi.  cvi,  figs.  1-2. 
1898.     Pulvinulina  micheliniana  Bagg,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  88, 

p.  68. 

Description. — "Test  orbicular,  superior  surface  nearly  flat,  in- 
ferior highly  convex,  with  an  excavated  umbilicus ;  spire  com- 
planate,  with  three  convolutions;  last  volution  consisting  of  10 
or  12  chambers,  angular,  separated  by  straight  septal  lines  below; 
aperture  elongate,  slightly  removed  from  the  margin. 

"Diameter,  0.45  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Remarks. — "This  is  not  a  common  species,  but  was  described 
by  Prof.  A.  E.  Reuss  under  the  name  Rotalina  nitida,  which  he 
considered  to  be  a  young  form  of  Rotalina  umbilicata  d'Orbigny. 
Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter  considers  that  the  Rotalina  umbilicata  of 
the  Chalk  is  identical  with  Rotalina  soldanii  of  the  Vienna  Ter- 
tiaries.  Prof.  H.  B.  Brady  states  that  Pulvinulina  micheliniana 
has  its  isomorph  in  Truncatulina  refulgens,  from  which  species 
it  is  distinguished  by  the  more  or  less  excavated  umbilicus  and 
the  projecting  apical  margins  of  the  segments.  In  the  Challenger 
Report,  however,  Rotalina  nitida  is  not  given  under  the  syno- 
nyms of  Pulvinulina  micheliniana,  but  Dr.  Woodward  has  so 


FORAMINIFERA.  265 

considered  it  in  his  report  on  the  Cretaceous  Foraminifera  of 
New  Jersey,  and  it  seems  probable  that  this  view  is  correct." 
(Bagg.) 

formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Blue  Ball 
(Bagg)  ;  Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pulvinulina  reticulata  Reuss  var.  carinata  Bagg. 
Plate  IV.,  Figs.  33-34. 

1898.     Pulvinulina  reticulata  Reuss,  var.  carinata  Bagg,  Bull. 
U.  S.  G.  S,  No.  88,  p.  68,  pi.  5,  figs.  3  a-b. 

Description. — "Test  discoidal,  both  sides  moderately  convex, 
peripheral  margin  possessing  a  large  double  keel;  surface  of 
shell  smooth  and  shining,  marked  upon  the  superior  surface  by 
broad,  curving  septal  lines;  convolutions  about  three;  eight 
chambers  in  the  last  volution;  inferior  surface  less  distinct,  um- 
bilicus marked  by  radiating  lines  nearly  straight,  but  not  distinct 
beyond  one-third  their  length;  no  aperture  visible. 

"Diameter,  0.87  mm."     (Bagg.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Bagg). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


CHAPTER  IL 


Branch  COELENTERATA. 

Class  ANTHOZOA. 
Order   ZOANTHARIA. 

Sub-order  ZOANTHARIA  SCLERODERMATA. 

Family  TUBBINOLIDAE. 
• 

Genus  FLABEXLUM  Lesson. 

Flabellum  mortoni  Vaughan. 
Plate  V.,  Figs.  1-4. 

1900.     Flabellum  mortoni  Vaughan,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol. 
39,  p.  66,  pi.  4,  figs.  7-10. 

Description. — Corallum  cuneiform,  base  small,  edges  and 
faces  converging  towards  it;  cross-section  elliptical.  Outer  sur- 
face of  the  corallum,  when  uninjured,  covered  by  a  smooth, 
polished  epitheca;  costse  absent  or  very  slightly  developed,  when 
present  they  are  low,  usually  flattish,  and  correspond  to  the  in- 
terseptal  areas.  The  septa  are  thin  in  the  upper  part  of  the  cor- 
allum, in  the  lower  portion  they  have  undergone  some  secondary 
thickening,  but  apparently  not  to  so  great  an  extent  as  in  some 
other  species  of  the  genus.  The  number  of  septa  in  an  adult 
calice  about  70,  the  actual  number  cannot  be  made  out  because  of 
the  condition  of  preservation  of  the  specimens ;  the  free  margins 
of  the  septa  show  transverse  undulations  and  the  septal  faces  are 
granulate.  (Adapted  from  Vaughan.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  corallum  are:  greatest 
diameter  of  the  calice,  20.5  mm. ;  lesser  diameter  of  the  calice, 
12  mm.;  height  of  corallum,  21  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  one  of  the  three  common  forms  of 
corals  in  the  Manasquan  marl,  and  may  be  easily  distinguished 
from  its  associates  by  reason  of  its  somewhat  flattened  corallum 
and  its  straight  form.  As  it  occurs  in  the  marl  beds  the  outer 

(267) 


268      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

wall  has  frequently  been  destroyed  so  that  the  edges  of  the  septa 
are  clearly  seen  upon  the  sides  of  the  corallum. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  near  New  Egypt 
(142)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  near  Farmingdale  (138). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  TROCHOCYATHUS  Milne-Edwards  and  Haime. 

Trochocyathus  woolmani  Vaughan. 

Plate  V.,  Figs.  5-7. 

1900.     Trochocyathus  woolmani  Vaughan,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1900),  p.  436. 
1905.     Trochocyathus  zvoolmani  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  4. 

Description.  Corallum  short,  attached,  inversely  conical,  trans- 
verse outline  circular.  Wall  rather  thick,  naked,  ornamental 
externally  by  24  costse,  corresponding  to  all  cycles  of  septa, 
and  showing  a  fairly  regular  alternation  of  larger  and  smaller — 
i.  c.,  there  are  12  larger  costae  of  the  same  size  corresponding 
to  the  septa  of  the  first  and  second  sycles,  and  12  smaller 
corresponding  to  the  septa  of  the  third  cycle;  near  the  calice 
they  are  prominent,  with  acute  edges  and  broad  bases,  as 
the  base  of  the  corallum  is  approached  they  decrease  in  promi- 
nence; they  possess  granulations  along  their  edges,  and  some 
scattered  granulations  on  the  sides.  Septa  arranged  in  three 
cycles,  divided  into  six  systems;  the  septa  of  the  first  cycle  are 
appreciably  larger  than  the  others,  and  pass  directly  from  the 
corallum  wall  to  the  columellar  space  without  forming  any  part 
of  any  septal  group;  the  septa  of  the  third  cycle  bend  towards 
the  members  of  the  second,  and  fuse  to  the  sides  of  the  latter 
below  the  level  of  the  calice;  the  septal  margins  project  very 
slightly  above  the  upper  edge  of  the  corallum  wall;  the  septal 
faces  are  ornamented  with  distant  subconical  granulations.  The 
inner  end  of  each  of  the  primary  septa  is  thickened,  the  thicken- 
ing apparently  representing  a  palus,  and  before  each  group  of 
the  members  of  the  second  and  third  cycles  is  what  appears  to 
be  a  slender  palus,  therefore,  there  apparently  are  slender  pali 


ANTHOZOA.  269 

before  the  septa  of  the  first  and  second  cycles.  The  columella  is 
fasciculate,  not  large,  with  a  papillary  upper  termination.  The 
calicular  fossa  shallow. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  diameter  of  the 
calice,  3.5  mm. ;  height  of  corallum,  4  mm. ;  diameter  of  the  area 
of  attachment  i  mm.  (Adapted  from  Vaughan.) 

Formation  and  locality.. — Woodbury  clay  ?,  Artesian  well,  Mt. 
Laurel  (Vaughan). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Trochocyathus  conoides  (Gabb  and  Horn). 
Plate  V.,  Figs.  8-10. 

1860.     Trochosmilia  conoides  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  399,  pi.  69,  figs.  12-13. 
1900.     Trochocyathus  conoides  Vaughan,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  $., 

vol.  39,  p.  103,  pi.  8,  figs.  8-10. 
1905.     Trochocyathus  conoides  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  4. 

Description. — Corallum  short  cornute,  rapidly  increasing  in 
diameter,  curved  in  the  plane  of  the  shorter  transverse  axis  of 
the  calice,  cross-section  elliptical.  The  wall  of  the  corallum  is 
solid  and  is  apparantly  covered  by  a  thin,  firm,  pellicular  epitheca, 
that  seems  to  be  applied  to  the  wall  in  the  same  way  as  is  the 
epitheca  of  Flabellum,  although  this  can  not  be  certainly  deter- 
mined because  of  the  condition  of  preservation  of  the  specimens. 
The  outer  surface  of  the  corallum  wall  usually  shows  several 
longitudinal  undulations,  these  being  more  numerous  on  the 
concave  than  upon  the  convex  side,  and  also  low,  rounded  costse. 
When  perfectly  preserved,  fine,  longitudinal,  raised  striae  or  longi- 
tudinal rows  of  small  low  granules  may  be  detected  upon  the 
outer  surface  of  the  corallum.  Septa  about  64,  the  cycles 
and  systems  not  very  distinct;  the  first  and  second  cycles  and 
some  members  of  the  third  reach  the  columellar  space ;  the  mem- 
bers of  the  third  cycle  usually  fuse  by  their  inner  margins  to  the 
sides  of  those  of  the  second,  thus  inclosing  the  members  of  the 
fourth  cycle ;  when  members  of  the  fifth  cycle  are  present,  those 


2;o  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

of  the  fourth  will  fuse  to  the  sides  of  those  of  the  third,  thus 
inclosing  the  members  of  the  fifth.  The  septal  grouping  does 
not  seem  to  be  absolutely  regular,  but  the  tendency  to  form  septal 
groups  is  well  pronounced.  The  septa  are  thin,  somewhat  rlexu- 
ous  near  the  center,  thicker  at  the  wall,  all  of  them  except  the 
youngest  member  of  each  system,  have  distinct  elongate  elliptical 
or  clavate  thickenings  on  their  inner  ends,  which  are  probably 
pali,  and  are  arranged  in  two  rather  definite  crowns.  Septal  faces 
granulated,  no  endotheca.  Columella  small,  composed  of  a  few 
more  or  less  twisted  ascending  laths,  to  which  the  larger  septa 
fuse  by  their  flexuous  inner  margins.  (Adapted  from  Vaughan.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  corallum  are :  greater 
diameter  of  the  calice,  18  mm. ;  lesser  diameter  of  the  calice, 
15  mm. ;  height  of  the  corallum,  27  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  least  common  of  the  three  which 
occur  in  the  Manasquan  marl,  and  may  be  easily  distinguished 
from  the  others  by  the  curvature  of  the  corallum  in  the  plane  of 
the  lesser  axis  of  the  calice,  and,  when  the  outer  surface  is  well 
preserved,  by  the  rows  of  fine  granules. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  Farming-dale 
(138). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PARACYATHUS  Milne-Edwards  and  Haime. 

Paracyathus  vaughani  n.  sp. 
Plate  V.,  Figs.  11-13. 

Description. — Corallum  subcylindrical  in  form,  with  a  broad 
spreading  base  so  that  the  diameter  of  the  basal  disk  by  which  it 
is  attached  is  as  great  or  greater  than  the  thickest  portion  of  the 
corallum  above;  immediately  above  the  base  the  outer  wall  con- 
tracts somewhat  abruptly  for  a  short  distance,  and  then  increases 
gradually  in  diameter  to  the  summit.  The  calice  is  very  deep, 
reaching  almost  to  the  base  of  the  corallum.  The  outer  surface  of 
the  theca  is  marked  by  about  40  longitudinal,  finely  denticulate 
costae,  which  continue  across  the  expanded  basal  portion.  The 
characters  of  the  septa  are  not  clearly  shown  in  the  type  specimen, 
but  they  are  apparently  of  the  same  number  as  the  external  costae. 


ANTHOZOA.  271 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  diameter  of  corallum 
at  base,  10  mm.;  minimum  diameter  of  corallum,  5.5  mm.; 
diameter  of  corallum  at  summit,  8  mm. ;  height  of  corallum, 
14.5  mm. 

Remarks. — A  single  example  of  this  coral  has  been  observed. 
It  is  a  mould  from  which  all  the  calcareous  material  of  the 
corallum  has  been  removed  by  solution.  During  life  it  grew 
attached  to  the  inner  surface  of  a  dead  pelecypod  shell.  The 
species  may  be  distinguished  from  other  members  of  the  genus  by 
its  extremely  broad  basal  attachment  and  by  its  remarkably  deep 
calice. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  FUNG-IDAE. 
Genus  MICRABACIA  Milne-Edwards  and  Haime. 

Micrabacia  americana  Meek  and  Hayden. 
•  ''••'•  Plate  V.,  Figs.  14-17. 

1860.     Micrabacia  coronula  M.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1860),  p.  430  (Not  M.  coronula  M.-Ed.  &  Haime, 

1850). 
1864.     Micrabacia  Americana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  2. 
1876.     Micrabacia  Americana  Meek,  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  i,  pi.  28,  figs,  i  a-d. 

Description. — "Corallum  small,  subplano-convex,  or  slightly 
concave  below,  and  convex  with  a  rather  deep  central  depression 
above.  Intercostal  foramina  of  the  mural  disk,  oval  and  numer- 
ous. Rays  or  costae  of  the  under  side  straight,  about  12  at  the 
middle,  but  bifurcating  so  as  to  number  near  100  around  the 
periphery,  apparently  denticulate.  Septa  few  at  the  center, 
but  increasing  by  the  intercalation  of  smaller  ones  between,  so  as 
to  equal  the  number  of  the  costae,  with  which  they  alternate  at 
the  periphery,  very  finely  and  sharply  denticulate  on  the  upper  and 
lateral  edges." — Meek. 


272      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

The  dimensions  of  an  average  example  are:  width,  7.5  mm.; 
height,  2  mm. 

Remarks. — This  little  coral  has  previously  been  recorded  by 
Meek  only  from  the  Fox  Hills  fauna  of  the  Upper  Missouri  sec- 
tion. In  New  Jersey  the  species  has  only  been  seen  in  the  condi- 
tion of  moulds,  the  actual  substance  of  the  coral  having  been 
removed  by  solution.  The  impressions  of  the  basal  disk  usually 
show  very  clearly  the  character  of  the  radiating  costse,  and  it  is 
from  such  specimens  as  this  that  the  species  is  usually  recognized, 
the  impressions  of  the  upper  surface  being  much  less  perfectly 
preserved.  The  species  is  most  abundant  in  the  Woodbury  clay, 
it  being  a  rather  common  species  'at  Lorillard;  from  the  other 
horizons  it  has  been  rarely  met  with,  usually  a  single  example 
only  having  been  observed. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (ioi2);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan 
(103),  near  Haddonfield  (183)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  South  Dakota. 

Family  EUPSAMMIDAB. 

Genus  BALANOPHYLUA  Searles  Wood. 

Balanophyllia  inauris  Vaughan. 

Plate  V.,  Figs.  18-22. 

1900.     Balanophyllia  inauris  Vaughan,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol. 

39,  p.  171,  pi.  19,  figs.  12-14. 
1905.     Balanophyllia  inauris  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  4. 

Description. — Corallum  cornute,  usually  curved  in  the  plane  of 
the  longer  transverse  axis  of  the  calice,  sometimes  straight,  and 
rarely  slightly  curved  in  the  plane  of  the  shorter  axis  of  the  calice ; 
the  area  of  attachment  small.  The  costae  fine,  low,  granulate, 
usually  not  acute;  subequal  in  size,  or  every  fourth  one  slightly 
larger  than  the  intervening  three;  the  corallum  wall  perforate; 
girdling  bands  or  shreds  of  epitheca  are  sometimes  apparently 
present.  Septa  in  five  complete  cycles ;  the  members  of  the  fifth 


ANTHOZOA.  273 

cycle  standing  next  those  of  the  first  and  second  cycles  are  longer 
than  the  other  members  of  the  fifth  cycle;  the  upper  margins  of 
the  first  and  second  considerably  elevated,  those  of  the  third  less 
so.  Calice  rather  deep.  Columella  lax,  spongy,  not  greatly  de- 
veloped. (Adapted  from  Vaughan.) 

The  dimensions  of  two  nearly  complete  coralla  are:  greatest 
diameter  of  calice,  22.5  mm.  and  16  mm.;  lesser  diameter  of 
calice,  15.5  mm.  and  13  mm.;  height  of  corallum,  40+  mm.  and 

33  mm- 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  commonest  one  of  the  corals  in 
the  fauna  of  the  Manasquan  marl,  and  may  sometimes  be  col- 
lected in  great  numbers  upon  the  marl  heaps  near  Farmingdale. 
It  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  Trochocyathus  conoides  by 
its  finer  costse  and  by  its  curvature  in  the  plane  of  the  longer  axis 
of  the  calice. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  Farmingdale 
(138),  near  New  Egypt  (155). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


1 8  PAI, 


CHAPTER  III. 


Branch   ECHINODERMATA, 

Class  CRINOIDEA. 
Order  ARTICULATA. 

Family  BOUBQUETIOBINIDAE. 
Genus  RHIZOCRINUS   Sars. 

Rhizocrinus  cylindricus  n.  sp.1 
Plate  VI.,  Fig.  i. 

Description. — Calyx  cylindrical,  slender  and  greatly  elongate, 
the  sides  almost  straight,  not  enlarging  from  the  basals  up.  The 
proximal  column  joint  (or  joints?)  higher  than  the  basals  and 
radials  together,  cylindrical  above  with  straight  sides,  slightly 
contracted  below.  Basals  much  higher  than  the  radials.  Radial 
facets  shallow,  curved,  rather  wide,  separate,  low  and  not  sloping 
upward,  having  no  conspicuous  muscle  plate  or  ligament  fossa. 
They  enclose  a  relatively  large  and  well  excavated  central  funnel 
or  visceral  cavity. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  height  of  proximal 
column  joint  and  calyx  together,  9.3  mm.;  diameter,  3  mm.; 
height  of  proximal  column  joint,  6  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  established  on  a  single  complete  calyx 
and  proximal  stem  joint,  although  numerous  isolated  column 
joints  may  belong  to  the  same  species.  The  specimen  is  clearly 
a  member  of  the  family  Bourgeticrinidae,  and  superficially 
resembles,  in  some  respects,  Bourgueticrinus  ellipticus  and  B. 
aequalis  from  the  white  chalk  of  England,  but  it  differs  from 
these  species  in  the  much  greater  height  of  the  basals.  The  char- 
acter of  the  radial  facets  and  the  large  visceral  cavity,  however, 


1  The  writer  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Frank  Springer  for  valuable  suggestions  re- 
garding the  relationship  of  this  species. 

(275) 


276      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

seem  to  remove  it  from  that  genus.  In  the  great  height  of  the 
basals  the  species  agrees  with  members  of  the  genus  Rhisocrinus, 
but  that  genus  is  described  as  having  a  thin,  disk-like  proximal 
stem  joint,  while  the  New  Jersey  species  apparently  has  an  ex- 
ceedingly high  one  in  which  no  transverse  divisions  can  be 
detected.  There  seems  to  be  no  reason,  however,  why  some  lati- 
tude may  not  be  allowed  in  this  character.  The  genus  Rhizo- 
crinus  has  not  heretofore  been  recognized  earlier  than  the  Eocene, 
but  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  also  occur  in  the  higher 
Cretaceous  beds. 

The  species  is  possibly  allied  to  Boiirgueticrinus  alabamensis 
De  Loriol,  a  species  which  Carpenter  thinks  should  be  referred 
to  the  genus  Rhizocrinus?  The  New  Jersey  species  differs  from 
that  species  in  its  much  more  elongate  and  more  slender  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentowrt 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  PENTAORINIDA'B. 
Genus  PENTACRINUS  Miller. 

Pentacrinus  bryani  Gabb. 
Plate  VI.,  Figs.  8-9. 

1876.     Pentacrinus  bryani  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil.,. 

1876,  p.  178,  pi.  5,  figs,  i,  i  a-b. 
1893.     Pentacrinus  bryani  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  51. 
1893.     Pentacrinus  bryani  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p. 

28,  pi.  3,  figs.  3  a-b. 
1905.     Pentacrinus  bryani  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Column  distinctly  pentagonal,  composed  of 
moderately  large,  thick  segments,  whose  breadth  in  the  type 
specimen  is  6  mm.,  and  thickness  nearly  i  mm.  Salient  angles 
of  the  column  rounded  and  forming  a  nearly  unbroken  line;  the 

1  Challenger  Reports,  Vol.  XL,  p.  257. 


ECHINODERMATA.  277 

furrows  at  the  reentrant  angles  alternately  depressed  and  ele- 
vated in  successsive  segments.  The  upper  and  lower  outer 
margins  of  the  segments  slightly  rounded.  The  crenulations 
of  the  articular  faces  of  the  segments  visible  externally,  they  are 
arranged  in  five  broad  petaloid  areas  distinctly  rounded  ex- 
ternally, the  crenulations  themselves  being  confined  to  a  mar- 
ginal band,  from  the  inner  edge  of  the  reentering  angles  of  the 
column,  the  crenulated  band  is  continued  as  a  flat-topped  double 
ridge  that  reaches  to  and  is  confluent  with  a  slight  elevation 
surrounding  the  axial  canal.  Axial  canal  smacll. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  a  few  small  frag- 
ments of  the  column.  Of  the  two  original  specimens,  one  con- 
sists of  seven  segments,  the  other  of  eight  or  nine.  No  trace  of 
the  body  of  the  crinoid  has  been  observed.  So  far  as  known  it 
is  the  only  representative  of  the  Pentacrimdae  in  the  Cretaceous 
faunas  of  America. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Class  ASTEROIDEA. 
Order  PHANEROZONIA. 

Genus  GONIASTER  Agassiz. 

Goniaster  mammilata  Gabb. 
Plate  VI.,  Figs.  10-17. 

1876.     Goniaster  mammilata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1876,  p.  178,  pi.  5,  figs.  2,  2  a-b. 
1893.     Goniaster  mammillata  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  51. 
1893.     Goniaster  mammillata  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  97, 

p.  32,  pi.  5,  figs,  i  a-h. 
1905.     Goniaster  mammillata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Known  only  from  detached  marginal  plates. 
These  plates  differ  widely  in  form  because  of  their  different  posi- 


278      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

tions  upon  the  margin  of  the  star-fish,  but  most  of  them  are  higher 
than  wide  and  are  swollen  on  the  outer  surfaces.  Surface  of  the 
plates  finely  punctate,  the  depressions  being  arranged  in  rows  that 
intersect  at  right  angles. 

Remarks. — The  remains  of  star-fishes  are  among  the  rarest 
fossils  in  the  Cretaceous  rocks  of  America.  The  form  and  size 
of  the  individual  of  which  the  plates  here  described  were  a  part 
cannot  be  determined,  and  it  is  not  worth  while  to  attempt  to 
make  comparisons  with  other  forms.  The  only  other  American 
star-fishes  known  from  the  Cretaceous  is  Pentagonaster  browni 
Weller,1  from  near  the  summit  of  the  Cretaceous  beds  near 
Lander,  Wyoming,  and  Pentaceros  asperulus,  described  below. 
All  of  these  forms  are  members  of  the  order  Phanerozonia,  char- 
acterized by  the  presence  of  highly  developed  marginal  plates,  but 
the  detached  plates  from  New  Jersey  are  quite  different  from 
those  of  the  Wyoming  specimen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown   limesand,   Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PENTACEROS  Quick. 

Pentaceros  asperulus  n.  sp.  Clark. 
Plate  VI,  Figs.  18-19. 

Description. — Known  only  from  detached  body  plates,  which 
are  irregular  in  outline,  the  intermittent  articulating  surfaces  on 
the  perimeter  producing  a  roughly  polygonal  outline.  The  sur- 
face of  the  plates  uneven,  the  irregularly  flattened  areas  pro- 
viding attachment  for  spines.  The  central  portion  of  the  plates 
is  higher  than  the  truncated  margins. 

The  dimensions  o<f  one  plate  are:  length,  6.5  mm.;  width,  4  to 
5  mm.;  thickness,  3.5  mm. 

Remarks. — The  body  of  the  star-fishes  of  this  genus,  whose 
form  is  known,  is  pentagonal,  with  long,  narrow  arms :  the  sur- 
face is  covered  with  irregularly  shaped  plates  that  touch  intermit- 
tently at  their  margins,  their  surfaces  being  uneven  and  bearing 
spines.  Two  or  three  well-preserved  specimens  of  the  small  sur- 


'Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13,  pp.  257-258. 


ECHINODERMATA.  279 

face  plates  of  a  Pentaccros  have  been  found  by  Clark.  They  are 
so  highly  characteristic  that  their  generic  relations  are  clearly 
apparent.  As  no  other  Cretaceous  representatives  of  this  genus 
have  been  found  in  American  deposits  they  are  given  a  specific 
name  as  they  cannot  be  readily  associated  with  any  known  Euro- 
pean species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Class  ECHINOIDEA. 

Sub-Class  EUECHINOIDEA. 
Order   CIDAROIDA. 
Family  OIDARIDAE. 
Genus  CIDARIS  Klein. 

Cidaris  splendens  (Morton). 
Plate  VII.,  Figs.  1-9. 

1829.  Cidaris  (?)   sp.  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,   ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  123. 

1830.  Echinus  sp.  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  17,  p.  287; 

vol.  18,  pi.  3,  figs.  12-13. 

1834.     Echinus  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S.,  pi.  3, 
figs.  16-17. 

1841.  Cidarites  splendeus  Mort.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

vol.  i,  p.  132. 

1842.  Cidarites  armiger  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  8,  p.  215,  pi.  2,  fig.  i. 
1859.     Cidaris  armiger  Gabb,  Cat.  Inv.  Foss.  Cret.  Form.  U.  S., 

p.  18. 
1859.     Cidaris  splendens  Gabb,  Cat.  Inv.  Foss.  Cret.  Form.  U.  S., 

p.  18. 
1891.     Cidaris  armiger  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

10,  No.  87,  p.  75. 
1893.     Cidaris  splendens  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103,  p.  51. 


28o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1893.     Cidaris  splendens  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  97,  p.  33, 

pi.  6,  figs.  3  a-g. 
1905.     Cidaris  splendens  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Test  of  moderate  size,  spheroidal,  the  oral  side 
slightly  more  depressed  than  the  aboral.  Ambulacral  areas  nar- 
row, flexuous,  with  four  rows  of  granules  between  the  pore  pairs, 
in  the  center  of  each  column  of  plates  these  granules  are  approxi- 
mately of  equal  size,  the  outer  rows  slightly  larger,  but  towards 
the  oral  and  aboral  extremities  the  inner  rows  rapidly  diminish 
in  size  and  finally  disappear;  the  pores  are  oval  in  shape,  with 
funnel-like  openings  exteriorly,  imperfectly  defined  granules 
forming  an  undulating  ridge  are  present  between  the  pores  of 
each  plate.  Interambulacral  areas  very  wide,  with  seven  or  eight 
plates  in  each  column,  each  plate  bearing  a  tubercle  of  large  size 
characterized  by  a  wide  areola,  smooth  boss  and  small  perforated 
mamelon,  upon  the  larger  plates  in  the  center  of  each  column  the 
areolas  are  circular,  but  they  become  somewhat  oval  towards  the 
oral  and  aboral  extremities;  the  outer  margin  of  each  areola  is 
surrounded  by  a  circle  of  large  granules  that  give  it  a  crenulated 
appearance;  the  margin  itself  is  depressed,  and  rises  gradually 
at  first,  and  then  rapidly,  to  the  boss  which  reaches  a  marked 
elevation  above  the  general  level  of  the  plate.  The  miliary  area  is 
small  and  is  covered  with  small,  crowded  granules  that  are  more 
numerously  developed  along  the  median  line  of  the  interambu- 
lacra.  The  sutures  are  sharply  defined  and  depressed.  The  spines 
are  slender,  elongated,  cylindrical,  with  longitudinal,  serrated 
ribs  that  gradually  become  obsolete  towards  the  base,  the  collar 
is  short  and  finely  striated  longitudinally;  the  acetabulum  is 
bordered  by  a  smooth  margin  and  is  perforated  in  the  center. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are:  height,  21.9 
mm. ;  width,  34.4  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  usually  occurs  in  the  form  of  detached 
plates,  occasionally  all  or  a  part  of  one  or  more  of  the  meridional 
areas  are  found  still  joined  together,  and  Morton  has  illustrated 
a  nearly  complete  example.  The  apical  system  of  plates  has  in 
no  case  been  observed.  The  species  is  similar  to  C.  serrata  Desor., 


ECHINODERMATA.  281 

from  the  European  Cretaceous,  but  the  American  form  differs 
from  the  European  in  its  smaller  miliary  areas  and  higher  areolas, 
also  in  the  presence  of  only  four  rows  of  granules  between  the 
poriferous  avenues.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  the  associated 
C.  walcotti  by  the  perforated  mamelons. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  (Morton). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cidaris  walcotti    Clark. 
Plate  VII.,  Figs.  10-13. 

1891.     Cidaris  walcotti  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

10,  No.  87,  p.  75. 
1893.     Cidaris  walcotti  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103.  p.  51. 
1893.     Cidaris  walcotti  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p.  37, 

pi.  6,  figs.  4  a-d. 
1905.     Cidaris  walcotti  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  6. 

Description. — Test  small,  inflated.  Ambulacral  areas  narrow, 
slightly  sinuous,  with  four  nearly  equal  rows  of  granules  between 
the  poriferous  avenues,  and  at  times  with  additional  granules 
irregularly  interspersed;  the  poriferous  avenues  themselves  are 
narrow,  deeply  depressed,  and  slightly  sinuous;  the  pores  are 
round  with  funnel-shaped  openings  produced  by  the  intersecting 
ridges ;  these  ridges,  which  separate  the  individual  pores  and  the 
pore  pairs,  give  a  lattice-like  appearance  to  the  poriferous  zones. 
Jnterambulacral  areas  broad,  plates  moderately  large,  with  the 
sutures  indistinctly  marked,  and  the  small  tubercles  and  numer- 
ous granules  giving  them  a  very  evenly  marked  surface;  the 
tubercles  are  circular  and  stand  nearer  the  outer  margins  of  the 
plates  than  the  inner;  the  areolas  are  deeply  depressed,  their 
central  portion  but  slightly  exceeding  the  margin  in  height; 
the  boss  smooth,  standing  but  little  above  the  level  of  the  plate ; 
the  mamelon  small,  imperf orate;  the  wide  miliary  space  covered 
with  a  large  number  of  irregularly  arranged  granules  of  nearly 
uniform  size. 


282      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual,  as  indicated  by  the 
size  of  a  nearly  complete  interambulacral  area,  are :  height,  about 
25  mm. ;  width  .about  37  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  with  C.  splcndens,  but  is  much 
less  common.  It  ordinarily  occurs  as  detached  plates,  and  these 
may  be  easily  distinguished  from  those  of  C.  splcndcns  by  reason 
of  the  broader  miliary  areas  and  the  imperforate  mamelon. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Order  DIADEMATOIDA. 
Family  SALENIIDAE. 
Genus  SALENIA  Gray. 

Salenia  tumidula  Clark. 
Plate  VIII..  Figs.  i-io. 

1891.     Salenia  tumidula  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  voL 

10,  No.  87,  p.  75. 
1893.     Salenia  tumidula  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  voL 

12,  No.  103,  p.  51. 
1893.     Salenia  tumidula  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  97,  p.  41, 

figs.  la-j. 
1905.     Salenia  tumidula  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   $ci.   Phil., 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Test  small,  subglobose,  the  ventral  surface  flat, 
becoming  depressed  towards  the  oral  opening,  the  sides  inflated 
and  regularly  curved,  passing  into  the  convex  dorsal  surface. 
Ambulacra!  areas  nearly  straight,  narrow,  slightly  increasing  in 
width  from  the  apical  disk  to  the  oral  opening,  with  two  rows, 
15  or  1 6  each,  of  mamillated  granules  between  the  poriferous 
zones  and  between  these,  other  minute  granules;  poriferous 
zones  narrow  and  very  slightly  flexed;  the  pores  circular, 
regularly  arranged  in  unigeminal  series,  those  in  the  middle 
of  the  test  the  largest.  Interambulacral  areas  with  five  or  six 
plates  in  each  row,  with  indistinctly  marked  sutures;  the  larger 


ECHINODERMATA.  283 

tubercles  diminish  rapidly  in  size  toward  the  oral  margin,  be- 
coming very  indistinct  on  the  plates  bordering  the  same;  each 
areola  is  large  and  circular,  the  boss  crenulated  and  the  mamelon 
flattened  and  imperforate;  the  miliary  space  is  bordered  with  oval 
granules  of  irregular  size  and  arrangement,  becoming  most  nu- 
merous between  the  rows  of  tubercles.  The  apical  disk  large, 
prominent,  subcircular,  with  a  regularly  curved  convex  surface; 
the  granular  decorations  of  the  surface  often  coalesce  and  appear 
as  broken  ridges  extending  radially  from  the  five  openings  in 
the  genital  plates;  the  anal  opening  is  oval,  slightly  pointed  be- 
low, it  is  bordered  by  a  flange-like  edge  formed  by  the  anal 
and  two  genital  plates  which  project  slightly .  above  the  surface 
of  the  disk.  The  oral  opening  is  small,  occupying  scarcely  two- 
fifths  of  the. diameter  of  the  test;  ten  incisions  divide  the  margin 
into  lobes,  the  ambulacral  lobes  projecting  the  farther. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are:  height,  9.4  mm; 
width,  12.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  most  closely  resembles  5*.  bellula  with 
which  it  is  associated,  but  it  has  a  more  globular  test,  and  the 
granules  of  the  interambulacral  plates  are  oval  instead  of  cir- 
cular. From  S.  texana  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  smaller 
number  of  mamillated  granules  of  the  interambulacral  areas  and 
by  the  far  less  strongly  projecting  anal  opening. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Salenia  bellula  Clark. 
Plate  VIII.,  Figs.  11-17. 

1891.     Salenia  bellula  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol.  10, 

No.  87,  p.  75. 
1893.     Salem®  bellula  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103.  p.  51. 
1893.     Salenia  bellula  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p.  43, 

pi.  n,  figs.  2  a-g. 
1905.     Salenia  bellula  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  .Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  6. 


284      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — Test  small,  compressed,  the  ventral  surface  flat 
or  slightly  concave  at  the  oral  opening,  the  sides  inflated,  the 
upper  surface  regularly  convex.  Ambulacral  areas  rather  broad, 
prominent  and  nearly  straight,  changing  but  slightly  in  width 
from  the  apical  disk  to  the  margin  of  the  oral  opening ;  two  rows 
of  mamillated  granules,  15  in  each  row,  occupy  the  center  of 
each  area  between  the  poriferous  zones  and  between  these  other 
minute  granules  are  present;  poriferous  zones  broad,  very  slightly 
flexed ;  pores  circular,  unigeminal.  Interambulacral  areas  wide, 
with  five  or  six  plates  in  each  row;  the  tubercles  prominent, 
decreasing  rapidly  in  size  toward  the  margin  of  the  oral  opening ; 
the  areola  O'f  moderate  size,  the  boss  narrow  and  indistinctly 
crenulated,  the  mamelon  small,  flattened  and  imperf orate ;  an 
interrupted  row  of  circular,  mamillated  granules  surrounds  each 
tubercle,  and  between  the  rows  of  tubercles  these  granules  unite 
to  form  a  sinuous,  double  series;  between  the  larger  granules 
numerous  smaller  ones  are  scattered  irregularly,  being  crowded 
together  along  the  central  line  of  the  interambulacral  area. 
Apical  disk  nearly  circular,  slightly  convex,  the  plates  decorated 
with  oval  granules  arranged  in  radial  rows  extending  from  the 
opening  of  each  genital  plate  and  uniting  with  the  corresponding 
rows  of  adjacent  plates  at  the  suture;  the  anal  opening  sub- 
circular,  with  a  flange-like  rim,  interfering  but  little  with  the 
regularity  of  the  curved  surface.  The  oral  opening  small,  being 
but  one-third  the  transverse  diameter  of  the  test,  its  margin 
divided  by  10  slight  incisions  into  lobes  of  nearly  uniform  size. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  test  are :  height,  6  mm. ;  width, 
10  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  last,  but  is 
more  depressed,  has  a  differently  decorated  apical  disk,  and  has 
circular  granules  in  the  miliary  space  instead  of  oval. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


ECHINODERMATA.  285 

", 

Family  DIADEMATIDAE. 

Genus  PSEUDODIADEMA  Desor. 

Pseudodiadema  diatretum   (Morton). 

Plate  IX.,  Figs.  1-6. 

1833.  Cidaris  diatretum  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 

p.  294. 

1834.  Cidarites  diatretum  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  75,  pi.  10,  fig.  10. 

1858.  Pseudodiadema    diatretum    Desor,    Synop.    des    Echin. 

Foss.,  p.  73. 

1859.  Cidaris  diatretum  Gabb,  Cat.  Inv.  Foss.  Cret.  Form.  U. 

S.,  p.  18. 
1864.     Pseudodiadema  diatretum  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  2. 
1868.     Pseudodiadema  diatretum  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p. 

722. 
1870.     Cidaris  clavigera  and  Cidaris  sceptrifera  Credner,  Zeitsch. 

d.  Deutsch.  Geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  22,  p.  218. 
1891.     Pseudod>iadema<  diatretum  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ. 

Circ.,  vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  75. 
1893.     Pseudodiadema  diatretum  Clark,   John   Hopkins  Univ. 

Circ.,  vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  51. 
1893.     Pseudodiadema  diatretum  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No. 

97,  p.  46,  pi.  13,  figs,  i  a-f. 
1905.     Pseudodiadema  diatretum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Test  circular,  depressed,  concave  below,  the  sides 
inflated,  the  dorsal  surface  slightly  convex.  Ambulacral  areas 
'wide,  slightly  raised,  with  two  rows  of  13  or  14  tubercles  each, 
which  are  large  and  prominent  at  the  ambitus,  and  decrease 
gradually  towards  the  poles ;  the  areolas  broad,  sharply  depressed 
in  their  marginal  portion,  and  marked  by  fine  radial  ridges  on  the 
outer  sides ;  at  the  upper  and  inner  angle  of  each  plate  is  a  small 
secondary  tubercle,  while  scattered  over  the  other  portions  of  the 
plates  are  smaller  tubercles,  and  between  them  minute  granules; 


286      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  poriferous  zones  are  narrow,  slightly  sinuous,  three  or  four 
pairs  of  pores  in  each  plate  disposed  in  a  curved  series  about  the 
margin.  Interambulacral  areas  about  one  and  one-half  times  the 
width  of  the  ambulacral,  with  two  rows  of  primary  tubercles 
somewhat  larger  than,  but  similar  to  those  of  the  ambulacral 
areas ;  in  addition  there  are  several  irregular  rows  of  secondary 
tubercles,  of  various  sizes,  that  are  most  numerous  between  the 
rows  of  primary  tubercles  and  the  poriferous  zones,  and  also 
scattered,  flattened  granules.  The  primary  tubercles  of  both  the 
ambulacral  and  interambulacral  areas  have  wide,  circular  areolas, 
elevated  and  deeply  crenulated  bosses,  and  distinctly  perforated 
mamelons.  The  oral  opening  is  narrow,  scarcely  more  than  one- 
third  the  diameter  of  the  test,  with  slight  marginal  incisions.  The 
discal  opening  pentagonal. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  test  are :  height,  12.5  mm. ;  width, 
31.25  mm. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154)  ;  Timber  Creek  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pseudodiadema  speciosum  (Clark). 
Plate  IX.,  Figs.  7-14. 

1891.     Cyphosoma  speciosum  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  76. 
1893.     Coptosoma  speciosum  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  51. 
1893.     Coptosoma  speciosum  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p. 

52,  pi.  1 8,  figs,  i  a-h. 
1905.     Coptosotna  speciosum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description.. — Test  circular,  inflated  at  the  sides,  both  poles 
flattened,  the  oral  more  than  the  aboral.  Ambulacral  areas  wide 
and  prominent,  with  two  rows  of  primary  tubercles  of  12  or  13 
each,  which  gradually  diminish  in  size  towards  the  poles;  the 
areolas  are  nearly  confluent  above  and  below,  and  are  marked  by 
irregular  radiating  ridges;  the  bosses  are  deeply  crenulate  and 


ECHINODERMATA.  287 

the  small  mamelons  imperf  orate;  minute  tubercles  and  granules 
irregularly  surround  the  primary  tubercles,  occuring  in  greatest 
number  along  the  median  suture;  poriferous  zones  slightly  sinu- 
ous, three  or  four  pairs  of  pores  in  each  plate  arranged  in  a 
curved  series  along  the  margin;  pores  unigeminal.  Interambu- 
lacral  areas  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  wide  as  the  ambu- 
lacral,  with  two  rows  of  primary  tubercles  somewhat  larger  than 
those  of  the  ambulacra;  the  areolas  very  large,  confluent  above 
and  below ;  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  column  the  two 
rows  approach  each  other,  but  towards  the  apical  disk  they  be- 
come widely  separated;  the  smaller  tubercles  are  disposed  in 
more  or  less  regular  rows  on  either  side  of  the  primary  series. 
Oral  opening  small,  occupying  a  little  more  than  one-third  of  the 
diameter  of  the  test,  irregularly  pentagonal  in  outline.  Discal 
opening  large,  pentagonal  in  outline. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  test  are:  width,  17.2  mm.; 
height,  9.4  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  very  similar  to  Pseudodiadema 
diatretum  in  general  form,  and  without  close  observation  the  two 
would  not  be  separated.  'P.  speciosum,  however,  is  characterized 
by  its  imperforate  mamelons  and  by  the  larger  areolas  of  the 
interambulacral  plates  which  are  more  completely  confluent  above 
and  below.  Clark  has  placed  the  two  species  in  different  genera, 
referring  P.  specwsuwh  to  the  genus  Coptosoma,  but  the  differ- 
ences between  them  seem  to  be  no  more  than  specific  in  import- 
ance. The  characters  used  to.  distinguish  the  genera  Pseudo- 
diadema and  Co'ptosoma  are  found  in  the  arrangement  of  the 
elements  which  constitute  the  compound  ambulacral  plates,  Cop- 
to  soma  having  a  larger  number  of  demi -plates.  In  the  two 
species  under  discussion  the  number  and  arrangement  of  the 
pores  themselves  in  each  ambulacral  plate  is  essentially  identical, 
and  the  supposition  would  be  that  they  are  cogeneric,  although 
the  actual  sutures  between  the  elements  of  these  compound  plates 
have  not  been  observed  by  the  writer,  nor  have  they  been 
described  or  figured  by  Clark.  Co'ptosoma*  ordinarily  has  a  larger 
number  of  pairs  of  pores  in  each  ambulacral  plate,  consequently 
these  two  species  are  both  referred  to  Pseudodiadema. 


288      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  ECHINIDAE. 
Genus  PSAMMECHINUS  Agassiz. 
Psammechinus  cingulatus  Clark. 
Plate  X.,  Figs.  1-9. 

1891.     Psammechinus  cingulatus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ. 

Circ.,  vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  76. 
1893.  Psammechinus  cingulatus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ. 

Circ.,  vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  51. 
1893.  Psammechinus  cingulatus  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No. 

97>  P-  55,  pl-  20>  ng"s-  i  a-i- 

1905.     Psammechinus  cingulatus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  ScL 
Phil.,  1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Test  small,  subhemispherical,  with  circular  cir- 
cumference, ventral  side  flattened,  becoming  somewhat  concave 
towards  the  oral  opening,  sides  inflated,  dorsal  surface  elevated 
and  moderately  convex.  Ambulacral  areas  wide,  with  18 
or  20  plates  in  each  row;  the  lower  16  or  17  plates  in  each 
row  bear  prominent  tubercles  that  occur  in  a  continuous  line  to 
the  peristome ;  on  each  side  of  these  primary  tubercles  is  a  smaller 
one  of  similar  shape,  the  inner  one  being  situated  towards  the 
upper  angle  of  the  plate  and  the  outer  one  towards  the  lower 
angle,  besides  these,  several  smaller  tubercles  or  granules  are 
present  upon  each  plate;  poriferous  zones  depressed,  trigeminal, 
the  three  pore  pairs  of  each  plate  arranged  in  semi-circular  form, 
the  two  upper  pairs  separated  from  the  lower  by  the  outer  sec- 
ondary tubercle.  Inter-ambulacral  areas  about  one  and  one-half 
times  as  wide  as  the  ambulacral  with  about  1 5  plates  in  each  row ; 
each  plate  with  a  large  tubercle  in  the  center,  around  which  sev- 
eral smaller  ones  of  various  sizes  are  irregularly  arranged.  The 
tubercles  of  both  ambulacral  and  interambulacral  plates  are  sim- 
ilar in  form,  with  a  large,  elevated,  non-crenulated  boss  and  an 


ECHINODERMATA.  289 

imperf orate  mamelon.  Oral  opening  large,  with  10  deep  inci- 
sions. The  apical  disk  not  observed,  but  the  broken  opening  in 
the  type  specimen  is  large  and  pentagonal  in  outline. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  height,  12.5  mm.; 
width,  21.9  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  only  American  representative 
of  the  genus  so  far  as  known,  and  is  quite  distinct  from  any  of 
the  European  forms. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Order  SPATANGOIDA. 
Family  ECHINOBRISSINAE. 
Genus  TREMATOPYGUS  d'Orb. 

Trematopygus  cruciferus   (Morton). 
Plate  XL,  Figs.  1-9. 

1830.     Ananchytes  cruciferus  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  $ci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

18,  p.  245,  pi.  3,  fig.  8. 
1830.     Ananchytes  cruciferus  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  $ci.  Phil., 

ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  201. 

1833.  Nudeolites  crucifer  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

23,  P-  294- 

1834.  Nudeolites  crucifer  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  75,  P1-  3,  %  15- 

1855.  Trematopygus  crucifer  d'Orb.,  Pal.  Franc.,  Terr.  Cret., 
vol.  6,  p.  387,  pi.  953,  figs.  10-11,  pi.  963,  figs.  1-5. 

1859.  Nudeolites  crucifer  Gabb,  Cat.  Inv.  Foss.  Cret.  Form. 
U.  S.,  p.  19. 

1864.  Nudeolites  crucifer  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  2. 

1868.  Nudeolites  crucifer  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  377,  fig- 
ure; p.  722. 

1870.  Nudeolites  crucifer  Credner,  Zeitsch.  d.  Deutsch.  Geol. 
Gesell.,  vol.  22,  p.  217. 

19    PAL 


290      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1891.     Trematopygus    crucifer    Clark,    Johns    Hopkins    Univ. 

Circ.,  vol.  10,  No.  87,-  p.  76. 
1893.     Trematopygus    crucifer    Clark,    Johns    Hopkins    Univ. 

Circ.,  vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Trematopygus  crucifer  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  C.  S.,  No.  97, 

p.  63,  pi.  27,  figs  i  a-i. 
1905.     Trematopygus  crucifer  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci, 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  7. 

Description. — Test  ovate,  very  slightly  contracted  anteriorly,, 
the  sides  and  the  outer  portion  of  the  base  inflated.  Ambulacral 
areas  long,  lanceolate,  well-defined,  unequal,  the  posterior  pair 
the  longest  and  the  anterior  unpaired  area  the  shortest ;  pores 
unigeminal,  the  poriferous  zones  clearly  marked  on  the  dorsal 
surface  with  the  pore  pairs  nearly  horozontal  in  position,  but  to- 
wards the  ambitus  the  pores  become  smaller,  those  of  each  pair 
nearer  together  and  the  pairs  obliquely  situated  at  the  lower, 
outer  corner  of  each  plate,  near  the  margin  of  the  oral  opening 
they  again  become  larger.  Interambulacral  areas  wide,  composed 
of  large  plates,  the  surface  covered  with  irregular  rows  of  small 
tubercles  that  are  perforated  and  mammalated,  the  miliary  space 
covered  with  numerous,  minute,  irregularly-crowded  granules. 
Apical  disk  small,  situated  anteriorly ;  the  four  genital  plates  dis- 
tinctly perforated,  those  of  the  anterior  pair  situated  much  nearer 
together  than  the  posterior  ones.  Oral  opening  large,  oblique, 
situated  in  front  of  the  center  of  the  ventral  side.  Anal  open- 
ing supramarginal,  large,  oval,  pointed  at  the  upper  extremity, 
situated  in  an  anal  sulcus  that  makes  a  marked  indentation  of  the 
posterior  margin  and  is  bordered  by  two  well-defined  ridges. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are :  length,  25  mm. ;: 
width,  21.9  mm. ;  height,  14  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  only  known  American  repre- 
sentative of  the  genus,  and  it  is  not  closely  allied  to  any  of  the 
European  forms. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


ECHINODERMATA.  291 

Family  OASSIDULIDAE. 

Genus  CATOPYGUS  Agassiz. 

Catopygus  oviformis  Conrad. 

Plate  XI.,  Figs.  10-15. 

1847.     Catopygus  oviformis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  39,  pi.  i,  fig.  9. 

1868.     Nucleolites  oviformis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1891.     Catopygus  oviformis  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  76. 
1893.     Catopygus  oviformis  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Catopygus  oviformis  Clark,  Bull.  U.  $.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p. 

64,  pi.  27,  figs.  2  a-f. 
1905.     Catopygus  oviformis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  7. 

Description. — Test  ovate,  broader  posteriorly,  ventral  side 
nearly  flat,  becoming  slightly  concave  towards  the  margin  of  the 
oral  opening,  lobed  posteriorly,  the  sides  rounded  and  inflated, 
the  dorsal  surface  somewhat  flattened  with  the  apex  posterior  to 
the  apical  disk.  Ambulacral  areas  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  two 
posterior  ones  being  much  longer  than  the  others,  subpetaloid  on 
the  upper  surface  where  the  plates  are  narrow,  but  beyond  the 
petaloid  portion  the  plates  increase  in  width.  Interambulacral 
areas  wide,  made  up  of  large  plates  which  are  covered  with 
minute  tubercles,  between  which  are  numerous  microscopic 
•granules;  the  posterior  interambulacrum  elevated.  Apical  disk 
small,  eccentric,  situated  far  in  front  of  the  apex.  Oral  opening 
small,  eccentric,  situated  towards  the  anterior  margin.  Anal 
opening  oval,  placed  at  the  upper  part  of  a  nearly  vertical  anal 
sulcus,  the  upper  margin  of  which  forms  a  beak-shaped  promi- 
nence overhanging  the  opening. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are :  length,  21.9  mm. ; 
width,  18.75  mm-  5  height,  n  mm. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


292      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Catopygus  pusillus  Clark. 
Plate  XI.,  Figs.  16-19. 

1891.     Catopygus  pusillus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.    Circ., 

vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  76. 
1893.     Catopygus  pusillus  Clark,  Johns   Hopkins  Univ.   Circ., 

vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Catopygus  pusillus  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  97,  p. 

65,  pi.  27,  figs.  3  a-d. 

Description. — Test  ovate  to  subquadrate,  rounded  in  front  and 
subtruncate  behind,  greatest  width  back  of  the  middle,  ventral 
surface  concave,  dorsal  surface  convex  and  somewhat  elevated. 
Ambulacral  areas  narrowly  lanceolate,  subpetaloid  on  the  dorsal 
surface,  the  posterior  pair  only  slightly  longer  than  the  anterior. 
Interambulacral  areas  wide,  composed  of  large  plates.  Apical  disk 
small,  nearly  central.  Oral  opening  small,  situated  eccentrically 
in  front  of  the  center  of  the  ventral  side.  Anal  opening  oval, 
situated  in  a  nearly  vertical  anal  sulcus,  its  upper  extremity  over- 
hung by  a  projecting  arch. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are :  length,  15.6  mm. ; 
width,  14  mm. ;  height,  6.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  only  been  observed  in  the  form 
of  internal  casts,  so  that  the  surface  markings  cannot  be  described, 
but  they  are,  doubtless,  similar  to  those  of  C.  oviformis.  The 
species  can  be  distinguished  from  C.  oviformis  by  its  broader  and 
slightly  subquadrate  form,  its  less  rounded  sides  and  the  more 
nearly  central  position  of  the  apical  disk. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (101). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Catopygus  williamsi  n.  sp.  Clark. 
Plate  XII,  Fig.  1-4. 

Description. — Test  ovate,  slightly  broader  posteriorly,  the 
posterior  margin  but  little  truncated ;  dorsal  surface  rounded  and 
somewhat  elevated,  but  not  highly  inflated ;  ventral  surface  con- 


ECHINODERMATA.  293 

cave.  Ambulacra!  areas  subpetaloid  on  the  dorsal  surface,  the 
posterior  pair  somewhat  longer  than  the  others.  Apical  disk 
highly  eccentric,  situated  anterior  to  the  apex.  Oral  opening 
small;  situated  eccentrically  towards  the  anterior  margin.  Anal 
opening  small,  situated  low  down  on  the  overhanging,  slightly 
truncated  posterior  margin. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  length,  26  mm. ; 
width,  22  mm.;  height,  15  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  quite  distinct  from;  either  C.  ovifor- 
mis  or  C.  pusillus,  from  both  of  which  species  it  may  be  readily 
separated  by  the  form  of  the  posterior  margin  and  by  the  position 
of  the  anal  opening. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  bluff  east  of  Atlantic 
Highlands  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Catopygus  sp.  undet. 

A  poorly  preserved  specimen  of  a  species  of  Catopygus  from 
the  Tinton  beds  presents  some  similarity  to  C.  pusillus,  but  in  its 
imperfect  state  of  preservation  it  cannot  be  with  certainty  as- 
signed to  that  species.  Some  of  the  most  important  diagnostic 
characters  are  lacking. 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds.  Beers  Hill  Cut,  south 
of  Key  port  (i295). 

Genus  CASSIDULUS  Lamark. 

Cassidulus  aequoreus  Morton. 
Plate  XII.,  Figs.  5-12. 

1834.     Cassidulus  cequoreus  Morton,  Synop.   Org.  Rem.  Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S,  p.  76,  pi.  3,  fig-  M. 
1864.     Cassidulus  crquoreus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A. 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  2. 

1868.  Cassidulus  aquoreus  Conrad,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1891.  Cassidulus  cequoreus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  76. 


294      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1893.     Cassidulus  aquoreus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Cassidulus  aquoreus  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97, 

p.  68,  pi.  29,  figs,  i  a-i. 
1905.     Cassidulus  aquoreus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

1905,  p.  7. 

Description. — Test  subpentagonal,  depressed  conical,  longer 
than  wide.  Ambulacral  areas  narrow,  poriferous  zones  unigem- 
inal;  petaloid  on  the  upper  part  of  the  dorsal  surface  at  a  point 
varying  in  the  different  areas  from  one-quarter  to  one-third  of 
the  distance  from  the  margin  to  the  apical  system,  the  zones  are 
contracted  and  continue  as  narrow  bands  over  the  margin  and 
to  the  vicinity  of  the  peristome,  where  they  broaden  again  per- 
ceptibly, becoming  finally  much  contracted  at  the  margins  of  the 
oral  opening.  The  pores  are  distinct  in  the  petaloidal  portion 
and  in  the  broadened  area  near  the  peristome,  but  in  the  inter- 
mediate contracted  portion  they  are  small  and  indistinct.  Inter- 
ambulacral  areas  broad,  covered  by  small  perforated  tubercles 
with  sunken  areolas.  The  apex  forward  of  the  center,  the  apical 
system  composed  of  four  perforated  genital  and  five  small  radial 
plates;  the  fifth  genital  obsolete.  The  peristome  pentagonal, 
surrounded  by  a  well-developed  floscelle;  the  oral  lobes  very 
prominent  and  the  ambulacra!  furrows  much  contracted.  The 
anal  opening  is  situated  in  a  short  sulcus  on  the  upper  surface. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are:  length,  31.25 
mm..;  width,  28.12  mm'.;  height,  15.6  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  separated  from  C.  fiorealis 
(Morton)  by  its  more  depressed  and  elongate  form.  From  C. 
micrococcus  it  is  separated  by  its  sharper  apex,  more  angular 
margin,  the  position  of  the  periproct,  and  the  shorter  pore  open- 
ings in  the  outer  row. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  bluff  east  of  Atlantic 
Highlands  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


ECHINODERMATA.  295 

Family  ANANCHYTIDAE. 
Genus  ANANCHYTES  Mercati. 

Ananchytes  oval  is  Clark. 
Plate  XIIL,  Figs.  1-8. 

1893.     Ananchytes  oval-is  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Ananchytes  ovalis  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  97,  p.  74, 

pi.  36,  figs,  i  a-h. 

Description. — Test  subovate,  somewhat  pointed  posteriorly, 
ventral  side  nearly  flat,  curving  inward  to  the  oral  opening,  with 
a  rounded  ridge  joining  the  anal  and  oral  openings;  the  sides  full 
and  rounded  at  the  ambitus,  the  dorsal  surface  convex.  Ambu- 
lacral  areas  broad  and  flat,  attaining  their  greatest  width  just 
above  the  ambitus,  the  pores  subelliptical  in  outline,  the  longer 
axes  of  those  of  each  pair  directed  at  an  angle  to  each  other. 
Interambulacral  areas  broad.  The  surface  of  both  ambulacral 
and  interambulacral  plates  covered  with  small  tubercles,  between 
which  are  numerous  microscopic  granules.  Apical  disk  situated 
slightly  in  front  of  the  center,  elongate;  the  four  genital  plates 
large  and  distinctly  perforate,  the  right  anterior  one,  which  serves 
as  the  madreporite,  is  much  larger  than  any  of  the  others,  being 
several  times  the  size  of  the  left  anterior  one  with  which  it  is  in 
contact,  the  posterior  ones  of  nearly  equal  size.  Oral  opening 
transversely  subelliptical,  situated  near  the  anterior  margin.  Anal 
opening  oval,  situated  on  a  marked  protuberance  on  the  posterior 
margin. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are:  length,  43.75 
mm.;  width,  37.5  mm.;  height,  31.25  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  only  known  American  repre- 
sentative of  the  genus,  and  it  differs  from  the  European  species 
in  its  more  ovate  and  less  elevated  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


296  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  CARDIASTER  Forbes. 

Cardiaster  cinctus  (Morton). 
Plate  XIV.,  Figs.  1-8. 

1829.  Spatangus  sp.   Mort.,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil.,    ist 

ser.,  vol  6,  p.  122. 

1830.  Ananchytes  sp.  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser..  vol.  17, 

p.  287. 
1830.     Ananchytes  cinctus  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.r 

ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  200. 
1830.     Ananchytes  fimbriatus  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

ist  ser.,  vol  6,  p.  200. 
1830.     Ananchytes  cinctus  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,   ist  ser.,  vol. 

1 8,  p.  246,  pi.  3,  fig-.  7. 
1830.     Ananchytes  fimbriatus  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.   Sci.,    ist  ser.r 

vol.  1 8,  p.  245,  pi.  3,  fig.  9. 
1834.     Ananchytes  cinctus  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  78,  pl.  3,  %  19- 
1834.     Ananchytes  fimbriatus  Mort.,    Synop.  Org.   Rem.   Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  78,  pl.  3,  fig.  20. 
1855.     Cardiaster  fimbriatus  d'Orb.'  Pal.  Franc.,  Terr.  Cret.,  p. 

146,  pl.  905,  fig.  3. 
1855.     Cardiaster  cinctus  d'Orb.,  Pal.  Franc.,  Terr.  Cret.,  vol. 

6,  p.  147,  pl.  905,  fig.  4. 
1870.     Holaster  cinctus  Credner,  Zeitsch.  d.  Deutsch.  Geol.  Ge- 

sell.,  vol.  22,  p.  218. 
1891.     Holaster  cinctus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

10,  No.  87,  p.  77. 
1893.     Cardiaster  cinctus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Cardiaster  cinctus  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p.  75, 

pl.  37,  figs,  i  a-h. 
1905.     Cardiaster  fimbriatus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  P-  7- 
1905.     Cardiaster  fimbriatus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  P-  7- 


ECHINODERMATA.  297 

Description. — Test  distinctly  cordate,  with  a  pronounced  sul- 
cus  anteriorly  occupied  by  the  anterior  ambulacral  area,  the  pos- 
terior extremity  somewhat  pointed;  the  lower  surface  nearly 
flat  except  for  the  slight  depression  towards  the  margins  of  the 
oral  opening,  and  a  rounded,  ridge-like  elevation  extending  from 
the  center  to  the  posterior  margin;  dorsal  surface  convex, 
curving  downward  to  the  ambitus  which  is  near  the  base,  the 
regular  curvature  of  the  surface  interrupted  by  the  strong  an- 
terior sulcus  and  by  a  slight  ill-defined  ridge  which  passes  pos- 
teriorly from  the  apical  disk  to  the  vertically  truncated  surface 
of  the  posterior  margin.  Ambulacral  areas  broad,  not  petaloid, 
separated  at  the  apex;  the  a'ntero-lateral  pair  curving  slightly 
forward  and  the  postero-lateral  pair  slightly  backward  in  their 
proximal  portion,  beyond  which  they  extend  straight  to  the 
margin;  the  unpaired  anterior  ambulacrum  occupying  the  deep 
anterior  sulcus ;  the  pores  of  the  paired  ambulacra  consist,  in  the 
upper  portion  of  the  series,  oi  oblique  oval  openings  united  by 
furrows,  while  lower  down  they  become  small  and  indistinct; 
in  the  anterior  ambulacrum  the  pores  are  extremely  small.  In- 
terambulacra  broad,  consisting  of  large  plates.  Surface  of  all 
the  plates  covered  with  fine  granules,  among  which  are  numer- 
ous, small,  perforated,  irregularly  scattered  tubercles.  Apical 
disk  slightly  in  front  of  the  center,  narrow  and  elongate,  the 
four  perforated  genital  plates  arranged  in  pairs;  the  five  ocular 
plates  are  arranged  in  two  pairs  and  one  single  plate,  one  of  the 
pairs  between  the  two  pairs  of  genital  plates,  the  other  situated 
posteriorly  and  the  single  plate  anteriorly  placed.  The  oral 
opening  is  transversely  subelliptical,  situated  near  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  ventral  surface.  Anal  opening  subovate,  situated 
upon  the  truncated  surface  at  the  posterior  margin  of  the  test. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are :  length,  50  mm. ; 
width,  50  mm.;  height,  28.12  mm. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


298      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Cardiaster  smocki  n.  sp.  Clark. 

Plate  XIII.,  Figs.  9-11. 

Description. — Test  small,  cordate,  distinctly  elevated,  the 
dorsal  surface  strongly  convex,  the  ventral  surface  flat.  The 
anterior  ambulacral  sulcus  is  very  pronounced  and  the  opposite 
ridge  in  the  unpaired  posterior  interambulacrum  is  well  shown 
but  is  sharply  cut  off  by  the  nearly  vertically  truncated  surface 
of  the  posterior  margin.  The  sides  slope  rapidly  to  the  ambitus. 
Ambulacral  areas  wide,  apetaloid  and  well  separated  at  the  apex ; 
antero-lateral  pair  bent  backward  above,  beyond  which  they 
extend  straight  to  the  ambitus;  the  posterior-lateral  pair  are 
bent  slightly  forward  at  first  and  then  continue  in  a  straight  line 
over  the  margin ;  the  unpaired  ambulacrum  situated  on  the  deep 
anterior  sulcus.  Apical  system  much  elongated,  widely  separ- 
ating the  ambulacral  areas.  The  peristome  transversely  oval, 
situated  anteriorly. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  length,  18.5  mm.; 
width,  17.5  mm.;  height,  10  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  most  closely  related  to  Cardiaster 
cinctus,  but  it  is  a  smaller  form  with  somewhat  less  pronounced 
anterior  sulcus  and  more  inflated  test. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchanrville  clay-marl.      (Clark.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  SPATANGIDAE. 

Genus  HEMIASTER  Desor. 

Hemiaster  parastatus  (Morton). 
Plate  XV.,  Figs.  1-13. 

1830.     Spatangus  sp.  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,   ist  ser.,  vol.   17, 

p.  286. 
1830.     Spatangus  cor-marinum  (  ?)  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  18,  p.  250,  pi.  3,  fig.  10. 
1830.     Spatangus  cor-marinum  (  ?)  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  199. 


ECHINODERMATA.  299 

1833.  Spatangus  parastatus  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

23,  P-  294- 

1834.  Spatangus  parastatus  Mort.  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  77,  Pi-  3,  fig.  21. 
1853.     Hemiaster   parastatus    Marcou,    Explan.  Text  to  Geol. 

Map  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Prov.  N.  A.,  p.  47,  pi.  7,  fig.  8. 
1855.     Hemiaster  parastatus  d'Orb.,   Pal.  Franc.,  Terr.   Cret., 

vol.  6,  p.  265,  pi.  894,  fig.  4. 
1864.     Hemiaster  (?)  parastatus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 
1891.     Hemiaster  parastatus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  77. 
1893.     Hemiaster  parastatus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Hemiaster  parastatus  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97, 

p.  83,  pi.  45,  figs,  i  a-m. 
1905.     Hemiaster  parastatus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  7. 

Description. — Test  distinctly  cordate,  the  ventral  surface  flat 
with  the  exception  of  the  peristomal  depression,  the  sides  rounded 
and  inflated  laterally  and  in  front,  the  posterior  side  high  and 
nearly  vertically  truncated,  the  dorsal  surface  convex,  greatly 
elevated  towards  the  posterior  margin  and  with  a  distinct,  deep, 
anterior  sulcus.  Ambulacral  areas  dissimilar,  petaloid,  with  the 
petals  depressed,  those  of  the  postero-lateral  pair  short  and  broad, 
those  of  the  antero-lateral  pair  curving  forward  and  about  twice 
the  length  of  the  postero-lateral  pair,  the  anterior,  unpaired  am- 
bulacrum very  broad,  with  the  poriferous  zones  far  apart  and  the 
pores  small  and  approximated.  Interambulacral  areas  broad, 
composed  of  large  plates.  Surface  of  all  the  plates  covered  with 
small  tubercles  between  which  are  numerous  microscopic  gran- 
ules; the  peripetalous  fascicle  broad  and  distinct.  Apical  disk 
small,  compact,  posterior  to  the  center  of  the  dorsal  surface  but 
in  front  of  the  apex  of  the  test,  the  four  genital  plates  distinctly 
perforated  and  separated  by  the  five  small  oculars.  Oral  opening 
transversely  arched,  bilabiate,  with  a  distinct,  overhanging  lip. 
Anal  opening  small,  situated  high  on  the  truncated  posterior  side. 


300  CRETACEO.US  PALEONTOLOGY. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  example  are:  length,  37.5  mm. ; 
width,  37.5  mm.;  height,  28.12  mm. 

Remarks, — This  species  is  most  closely  related  to  H.  ungula, 
from  which  it  may  be  separated  by  its  deeper  and  broader  anterior 
sulcus,  more  posterior  position  of  the  apical  disk,  and  its  more 
inflated  sides. 

Formation  an\d  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
and  Timber  Creek  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Hemiaster  stella  (Morton). 
Plate  XVI.,  Figs.  1-4. 

1830.     Spatangus  stella  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  i8r 

p.  245,  pi.  3,  fig.  ii. 
1830.     Spatangus  stella  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  200. 
1834.     Spatangus  stella  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  78,  pi.  3,  %  18. 
1864.     Hemiaster  stella  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret, 

and  Jur.,  p.  3. 
1891.     Hemiaster  incrassatus  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

vol.  10,  No.  87,  p.  77. 
1893.     Hemiaster  stella  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
•1893.     Hemiaster  stella  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p.  84, 

pi.  46,  figs,  i  a-d. 
1905.     Hemiaster  stella  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  7. 

Description. — Test  small,  ovate,  inflated,  rounded  in  front  and 
truncated  behind,  the  ventral  surface  nearly  flat,  the  dorsal  sur- 
face convex,  strongly  elevated  near  the  posterior  margin,  sloping 
anteriorly  and  lacking  a  distinct  anterior  sulcus.  Ambulacral 
areas  petaloid,  with  the  petals  straight  and  depressed,  the  antero- 
lateral  pair  twice  as  long  as  the  postero-lateral  pair,  and  the 
unpaired  anterior  one  longer  than  those  of  the  antero-lateral  pair. 
Interambulacral  areas  broad,  composed  of  large  plates.  Surface 


ECHINODERMATA.  301 

of  the  test  covered  with  innumerable  small  tubercles,  between 
which  are  microscopic  granulations ;  the  peripetalous  fascicle 
distinct,  oval,  passing  with  a  regular  curve  about  the  extremities 
of  the  petaloid  areas.  Apical  disk  small,  situated  posterior  to 
the  center  of  the  dorsal  surface  but  in  front  of  the  apex  of  the 
test.  Oral  opening  transversely  subelliptical,  bilabiate,  situated 
near  the  anterior  margin.  Anal  opening  small,  oval,  situated  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  posterior  truncated  surface. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are :  length,  25  mm. ; 
width,  21.9  mm.;  height,  15.6  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  other 
American  members  of  the  genus  by  reason  of  its  short  anterior 
sulcus  which  terminates  before  reaching  the  margin,  so  that  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  test  is  not  emarginate. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Hemiaster  ungula  (Morton). 
Plate  XVI.,  Figs.  5-11. 

1830.     Spatangus  sp.  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  17,  p. 
286. 

1833.  Spatangus  ungula  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 

p.  131,  pi.  10,  fig.  6. 

1834.  Spatangus  ungula  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U 

S.,  p.  78,  pi.  10,  fig.  6. 
1891.     Hemiaster  ungula  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

10,  No.  87,  p.  77. 
1893.     Hemiaster  ungula  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Hemiaster  ungula  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  97,  p.  85, 

pi.  46,  figs.  2  a-g. 
1905.     Hemiaster  ungula  Johns.   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

1905,  P-  7- 

Description. — Test  ovate,  distinctly  cordate,  the  ventral  sur- 
face flat,  except  the  peristomal  depression,  the  dorsal  surface 


302      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

greatly  elevated  posteriorly,  sloping  rapidly  to  the  front,  with  a 
narrow  and  deep  anterior  sulcus  and  a  sharp  ridge  at  the  posterior 
median  line  terminated  by  the  nearly  vertical  truncation  of  the 
posterior  side,  lateral  and  anterior  sides  rounded.  Ambulacral 
areas  petaloid,  narrow,  the  petaliferous  portion  straight  and 
deeply  impressed,  the  antero-lateral  pair  twice  as  long  as  the 
postero-lateral  ones ;  the  pores  of  the  paired  ambulacra  elongated 
and  separated,  those  of  the  single  ambulacra  small,  oval  and  ap- 
proximated. Interambulacral  areas  broad,  composed  of  large 
plates.  Surface  of  the  test  covered  with  small  tubercles,  between 
which  are  numerous  minute  granules ;  the  peripetalous  fascicle 
distinct  and  bent  strongly  inward  between  the  anterior  and  pos- 
terior-paired ambulacra.  Apical  disk  small,  situated  posterior  to 
the  center  of  the  dorsal  surface  and  anterior  to  the  point  of  great- 
est elevation  of  the  test;  the  antero-lateral  genital  plate  very 
large  and  widely  separating  the  posterior  pair  of  oculars,  the 
postero-lateral  genitals  with  large  perforations.  Oral  opening 
transversely  subelliptical,  bilabiate,  with  a  prominently  projecting 
lower  lip.  Anal  opening  large,  situated  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
truncated  face  of  the  posterior  margin. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  example  are :  length,  31.25  mm. ; 
width,  28  mm. ;  height,  21.9  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  H. 
parastatus  by  its  narrower  anterior  sulcus,  its  more  nearly  cen- 
tral apical  disk,  its  sharper  posterior  keel,  its  straight  ambulacral 
areas,  and  by  its  more  deeply  incurved  peripetalous  fascicle 
between  the  paired  ambulacra. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution — New  Jersey. 

Hemiaster  welleri  n.  sp.  Clark. 

Plate  XVII.,  Figs.  4-6. 

Description. — Test  cordiform,  inflated,  dorsal  surface  only 
slightly  elevated  posteriorly,  ventral  surface  flat,  sides  rounded. 
Anterior  sulcus  broad  and  clearly  defined,  not  deeply  indenting 
the  anterior  ambitus ;  the  posterior  ridge  not  greatly  accentuated, 


ECHINODERMATA.  303 

terminating  in  a  well-defined,  truncated  posterior  surface. 
Ambulacral  areas  moderately  depressed  in  the  petaloid  portions ; 
the  postero-lateral  pair  considerably  shorter  than  the  antero- 
lateral,  although  the  difference  is  less  marked  than  in  other  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous  species  of  the  genus ;  the  anterior  ambulacrum 
situated  in  a  broad,  shallow  groove  that  largely  disappears  before 
the  ambitus  is  reached.  Apical  system  small,  imperfectly  shown 
on  the  casts.  Peristome  of  moderate  size  with  distinct  overhang- 
ing lip.  Periproct  small,  situated  high  on  the  truncated  posterior 
surface. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  length,  27  mm.; 
width,  24  mm. ;  height,  17  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  related  to  H.  parastatus,  from 
which,  however,  it  is  separated  by  its  less  deeply  depressed 
ambulacral  furrows  and  less  elevated  dorsal  surface.  It  also 
shows  points  of  resemblance  to  H.  kummeli,  from  which,  how- 
ever, it  is  separated  by  its  longer  postero-lateral  ambulacral 
petals  and  less  elevated  posterior  ridge  on  the  dorsal  surface. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139,141),  Lenola  (163);  Navesink  marl,  bluff  east  of 
Atlantic  Highlands  (Clark). 

Geographic  distribution — New  Jersey. 

Hemiaster  kummeli  n.  sp.  Clark. 
Plate  XVII. ,  Fig.  1-3. 

Description. — Test  cordate,  rather  large,  slightly  elevated,  the 
dorsal  surface  nearly  flat,  ventral  surface  flat.  The  posterior 
interambulacrum  nearly  flat  with  a  low  truncated  posterior  sur- 
face. Ambulacral  areas  pronounced,  with  weakly  depressed 
petaloid  areas ;  the  petals  of  the  postero-lateral  pair  relatively  long 
and  narrow;  less  than  twice  the  length  of  the  antero-lateral  pair; 
the  unpaired  ambulacrum  not  deeply  depressed,  and  not  forming 
a  pronounced  sulcus  on  the  anterior  margin.  The  apical  system 
small,  not  as  strongly  eccentric  as  in  some  of  the  other  Cretaceous 
species.  Peristome  with  a  distinct  overhanging  lip,  the  periproct 
not  seen. 

The  dimensions  are :  length,  30-50  mm. ;  width,  30-40  mm. ; 
height,  about  20  mm. 


3o4      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  represented  by  numerous  flattened 
casts,  none  of  which  show  clearly  the  original  form  of  the  test, 
although  it  is  apparently  somewhat  flatter  than  the  other  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous  members  of  the  genus.  The  species  is  related 
to  both  Hemiaster  parastatus  and  H.  vttelleri.  From  the  former 
it  is  separated  by  its  shallower  and  narrower  ambulacral  petals 
and  less  elevated  form ;  from,  the  latter  by  its  longer  and  narrower 
postero-lateral  ambulacral  petals  and  flatter  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  LINTHIA  Merian. 

Linthia  tumidula  Clark. 
Plate  XVIII.,  Figs.  1-9. 

1891.     Linthia  tumidula  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

10,  No.  87,  p.  77. 
1893.     Linthia  tumidkda  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 

12,  No.  103,  p.  52. 
1893.     Linthia  tumidula  Clark,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  No.  97,  p.  91, 

pi.  50,  figs,  i  a-i. 

Description. — Test  ovate,  distinctly  cordiform,  the  ventral  sur- 
face flat  except  for  the  peristomal  depression,  the  dorsal  surface 
elevated,  with  flattened,  sloping  sides,  a  moderately  impressed 
anterior  sulcus  which  produces  the  emargination  of  the  anterior 
margin,  and  a  distinct  anterior  median  keel.  Ambulacral  areas 
straight,  narrow,  impressed  to  a  moderate  depth  for  a  long  dis- 
tance upon  the  dorsal  surface,  the  anterior-lateral  pair  one  and 
one-half  times  as  long  as  the  postero-lateral  pair;  the  poriferous 
zones  broad  and  straight,  the  pores  large  and  oval,  those  of  each 
pair  connected  by  a  shallow  furrow.  Interambulacral  areas 
broad,  composed  of  large  plates.  Surface  of  the  test  covered  with 
minute,  perforated  tubercles  that  are  much  larger  on  the  ventral 
than  on  the  dorsal  surface,  between  the  tubercles  the  surface  is 
covered  with  microscopic  granulations ;  both  the  peripetalous  and 
the  lateral  fascioles  clearly  defined.  •  Apical  disk  small,  nearly 


ECHINODERMATA.  305 

central,  slightly  depressed.  Oral  opening  transversely  subellip- 
tical,  situated  near  the  anterior  margin.  Anal  opening  small, 
subelliptical,  situated  but  a  short  distance  above  the  posterior 
margin. 

The  dimensions  of  a  complete  individual  are :  length,  53  mm.  * 
width,  50  mm. ;  height,  28  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  only  known  American  repre- 
sentative of  this  genus,  and  it  is  not  closely  allied  to  any  of  the 
European  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


20  PAI, 


CHAPTER  IV. 


Branch  VERMES. 

Class  ANNELIDA. 

Sub-Class  CHAETOPODA. 
Order  POLYCHAETA. 

Sub-order  TUBICOLA. 
Genus  SSRPULA  Linneus. 

Serpula  circularis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIX.,  Figs.  5-6. 

Description. — Tube  rather  large,  moderately  thick,  increasing 
gradually  in  size,  the  increase  being  more  rapid  as  it  approaches 
the  aperture,  not  closely  coiled,  the  first  volution  of  the  type 
specimen  forming  a  rather  large  irregular  circle,  after  which  the 
shell  is  in  contact  for  about  one-fourth  volution  nearly  to  the 
aperture.  Another  specimen  is  perhaps  not  in  contact  at  all. 
Aperture  more  or  less  subcircular  or  subelliptical  in  outline.  The 
surface  of  the  shell  is  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular,  annular 
lines  of  growth. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  species  are:  greatest  diameter -of 
aperture  8  mm.;  length  of  tube,  72  mm.;  greatest  diameter  of 
space  within  first  volution,  13  mm. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  is  the  only  individual  observed 
which  is  anywhere  near  complete,  though  other  fragments  indi- 
cate that  the  large  open  coiling  of  the  tube  was  a  common  habit 
of  growth.  The  type  has  apparently  been  attached  to  some  large 
shell,  probably  a  Gryphaea,  during  life,  by  the  flatter  side,  al- 
though in  its  present  condition  it  is  free. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl.  Near 
Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

(307) 


308      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Serpula  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 

Plate  XIX.,  Fig.  2. 

1892.  Diploconcha  (Serpula?}  cretacea  ?  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 
vol.  2,  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  170,  pi.  20, 
fig.  25.  (Not  Diploconcha.  cretacea  Con.) 

Description. — Tubes  irregularly  arcuate,  slightly  flexuose,  in- 
creasing in  diameter  very  gradually;  surface  of  shell  lamellose 
where  partially  exfoliated,  in  cross-section  appearing  to  be  made 
up  of  concentric  lamellae. 

The  dimensions  of  the  largest  tube  observed  are :  total  length, 
70  mm.,  maximum  diameter,  6.5  mm. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  consists  of  several  more  or  less 
complete  calcareous  tubes  which  are  attached  to  the  surface  or 
penetrate  the  substance  of  some  thick  pelecypod  shell.  The  two 
largest  tubes,  the  ones  illustrated  by  Whitfield,  lie  in  a  position 
essentially  parallel  with  one  another,  and  besides  these  there  is 
another  apparent  pair  of  smaller  tubes  upon  another  surface  of 
the  specimen.  Because  of  their  apparent  occurrence  in  pairs, 
Whitfield  identified  this  specimen  with  Diploconcha  cretacea 
Con.,  but  they  differ  from  that  species -in  not  having  the  tubes 
in  contact  in  any  portion  of  the  specimen  as  preserved,  and  in 
having  a  rather  heavy  and  thick  shell.  This  apparent  occurrence 
in  pairs,  however,  is  probably  accidental  rather  than  funda- 
mental, since  other  individuals  are  present  upon  the  specimen 
which  give  no  evidence  of  being  in  pairs,  although  it  must  be 
said  that  the  unpaired  individuals  are  less  complete  than  those 
in  pairs.  The  tubes  have  much  the  appearance  of  the  tubes  of 
Teredo,  but  no  evidence  of  the  presence  of  a  bivalve  shell  has 
been  seen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Serpula  rotula  (Morton). 

Plate  XIX.,  Figs.  8-10. 
1834.     Vermetus  rotula  Morton,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr, 

U.  S.,  p.  81,  pi.  i,  fig.  14. 
1861.     Spirorbis  rotula  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  148, 


VERMES.  309 

Description. — Shell  usually  discoid  and  flattened,  attached  by 
the  initial  portion  of  the  tube  only,  with  three  or  four  subquad- 
rangular  volutions  in  contact  throughout  except  rarely  for  a 
short  distance  near  the  aperture;  the  initial  portion  of  the  tube, 
at  the  point  of  attachment  is  somewhat  irregular,  the  outer 
volutions  much  more  regular,  coiling  either  dextrally  or  sinis- 
trally;  the  side  opposite  the  point  of  attachment  more  or  less 
umbilicate.  The  periphery  of  the  shell  bicarinate,  the  sides  of 
the  volutions  with  a  broad,  shallow,  rounded,  longitudinal  de- 
pression or  furrow.  Aperture  subcircular,  although  the  external 
outline  of  the  tube  is  quadrangular,  due  to  the  thickening  of  the 
shell  at  the  corners. 

The  dimensions  of  a  rather  large  individual  are:  diameter, 
9  mm.;  thickness,  1.2  mm. 

Remarks. — This  little  spirally  coiled  worm  tube  is  not  un- 
common in  the  Vincentown  limesand.  It  usually  occurs  entirely 
free,  although  the  side  by  which  it  has  been  attached  may  always 
be  recognized  by  the  fracturing  of  the  initial  portion  of  the  shell. 
All  those  specimens  which  have  been  observed  attached  to  other 
objects,  have  been  attached  to  various  species  of  bryozoans.  The 
tubes  are  coiled  indifferently  to  the  right  or  to  the  left  from  the 
point  of  attachment,  the  numbers  of  sinistral  and  dextral  indi- 
viduals being  about  equal. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown. 
(154),  Medford  (161),  near  Hurffville  (170). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  HAMUIAJS  Morton. 

Hamulus  falcatus  (Conrad). 

Plate  XXIL,  Figs.  11-12. 

1869.  Dentalium  falcatum  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  44, 

pi.  i,  figs.  12  and  ij5. 

1870.  Falcula  hamatus  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  77. 
1892.     Dentalium  (Falcula)  falcatum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  169,  pi.  20,  figs.  12-18. 
1905.     Hamulus  falcatus  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil., 
1905,  P-  5- 


3io      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — Internal  casts  small,  cylindrical,  gradually  taper- 
ing and  strongly  curved  with  a  decreasing  curvature  as  they 
increase  in  size,  the  smaller  extremity  being  much  more  curved 
than  the  larger  parts. 

The  dimensions  of  an  average  individual  are :  length  of  tube, 
28  mm. ;  larger  diameter,  2.8  mm. ;  smaller  diameter,  i.i  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  internal  casts,  and 
is  quite  probably  not  distinct  from:  H.  squamosus  Gabb,1  an 
Alabama  species  described  from  the  shell  itself.  A  single  indi- 
vidual from  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  has  been  observed  upon 
which  a  portion  of  the  shell  is  preserved,  which  shoAvs  the  same 
longitudinal  folds  present  in  the  Alabama  specimens. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swe- 
desboro  (177)  ;  Navesink  marl,  various  localities. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


Hamulus  lineatus  n.  sp. 
Plate  XIX.,  Fig.  7. 

Description. — Internal  casts  of  tubes  cylindrical,  nearly  straight 
or  slightly  curved,  smooth,  increasing  very  gradually  in  size. 

The  dimension  of  a  nearly  straight  specimen,  probably  incom- 
plete, are :  length,  53  mm. ;  greater  diameter,  3.6  mm. ;  lesser 
diameter,  2.5  mm. 

Remarks. — The  specimens  to  which  this  name  is  here  applied  are 
the  casts  of  certain  more  or  less  straight  tubes  found  commonly 
in  the  Merchantville  and  Navesink  formations.  In  hand  specimens 
these  objects  are  not  unlike  casts  of  burrows  of  habitation  of  some 
annelid  worm;,  but  unlike  such  burrows  they  lie  parallel  with  the 
bedding  of  the  strata  and  not  vertical  to  it.  No  trace  of  the  shell 
substance  itself,  of  the  tubes,  has  been  observed,  the  specimens 
being  identical  in  lithologic  character  with  the  numerous  internal 
casts  of  gastropods  with  which  they  are  associated.  Some  of  the 
individuals  resemble  the  internal  casts  of  Dentalmm  arciiatum, 
but  they  taper  less  rapidly  than  that  species,  and  are  straighter  or 
less  regularly  arcuate. 


1  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  398,  pi.  68,  fig.  45  (1860). 


VERMES.  311 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163),  near  Jamesburg  (140)  ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i267),  etc. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Hamulus  ??  sp. 
Plate  XIX.,  Figs.  3-4. 

A  single  fragmentary  specimen  of  a  probable  worm  tube  from 
the  Wenonah  sand  differs  from  any  others  in  the  collection,  and 
cannot  be  identified  with  any,  described  species.  The  internal 
cast  is  cylindrical  and  straight,  with  the  sides  very  gradually 
diverging  from  the  smaller  to  the  larger  extremity.  A  squeeze 
of  the  impression  of  the  outside  of  the  tube  shows  it  to  be  marked 
with  distinct,  rounded,  annular  ribs. 

The  dimensions  of  the  fragment  observed  are:  length,  25 
mm.;  greater  diameter  of  internal  cast,  9  mm.;  lesser  diameter 
of  same,  8  mm. 

The  species  differs  from  the  cylindrical  bodies  here  described 
as  Hamulus  lineatus  in  its  much  greater  size,  but  the  external 
characters  of  that  species  are  unknown. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Worm  burrow. 

Plate  XIX.,  Fig.  i. 

In  one  bed  of  the  Tinton  formation  at  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of 
Keyport,  there  are  large  numbers  of  more  or  less  vertical,  straight 
or  slightly  curved  cylindrical  bodies  with  parallel  sides,  usually 
from  12  to  15  mm.  in  diameter,  and  attaining  a  maximum  length 
of  about  one  foot.  These  bodies  are  probably  the  casts  of  the 
burrows  of  some  organism,  probably  one  of  the  segmented  worms. 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  Cut  (i298). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Branch  MOLLUSCOIDEA. 

Class  BRYOZOA. 
Order  CYCLOSTOMATA. 
Family  DIA.STOPHORIDAE. 

Genus  STOMATOPORA  Bronn. 

Stomatopora  regularis  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XX.,  Figs.  1-3. 

1862.     Stomatopora  regularis  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  172,  pi.  21,  fig.  63  (fig.  64  on 

plate). 
1864.     Alec  to  regularis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Alecto  regularis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Alecto  regularis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

P.  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  ramose,  the  branches  fili- 
form and  usually  very  regular,  from  .4  mm.  to  .6  mm.  in  width, 
the  surface  slightly  convex,  the  sides  sloping  gently  towards  the 
lateral  margins,  rarely  or  never  abrupt.  Zopecia  regular  in  shape, 
usually  a  little  wider  just  behind  the  aperture  and  the  sides  con- 
verging slightly  posteriorly,  this  difference  in  width,  however, 
is  frequently  scarcely  noticeable  and  is  never  sufficient  to  sharply 
separate  the  successive  zocecia  from  each  other.  Zocecial 
apertures  circular,  tubular  and  inclined  a  little  forward  in  un- 
worn specimens. 

Remarks. — This  species  will  not  be  easily  confused  with  any 
of  its  associates,  except  possibly  Filifascigera  megaera,  and  from 
this  species  it  can  always  be  distinguished  by  the  single  circular 
aperture  of  the  zooecial  tubes. 

(313) 


3  H  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,   Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Stomatopora  kummeli  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XX.,  Fig.  4. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  ramose,  the  branches  very 
fine  and  delicate,  from  .15  mm.  to  .2  mm.  in  width,  the  surface 
transversely  convex,  the  slope  from  center  to  lateral  margins 
never  abrupt.  Zocecia  regular  in  form,  scarcely  differentiated, 
although  the  sides  converge  slightly  posteriorly.  Zooecial 
apertures  circular,  in  unworn  specimens,  with  the  rim  slightly 
elevated  and  inclined  a  little  forward. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  very  close  ally  of  S.  regularis,  but 
may  be  distinguished  from  that  species  by  its  much  more  deli- 
cate growth  in  every  way. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Stomatopora  temnichorda  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XX.,  Figs.  5-6. 

Description. — Zoarium  adnate,  frequently  branching,  con- 
consisting  of  uniserially-arranged  zocecia.  Zocecia  elongate-pyri- 
form,  or  club-shaped,  .45  mm.  to  .75  mm.  in  length,  about  .02 
mm.  in  width  at  the  posterior  extremity,  increasing  very  grad- 
ually in  size  through  about  one-half  their  length,  and  then  some- 
what abruptly  to  about  .15  at  the  rounded  anterior  end.  Zocecial 
aperture  nearly  terminal,  small,  circular,  with  a  slightly  elevated, 
rim-like  border,  from  .035  mm.  to  .05  mm.  in  diameter. 

Remarks. — This  exceedingly  delicate  little  species  belongs  with 
a  group  of  forms  typified  by  S.  inilata  of  the  Ordovician  faunas. 
It  may  be  readily  recognized  by  its  exceedinly  fine  and  elongate 
zocecia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,   Vincentown 

(154).' 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  315 

Genus  BERENICEA  Lamark. 

Berenicea  americana  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XX.,  Fig.  7. 

Description. — Zoarium  incrusting,  growing  in  more  or  less 
irregular  patches  upon  the  surfaces  of  other  bryozoa.  Zocecia 
contiguously  arranged  in  more  or  less  regular  spreading  series, 
each  zocecium  about  .5  mm.  in  length  and  from  .1  mm.  to  .13 
mm.  in  width,  the  lateral  boundaries  sharply  defined  by  im- 
pressed grooves,  the  surface  gently  convex  transversely.  Zocecial 
apertures  nearly  terminal,  circular,  a  little  narrower  than  the 
zocecia,  directed  slightly  forward,  with  a  slightly  elevated  rim- 
like  border. 

Remarks. — This  species  cannot  be  confused  with  any  associ- 
ated bryozoan,  the  other  American  species  of  the  genus  being 
mainly  of  Ordovician  age.  The  species  is  particularly  character- 
ized by  its  small,  narrow,  elongate  zocecia,  with  each  zocecium 
sharply  marked  laterally. 

Forma-tion  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  DISCOSPARSA  d'Orbigny. 

Discosparsa  varians  Ulrich. 
Plate  XXL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1901.     Discosparsa  varians  Ulrich,   Md.   Geol.    Surv.,    Eocene, 
p.  205,  pi.  59,  fig.  3. 

Description. — "Zoarium  forming  subcircular  (young)  or 
irregular,  undulating  expansions,  2  to  10  mm.  wide,  parasitically 
attached,  or  more  or  less  free  and  epithecated  beneath.  In  young 
colonies  which  are  often  spread  over  the  original  layer,  the 
zocecial  apertures,  which  are  enclosed  by  moderately  elevated, 
ring-like  peristomes,  are,  sometimes  uniserially,  but  never  very 
regularly,  arranged  in  a  radial  manner  about  the  small,  de- 
pressed and  smooth  central  space.  In  older  examples,  there  are 


3i6      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

several  of  these  maculae,  but  the  radial  arrangement  of  the  zooecia 
about  them,  is  generally  obscure.  The  zooecia  immediately  sur- 
rounding the  maculae  are  often  of  larger  size  and  more  oblique 
than  those  covering  the  intermediate  spaces  where  they  are  quite 
direct,  but  in  worn  examples  very  little  difference  in  size  is  no- 
ticeable. The  interzooecal  spaces,  which  are  solid  and  concave 
normally,  are  pitted  in  worn  specimens  as  though  they  contained 
covered  mesopores  or  vesicles.  The  unworn  covering  is  minutely 
punctate,  as  are  also  the  covers  closing  some  of  the  zocecal  aper- 
tures. The  zooecia  form  mere  inflations  of  the  surface,  usually 
(perhaps  always)  over  one  of  the  maculae,  which  in  that  case  is 
slightly  raised  instead  of  depressed  and  pierced  by  somewhat 
scattered  apertures.  An  average  of  nine  zooecia  occur  in  2  mm. 
Tube  walls  as  seen  in  fractured  specimens,  thin  beneath  the  outer 
crust,  minutely  perforated,  the  pores  arranged  in  transverse 
series  with  nearly  three  of  the  rows  in  the  space  equalling  the 
width  of  a  tube.  No  diaphragms  were  observed.  Length  of 
tubes,  i  mm.  or  less."  (Ulrich.) 

Remarks. — This  species  was  originally  described  from  the 
Eocene  of  Maryland,  although  the  Vincentown  examples  were 
referred  to  the  species  at  the  same  time.  In  some  of  the  Vin- 
centown specimens  the  maculae  are  scarcely  so  noticeable  as  in 
the  Eocene  examples,  but  others  agree  very  closely  with  those 
from  Maryland.  The  completely  attached  colonies  have  essen- 
tially the  characters  of  the  genus  Berenicea,  but  this  species  is 
often  more  or  less  free  with  the  lower  surface  covered  with  an 
epitheca. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  also  in  Eocene  of 
Maryland. 

Genus  DIASTOPORA  Lamark. 

Diastopora  lineata  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XXL,  Figs.  3-4. 

1862.     Diastopora  lineata.  G.  &.  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  172,  pi.  21,  fig.  62. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  317 

1864.     Blast opora  lineata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Diastopora  lineata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Diastopora  lineata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  P-  5- 

Description^ — Zoarium  encrusting  at  the  base,  afterwards 
rising  in  an  enrolled  plate  or  tortuous,  branched  tube  with, thin 
walls  and  a  diameter  of  from  i  to  2  mm.  The  back  of  the 
zoarium  in  the  tubular  portion,  or  the  inner  surface  of  the  tubes, 
covered  with  an  irregularly  striated  epitheca.  Zocecia  small, 
the  apertures  circular  and  slightly  elevated  above  the  general 
surface,  about  .25  mm,  or  a  little  less  in  diameter,  arranged  more 
or  less  irregularly  but  frequently  with  a  quincuncial  tendency, 
the  spaces  between  the  apertures  being  from  one  to  five  times 
their  diameter;  the  immersed  portion  of  the  zocecia  often  dis- 
tinctly rounded  and  bounded  on  each  side  by  a  depressed  line, 
sometimes  with  a  median  longitudinal  rib  and  one  or  two  lateral 
ones  on  each  side ;  behind  the  aperture  the  surface  usually  slopes 
regularly  to  the  common  surface  of  the  zoarium. 

Remarks. — As  it  usually  occurs,  this  species  is  represented  by 
broken  portions  of  the  tubular  parts  of  the  zoarium,  the  basal 
incrusting  portion  being  less  common.  Specimens  of  this  char- 
acter can  be  easily  recognized  by  the  thin  walled  tubes  whose 
inner  surface  is  covered  by  the  irregular,  annular  striations  of  the 
epitheca. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  IDMONBIDAB. 

Genus  RSTICUUPORA  d'Orbigny. 

Reticulipora  sagena  Gabb  &  Horn. 

1860.     Reticulipora  sagena  G.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1860,  p.  366. 
1860.     Reticulipora  sagena  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil , 

2d  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  400,  pi.  69,  figs.  30-32. 


318      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1862.     Reticulipora  sagena  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  173. 
1864.     Reticulipora  sagena  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Reticulipora  sagena  Conrad,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Reticulipora  sagena  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  broad,  irregularly  anasto- 
mosing branches  whose  sides  are  parallel  or  a  little  diverging 
towards  the  top,  the  upper  surface  of  the  branches  subcarinate 
along  the  median  line,  the  surface  rounding  from  the  base  of  the 
median  carina  into  the  sides.  Zocecia  crowded,  large,  subangular, 
the  dividing  walls  thick. 

Remarks. — This  is  one  of  the  rare  species  in  the  Vincentown 
fauna,  only  the  type  specimen  having  been  seen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Reticulipora  dichotoma  Gabb  &  Horn. 

Plate  XXI,  Figs.  5-14. 

1862.     Reticulipora  dichotoma  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  173,  pi.  21,  fig.  64. 
1864.     Reticulipora  dichotoma  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Reticulipora  dichotoma  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1901.     Reticulipora  dichotoma  Ulrich,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene, 

p.  207,  pi.  59,  figs.  9-12. 
1905.     Reticulipora   dichotoma   Johns.,    Proc.  Acad.    Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Zoarium.  not  reticulated,  consisting  of  laterally 
compressed,  anteriorly  carinate  and  posteriorly  rounded  branches 
whose  height  or  width  is  i  to  2  mm.,  with  a  thickness  of  about 
one-half  the  height;  these  branches  give  rise  to  similar  branches 
laterally  and  occasionally  bifurcate.  Zocecia  crowded  in  front 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  319 

towards  the  anterior  carina  and  arranged  in  more  or  less  irregular 
transverse  series,  about  five  or  six  occupying  the  space  of  I  mm. ; 
posteriorly  they  become  more  scattered  and  may  become  entirely 
wanting  upon  the  rounded  posterior  surface.  Zocecial  apertures 
subcircular  or  oval,  slightly  oblique,  surrounded  by  a  slightly 
raised  peristone  which  is  a  little  higher  behind  than  in  front. 
Smaller  mesopores  occupy  the  spaces  between  the  zocecia. 

Remarks. — Besides  its  occurrence  in  the  Vincentown  limesand, 
this  species  has  also  been  recognized  in  the  Eocene  of  Maryland. 
A  very  similar,  perhaps  identical,  form  from  the  Upper  Cre- 
taceous (Senonien)  of  France  has  been  described  under  the  name 
Bicrisina.  gaudryana  Pergens.1 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  also  Eocene  of  Mary- 
land. 

Genus  CRISINA  d'Orbigny. 

Crisina  striatopora  Ulrich. 
Plate  XXL,  Figs.  15-18. 

1904.     Crisina-  striatopora  Ulrich,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.  Miocene,  p. 
406,  pi.  117,  figs.  1-4. 

Description. — "Zoarium  erect,  ramose,  probably  not  exceeding 
i  cm.  in  height,  dividing  dichotomously  at  intervals  of  about  1.5 
mm.;  branches  subovate  in  cross-section,  thickest  uniformly 
convex  and  traversed  longitudinally  by  from  16  to  20 
punctate  striae  on  the  reverse  side,  narrower  and  carrying  alter- 
nating series  of  zo'cecial  apertures  on  the  obverse  side.  Zocecial 
apertures  rarely  three  usually  four  in  each  series,  in  contact  later- 
ally, the  inner  one  of  each  series  largest,  most  prominent,  and 
subcircular,  the  outer  one,  smallest,  drawn  out  distally  and  ap- 
parently grading  into  the  pores  lying  between  the  longitudinal 
ridges  of  the  reverse  side.  Series  of  zocecia  curving  first  forward 
then  slightly  backward,  separated  by  a  deep  interspace  averaging 


1  Bull.  Soc.  Belg.  de  Geol.,  vol.  3,  pi.  13,  fig-  2. 


320      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

about  0.2  mm.  in  width ;  about  five  rows  in  2.0  mm.  Over  the 
basal  part  of  the  zoarium  the  zooecial  apertures  are  covered  one 
after  the  other  by  the  growth  of  the  striato-punctate  dorsal  in- 
tegument." (Ulrich.) 

Remarks. — "This  handsome  species  is  readily  distinguished 
from  all  others  known  to  us  having  the  character  of  Crisina,  by 
the  frequent  dichotomization  of  the  branches.  Differences  in 
cross-sections  of  the  branches  and  in  other  respects  are  to  be 
observed  when  compared  with  most  of  the  species."  (Ulrich.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  also  Miocene  of  Mary- 
laud. 

Genus  BISIDMONEA  d'Orbigny. 

Bisidmonea  gabbiana  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  1-2. 

Description. — Zoarium  with  dichotomously  dividing  branches 
more  or  less  quadrangular  in  cross-section,  from  .8  mm.  to  3 
mm-,  in  thickness,  carrying  four  series  of  zocecial  apertures  the 
extremities  of  which  upon  the  angles  of  the  branches  are  either 
alternate  or  opposite.  Zooecial  apertures  three  to  five  in  each 
series  in  contact  laterally,  subcircular,  decreasing  in  size  from 
the  outside  to  the  center  of  each  series.  The  series  of  zocecia 
curving  toward  the  growing  ends  of  the  branches  with  a  gentle, 
convex  cirvature. 

Remarks. — Only  the  broken  fragments  of  branches  of  this 
species  have  been  observed,  the  entire  zoarium,  however,  was 
probably  small.  The  species  is  distinctly  different  from  any  of 
the  associated  bryzoa  and  can  be  easily  recognized  by  its  typically 
quadrangular  branches,  each  of  the  four  faces  of  which  bear  a 
series  of  curved,  transverse  rows  of  zocecial  apertures. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  321 

Genus  IDMONEA  Lamark. 

Idmonea  abbotti  Gabb  &  Horn. 

Plate  XXII.,  Figs.  3-4. 

1860.     Heterocrisina  Abbottii  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol. -4,  p.  404,  pi.  69,  figs.  45-47. 
1862.     Bicrisina\  Abbotii  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acal.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  174,  pi.  21,  fig.  65. 
1864.     Bicrisina  Abbottii  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.  Foss,  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Bicrisina- Abbottii  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Bicrisina  abbotii  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil., 

1905,  P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  small,  composed  of  laterally  com- 
pressed, more  or  less  subtriangular  bifurcating  branches,  .5  mm. 
or  less  in  thickness.  Zocecia  arranged  in  transverse  or  somewhat 
oblique  rows  upon  two  sides  of  the  branches  only,  each  row  con- 
taining three  or  four  zocecia,  the  most  anterior  one  in  each  row 
being  the  larger;  the  rows  of  zocecia  on  the  two  opposite  sides 
usually  alternate  in  position.  The  apertures  when  perfect  are 
circular,  with  an  elevated  rim,  and  are  directed  forwards  or  out- 
wards. Surface  of  the  zoarium  between  the  rows  of  zooecia, 
excavated,  concave,  smooth.  Posterior  surface  of  the  branches 
reticulately  marked,  the  longitudinal  lines  being  the  most  con- 
spicuous. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  one  of  the  commoner  forms  in  the 
Vincentown  fauna.  It  is  very  closely  related  to  /.  communis 
d'Orb.,  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  France,  and  it  is  possible 
that  the  two  forms  should  not  be  considered  as  distinct. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


21    PAI, 


322  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  FILISPARSA  d'Orbigny. 

Filisparsa  contortilis   (Lonsdale). 
Plate  XXII.,  Figs.  5-7. 

1834.     Retepora  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  79. 
1845.     Idmonea  contartilis'Lons.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  Lond., 

vol.  i,  p.  68,  figs.  a-d. 
1862.     Idmvnea  contortilis  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  167. 
1864.     Idmonea  contortilis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 
1868.     Idmonea  contortilis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  more  or  less  contorted, 
flattened,  dividing  and  anastomosing  branches  from  .5  mm.  to 
i  mm.  in  width,  with  zooecal  apertures  on  one  side  only,  the 
reverse  side  being  flattened  or  slightly  convex  and  marked  by 
transverse  wrinkles  which  are  curved  forward  in  the  middle,  and 
in  somewhat  worn  specimens  marked  also  by  longitudinal  lines 
which  indicate  the  lateral  boundaries  of  the  zocecia.  Zocecia  more 
or  less  irregularly  arranged,  the  apertures  sometimes  in  short 
transverse  rows,  and  again  scattered  irregularly,  sometimes  ab- 
sent from  considerable  areas  of  the  surface,  usually  about  .1  mm. 
in  diameter;  the  terminal  portion  of  the  zooecia  free,  cylindrical 
and  inclined  slightly  forward,  the  procumbent  portion  rounded 
and  bounded  laterally  by  longitudinal  furrows  upon  the  surface 
of  the  zoarium. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Filisparsa  bifurcata  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXII.,  Fig.  8. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  somewhat  flattened  dich- 
otomously  dividing  branches  from  .5  mm.  to  1.2  mm.  in  width. 
Zooecial  apertures  occupying  one  side  only,  the  reverse  side  being 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  323 

-nearly  flat  or  slightly  convex  and  marked  by  transverse  wrinkles 
which  curve  convexly  forward.  The  zooecia  more  or  less  irregu- 
larly arranged,  the  apertures  often  showing  a  tendency  to  be 
arranged  in  transverse  or  diagonal  rows,  about  .2  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, the  terminal  portion  of  the  zocecia  free,  cylindrical,  inclined 
forward,  the  procumbent  portion  transversely  rounded  and 
bounded  laterally  by  longitudinal  furrows  upon  the  surface  of 
the  zoarium. 

Remarks.  —  This  species  resembles  F.  contortiles,  but  is  larger 
with  larger  and  fewer  zocecia,  and  the  branches  less  commonly 
.cimstomosing. 

Formation  and  locality,  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 


Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Family  ENTALOPHORIDAE. 

Genus  KNTAIXDPHORA  Lamark. 

Entalophora  conradi  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XXIIV  Fig.  9. 

1862.     Entalophora  Conradii  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil,  2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  170,  pi.  21,  fig.  59. 
1864.     Entalophora  Conradii  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 
1868.     Entalophora  Conradii  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 

Description.  —  Zoarium,  consisting  of  small,  cylindrical,  some- 
times bifurcating  branches  about  .38  mm.  in  diameter.  Zocecia 
arranged  in  about  10  vertical  rows,  the  apertures  placed  alter- 
nately in  adjacent  rows  so  as  to  give  them  also  a  spiral  arrange- 
ment; the  apertures  subovate  in  outline,  broadest  and  somewhat 
truncate  above,  the  upper  margin  slightly  elevated  as  a  project- 
ing lip,  the  spaces  between  the  apertures  in  the  vertical  rows 
slightly  concave,  about  equaling  the  apertures  themselves  in 
length. 

Remarks.  —  The  type  of  this  species  seems  to  have  been  lost  or 
destroyed,  as  it  is  not  mentioned  in  Johnson's  list  of  types  in  the 
collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  the  speci- 


324      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

mens  which  have  been  so  identified  do  not  entirely  agree 
with  Gabb  &  Horn's  original  illustration.  There  seem  to  be  no 
other  specimens  in  the  New  Jersey  collections,  however,  which 
can  be  referred  to  this  species,  and  it  is  entirely  possible  that  the 
differences  between  our  specimens  and  the  one  used  for  illustra- 
tion by  Gabb  &  Horn  is  due  to  their  more  worn  condition. 
Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentowii 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  SPIROPORA  Lamark. 

Spiropora  calamus  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XXII.,  Fig.  10. 

1862.     Spiropora  calamus  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  sen,  vol.  5,  p.  166,  pi.  21,  fig.  55. 
1864.     Spiropora  calamus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 
1868.     Spiropora  calamus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 

Description. — Zoarium  small,  consisting  of  cylindrical 
branches.  Zocecia  in  annular  rows  of  about  eight  each,  the 
apertures  circular,  their  diameter  about  one-fourth  the  distance 
between  the  successive  annular  rows,  in  the  area  between  the 
apertures  the  zocecia  are  bounded  laterally  by  prominent,  longi- 
tudinal ribs. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections.  It  was  established  upon  a  single  specimen  which 
seems  to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed,  but  if  the  original  descrip- 
tion and  illustration  are  accurate  the  species  is  so  distinct  from 
any  of  its  associates  that  there  should  be  no  difficulty  in  recog- 
nizing it  should  it  be  met  with  in  the  future. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber 
Creek  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  325 

Genus  CLAUSA  d'Orbigny. 

Clausa  americana  Gabb  &  Horn. 

Plate  XXII.,  Fig,  n 

1862.     Fascipora  Americana  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  165,  pi.  21,  fig.  54. 
1864.     Fasciopora  americana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Fasciopora  Americana  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J..  p.  723. 
1905.     Fascipora  americana,  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  P-   5- 

Description. — Zoarium  irregularly  branched  or  bifurcating, 
usually  composed  of  robust,  clavate  branches  from  .5  mm.  to  1.5 
mm.  in  diameter,  sometimes  more  slender  and  tortuous. 
Younger  zooecia  crowded  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches, 
mature  zocecia  arranged  irregularly  upon  the  sides  of  the 
branches,  or  in  more  or  less  distant  longitudinal  rows,  the  aper- 
tures sub-circular,  about  .1  mm.  in  diameter,  the  distance  be- 
tween the  apertures  from  one  to  four  times  their  diameter,  the 
terminal  portion  of  the  zooecia  slightly  exsert. 

Remarks. — The  broken  branches  of  this  species  bear  some 
superficial  resemblance  to  the  branches  of  Diastopora  lineata,  but 
the  branches  of  Diastopora  are  always  tubular,  while  those  of 
Clausa  are  solid. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  PASCIGERIDAB. 

Genus  FILIFASCIGERA  d'Orbigny. 

Filifascigera   megaera  (Lonsdale). 

Plate  XXII,  Figs.  12-15. 

1845.     Tiibulipora    Megaera    Lons.,    Quart.    Jour.    Geol.    Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  i,  p.  69,  figs.  a-b. 
1862.     Filifascigera  megaera  G.  &  H.,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  165,  pi.  21,  fig.  53. 


326      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Filifascigera  megaera  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Filifascigera  meg&ra  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1896.     Filifascigera  megaera  Ulrich,  Zittel-Eastman,  Text  Book 
of  Pal.,  vol.  i,  p.  263,  fig.  421. 

1 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  consisting  of  minute,  flat- 
tened, bifurcating  and  anastomosing  branches  from  .3  mm.  to 
.4  mm.  wide  in  their  broadest  parts  opposite  the  bases  of  zooecal 
groups,  the  lateral  margins  converging1  posteriorly  to  about  one- 
half  that  width  just  in  front  of  the  next  preceding  group  of 
zooecia,  the  dorsal  surface  transversely  convex.  Zocecia  fas- 
ciculate in  groups  of  from,  two  to  five,  situated  at  the  summit  of 
tubular  processes  which  rise  at  nearly  right  angles  from  the 
center  of  the  broadest  portions  of  the  zoarium ;  in  rare  instances 
the  erect  zooecal  processes  bifurcate  above. 

Remarks. — In  its  habit  of  growth  this  species  resembles 
Stomatopora  regularis,  but  it  can  always  be  easily  distinguished 
from  that  species  by  reason  of  its  fasciculate  zooecia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  LIOHENOPOBIDAE. 

Genus  DISCOCYTIS  d'Orbigny. 

Discocytis  eccentrica  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXII.,  Figs.  16-19. 

Description. — Zoarium  more  or  less  irregularly  cup-shaped, 
supported  by  a  very  short  pedicle  with  a  slightly  expanded  base, 
above  which  the  outer  surface  expands  rapidly  to  its  maximum 
width,  which  varies  from  3  mm.  to  7  mm. ;  the  upper  surface  of 
the  zoarium  marked  by  strong  radiating  ridges  or  lamellae, 
which  usually  bifurcate  once  or  twice  or  branch  somewhat  irregu- 
larly. Zocecia  small,  subcircular  in  cross-section,  the  apertures 
occupying  the  entire  outer  surface  of  the  zoarium  and  the  outer 
extremities  of  the  lamellae  of  the  upper  surface;  the  depressions 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  327 

between  the  lamellae  and  also  their  upper  margins  when  perfect, 
are  non-celluliferous  and  are  marked  by  radiating  striae. 

Remarks. — This  little  species  is  rather  common  at  Vincentown, 
and  the  more  regular  examples  frequently  have  a  strong  super- 
ficial resemblance  to  a  minute  cup  coral.  The  species  somewhat 
resembles  the  European  D.  eudesii  (Mich.),  from  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  France,  but  is  a  smaller  form,  and  judging  from 
d'Orbigny's  illustration,  is  much  more  irregular  in  its  habit  of 
growth. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,   Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

! 

Genus  LICHENOPORA  Defrance. 

Lichenopora  papyracea  (d'Orbigny). 

Plate  XXII.,  Fig.  20. 

1852.     Unitubigera  papyracea  d'Orb.,  Pal  Franc.,  Terr.  Cret.r 
Tom.  5,  p.  761,  pi.  643,  figs.  12-14. 

Description. — Zoarium  forming  small,  encrusting,  subcircular 
colonies,  the  maximum  diameter  of  one  colony  being  4  mm. 
Zocecia  subcircular  in  outline  or  sometimes  subpolygonal,  about 
.1  mm.  in  diameter,  those  towards  the  center  of  the  zoarium 
more  or  less  covered  with  an  epitheca  indicating  that  the  living 
portion  of  the  zoarium  was  around  its  outer  border. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  OBBIOPORIDAE. 

Genus  HETEROPORA  Blainville. 

Heteropora  parvicella  (Gabb  &  Horn). 

Plate  XXIII.,  Figs.  1-2. 
1860.     Multicresds  parvicella  G.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1860,  p.  367. 

1860.     Multicresis  parvicella  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  401,  pi.  69,  figs.  36-38. 


328      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1862.     Multicrescis  parvicella  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil,,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  178,  pi.  21,  fig.  70. 
1864.     Multicresis  parvicella*  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Multicrescis  parvicella  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Multicresis  parvicella  Johns,,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
P-  5- 


Description.  —  Zoarium  consisting  of  small  subcylindrical 
branches  without  an  axial  tube,  usually  a  little  over  i  mm.  in 
diameter,  and  more  or  less  irregularly  dividing  and  coalescing. 
Zocecia  circular,  irregularly  arranged,  remote,  surrounded  by  a 
raised  rim  when  perfect.  The  spaces  between  the  zocecia  occu- 
pied by  numerous,  irregularly  arranged  smaller  mesopores  whose 
apertures  are  situated  in  the  bottoms  of  rounded  or  angular 
depressions. 

Remarks.  —  This  species  superficially  resembles  Cavaria  du- 
mosa  Ulrich,  from  the  Eocene  of  Maryland,  but  the  branches 
of  the  New  Jersey  species  are  more  slender  and  divide  less  fre- 
quently, and  the  zocecia  and  mesopores  are  somewhat  more  scat- 
tered. The  most  important  difference,  however,  is  in  the  absence 
of  the  central  axial  hollow  or  tube  in  the  New  Jersey  form,  the 
character  which  distinguishes  the  genus  Heteropora  from  Corc;- 
aria<.  In  worn  specimens  of  this  species  the  zocecia  and  meso- 
pores are  more  nearly  equal  in  size,  and  the  appearance  of  the 
specimens  is  much  changed. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Family  MBLIOBBITITIDAE. 

Genus  RETELEA  d'Orbigny. 

Retelea  ovalis  Gabb  &  Horn. 

Plate  XXIII.,  Figs.  3-4. 

1862.     Retelea  ovalis  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil..  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  164,  pi.  21,  fig.  52. 
1864.     Retelea  ovalis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  4. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  329 

1868.     Retelea  ovalis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Retelea  ovalis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 
p.  6. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  irregularly  anastomo- 
sing, vertical,  bifoliate  lamellae  about  .25  mm.  in  thickness,  the 
openings  between  the  lamellae  being  exceedingly  irregular  with 
widths  varying  from  I  mm.  to  4  mm.  The  entire  zoarium  forms 
masses  5  mm.  to  10  mm.  in  thickness,  sometimes  of  considerable 
lateral  extent.  Zocecia  occupying  both  sides  of  the  vertical 
lamellae  and  somewhat  regularly  arranged  in  vertical  and  diag- 
onal lines.  The  apertures  oval  or  elliptical,  somewhat  variable 
in  form,  closed  in  the  old  zocecia  by  a  flat,  smooth  operculum 
which  is  separated  from  the  rim  of  the  aperture  by  a  slightly 
depressed  ring.  The  spaces  between  the  apertures  usually  regu- 
larly depressed. 

Remarks. — This  species  can  always  be  easily  recognized  from 
the  habit  of  growth  of  the  zoarium,  it  being  different  in  this 
respect  from  any  of  its  associates. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution.. — New  Jersey. 

:f 

Order  CHILOSTOMATA. 

Family  ONYCHOCELLIDAE. 

Genus  FLUSTRELLA  d'Orbigny. 

Flustrella  ?  capistrata  Gabb  and  Horn. 

Plate  XXIII.,  Figs.  5-6. 

1862.     Flustrella  capistrata  G.  &  H.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  161,  pi.  20,  fig.  48. 
1862.     Membranipora  abortiva  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  157,  pi.  20,  fig.  41. 
1864.     Membrampora  abortiva  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jun,  p.  3. 
1864.     Flustrella.  capistrata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,4 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 


330      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1868.     Flustrella  capistraia  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Membrampora  abortive  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat..  Sci. 
Phil.  1905,  p.  5. 

Description.  Zoarium  consisting  of  cylindrical  branches  about 
.5  mm.  in  diameter,  which  sometimes  bifurcate,  and  which  rise 
from  a  more  or  less  irregular  incrusting  base.  Zocecia  arranged 
in  from  six  to  eight  vertical  columns  upon  the  cylindrical 
branches,  usually  opposite  in  adjacent  rows  so  as  to  form  annu- 
lar rows  also;  upon  the  expanded  base  the  zocecia  are  irregularly 
arranged.  Each  zocecium  about  .25  mm.  in  length,  usually  di- 
vided into  two  portions,  the  aperture  below,  elliptical  in  outline, 
surrounded  by  a  raised  border,  about  .15  mm.  in  length  at  the 
summit  of  the  border ;  above  the  aperture  is  a  smaller,  depressed, 
quadrangular  or  sub-crescentic  area  also  surrounded  by  a  raised 
border,  in  some  zocecia,  perhaps  in  all  when  they  are  perfect, 
this  region  is  covered  by  a  domeshaped  wall  to  form  an  ovicell. 
Avicularia  small,  equaling  the  zocecia  in  number,  and  placed  in 
the  angles  between  them,  surrounded  by  a  raised  border.  Upon 
the  expanded  basal  portion  of  the  zoarium  the  zooecia  are  irregu- 
larly arranged,  with  the  apertures  more  oval  in  outline,  with  the 
avicularia  less  numerous  and  irregularly  arranged. 

Remarks. — The  basal  expansions  of  this  species  were  originally 
described  as  a  distinct  species  under  the  name  Membranipora 
abortiva  G.  &  H.,  but  the  two  supposed  forms  are  evidently  but 
different  parts  of  the  colonies  of  a  single  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154).  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  ONYCHOCEU,A  Jullien. 

Onychocella  digitata  (Morton). 

Plate  XXIII:,  Figs.  7-10. 
1834.     Eschar  a  digitata  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  79,  pl.  13,  %.  8. 

.  1845.     Eschar  a  digitata  Lons.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  Lond., 
vol.  i,  p.  73,  figs,  c,  d,  g,  (  ?a,  b),  (not  e,  f). 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  331 

1862.     Eschar  a  digitata  G.  &.  H.,  Jour,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  114. 
1864.     Hschara  digitata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Pliophlae  sagena  Cook,  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  376,  fig. 
1868.     Hschara  digitata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1901.     Hschara  (ff)  digitata  Ulrich,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene, 

p.  216,  pi.  60,  figs.  lo-n. 

Description. — "Zoarium  bifoliate,  branching  dichotomously ; 
branches  flattened,  acutely  elliptical  in  cross-section,  usually  2.5 
to  3.0  mm.  wide.  Zocecia  hexagonal,  regularly  arranged  in  quin- 
cunx, about  0.55  mm.  long  and  0.38  wide,  bounded  by  a  slightly 
impressed  line ;  surface  concave,  especially  toward  the  aperture 
which  is  situated  usually  just  in  front  of  the  center.  Aperture 
semielliptical,  rounded  in  front,  straight  behind,  o.io  to  0.12  mm. 
wide.  Normally  developed  and  perfect,  the  posterior  border  of 
the  aperture  is  slightly  raised  and  bears  a  delicate  lunarium-like 
curved  plate  which  extends  into  the  aperture.  Abortive  cells, 
possibly  of  the  nature  of  vicarious  avicularia,  are  frequent,  but 
seem  to  be  entirely  restricted  to  the  edges  of  the  zoarium  and  to 
those  portions  lying  just  beneath  the  axes  of  bifurcation.  They 
are  distinguished  from  the  other  cells  by  their  subcircular  and 
usually  much  smaller  apertures.  Ocecia  unknown."  (Ulrich). 

Remarks. — This  is  by  far  the  most  abundant  species  of  bry- 
ozoan  in  the  Vincentown  beds  of  New  Jersey.  At  times  its  broken 
zoaria  constitute  a  large  percentage  of  considerable  beds,  the 
species  occurring  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.  All  other 
species  of  bryozoans  in  this  fauna  are  rare  as  compared  with  this 
one. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  BIFLUSTRA  d'Orbigny. 
Bifulstra  torta  Gabb  &  Horn. 

Plate  XXIIL,  Figs.  11-12. 

1862.     BMustra  torta  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 
ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  152,  pi.  20,  fig.  36. 


332      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Biflustra  torta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Biflustra  torta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1901.     Biflustra  torta  Ulrich,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p.  214, 

pi.  60,  fig.  7. 
1905.     Biflustra  torta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  1905, 

P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  bifoliate,  compressed, 
more  or  less  twisted,  bifurcating  branches,  which  rarely  continue 
in  the  same  plane  for  more  than  5  mm.,  with  from  6  to  10  rows 
of  zooecia  on  each  side,  except  below  the  points  of  bifurcation, 
where  there  may  be  a  larger  number  of  rows.  Zooecia  arranged 
in  longitudinal  lines,  and  usually  in  quincunx,  usually  about  .3 
mm.  in  length.  Zocecial  apertures  usually  about  one-half  the 
length  of  the  zocecium,  subelliptical  in  outline,  placed  anteriority, 
the  margins  elevated  anteriorly  and  laterally;  the  posterior  sur- 
face of  the  zooecia  sloping  downward  from  the  elevated  border  of 
the  one  next  behind  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  aperture. 
Ovicells  usually  absent,  and  only  rarely  present  in  any  consider- 
able numbers ;  they  are  cucullate,  semi-globular  in  form,  with 
the  opening  directed  posteriorly ;  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
dome-like  covering  extends  backward  to  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  zocecial  aperture  just  behind.  Avicularia  scattered  irregularly 
among  the  other  zooecia,  of  which  they  are  but  modified  in- 
dividuals about  two-thirds  of  the  usual  size. 

Remarks. — Besides  its  occurrence  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of 
New  Jersey,  this  species  has  been  recognized  also  in  the  Eocene 
of  Maryland.  It  is  rather  common  form,  and  was  apparently 
mistaken  by  Lonsdale,  and  illustrated  by  him  as  an  immature 
form  of  Onychocella  digitata  (Mort).  These  two  forms,  how- 
ever, are  distinctly  different. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  also  Eocene  of  Mary- 
land. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  333 

Biflustra  disjuncta  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XXIIL,  Fig.  13. 

1862.     Biflustra  disjuncta  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  153,  pi.  20,  fig.  37. 
1864.     Biflustra  disjuncta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.-  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 
1868.     Biflustra  disjuncta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  ].,  p.  722. 

Description. — Zoarium  bifoliate,  compressed.  Zocecia  robust, 
elongate-hexagonal  in  outline,  growing  in  longitudinal  series  and 
arranged  in  quincunx ;  the  zocecia  in  each  longitudinal  series  are 
firmly  united  end  to  end,  but  the  adhesion  along  the  lateral  mar- 
gins and  at  the  back  is  very  slight.  Zooecial  apertures  terminal, 
oval,  somewhat  variable  in  form ;  the  floor  of  the  zooecium  sloping 
upward  in  front  and  merging  into  the  surface  of  the  zoarium  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  nearly  or  quite  obliterate  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  aperture.  Outer  surface  of  the  zooecia  smooth,  rounding 
slightly  inward  to  the  aperture  and  to  the  constriction  between 
the  apertures  in  the  same  longitudinal  series. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  one  of  the  rarer  forms,  and  has  not 
been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections.  It  was  founded  upon  two 
fragments  only,  and  even  these  seem  to  have  been  lost  or 
destroyed.  The  characters  of  the  species  are  such,  however,  if 
the  original  description  and  illustration  of  Gabb  and  Horn  are 
accurate,  that  it  can  be  easily  recognized  should  it  be  met  with  in 
the  future  collections. 

Formation  and  locality. — Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill 
(Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  MEMBRANIPOBIDAB. 

Genus  AMPHIBLESTRUM  Gray. 

Amphiblestrum  heteropora  (Gabb  &  Horn). 

Plate  XXIIL,  Figs.  14-16. 

1862.     Reptoflustrella  ?  heteropora  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  162,  pi.  20,  fig.  50. 


334      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     ReptoHustrella   ( ?)   heteropora  Meek,   Check  List.  Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.  p.  4. 
1868.     ReptoHustrella  ?  heteropora  Con.,  Cooks  Geol.  N.  J.,  p. 

723- 
1901.     ReptoHnstrella    heteropora    Ulrich,    Md.    Geol.    Surv., 

Eocene,  p.  213,  pi.  60,  figs.  8-9. 
1905.     ReptoHustrella  heteropora  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  5. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting  in  irregular  patches,  usually 
growing  upon  other  species  of  bryozoa.  Zooecia  in  a  single  layer, 
usually  arranged  with  but  little  regularity,  but  sometimes  ex- 
hibiting a  tendency  to  grow  in  radiating  lines,-  longer  than  wide, 
pointed  in  front,  broadly  subtruncate  behind;  aperture  about  .15 
mm.  in  width,  subtriangular  in  outline  with  convex  sides,  often 
approaching  an  oval  form  in  very  long  zocecia;  bordered  an- 
teriorly and  laterally  by  a  slightly  elevated,  rounded  ridge  which 
becomes  obsolete  posteriorly.  Just  in  front  of  the  anterior  angle 
of  the  zocecal  aperture  is  a  small  subcircular  pore,  probably  the 
point  of  attachment  of  an  avicularium.  Posterior  portion  of  the 
zocecia  covered  with  a  regularly  convex,  smooth  wall,  which  in 
old  zoaria  is  continued  over  the  entire  surface,  totally  obliterating 
the  aperture. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  been  identified  by  Ulrich  from  the 
Eocene  beds  of  Maryland,  but  these  Eocene  examples  are  coarser 
in  appearance  and-  the  front  wall  of  the  apertural  margin  is  dis- 
tinctly granular.  It  is  altogether  possible  that  the  Eocene  ex- 
amples should  be  considered  as  a  distinct  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  also  Eocene  of  Mary- 
land. 

Genus  MEMBRANIPORA  Blainville. 

Membranipora  plebia  Gabb  &  Horn. 

Plate  XXIIL,  Fig.  17. 

1862.     Membranipora  plebia  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  158,  pi.  20,  fig.  43. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  335 

1864.     Membranipora  plebia  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Membranipora  plebeia  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1896.     Membranipora  plebeia  Ulrich,  Zittel-Eastman  Text  Book 

of  Pal.,  p.  287,  fig.  478. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  growing  upon  shells,  echi- 
noids  and  other  bryozoans.  Zocecia  in  a  single  layer,  from  .3 
mm.  to  .4  mm.  in  length,  their  width  about  two-thirds  the  length, 
usually  with  a  quincunxial  arrangement,  the  adjacent  ones  sepa- 
rated by  a  distinct  depressed  line  which  sometimes  widens  so  as 
to  form  small  open  spaces.  Zocecal  apertures  elliptical  or  ovate 
in  outline,  large,  leaving  a  very  narrow  zocecial  wall.  Ovicells 
variable  in  their  distribution,  sometimes  abundant,  but  usually 
much  scattered.  Avicularia  few  in  number. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Membranipora  annuloidea  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIII.,  Fig.  18. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting.  Zocecia  from  .5  mm.,  to 
.65  mm.  in  length,  their  width  about  three-fourths  their  length, 
more  or  less  hexagonal  in  outline,  sharply  defined  by  depressed 
furrows.  Zocecial  apertures  about  .2  mm.  in  length,  subovate  in 
outline,  surrounded  by  a  rather  broad,  somewhat  elevated, 
rounded  marginal  rim  which  is  marked  by  a  series  of  from  10  to 
13  small  subcircular  pits  with  raised  borders.  Ovicells  variable 
in  their  distribution,  either  abundant  or  much  scattered,  usually 
a  little  broader  than  long  with  the  side  next  the  zocecial  aperture 
somewhat  flattened,  about  .15  mm.  in  width. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  rather  rare  at  Vincentown.  When 
worn,  the  marginal  ring  of  pits  about  the  zocecial  apertures  are 
more  or  less  obscure  and  sometimes  wanting  entirely.  The  species 
somewhat  resembles  the  Italian  Tertiary  species  M.  annulus  Man- 
zoni,1  but  differs  in  having  more  rounded  zocecia  and  more 
numerous  pores. 


1  Bryoz.  Foss.  Ital.,  4th  Contrib.,  p.  7,  Tav.  i,  fig.  6. 


336      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown. 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Membranipora  nematoporoides  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIV.,  Figs.  1-2. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  narrow  subquadrangular 
or  subcylindrical  branches  .6  to  .7  mm.  in  diameter  which  are 
celluliferous  on  all  sides,  the  zocecia  being  arranged  in  from 
four  to  six  vertical  rows.  Zooecia  about  twice  as  long  as  wide, 
their  length  about  .33  mm.,  surrounded  by  a  rather  sharp,  slightly 
elevated  rim  which  is  surmounted  by  a  series  of  sharp  tubercles 
or  minute  spines.  Avicularia  rather  numerous,  very  large  and 
beak-like. 

Remarks. — In  its  method  of  growth  and  general  aspect  this 
species  resembles  members  of  Ulrich's  genus  Nematopora.  The 
species  is  not  uncommon  at  Vincentown,  and  may  be  easily 
recognized  by  the  spines  surrounding  the  zocecial  apertures  and 
by  the  large  beak-like  avicularia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,   Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Membranipora  jerseyensis  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIV.,  Fig.  3. 

Description. — Zoarium  bifoliate,  zocecia  from  .6  to  .85  mm.  in 
length  and  from  .45  to  .50  mm.  wide,  arranged  more  or  less 
regularly  in  quincunx.  Zocecial  apertures  subelliptical  in  out- 
line, .4  to  .5  mm.  in  length,  their  width  from  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  the  length.  The  spaces  between  the  zocecial  apertures 
rounded  and  occupied  by  numerous,  rather  large  pores.  Ovicells 
usually  abundant. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  recognized  by  the  numerous 
pores  occupying  the  interapertural  spaces.  It  is  not  uncommon 
at  Vincentown. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,   Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  337 

Membranipora  perampla  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XXIV.,  Fig.  4.  - 

1862.     Membranipora  perampla  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  158,  pi.  20,  fig.  42. 
1864.     Membranipora  perampla  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Membranipora  perampla  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Membranipora  perampla  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  5. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting1,  growing1  upon  other  bry- 
ozoa  and  upon  shells.  Zocecia  forming  a  single  layer,  more  or 
less  regularly  hexagonal  in  outline,  usually  about  .45  mm.  in 
length  with  the  width  two-thirds  the  length,  arranged  in  quin- 
cunx, not  surrounded  by  a  distinct  depressed  line,  though  at  the 
angles  the  surface  is  usually  slightly  depressed.  Aperture  large, 
elliptical  or  sometimes  nearly  circular  in  outline,  the  zorecial 
walls  thin.  Both  ovicells  and  avicularia  rare  or  entirely  wanting. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  near  MHillica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PYRIPORA  d'Orbigny. 

Pyripora  irregularis  Gabb  &  Horn. 

Plate  XXIV.,  Fig.  5. 

1860.     Hippothoa  irregularis  G.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1860,  p.  366. 
1860.     Hippothoa  irregularis  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  400,  pi.  69,  figs.  18-20. 
1862.     Pyripora  irregularis  G.  &.  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  157,  pi.  20,  fig.  40. 
1864.     Pyripora  irregularis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Pyripora  irregularis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Pyripora  irregularis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  P.  5- 

22    PAL, 


338      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description.  —  Zoarium  incrusting,  composed  of  robust  zocecia 
about  .5  mm.  in  length,  frequently  branching,  one  or  two 
branches  being  given  off  laterally  or  anteriorly  from  a  single 
zocecium  at  various  angles.  Zocecia  pyriform,  strongly  con- 
vex towards  the  front,  with  thin,  unornamented  walls,  very- 
narrow  posteriorly,  becoming  rapidly  wider  anteriorly,  in  some 
cases  becoming  nearly  elliptical.  Apertures  large,  subelliptical  in 
outline,  situated  anteriorly,  sometimes  bordered  posteriorly  by  a 
slightly-elevated  lip.  Ovicells  often  present. 

Remarks.  —  The  colonies  of  this  species  have  been  usually  ob- 
served growing  upon  Onychocella  digitata,  and  only  in  rare  in- 
stances are  there  more  than  10  or  12  zooecia  in  one  group. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 


Genus  PivANiCEuwvRiA  d'Orbigny. 

Planicellaria  oculata  d'Orbigny. 
Plate  XXIV.,  Figs.  6-7. 

1850.     Planicellaria    oculata    d'Orbigny,     Pal.     Franc.,     Terr. 
Cret.  Tom.,  5,  p.  37,  pi.  653,  figs.   1-5. 

Description*.  —  Zoarium  consisting  of  cylindrical  branches 
more  or  less  subelliptical  in  cross-section,  with  from  8  to  10 
longitudinal  rows  of  zocecia.  Zocecia  arranged  more  or  less  reg- 
ularly in  quincunx,  sharply  separated,  about  0.6  mm.  in  length. 
Zooecial  apertures  small,  elliptical  in  outline,  about  o.i  mm.  in 
length,  around  the  aperture  of  each  zocecia  is  a  -rather  broad, 
slightly  convex  region  extending  to  the  zocecial  margin,  except 
above,  where  there  is  a  rather  large  ovicell.  The  ovicells  upon 
the  narrower  sides  of  the  branches  much  larger  than  those  upon 
the  broader  and  flatter  sides. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  339 

Planicellaria  cylindrica  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XXIV.,  Fig.  8. 

1862.     Flustrella  cylindrica  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  161,  pi.  20,  fig.  49. 
1864.     Flustrella  cylindrica  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 
1868.     Flustrella  cylindrica  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  cylindrical  or  oval  (?) 
branches,  with  six  longitudinal  rows  of  zooecia  in  the  type  speci- 
men, arranged  in  quincunx.  Zooecia  divided  externally  into  two 
subequal  regions;  the  anterior  region  convex  and  oval,  with  its 
longest  diameter  the  greater,  pierced  in  its  center  by  a  circular 
or  oval  aperture  whose  diameter  is  about  one-third  the  width 
of  the  zooecium ;  the  posterior  region  is  flatter  and  supports  a  sub- 
quadrate  labiate  process,  probably  the  point  of  attachment  of  an 
avicularium,  which  is  depressed  behind  and  elevated  in  front;  it 
is  truncated  above  so  that  the  opening  is  directed  forward  and 
upward. 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  the  last,  differing  chiefly  in 
the  smaller  number  of  rows  of  zooscia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  near  Mullica 
Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn),  Vincentown  (154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  EsCHARiNEUvA  d'Orbigny. 

Escharinella  altimuralis  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXIV.,  Figs.  9-10. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  zooscia  subrhomboidal  in 
outline,  about  0.5  mm.  in  length,  with  very  thin  walls.  At  each 
angle  is  a  rather  large  avicularium,  subcircular  or  subelliptical  in 
outline,  with  walls  somewhat  thicker  than  those  of  the  zocecia. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  very  distinct  species,  abundant  at  Vincen- 
town, which  may  be  easily  recognized  by  its  thin  walls  and 
prominent  avicularia. 


340      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  llmesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  REPTOMUI/TICAVA  d'Orbigny. 
Reptomulticava  cepularis  Gabb  &  Horn. 

1860.     Reptomulticava  cepularis  G.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  ScL 

Phil.,  1860,  p.  367. 
1860.     Reptomulticava  cepularis  Gabb,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   ScL 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  401,  pi.  69,  figs.  33-35. 
1862.     Reptomulticava  crepularis  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  ScL 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  177. 
1864.     Reptomulticava  cepularis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Reptomulticava  cepularis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Reptomulticava  cepularis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  5. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting  in  large  masses,  forming 
irregular  tubercles  or  nodes,  composed  of  a  large  number  of 
layers  of  zooecia  superposed  upon  each  other.  Zocecia  angular, 
crowded,  irregular,  separated  by  prominent  walls,  sometimes  with 
distinct  depressed  lines  between  them.  The  width  of  one  zoarium, 
the  type  specimen,  is  over  60  mm.  in  one  direction. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution-. — New  Jersey. 

Family  OBIBRILINIDAE. 

Genus  CRIBRIWNA  Gray. 

Cribrilina  sagena   (Morton). 

Plate  XXIV.,  Figs.  11-12. 

1834.     Flustra  sagena  Moot.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S.r 

p.  79,  pi.  13,  fig.  7. 
1845.     Bscharina  ?  sagena  Lons.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  Lond., 

vol.  i,  p.  71,  figs.  a-c. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  341 

1862.     Pliophlcea  sagena  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  150,  pi.  20,  fig.  34. 
1864     Pliophlcea  sagena  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Pliophlcea  sagena  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Pliophlcea,  sagena  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

1905,  P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  rather  broad,  irregularly 
branching,  more  or  less  tortuous  plates  composed  of  several  layers 
of  zocecia  superimposed  one  upon  the  other.  Zocecia  in  close  con- 
tact all  around,  elongate-subelliptical  or  subquadrangular  in  out- 
line; from  0.3  mm.  to  0.4  mm.  in  length,  the  width  usually  about 
one-half  the  length,  arranged  more  or  less  regularly  in  longi- 
tudinal lines  and  in  quincunx.  Zocecial  apertures  terminal,  small, 
o.  i  mm.  or,  less  in  diameter,  subcircular  or  subquadrate  in  outline ; 
back  of  the  aperture  the  outer  surface  of  the  zooecia  is  covered  by 
a  thin,  nearly  flat  or  slightly  convex  wall,  which  is  marked  by 
about  1 6  straight  rows  of  fine  perforations,  which  extend  inward 
from  and  at  right  angles  to  the  margin  of  the  zocecium.  Avicu- 
laria  small,  subcircular  or  subelliptical  in  outline,  two  in  number 
for  each  zocecium,  situated  one  on  either  side  of  the  zooecial  aper- 
ture. Ovicells  scattered  irregularly  over  the  surface  of  the 
zoarium,  usually  not  abundant;  they  are  smooth,  dome-shaped 
bodies,  considerably  larger  than  the  zooecial  apertures  just  above 
which  they  are  always  situated. 

Remarks. — Next  to  Onychocella  digitata  this  is  the  commonest 
species  of  bryozoan  in  the  Vincentown  fauna.  It  can  be  easily 
recognized  by  its  irregularly  dividing  and  more  or  less  twisted, 
flabellate  branches. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution., — New  Jersey. 

Cribrilina  immersa  (Gabb  &  Horn). 

1862.     Hscharipora  immersa  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  149. 
1864.     Hscharipora  immersa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 


342      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1868.     Escaripora  immersa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Escharipora  immersa  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.r 
P-  5- 


Description.  —  Zoarium  consisting"  of  large,  thick,  tortuous, 
anastomosing  plates  with  zooecia  on  both  sides.  Zooecia  elon- 
gate-oval with  parallel  sides.  Zocecial  apertures  occupying  the 
entire  width  of  the  visible  portion  of  the  zocecia,  and  from  one- 
fourth  to  one-fifth  of  its  length,  the  front  margin  rounded,  the 
posterior  margin  straight.  Surface  of  the  zooecia  back  of  the 
aperture  very  distinctly  depressed  below  the  surface  of  the 
zoarium,  marked  by  five  or  six  pairs  of  transverse  furrows 
which  reach  almost  to  the  middle,  leaving  a  narrow,  median, 
imperforate  line.  Avicularia  numerous,  but  the  exact  number 
not  determined,  situated  in  advance  of  and  around  the  apertures. 

Remarks.  —  This  species  was  established  upon  a  single  large 
zoarium,  100  mm.  in  length  by  50  mm.  in  width  and  height, 
which  is  the  only  specimen  as  yet  observed. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Genus  MEMBRANIPORELI^A  Smitt. 

Membraniporella  abbottii  (Gabb  &  Horn). 

Plate  XXIV.,  Figs.  13-14. 

1862.     Escharipora  Abbottii  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  149,  pi.  20,  fig.  33. 
1862.     Reptescharipora  marginata  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  151,  pi.  20,  fig.  35. 
1864.     Escharipora  Abbottii  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 
1864.     Raptascharipora  marginata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Escharipora  Abbottii  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1868.     Reptescaripora  marginata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p. 

722. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  343 

1896.     Membraniporella   Abbotti   Ulrich,    Zittel-Eastman   Text 

Book  of  Pal.,  p.  287,  fig.  479. 

1905.     Escharipora  abbottii  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
1905,  P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting  or  growing-  in  bifoliate 
plates.  Zooecia  elongate-subelliptical  or  subhexagonal  in  outline, 
usually  arranged  in  more  or  less  regular  longitudinal  series  and 
in  quincunx,  about  0.5  mm.  in  length,  the  length  about  twice  the 
width.  Zocecial  apertures  subcircular  or  subquadrate  with 
rounded  angles,  sometimes  rounded  in  front  and  truncate  pos- 
teriorly; they  are  situated  anteriorly  and  occupy  about  one-third 
of  the  length  of  the  zocecium ;  back  of  the  aperture  the  surface  is 
covered  by  a  thin,  flat  or  slightly  convex  wall  slightly  depressed 
below  the  zocecial  margin,  which  is  marked  by  about  14  or 
15  lateral  grooves  radiately  arranged  posteriorly,  leaving  a  nar- 
row, smooth  area  along  the  median  line,  these  grooves  are 
either  slit-like  openings  through  the  wall  or  they  are  pierced  by 
lines  of  pores,  it  cannot  be  determined  which  from  the  specimens 
observed.  Avicularia  usually  two  to  each  zocecium,  subovate  in 
outline  and  situated  one  on  each  side  of  the  zocecial  aperture,  from 
the  lateral  margins  of  which  they  are  directed  obliquely  outward 
and  backward.  Ovicells  present  or  absent,  subglobular  in  form, 
situated  just  in  front  of  the  zocecial  apertures. 

Remarks. — Gabb  and  Horn  apparently  gave  two  names  to  this 
species,  Escharipora  Abbottii  to  those  forms  in  which  the  ovi- 
cells  are  wanting,  and  Reptescharipora  marginata  to  those  in 
which  the  ovicells  are  present.  Both  conditions  are  apparently 
present  in  one  and  the  same  species.  The  species  resembles 
Cribrilina  modesta  Ulrich,1  from  the  Eocene  of  Maryland,  and 
if  the  grooves  upon  the  outer  walls  of  the  zocecia  should  be  found 
to  be  furnished  with  lines  of  pores  in  their  bottoms,  and  not  to 
be  open  slits,  the  species  should  doubtless  be  referred  to  the  genus 
Cribrilina  rather  than  Membraniporella. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  near  M|ullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p.  218,  pi.  60,  Figs.  12-13. 


344      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Membraniporella  distans  (Gabb  and  Horn). 
Plate  XXV.,  Fig.  I. 

1862.     Bsckoripora  distans  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  148,  pi.  20,  fig.  32. 
1864.     Escharipora  distans  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 
1868.     Escaripora  distans  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 

Description. — Zoarium  robust,  apparently  consisting  of  a  tor- 
tuous, anastomosing  series  of  plates  with  zooecia  on  both  sides. 
Zooecia  small,  elongate,  often  acuminate  at  the  proximal  end, 
arranged  in  longitudinal  lines  and  quincunx,  apparently  sepa- 
rated longitudinally  sometimes  to  the  extent  of  the  length  of  a 
zocecium ;  the  longitudinal  series  are  very  close  together  and 
occasionally,  though  rarely,  the  ornamented  portions  of  two 
zooecia  occur  without  any  depression  between  them.  Zocecial 
apertures"  small,  round,  oval  or  subquadrate,  usually  bordered  by 
a  thickened  raised  lip  which  is  usually  continued  around  the 
avicularia  and  disappears  towards  the  proximal  end.  Outer  wall 
of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  zooecia  not  differentiated  from  the 
general  surface  of  the  zoarium,  but  just  back  of  the  aperture  there 
is  an  elongate,  subelliptical,  differentiated  area  which  is  pierced 
by  10  or  12  slit-like  pores  directed  at  right  angles  to  the  margin 
of  the  elliptical  area,  leaving  a  central  imperforate  space.  Avicu- 
laria small,  subovate  or  subelliptical,  situated  one  on  either  side 
of  each  zocecial  aperture,  from  the  margin  of  which  they  are 
directed  obliquely  outward  and  backward*  Ovicells  large,  elon- 
gate, rounded  anteriorly  and  generally  constricted  near  the 
zocecial  aperture,  marked  above  by  an  impressed  circle  or  ellipse 
which  circumscribes  a  hemispherical  portion  covering  the  larger 
part  of  its  surface. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  imperfectly  known  as  it  has  not  been 
met  with  in  the  recent  collections  and  the  original  specimen  seems 
to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed.  It  seems  to  be  characterised, 
however,  by  the  apparent  separation  of  the  zocecia  in  the  longi- 
tudinal series  upon  the  surface  of  the  zoarium,  and  also  by  the 
large  hemispherical  oviceJJs. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  345 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
{Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  MIOBOPORIDAE. 
Genus  REPTOPORINA  d'Orbigny. 
Reptoporina  carinata  Gabb  and  Horn. 

1860.     Cellepora  carinata  G.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1860,  p.  366. 
1860.     Cellepora  carinata  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  400,  pi.  69,  figs.  24-26. 
1862.     Reptoporina  carinata  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  144. 
1864.     Reptoporina  carinata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Reptoporina  carinata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Cellepora  carinata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905.  P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  sharply  defined, 
elongate-hexagonal,  the  sides  straight,  the  proximal  end  nar- 
rowest, arranged  in  regular  quincunx.  Zooecal  apertures  anterior 
in  position  and  directed  obliquely  forward,  ovate  to  subquadrate 
in  outline,  proximal  margin  straight  or  concave  (sometimes  with 
a  median  tooth  projecting  forward?).  Outer  surface  of  the 
zocecia  carinate  along  the  median  line  or  rarely  rounded,  the 
carina  reaching  its  highest  point  a  little  back  of  the  aperture, 
from  which  point  the  surface  slopes  downward  in  front  to  the 
proximal  margin  of  the  aperture.  Upon  the  sloping  surface 
between  the  highest  point  of  the  outer  zooecal  wall  and  the  proxi- 
mal margin  of  the  aperture,  is  a  small  pore  which  doubtless  in- 
dicates the  position  of  an  avicularium. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  any  of  its 
associates  by  the  elongate-hexagonal,  usually  carinate  zooecia, 
with  the  avicularia  situated  just  back  of  the  proximal  margin  of 
the  aperture. 


346      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb  and  Horn). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  REPTESCHARELUNA  d'Orbigny. 

Reptescharellina  prolifera  Gabb  &  Horn. 
Plate  XXV.,  Fig.  2. 

1862.     Reptescharellina  prolifera  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.. 

Phil.,  2nd  sen,  vol.  5,  p.  146,  pi.  20,  fig.  28. 
1864.     Escharellina  prolifera  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,. 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 
1905.     Reptescharellina  prolifera  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  5. 

Description. — Zoarium  incrusting.  Zooecia  arranged  in  quin- 
cunx and  in  radiating  lines  from  a  central  group  of  two>  or  three 
zocecia  which  are  somewhat  smaller  than  the  rest  although  per- 
fectly developed  in  all  their  structural  details ;  form  of  the  zooecia 
oval,  elongated,  convex,  slightly  more  elevated  at  the  distal  than 
at  the  proximal  end,  separated  from  each  other  laterally  by  dis- 
tinct depressed  lines  produced  by  the  meeting  of  the  convex 
surfaces,  and  anteriorly  by  the  elevation  of  the  distal  extremity 
above  the  proximal  extremity  of  the  succeeding  zocecium. 

Zocecial  apertures  rounded-subquadrate  to  circular  in  outline,, 
bordered  by  an  abrupt  but  little  thickened  lip  which  also  encircles 
the  avicularia.  Avicularia  rather  large,  generally  elongated 
longitudinally,  often  narrowed  at  their  anterior  extremity,  situ- 
ated one  about  midway  upon  either  side  of  each  zocecial  aperture. 
Ovicels  numerous,  small,  subglobular,  rounded  anteriorly  and 
emarginate  at  the  border  of  the  zocecial  aperture. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  rare  form  which  has  not  been  met  with 
in  the  recent  collections,  but  its  characters  seem  to  be  sufficiently 
distinct  to  admit  o<f  its  easy  recognition  in  case  it  is  met  with  in 
future  collections. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  near  Mullica 
Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  347 

Genus  MICROPORA  Gray. 

Micropora  cylindracea  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXV.,  Fig.  4. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  cylindrical  stems  about 
0.5  mm.  in  diameter,  celluliferous  on  all  sides  with  about  nine 
longitudinal  rows  of  zocecia.  Zooecia  elongate,  subelliptical  in 
outline,  slightly  truncated  posteriorly  by  the  rounded  end  of  the 
one  next  behind,  about  0.5  mm.  in  length  with  the  width  a  little 
less  than  one-half  the  length,  surrounded  by  a  slightly  raised, 
narrow,  convex  border.  Zooecial  apertures  anterior,  small, 
subsemicircular  in  outline,  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  long.  Back 
of  the  aperture  the  surface  of  the  zocecia  is  covered  by  a 
thin,  flat  wall,  slightly  depressed  below  the  raised  zocecial  mar- 
gin, through  which  a  little  in  front  of  the  mid  length  of  the 
zocecium,  there  is  a  pair  of  small,  longitudinal,  slit-like  pores,  one 
on  each  side  close  up  to  the  raised  border.  Avicularia  frequently 
present,  situated  in  the  lower,  right-hand  corner  of  the  zocecia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Micropora  pulchra  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXV.,  Fig.  3. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  cylindrical  branches.  0.5 
mm.  to  i  mm.  in  diameter,  which  divide  dichotomously,  with 
zooecial  openings  on  all  sides,  the  openings  arranged  in  from 
6  to  9  longitudinal  rows.  Zooecia  rather  narrowly  elongate,  0.6 
mm.  to  0.7  mm.  in  length,  with  the  width  less  than  one-half  the 
length,  rounded  anteriorly  and  truncated  posteriorly  by  the 
rounded  extremity  of  the  zocecium  just  behind,  surrounded  by  a 
low,  narrow,  ridge-like  border.  Zooecial  apertures  anterior, 
rather  small,  transversely  subelliptical  in  outline,  their  length 
about  two-thirds  their  width ;  back  of  the  aperture  the  surface  of 
the  zocecia  is  covered  with  a  thin,  slightly  convex  wall,  without 
perforations,  a  little  depressed  below  the  marginal  border.  Just  in 


348      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

front  of  the  aperture  of  each  zocecium  is  a  small,  subcircular 
avicularium. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  the 
last  by  its  somewhat  larger  size,  by  the  different  shape  of  the 
zooecial  apertures,  and  by  the  absence  of  pores  in  the  external 
zooec'ial  walls. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Micropora  ?  vincentownensis  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXV.,  Fig.  9. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting.  Zocecia  about  0.5  mm.  in 
length,  the  width  usually  a  little  less  than  the  length,  more  or 
less  regularly  hexagonal  in  outline,  with  the  anterior  and 
posterior  sides  shorter  than  the  others.  Zocecia  bounded  by  shal- 
low furrows,  in  the  bottom  of  each  of  which  is  a  very  narrow, 
slightly-elevated  ridge.  Zocecial  apertures  anterior  in  position 
small,  subcircular  or  transversely  subelliptical  in  outline,  the 
posterior  margin  usually  truncated,  bordered  by  a  rather  thick, 
moderately-elevated  rim.  Surface  of  the  zooecia,  back  of  the 
apertures,  covered  with  a  thin,  gently  convex  wall  without  per- 
forations of  any  sort. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  recognized  by  its  encrusting 
habit  of  growth,  by  the  short  and  broad,  hexagonal  zocecia  and 
by  the  absence  of  perforations  in  the  external  zocecial  wall. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  MIOROPORELLIDAE. 

Genus  MiCROPOREivLA  Hincks. 

Microporella  sparsipora  Ulrich  and  Bassler  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXV.,  Fig.  8. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  more  or  less  sub- 
elliptical  in  outline,  separated  by  rather  distinctly  depressed  fur- 
rows, arranged  in  a  more  or  less  irregular  manner,  from  0.4  to  0.5 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  349 

mm.  in  length.  Zocecial  apertures  situated  anteriorly,  small, 
transversely  subelliptical  in  outline  or  semicircular  by  reason  of 
the  straightening  of  the  posterior  margin,  bordered  by  a  rather 
broad,  slightly-raised  rim.  Surface  of  the  zocecia,  back  of  the 
aperture,  moderately  convex.  Avicularia  rather  abundant,  large 
and  conspicuous,  frequently  more  or  less  elongate. 
'  Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  MONOPORIXLA  Hincks. 
Monoporella  exserta  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Plate  XXV.,  Figs.  5-7. 

1862.     Cellepora  'exserta  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  125,  pi.  19,  fig.  6. 
1864.     Cellepora  exserta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Cellepora  exserta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Cellepora  exserta  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil, 

1905,  P.  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  usually  small  and  radiating,  encrusting 
shells  and  other  bryozoa.  Zocecia  arranged  irregularly,  subovate 
in  outline,  very  prominent,  presenting  the  appearance  of  being 
attached  by  only  a  portion  of  the  base,  somewhat  barrel-shaped, 
contracted  towards  the  base  and  also  towards  the  aperture, 
aperture  terminal,  large,  round  or  transversely  elliptical,  directed 
upwards  and  forwards  with  a  slight  thickening  or  lip  about  the 
margin. 

Remarks. — The  zoaria  of  this  species  are  usually  small,  con- 
taining from  30  to  40  zocecia,  but  larger  ones  occasionally  occur 
with  one  hundred  or  more  zocecia.  The  species  can  be  recognized 
by  the  exsert,  irregularly  placed  zocecia,  which  give  the  zoaria, 
even  to  the  naked  eye,  an  unusually  rough  appearance. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  near  Mullica 
Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn),  Vincentown  (154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


350      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  POBINIDAE. 

Genus  PORINA  d'Orbigny. 

Porina  labiata  (Gabb  &  Horn). 

Plate  XXVI.,  Figs.  1-6. 

1862.     Crescis  labiata  G.  &.  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  177,  pi.  21,  fig.  69 
1864.     Crescis  labiata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  4. 

1868.     Crescis  labiata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1905.     Crescis  labiata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  flattened  branches,  which 
divide  irregularly,  varying  from  0.6  mm.  to  2  mm.  in  width,  the 
thickness  being  about  one-half  or  a  little  more  than  one-half  the 
width,  and  the  cross  section  subelliptical.  Zocecia  occupying  both 
sides  of  the  branches,  scattered  or  arranged  more  or  less  regularly 
in  rows;  the  apertures  circular,  usually  bordered  by  a  slightly 
raised,  rather  broad  rim ;  mesopores  very  small,  scattered  between 
the  zocecia.  Certain  of  the  zooecia  are  modified  to  form  ovicells 
by  the  inflation  of  the  surface  of  the  zoarium  at  one  side,  giving 
to  the  aperture  an  oblique  direction;  these  ovicells  are  scattered 
irregularly  over  the  surface,  sometimes  being  nearly  absent,  while 
in  other  specimens  nearly  every  zooecium  has  been  so  modified. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Porina  quadrangularis   (Gabb  &  Horn). 
Plate  XXVI.,  Figs.  7-8. 

1862.     Hntalophora  quadrangularis  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  170,  pi.  21,  fig.  58. 
1864.     Hntalophora  quadrangularis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 
1868.     Entalophora  quadrangularis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  351 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  quadrangular  branches, 
which  are  rounded  at  the  angles.  Zocecia  arranged  on  the  four 
faces,  the  apertures  alternating  in  position,  the  proximal  margin 
of  the  aperture  produced  into  a  prominent  lip,  which  is  pointed 
and  projects  forward  in  the  center,  emarginate  on  the  sides,  the 
distal  margin  of  the  aperture  merging  into  the  surface  of  the 
zoarium. 

Remarks. — No  specimens  agreeing  with  the  original  figure  and 
description-  of  this  species  have  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collec- 
tions. Certain  specimens  do  occur,  however,  which  have  a  large 
number  of  accessory  pores,  absent  in  Gabb  and  Horn's  figure, 
which  are  believed  to  belong  here.  The  type  is  apparently  lost, 
but  it  was  probably  a  specimen  in  which  these  pores  were  wanting. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Porina  coronata  (Reuss)? 

•Plate  XXVI.,  Fig.  n. 
1869.     Acropora  coronata  Reuss,  Pal.  Stud.,  p.  277. 

Description. — Zoarium  consisting  of  flattened  branches  from 
i  mm.  to  4  mm.  in  width,  and  I  mm.  or  less  in  thickness.  Zocecia 
not  sharply  differentiated  externally;  arranged  more  or  less 
irregularly  over  the  entire  surface,  sometimes  in  quite  regular 
longitudinal  lines,  zocecial  apertures  circular,  about  0.16  mm.  in 
diameter,  the  interspaces  covered  with  numerous,  more  or  less 
irregularly  scattered  accessory  pores. 

Remarks. — This  species  seems  to  "be  identical  with  the 
European  form,  but  until  authentic  specimens  can  be  actually 
compared,  the  identification  may  be  made  with  a  query. 

Formation  and  locality.. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


352      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  ESCHABIDAE. 

Genus  LEPRAUA  Johnston. 

Lepralia  aspera  (Gabb  &  Horn). 

Plate  XXVI.,  Fig.  9. 

1862.     Reptocelleporaria  aspera  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  sen,  vol.  5,  p.  131,  pi.  19,  fig.  14. 
1864.     Reptocelleporia  aspera  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Reptocelleporia  aspera  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Reptocelleporaria  aspera  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  5. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  composed  of  numerous 
superimposed  layers,  sometimes  presenting  a  knotted  or  coarsely 
tuberculous  surface.  Zocecia  oval  to  rounded  hexagonal  in  form, 
placed  irregularly  but  with  a  tendency  to  a  general  arrangement 
in  one  direction  in  the  same  region,  convex  and  very  prominent 
on  the  surface,  separated  by  deep  irregular  depressions.  Zocecal 
apertures  anterior  but  not  terminal,  broader  than  long,  semi- 
circular to  rounded  subquadrate  in  outline,  usually  with  the 
proximal  margin  straight,  outer  surface  marked  by  a  small 
number  of  large,  rounded  elevations  placed  irregularly,  and  with 
those  nearest  the  edge  elongated  with  grooves  between  them 
which  resemble  the  slit-like  openings  of  Membraniporella}  these 
grooves  are  present  around  the  entire  margin  of  the  zooecia,  and 
at  their  outer  extremity  a  small  pore  is  usually  seen  piercing  the 
outer  wall. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
and  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  MUCRONELLA  Hincks. 

Mucronella  muralis  (Gabb  &  Horn). 
Plate  XXVI.,  Fig.  10. 

1862.     Escharinella  muralis  G.   &  H.,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 
Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  140,  pi.  19,  fig.  23. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  353 

1864.     Escharinella  muralis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Escharinella  muralis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Escharinella  muralis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.f 
1905,  P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  composed  of  flattened,  rather  narrow, 
irregularly  dividing-  branches,  with  from  four  to  eight  rows  of 
zocecia  upon  each  side.  Zocecia  subrhomboidal,  their  outer  sur- 
face smooth,  slightly  convex,  more  depressed  at  the  proximal 
•than  at  the  distal  end,  the  adjacent  ones  often  separated  by  a 
very  slight  raised  line  in  the  bottom  of  the  depression  formed 
by  the  meeting  of  the  convex  surfaces.  Zocecial  apertures  small, 
terminal,  sometimes  rounded  anteriorly  with  the  proximal  margin 
straight,  sometimes  subquadrate,  often  with  a  small  tooth-like 
projection  directed  forward  from  the  proximal  margin.  Avicu- 
laria  small,  circular,  equal  in  number  to  the  zooecia,  situated  just 
in  advance  of  and  close  to  the  zooecial  apertures. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  near  Mullica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Mucronella  typica  (Gabb  &  Horn). 

Plate  XXVI.,  Figs.  12-13. 
1860.     Cellepora  typica  G.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1860,  p.  366. 
1860.     Cellepora  typica  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  400,  pi.  69,  fig's.  27-29. 
1862.     Escharifora  typica  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  134,  pi.  19,  fig.  16. 
1864.     Escharifora  typica  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Escharipora  typica  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Escharifora  typica  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  incrusting  in  its  early  stages  of  growth, 
later  rising  in  free,  flattened,  bifoliate  branches,  which  divide 
more  or  less  irregularly,  usually  in  one  plane,  but  sometimes 
23  PAL 


354      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

more  or  less  tortuous.  Zooecia  as  seen  on  the  growing  margin 
of  the  zoarium,  broadly  suboval  in  form,  but  in  the  mature  por- 
tion becoming  more  or  less  rhomboidal  with  the  outer  wall 
slightly  concave,  and  in  very  old  zoaria  their  borders  not  differ- 
entiated; they  are  arranged  more  or  less  irregularly  or  in  quin- 
cunx, and  have  a  length  of  about  0.3  mm.  Zocecial  apertures 
rounded  anteriorly,  the  proximal  margin  straight,  and  when 
perfect  with  a  small  tooth-like  process  extending  forward  from 
the  median  line,  usually  about  0.125  mm.  in  width.  Avicularia 
from  three  to  five,  about  each  zocecium,  one,  usually  a  little. 
larger  than  the  others,  situated  just  in  advance  of  the  zocecial 
aperture,  two  others,  one  on  either  side,  nearly  opposite  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  aperture,  and  frequently  a  second  pair  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  zocecium;  these 
avicularia  are  subcircular,  and  are  usually  bordered  by  an  ele- 
vated rim-like  border.  Ovicells  rare  or  absent  altogether. 

Formation  and  locality. — iVincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  Timber  Creek  and  near  MMica  Hill  (Gabb  and  Horn). 

Geographic  distribution — New  Jersey. 

Mucronella  aspera  Ulrich. 
Plate  XXVI.,  Figs.  14-15. 

1901.     Mucronella  aspera  Ulrich,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 
221,  pi.  60,  figs.  17-18. 

Description. — "Zoarium  incrusting,  consisting  of  one  or  more 
layers;  surface,  under  a  low  power  of  magnification,  presenting 
a  decidedly  rough  aspect.  Zocecia  varying  from  ovate-hexa- 
gonal, to  sub-rhomboidal,  indistinct  externally,  arranged,  more 
or  less  irregularly,  though  the  rows  are  more  regular  than  they 
appear  at  first  sight;  about  six  in  2  mm.  Apertures  rounded 
or  subquadrate,  0.13  mm.  in  diameter,  rendered  oblique  by  the 
elevation  of  the  more  or  less  strongly  swollen  posterior  margin 
and  the  depression  of  the  anterior  part.  The  central  portion  of 
the  raised  lip  forms  a  "mucro"  of  greater  or  less  thickness  ana 
prominence,  the  same  hiding  a  minute  central  tooth  beneath  it, 
and  forming  with  the  rest  of  the  thickened  portion  of  the  lip, 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  355 

a  more  or  less  obscure  resemblance  to  the  figure  W.  Behind  the 
lip  the  surface  slopes  rapidly,  and  in  the  most  nearly  perfect  ex- 
ample is  granulose.  In  the  depressed  space  in  front  of  the  aper- 
ture there  are,  normally,  three  small  raised  avicularia  ( ? 
vibracula),  while  a  few  larger  avicularia,  differing  further  from 
the  others  in  being  divided  into  two  unequal  parts  by  a  cross- 
bar, are  scattered  without  order  among  the  zocecia.  Ocecia  are 
not  often  seen.  When  present  they  occupy  the  depressed  space 
in  front  of  the  aperture,  are  cucullate,  about  as  large  as  the 
zocecial  aperture  and  usually  bear  a  furrow  running  from  the 
summit  to  the  concave  edge."  (Ulrich.) 

Remarks. — This  species  approaches  nearer  to  M.  typica  than 
to  any  other,  but  the  zoarium  in  the  two  forms  is  very  different, 
this  one  being  incrusting,  while  the  other  rises  in  erect  bifoliate 
branches.  The  surface  characters  of  the  zocecia  are  also  suf- 
ficiently distinct  to  make  the  two  species  easily  distinguishable. 
Besides  its  occurrence  in  the  Cretaceous  Vincentown  beds  of 
New  Jersey,  the  species  also  occurs,  and,  indeed,  was  originally 
•described  from  the  Eocene  of  Maryland. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

O54). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  Eocene  of  Maryland. 

Mucronella  pumila  (Gabb  &  Horn). 
Plate  XXVI.,  Fig.  16-17. 

1862.     Cellepora  pumila  G.  &  H.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  126,  pi.  19,  fig.  8. 
1864.     Cellepora  pumila  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

.       Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  3. 

1868.     Cellepora  pumila  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  722. 
1905.     Cellepora  pumila  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 
1905,  P-  5- 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting.  Zocecia  minute,  arranged 
in  regular  lines  longitudinally,  but  rarely  in  regular  quincunx, 
subovate  in  outline,  convex,  bounded  by  depressed  lines  formed 
t>y  the  meeting  of  the  convex  surfaces.  Zocecial  apertures  very 


356      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

small,  anterior  but  not  always  terminal  in  position,  subquadrate 
in  form,  without  any  lip  or  thickened  border.  Ovicells  not  in- 
frequent, flattened,  rounded,  sometimes  a  little  wider  than  the 
zocecia  to*  which  they  are  attached. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb  and  Horn)  ;  Vincentown  (154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Class  BRACHIOPODA. 

Order  ATREMATA. 

Family  LINGULIDAB. 

Genus  LINGULA  Bruguiere. 

Lingula  subspatulata  Hall  and  Meek. 
Plate  XXVII.,  Figs.  20-21. 

1856.     Lingula  subspatulata  H.  &  M.,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts 

and  Sci.,  n.  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  380,  pi.  i,  figs.  2a-b. 
1864.     Lingula  subspatulata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  4. 
1875.     Lingula  subspatula  White,  Rep.  Geog.  and  Geol.  Surv. 

w.  looth  Merid.,  vol.  4,  p.  169,  pi.  15,  fig.  4. 
1889.     Lingula  subspatulata   (?)    Whiteaves,  Cont.   Can.   Pal.,. 

vol.  i,  p.  185. 

Description. — Shell  subelliptical  in  outline,  pointed  posteriorly 
and  more  or  less  subtruncate  anteriorly,  the  lateral  margins  sub- 
parallel,  the  antero-lateral  angles  rounded.  Surface  marked  by 
fine,  concentric  lines  of  growth,  some  of  which  are  more  con- 
spicuous than  others.  The  dimensions  of  one  of  the  largest  in- 
dividuals observed  are:  length  19  mm.,  width  10  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  been  observed  only  in  the  fauna  of 
the  Woodbury  clay,  in  which  formation  at  Lorillard  it  is  rather 
common.  Among  some  thirty  or  more  individuals  observed,  con- 
siderable variation  in  outline  may  be  seen.  One  specimen  is 
much  more  slender,  more  pointed  posteriorly  and  more  rounded 
anteriorly,  having  much  the  form  of  L.  mtida  M.  &  H.,  from 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  357 

the  Fox  Hills  formation  of  the  Northwest;  this  specimen,  how- 
ever, is  perhaps  somewhat  distorted,  and  there  seems  to  be  no 
reason  for  recognizing  more  than  a  single  species  among  the 
New  Jersey  specimens.  Most  of  the  specimens  are  somewhat 
decidedly  subtruncate  at  the  anterior  margin  and  do  not  seem  to 
differ  in  any  essential  respect  from  the  illustrations  of  L.  sub- 
spatulata. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (183,  165,  164). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Nebraska,  New  Mex- 
ico, Manitoba. 

Order  TELOTREMATA. 
Family  TEBEBRATULIDAE. 

Genus  TEREBRATULA  Klein. 

Terebratula  harlani  Morton. 
Plate  XXVIII,  Figs.  1-8. 

1829.     Terebratula  Harlani  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

18,  p.  250,  pi.  3,  fig.  16;  vol.  17,  p.  283. 
1829.     Terebratula  Harlani  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  73,  pi.  3,  figs.  1-4. 
1829.     Terebratula  perovalis  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  77,  pi.  3,  figs.  7-8.     (Not  T.  pero- 
valis Sowerby.) 
1834.     Terebratula  Harlani  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr, 

U.  S.,  p.  70,  pi.  3,  %.  i,  pi.  9- 
1834.     Terebratula  Camilla  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  70. 
1853.     Terebratula  Harlani  Marcou,  Expl.  Text  to  Geol.  Map 

U.  S.  and  Brit.  Prov.  N.  A.,  p.  47,  pi.  7,  fig.  8. 
1861.     Terebratula  Harlani  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil... 

1861,  p.  18. 
1861.     Terebratula  atlantica  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

250  (194). 
1 86 1.     Terebratula  Harlani  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

252  (196). 


358      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1868.     Terebratula  Harlani  Cook,  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  375,  two  figs. 
1868.     Terebratula  Harlani  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  723. 
1870.     Terebratula  Harlani  Credner,  Zeitsch.  d.  Deutsch.  Geol. 

Gesell.,  vol.  22,  p.  221. 
1886.     Terebratula  Harlani  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog, 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol  9),  p.  6,  pi.  i,  figs.  15-23. 

1891.  Terebratula  gorbyi  Miller,  Adv.  Sheets  I7th  Rep.  Geol. 

Surv.  Ind.,  p.  77,  pi.  13,  figs.  3-4. 

1892.  Terebratula  gorbyi  Miller,   i7th  Ann.  Rep.  Dept.  GeoL 

and  Nat.  Res.  Indiana,  p.  687,  pi.  13,  figs.  3-4. 
1898.     Terebratula  harlani  Bagg,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  22,  p.  370. 
1901.     Terebratula  harlani  C.  and  M.,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene, 

p.  204,  pi.  58,  figs.  2-3. 
1905.     Terebratula  harlani  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.r 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Shell  large,  the  dimensions  of  a  large  individual 
being :  length,  59  mm. ;  width,  36  mm. ;  thickness,  36  mm. ;  elon- 
gate oval  in  outline  with  subparallel  sides,  often  becoming  more  or 
less  cylindrical  in  old  specimens;  the  front  margin  more  or  less 
truncated,  sometimes  bilobate  from  a  flattening  or  lobing  of  the 
valves  anteriorly.  Pedicle  valve  very  ventricose,  becoming  almost 
gibbous  in  old  individuals,  the  beak  large,  strong,  incurved,  trun- 
cated at  the  apex  by  the  large  foramen  whose  diameter  is  greater 
externally  than  within,  the  truncation  in  full-grown  shells  being 
parallel  with  the  axis  of  the  valves ;  lateral  margins  of  the  beak 
subangular;  the  median  portion  of  the  valve  often  flattened  or 
.somewhat  concave  toward  the  front  and  the  lateral  slopes  some- 
times impressed.  Brachial  valve  much  less  convex  than  the  pedi- 
cle, the  beak  small  and  strongly  incurved;  the  median  portion  of 
this  valve  flattened  or  concave  anteriorly,  the  flattened  portion 
being  bounded  on  each  side  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  angular  ridge 
which  separates  it  from  the  lateral  slope,  this  feature  often  being 
exaggerated  to  so  great  an  extent  as  to  give  the  anterior  half  of 
the  shell  a  decidedly  plicate  appearance ;  internally  the  crura  are 
slender  near  their  junction  with  the  valve,  and  expand  rapidly 
to  form  a  broad  loop  from  8  mm.  to  15  mm.  in  length,  with  the 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  359 

width  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  length,  the  loop  sharply 
angular  at  the  points  of  recurvature.  Surface  of  both  valves 
marked  by  numerous  lines  of  growth  which  are  often  crowded 
towards  the  front  of  old  specimens  so  as  to  form  distinct  varices. 
Shell  substance  finely  punctate,  the  punctae  usually  visible  under 
a  hand  lens,  always  more  distinctly  seen  upon  exfoliated  surfaces. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  perhaps  the  largest  Terebratuloid 
shell  known  in  any  o<f  the  American  faunas,  and  at  the  horizons 
where  it  is  found  in  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey  it 
usually  occurs  in  great  numbers.  It  usually  forms  a  very  con- 
stant bed  at  the  summit  of  the  Hornerstown  marl  where,  through 
several  feet  of  sediments,  the  shells  occur  almost  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  everything  else.  The  species  also  occurs  in  the  quartz 
sand  f acies  of  the  Vincentown  formation,  sometimes  in  great  num- 
bers, but  always  in  the  form  of  internal  casts. 

The  specimen  described  by  S.  A.  Miller  as  Terebratula  gorbyi, 
said  to  come  from  the  Keokuk  group  at  Edwardsville,  Indiana, 
is  only  an  example  of  T.  harlcmi.  The  type  of  this  species,  now 
preserved  in  the  Paleontological  Collection  of  the  Walker  Mu- 
seum at  the  University  of  Chicago,  is  a  typical  greensand  speci- 
men and  never  could  have  been  collected  from  any  Keokuk  or 
even  any  Paleozoic  formation  of  America.  Its  true  locality  can 
of  course  not  be  determined,  but  it  has  every  appearance,  litho- 
logically  and  otherwise,  of  the  specimens  which  occur  in  the  Hor- 
nerstown marl  near  New  Egypt,  New  Jersey,  and  it  is  not  im- 
probable that  the  specimen  originally  came  from  that  locality. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  near  New  Egypt 
(i422,  I423),  near  Mullica  Hill  (182),  near  Woodstown  (181)  ;. 
Vincentown  formation,  near  New  Egypt  (146),  near  Deal  (122),. 
near  Eatontown  ( 1 1 1 ) . 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey ;  ?  Eocene  of  Maryland. 

Terebratula  harlani  van  fragilis  Morton. 
Plate  XXVIIL,  Figs.  4-6. 

1829.  Terebratula  fragilis  Mort,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  75,  pi.  3,  figs.  3-4,  (Not  T.  fragilis 
Schloth.). 


360      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1829.     Terebratula  fragilis  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

17,  p.  283;  vol.  18,  p.  250,  pi.  3,  fig.  17. 
1834.     Terebratula  fragilis  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  70,  pi.  3,  fig.  2. 
1886.     Terebratula  Harlani  var.  fragilis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol. 

i,  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  7,  pi.  i,  figs.  15-18. 

Description. — The  name  fragilis  was  applied  by  Morton  to 
those  specimens  of  T.  harlani  which  are  more  conspicuously  pli- 
cated anteriorly  than  usual.  There  is  no  sharp  line  of  demar- 
cation between  the  variety  and  the  more  typical  form  of  the 
species,  all  intermediate  variations  being  met  with,  and  all  of 
them  occurring  together.  It  will,  perhaps,  be  a  matter  of  con- 
venience to  recognize  this  form  under  a  varietal  name,  and  if  this 
is  done,  Morton's  name  fragilis  takes  precedence,  although  it  has 
no  especial  significance,  the  shells  being  no  more  fragile  than 
those  of  the  typical  T.  harlani. 

Genus  TEREBRATUUNA  d'Orbigny. 

Terebratulina  atlantica  (Morton). 

Plate  XXVIII.,  Figs.  9-12. 
1842.     Terebratula  atlantica.  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

ist  ser.,  vol.  8,  p.  214. 
1861.     Terebratulina   Halliana   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  1861,  p.  19. 
1861.     Terebratulina  Halliana  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  256  (200). 
1864.     Terebratulina  Halliana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  5. 
1868.     Terebratula  glossa   Con.,   Cook's   Geol.   N.   J.,  p.   377, 

figure;  p.  723. 

1868.  Terebratulina-  Halliana  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 

1869.  Terebratula  glossa  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  42, 

pi.  i,  fig.  22. 
1886.     Terebratulina    Atlantica  Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  9,  pi.  i,  figs.  1013. 
1892.     Terebratulina  atlantica  Hollick,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci., 

vol.  n,  p.  98,  pi.  i,  fig.  8. 


MQLLUSCOIDEA.  361 

1905.     Terebratulina  atlantica  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 
Phil.,  1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  two  specimens  are:  length, 
22  mm.  and  16  mm.;  width,  16.5  mm.  and  13  mm.;  thickness, 
12  mm.  and  8  mm.  Shell  subovate  in  outline,  the  greatest  width 
at  about  the  mid-length,  the  valves  subequally  convex.  Pedicle 
valve  strongly  convex,  with  a  large  prominent  beak  perforated 
by  a  large  foramen;  flattened  or  slightly  concave  along  the 
median  line.  Brachial  valve  nearly  as  convex  as  the  pedicle, 
usually  somewhat  elevated  along  the  mesial  line  into  a  rather 
broad,  ill-defined  fold  which  is  more  or  less  flattened  on  top,  and 
from  which  the  surface  slopes  somewhat  abruptly  to  the  lateral 
margins.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  numerous,  fine,  radiat- 
ing striae,  which  are  visible  upon  the  surface  of  the  internal  casts 
with  the  aid  of  a  hand  lens.  Shell  structure  strongly  punctate, 
the  punctse  leaving  their  imprint  upon  the  surface  of  the  internal 
casts. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  only  been  observed  in  the  Horn- 
•erstown  and  Manasquan  marl,  and  it  is  the  only  brachiopod  so  far 
known  from  that  horizon.  Its  usual  condition  of  preservation 
is  in  the  form  of  internal  casts,  but  even  these  specimens  preserve, 
toward  the  margin  of  the  shell,  the  fine  radiating  striae  which  are 
characteristic  of  the  species.  It  can  be  easily  distinguished  from 
T.  harlani,  the  only  other  brachiopod  from  New  Jersey  which  is 
at  all  similar  in  form,  by  its  much  smaller  size,  the  absence  of  the 
subparallel  lateral  margins,  and  the  fine  radiating  striae. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  near  New  Egypt 
(I421);  Manasquan  marl,  Farmingdale  (138),  Shark  River 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  TEBEBRATELLIDAE. 
Sub-family  MEGATHYRINAE. 

Genus  CIST£L,LA  Gray. 

Cistella  beecheri  Clark. 
Plate  XXVII.,  Figs.  14-17. 

1895.     Cistella  beecheri  Clark,  John  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 
xv,  No.  121,  p.  3,  Plate,  figs.  C^C2. 


362      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — Shell  small,  plicated,  with  the  plications  of  the 
two  valves  opposite  instead  of  alternate,  the  front  margin  of  the 
shell  being1  produced  into  tooth-like  serrations  where  the  plica- 
tions terminate ;  subpentagonal  in  outline,  attaining  a  length  and 
breadth  of  from  i  mm.  to  3  mm.,  the  two  dimensions  usually 
being  nearly  equal ;  the  greatest  width  usually  along  the  hinge-line, 
but  sometimes  between  that  line  and  the  front  of  the  shell.  Pedi- 
cle valve  strongly  convex,  with  a  prominent  beak  marked  by  three 
or  four  strong,  rounded  plications  upon  each  lateral  slope,  and 
in  the  larger  individuals  by  an  additional  mesial  plication  which 
originates  somewhat  abruptly  near  the  mid-length  of  the  shell 
and  continues  to  the  anterior  margin;  cardinal  area  sharply 
defined,  triangular,  nearly  flat  or  slightly  concave,  with  a  strong 
backward  slope,  and  with  a  large  triangular  delthyrium. 
Brachial  valve  much  flatter  than  the  pedicle,  somewhat  com- 
pressed towards  the  cardinal  extremities  and  with  a  distinct 
mesial  flattening  or  sinus-like  depression;  marked  by  plications 
similar  to  those  of  the  pedicle  valve;  internally  the  brachial  valve 
has  a  strong  median  septum,  the  remaining  portions  of  the 
brachidium  not  observed.  Shell  substance  strongly  punctate,  and 
the  surface  of  each  valve  marked  by  one  or  two  somewhat  con- 
spicuous lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  little  shell  is  frequently  met  with  in  the  wash- 
ings from  the  Vincentown  limesand,  near  Vincentown,  but  it  is 
easily  overlooked  because  of  its  small  size.  With  the  exception 
of  the  imperfectly  known  C.  plicatilis,  which  is  associated  with  it, 
this  is  the  only  known  American  species  of  the  genus  Cistella. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentowrr 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cistella  plicatilis  Clark. 

1895.     Cistella  plicatilis  Clark,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol. 
xv.,  No.  121,  p.  3,  Plate,  fig.  D. 

Description. — Pedicle  valve  unknown.  Brachial  valve  attain- 
ing both  a  length  and  width  of  4.5  mm.  in  the  type  specimen; 
orbicular  in  outline,  slightly  convex,  with  10  or  12  plications. 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  3^3 

which  reach  to  the  umbo,  besides  several  short  intercalated 
ones  near  the  front  margin;  internally  a  medium  septum  is 
strongly  developed. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections,  and  was  originally  described  from  a  single,  somewhat 
imperfect  brachial  valve.  It  is  undoubtedly  allied  to  C.  beecheri, 
with  which  it  is  associated,  but  it  appears  to  be  distinguished 
from  that  more  frequent  species  by  its  larger  size  and  its  more 
nearly  orbicular  outline. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Clark). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-family    DALLININAE. 

Genus  PLATIDIA  Costa. 

Platidia  cretacea  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXVII.,  Figs.  18-19. 

Description. — Shell  minute,  the  dimensions  of  the  largest  spe- 
cimen observed  being:  Length,  1.76  mm. ;  and  width,  1.66  mm. ; 
subovate  jn  outline  with  the  valves  subequally  depressed  convex, 
so  that  the  form  of  the  entire  shell  is  lenticular.  Surface  of  the 
valves  smooth,  the  shell  structure  minutely  punctate.  Pedicle 
valve  with  a  prominent  cardinal  area  which  is  bisected  by  a  large 
open  foramen ;  brachial  valve  with  a  large  pedicle  incision  about 
equal  in  size  to  that  of  the  opposite  valve.  Internal  features  of 
the  shell  not  observed. 

Remarks. — This  little  brachiopod  shell  occurs  rarely  in  the 
washings  from  the  Vincentown  limesand.  It  resembles  P.  mary- 
landica  from  the  Eocene  of  Maryland,  but  is  much  smaller. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


364      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

.'-t 

Sub-family  MAGELLANINAE. 

Genus  TEREBRATELLA  d'Orbigny. 

Terebratella  plicata  (Say). 

Plate  XX VII.,  Figs.  i-ii. 

1820.     Terebratula  plicata  Say,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ist  ser.,  vol.  2, 

P-  43- 
1829.     Terebratula  plicata  Say,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  73,  pi.  3,  figs.  5-6. 
1834.     Terebratula  Sayi  Mort,  Synop.     Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  71,  pi.  3,  %s.  3-4. 
1845.     Terebratula  Sayi  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ist  ser.,  vol.  48, 

p.  283. 
1861.     Terebratella  plicata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

249  (I93)- 
1864.     Terebratella  plicata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret  and  Jur.,  p.  5. 
1868.     Terebratella  plicata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.   N.  J.,   p.   375, 

figure;  p.  723. 
1870.     Terebratella  plicata  Credner,  Zeitsch.  d.  Deutsch.  Geol. 

Gessell.,  vol.  22,  p.  224. 
1886.     Terebratella  plicata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i.(Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  12,  pi.  i,  figs.  5-9. 
1905.     Terebratella  plicata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  6. 

Description. — Shell  subcircular  or  subovate  in  outline,  pointed 
posteriorly  and  rounded  in  front,  strongly  plicated,  each  valve 
marked  by  from  8  to  12  or  more  sharply  angular  plications 
which  extend  to  the  beak;  usually  a  little  wider  than  long 
but  sometimes  longer  than  wide;  the  dimensions  of  four  speci- 
mens are:  length,  14.5  mm.,  15.5  mm.,  19  mm.,  17.5  mm.; 
width,  1 6  mm.,  15  mm.,  20  mm.,  16.3  mm.;  thickness,  8  mm., 
9  mm.,  10  mm.,  9.5  mm.  Pedicle  valve  strongly  convex,  with 
a  small,  nearly  erect  beak ;  cardinal  area  of  moderate  size,  sharply 
defined,  slightly  concave,  with  a  broad  delthyrium  partially  closed 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  365 

by  a  pair  of  deltidial  plates  leaving  a  large  circular  foramen ; 
interiorly  the  diductor  muscular  impressions  are  rather  strong 
and  flabellate,  occupying  the  upper  third  of  the  valve  which  is 
considerably  thickened.  Brachial  valve  flattened  or  but  moder- 
ately convex,  often  with  a  broad,  ill-defined  mesial  sinus  usually 
occupied  by  a  single  strong  plication,  but  sometimes  by  from 
three  to  five  smaller  ones ;  internally  the  valve  is  much  thickened 
in  the  cardinal  region,  the  cardinal  process  is  prominent,  being 
bilobed  or  trilobed,  with  the  hinge-plates  well  developed  on  either 
side,  the  crura  originate  in  front  of  and  between  the  bases  of  the 
hinge-plates  at  a  moderate  distance  apart,  they  are  directed  for- 
ward and  outward,  each  one  giving  origin  to  a  crural  process  a 
short  distance  from  the  hinge-plate,  which  points  inward  and 
forward,  the  brachidium  is  formed  by  rather  broad  primary 
lamellae  which  curve  outward  from  the  crural  extremities  and 
describe  an  incomplete  subcircle  of  nearly  one-half  the  diameter 
of  the  valve;  anteriorly  they  are  sharply  recurved  and  returned 
at  a  short  distance  above  the  main  portions,  being  united  by  a 
transverse  band  just  in  front  of  the  crural  processes;  the  main 
portions  of  the  loop  are  united  to  the  median  septum  which 
originates  in  front  of  the  cardinal  process,  by  a  transverse  plate 
near  the  end  of  the  septum  and  just  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the 
loop.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  numerous  strong  concentric 
lines  of  growth  crossing  the  plications.  Shell  structure  strongly 
and  minutely  punctate,  the  punctae  arranged  in  quincunx. 

Remarks. — Specimens  in  which  the  brachidium  of  this  species 
can  be  observed  are  not  common,  but  those  which  have  been 
observed  show  that  this  structure  varies  considerably  in  the  pro- 
portions of  its  different  parts.  The  species  is  especially  charac- 
teristic of  the  Navesink  marl  where  it  sometimes  occurs  in  great 
numbers,  and  has  not  been  observed  in  any  other  formation.  It 
is  not  closely  related  to  any  other  American  form  except  T. 
vanuxemi  from  which  it  can  be  easily  distinguished  by  its  strongly 
angular  plications. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Middletown  (ii32),  near  Oak  Hill  (121),  near  Craw- 
ford's Corner  (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i283,  I285,  127,  194), 


366      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Marlboro  (131),  near  Walnford    (148,    149,    I474,    195),  near 
Jacobstown    (150),    near   Mount    Laurel    (166),    Mullica    Hill 
(i692). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Terebratella  vanuxemi  (Lyell  and  Forbes). 
Plate  XXVII.,  Figs.  12-13. 

1844.  Terebratula  Vanu&emi  L.  &  F.,  Proc.  Geol.  Soc.  Lond., 

1844,  p.  308,  with  figures. 

1845.  Terebratula  Vanuxemiana  L.  &  F.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  i,  p.  62,  three  text  figures. 
1861.     Terebratella  Vanuxemiana  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1861,  p.  19. 
1861.     Terebratella,  Vanuxemi  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

P-  250  (194). 
1864.     Terebratella  Vanuxemi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  5. 

1868.     Terebratella  Vanuxemi  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1886.     Terebratella    Vanuxemi    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    I, 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  14,  pi.  i,  figs.  1-4. 
1892.     Terebratella  Vanuxemi  Rollick,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci., 

vol.  n,  p.  98,  pi.  i,  fig.  6. 

Description. — Shell  subovate  in  outline,  pointed  posteriorly 
and  rounded  anteriorly,  each  valve  marked  by  from  15  to  23 
rather  faint,  rounded  plications,  some  of  which  divide  in  passing 
from  the  beak  to  the  front  margin ;  longer  than  wide,  the  dimen- 
sions of  two  individuals  being:  length,  16  mm.,  11.5  mm. ;  width, 
14  mm.,  ii  mm.;  thickness,  8.5  mm.,  5.2  mm.  Pedicle  valve 
rather  strongly  convex,  usually  somewhat  flattened  along  the 
median  line,  with  a  small,  nearly  erect  beak,  the  cardinal  area 
of  moderate  size,  sharply  defined,  slightly  concave,  with  a  broad 
delthyrium  partially  closed  by  a  pair  of  deltidial  plates,  leaving  a 
large  foramen.  Brachial  valve  depressed  convex  in  younger 
individuals,  becoming  more  convex  with  age,  so  that  in  some 
old  examples  the  convexity  is  almost  as  great  as  that  of  the 
pedicle  valve,  usually  with  a  more  or  less  ill-defined  mesial  flat- 


MOLLUSCOIDEA.  367 

tening  or  shallow  sinus  occupied  by  from  two  to  four  plications. 
Surface  of  the  shell  marked  at  intervals  by  rather  strong,  con- 
centric lines  of  growth.  Minute  structure  of  the  shell  strongly 
punctate. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  its  closest  relations  with  the 
associated  T.  plicata,  but  it  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  that 
species  by  its  smaller  size,  its  more  elongate  form,  its  more 
numerous  and  fainter  plications,  and  usually  in  the  larger  in- 
dividuals by  the  more  strongly  convex  brachial  valve.  Both 
these  species  occur  in  the  Navesink  marl,  and  neither  has  been 
found  in  any  other  horizon.  T.  vanuxemi  is  much  the  rarer 
form,  and  in  its  typical  form  has  not  been  observed  to  occur 
actually  in  association  with  T.  plicata,  but  in  a  bed  several  feet 
beneath  the  horizon  of  that  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Holmdel 
(i283),  Cross  wicks  Creek  (195). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Branch  MOLLUSCA. 

Class  PELECYPODA, 

Order  PRIONODESMACEA. 

Super-family  NUCULACEA. 

Family  NUOULIDAE. 

Genus  NUCULA  Lam. 

Nucula  percrassa  Conrad. 

Plate  XXIX.,  Figs.  1-5. 

1858.     Nucula  percrassa  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 
ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  327,  pi.  35,  fig.  4. 

1860.  Leda  slackiana  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  397,  pi.  69,  fig.  36. 

1861.  Leda  slackiana  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  189 

(133). 
1861.     Nucula  percrassa  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.   Cret.   Form.,  p. 

205  (149). 
1864.     Nuculana  slackiana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 
1864.     Nucula  percrassa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 
1868.     Nucula  percrassa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 

1868.  Nucula  slackiana  Con.,  Cook's«.Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 

1869.  Donax  fordii  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  102,  pi. 

9,  %•  25- 
1876.     Nucula  percrassa  Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  318. 
1876.     Nucula  slackiana   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  318. 
24  PAL  (369) 


3/o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1886.  Nuciila  percrassa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  IL 
S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  1 02,  pi.  n,  figs.  4-6. 

1886.  Nuciila  slackimia  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol  9),  p.  103,  pi.  n,  figs.  2-3. 

1886.  Donaxfordii  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G. 
S.,  vol.  9),  p.  171,  pi.  23,  fig.  i. 

1905.     Nucida  percrassa  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  P-  7- 
1905.  Nucula  slackiana  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  8. 
1905.  Doiiax  fordii  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  17. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  convex,  attaining  a  large  size 
•for  the  genus,  the  largest  New  Jersey  specimen  observed  being : 
length,  32  mm.,  and  height  about  two-thirds  the  length.  Shell 
subelliptical  in  outline,  the  beaks  situated  at  about  the  anterior 
third  of  the  shell,  the  greatest  length  of  the  shell  at  about  the 
mid-height.  Anterior  margin  obliquely  subtruncate  above,  the 
anterior  extremity  of  the  shell  subangular ;  basal  margin  between 
the  two  extremities  of  the  shell  usually  regularly  rounded,  some- 
times more  or  less  obscurely  obliquely  subtruncate  in  front  and 
sometimes  somewhat  straightened  ventrally;  posterior  margin 
more  or  less  sharply  rounded;  the  postero-dorsal  margin  gently 
convex  or  nearly  straight.  Valves  regularly  convex,  antero- 
dorsal  slope  rather  abrupt,  passing  into  the  rather  large  lunular 
depression.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  by  fine,  regular,  radiating 
costae,  narrower  than  the  interspaces,  which  are  more  strongly 
developed  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  shell.  The  shell  sub- 
stance thick.  Teeth  strong,  about  20  posterior  and  8  or  10 
anterior  to  the  beak,  both  series  diminishing  in  size  as  they  ap- 
proach the  beak.  Well  preserved  internal  casts  preserve  strongly 
defined  muscular  impressions  and  pallial  line,  and  are  strongly 
crenate  about  the  free  margin. 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  more  or  less  commonly  in  sev- 
eral of  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey,  and  presents 
several  different  aspects  because  of  the  different  modes  of  preser- 


MOLLUSCA.  371 

vation.  In  the  Marshalltown  marl  near  Swedesboro,  the  shell  sub- 
stance is  perfectly  preserved,  but  in  other  localities  the  specimens 
are  usually  more  or  less  modified  internal  casts  and  externaj  im- 
pressions. Only  rarely  is  an  internal  cast  met  with  which  pre- 
serves well  the  muscular  impressions  and  other  markings  of  the 
interior  of  the  shell.  In  most  cases,  after  the  dissolution  of  the* 
shells,  the  soft  material  in  which  they  were  buried  has  been  com- 
pressed, closing  the  cavities  left  by  the  shells  and  obliterating  the 
natural  markings  of  the  casts. 

Whitfield  considered  the  two  species,  N.  percrassa  and  AT. 
slackiana  as  distinct,  but  a  careful  study  of  a  large  number  of 
specimens  from  New  Jersey,  and  a  comparison  of  them  with 
southern  representatives,  has  shown  that  it  is  absolutely  im- 
possible to  draw  any  lines  which  can  be  used  to  distinguish  the 
two  forms.  Gabb  himself,  the  author  of  the  species  N.  slackiana 
gave  expression  to  the  same  conclusion  in  1876. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  type  of  Donax  fordii  Con.,  in 
the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  shows  it 
to  be  only  an  imperfect  and  somewhat  distorted  example  of 
Nucula  percrassa. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Clifrwood  Point 
(105)  ;  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola 
(163),  Merchantville  (162);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),. 
near  Haddonfield  (183)  ;  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swedes- 
boro (177)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Maryland,  North  Caro- 
lina, Alabama,  Mississippi  and  Texas. 

Nucula  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX.,  Figs.  6-12. 

Description. — Shell  triangularly  subovate  in  outline,  with 
moderately  convex  valves ;  the  beaks  pointed,  situated  from  one- 
fifth  to  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  ex- 
tremity; postero-dorsal  margin  moderately  convex  from  the 
beak  to  the  somewhat  sharply  rounded  posterior  extremity  of 
the  shell  which  is  below  the  mid-height;  ventral  margin  convex 
throughout,  curving  upward  more  rapidly  in  front  than  behind* 


372      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

anterior  margin  rounded ;  antero-dorsal  margin  sloping  some- 
what abruptly  from  the  beak.  Hinge-line  with  20  to  25  teeth 
posterior  to  the  beak  and  10  or  12  in  front,  with  a  few  small 
ones  directly  beneath  the  beak.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by 
somewhat  regular  concentric  lines.  Surface  of  the  casts  usually 
smooth  and  without  marginal  crenulations. 

The  dimensions  of  a  rather  large  individual  from  the  Weno- 
nah  sand  are:  length,  21  mm;  height,  15.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  at  first  identified  as  Nucula  mon- 
mouthensis  Whitf.,  but  a  study  of  Whitfield's  type  of  that  species 
has  shown  it  to  be  a  member  of  the  genus  Lima.  A  second  speci- 
men, in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science 
which  was  referred  by  Whitfield  to  his  N.  monmouthensis,  is 
apparently  identical  with  the  shells  here  described.  The  species 
differs  from  N.  percrassa  in  the  absence  of  radiating  costse  upon 
the  external  surface  of  the  shell,  and  in  the  absence  of  marginal 
crenulations. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Matawan  (ioi2),  near 
Jamesburg  (140),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard 
(102),  near  Matawan  (103),  near  Haddonfield  (183),  Cross- 
wicks  (168);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263), 
near  Marlboro  (130)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown  (112), 
Red  Bank  (119). 

Geographic  distribution. — New-  Jersey. 

Family  LEDIDAE. 

Genus  LEDA  Schumacher. 

Leda  compressifrons  (Whitfield). 

Plate  XXIX.,  Figs.  13-17. 

1886.     Nuculana   compressifrons   Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  109,  pi.  n,  fig.  9. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  an  average  speci- 
men from  Lorillard  being:  length,  8.5  mm.,  height  4  mm. 
Beaks  rather  prominent,  situated  near  the  anterior  third  of  the 


MOLLUSCA.  373 

shell.  Posterior  portion  of  the  shell,  from  the  beaks  back,  sub- 
cuneate  in  outline,  the  posterior  extremity  sharply  rounded,  and 
just  below  the  extremity  the  margin  is  very  obliquely  subtruncate 
for  a  short  distance;  anterior  portion  of  the  shell  in  front  of  the 
beaks  subsemielliptical  in  outline.  Hinge-line  elongate,  the 
anterior  and  posterior  portions  widely  divergent,  meeting  under 
the  beak  at  an  angle  of  about  140°,  the  posterior  row  of  teeth, 
20  or  more  in  number,  the  anterior  row  with  about  12  or  more 
teeth.  External  surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  by  impressions, 
perfectly  smooth. 

Remarks. — This  name  was  first  legitimately  used  by  Whitfield, 
although  that  author  credits  it  to  Conrad.  Conrad,  however, 
only  applied  it  as  a  manuscript  name  upon  a  label  in  the  collec- 
tions of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  and  it  was  never 
actually  published  prior  to  the  appearance  of  Whitfield's  mono- 
graph. The  shells  occur  commonly  in  the  collection  from  Had- 
donfield,  from  which  locality  the  species  was  originally  de- 
scribed, and  also  in  the  same  formation  in  other  portions  of  the 
State.  Whitfield's  original  illustration  of  the  species  is  inaccu- 
rate in  representing  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  shell  too 
squarely  truncate.  In  this  character  the  original  specimens  from 
Haddonfield  resemble  those  here  illustrated  from  Lorillard,  but 
the  Haddonfield  examples  are  usually  a  little  more  pointed  than 
those  from  Lorillard,  a  difference  which  may  be  due  to  the 
difference  in  the  conditions  of  preservation  of  the  species  at  the 
two  localities. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139,  140,  141);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  Cross- 
wicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (183,  165). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Leda  pinnaformis  Gabb. 
Plate  XXIX.,  Fig.  27. 

1860.  Leda  pinna  forma  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

sen,  vol.  4,  p.  303,  pi.  48,  fig.  22. 

1861.  Leda  pinnaeformis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

189  (133). 


374      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Nuculana  pinnaformis.  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 

1868.     Nuculana  pinnaformis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Nuculana  pinnaformis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  108,  pi.  n,  figs.  7-8. 
1905.     Leda  pinnaforme  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  8. 

Description.  Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  the  type  speci- 
men being:  length,  6.5;  height,  4.7  mm.;  cimeate-subovate  in 
outline,  the  anterior  margin  rather  broadly  rounded,  the  ventral 
margin  rather  strongly  convex  in  the  middle,  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity pointed;  valves  strongly  ventricose  in  the  middle,  be- 
coming compressed  posteriorly.  Beaks  large  and  rather  promi- 
nent, situated  about  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the 
anterior  extremity;  along  the  postero-cardinal  margin  the  edge 
of  the  shell  is  inflected  to  form  a  narrow,  nearly  linear  area  ex- 
tending from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  extremity.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  conspicuous,  regularly  concentric  lines  which 
become  obsolete  at  the  margin  of  the  linear  area  along  the  post- 
cardinal  margin.  Characters  of  the  hinge-line  not  observed. 

Remarks. — No  examples  of  this  shell  have  been  met  with  in 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  and  the  species  is  apparently 
represented  by  the  single  individual  upon  which  it  was  founded. 
Whitfield  illustrated  a  second  specimen  and  referred  it  to  this 
species,  but  this  identification  is  probably  incorrect,  and  the  speci- 
men perhaps  belongs  to  the  species  L.  marlboroensis,  described 
for  the  first  time  in  the  present  report.  L.  pinnaformis  may 
be  recognized,  should  it  be  met  with  in  future  collections,  by  its 
•short,  ventricose  form,  and  its  strong,  concentric,  markings. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Leda  marlboroensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX.,  Figs.  18-23. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimesions  of  a  small  internal 
cast  being:  length,  6  mm.;  height,  3.5  mm.;  convexity,  1.5  mm. 
The  dimensions  of  a  larger  individual  are:  length,  13.5  mm.; 


MOLLUSCA.  375 

height,  7.5  mm.;  convexity,  2  mm.  Beaks  rather  prominent, 
directed  backward,  situated  about  twelfths  the  length  of  the 
shell  from  the  anterior  end.  Anterior  portion  of  the  shell  in 
front  of  the  beaks,  subsemielliptical  in  outline,  somewhat  in- 
flated ;  posterior  portion  compressed,  rostrate,  the  postero-dorsal 
margin  concave,  the  posterior  extremity  sharply  and  narrowly 
rounded,  the  postero-ventral  margin  gently  convex.  Hinge-line 
elongate,  the  anterior  row  of  teeth  straight,  about  12  in  number; 
posterior  row  slightly  concave,  with  16  or  18  teeth.  vSurface  of 
the  shell  as  shown  in  impressions  of  the  exterior,  marked  by  fine, 
regular,  concentric  costse. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  first  identified  as  L.  pinnaformis, 
but  a  careful  examination  of  the  type  of  that  species  has,  led  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  two  forms  are  distinct.  Both  are 
similarly  marked  by  fine,  regular,  concentric  costse,  but  L.  marl- 
boroensis  is  proportionally  a  much  longer  shell,  with  a  more 
elongate  posterior  extremity,  which  is  also  more  conspicuously 
compressed.  Certain  examples  of  L.  marlboroensis,  especially 
those  which  are  incomplete  at  the  posterior  extremity,  resemble 
L.  pinnaformis  very  closely,  but  every  individual  of  the  species 
which  is  certainly  complete  posteriorly  has  the  decidedly  more 
elongate  form.  From  all  other  species  besides  L.  pinnaformis 
in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  L.  marlboroensis  may  be  distinguished 
by  its  conspicuously  inflated  anterior  portion  and  compressed 
posterior  region. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  Crawfords  Corner 
(i263),  near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Led  a  protexta  Gabb. 
Plate  XXIX.,  Fig.  26. 

1860.  Leda  protexta  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  4,  p.  303,  pi.  48,  fig.  23.  (Not  Leda  protexta  Gabb, 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  397,  pi. 
68,  fig.  35.) 

1 86 1.  Leda  protexta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  189 

(133). 


376      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Uuculana  protexta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8  (in  part). 

1868.     Nuculana  protexta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1876.     Nuculana  protexta  Gabb,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1876),  p.  318. 
1886.     Nuculana  protexta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  105,  pi.  n,  fig.  10. 
1905.     Leda  protexta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  8. 

Description. — "Shell  very  elongate  and  narrow,  the  narrow 
end  about  once  and  a  half  as  long  as  the  wider  and  strongly  re- 
curved. Valves  moderately  ventricose  and  the  beaks  only  moder- 
ately elevated ;  anterior  end  narrowly  rounded  and  the  posterior 
extremity  extended  and  narrow ;  basal  line  gibbous  in  the  middle. 
On  the  cast  the  hinge  is  seen  to  be  marked  by  a  very  large  num- 
ber of  small  teeth,  but  the  number  cannot  be  made  out  on  any 
of  the  several  specimens  examined.  The  cartilage  pit  beneath  the 
beak  has  been  of  moderate  size.  Surface  features  of  the  shell 
unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  only  known  from  somewhat  im- 
perfect internal  casts  which  do  not  show  the  external  features 
of  the  shell.  The  species  differs  from  any  other  member  of  the 
genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas  with  a  similar  outline,  in  the 
much  more  strongly  ventricose  valves.  The  species  has  not  been 
met  with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey. 

Whitfield  has  commented  on  the  various  uses  which  have 
been  made  of  the  specific  name  protexta  for  several  closely  allied 
shells  of  this  group.  Gabb  has  used  the  name  twice  and  Conrad 
twice  for  shells  which  constitute  three  different  species.  The 
name  is  here  used  in  the  same  sense  as  it  was  used  by  Whitefield, 
for  the  first  shell  to  which  the  name  was  given  by  Gabb,  that 
author's  other  species  being  changed  to  L.  gabbana.  Conrad 
himself  changed  the  name  of  one  of  his  species,  an  Eocene  shell, 
to  L.  albaria,  and  his  other  species  is  the  type  of  the  genus  Perri- 
sonota  and  retains  the  specific  name  protexta.  Johnson1  seems 


Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905),  p.  8. 


MOLLUSCA.  377 

to  have  considered  Perrisonota  protexta  Con.  as  a  synonym  of 
Leda  protexta  Gabb,  but  they  are  certainly  distinct  species,  al- 
though there  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  wisdom  of  making  any 
generic  distinction  between  them. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
and  Mullica  Hill  (Coll.  Phil.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Leda  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX.,  Figs.  24-25. 

Description. — Shell  elongate,  the  dimensions  of  a  nearly  per- 
fect internal  cast  being:  length,  21.5  mm. ;  height,  9  mm. ;  thick- 
ness, 3.5  mm.  The  beaks  moderately  pointed  and  directed  back- 
ward, situated  about  four-tenths  of  the  length  of  the  shell  from 
the  anterior  extremity.  Anterior  portion  of  the  shell  in  front 
of  the  beaks,  subsemielliptical  in  outline,  postero-dorsal  margin 
concave,  posterior  extremity  subtruncate,  'rounding  rather  ab- 
ruptly below  into  the  gently  convex  postero-ventral  margin. 
Hinge  very  long,  the  anterior  portion  nearly  straight,  with  about 
20  teeth,  the  posterior  portion  concave,  with  30  or  more  teeth, 
the  teeth  of  each  series  diminishing  in  size  regularly  as  they 
approach  the  beaks,  the  two  series  meeting  beneath  the  beaks  in 
a  very  broadly  obtuse  angle.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated 
by  external  impressions,  smooth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  common  one  in  the  Cliffwood 
clays.  It  is  an  elongate  form  of  rather  large  size,  somewhat 
similar  in  general  outline  to  L.  protexta,  but  it  may  always  be 
distinguished  from  that  species  by  reason  of  its  much  more  com- 
pressed form.  The  species,  perhaps,  most  closely  resembles 
Perrisonota  protexta,  but  it  differs  from  that  form  in  the  much 
more  posterior  position  of  the  beaks. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105,  185),  near  Matawan  (186,  107,  189). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


378      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Leda  gabbana   (Whltfield). 
Plate  XXIX.,  Figs.  28-30. 

1860.  Leda  protexta  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 
ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  397,  pi.  68,  fig.  35.  (Not  L.  protexta 
Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p. 
P-  303,  PL  48,  fig.  23.) 

1886.  Nuculana  Gabbana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I,  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  106,  pi.  n,  figs.  11-13. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size,  extremely  elongated, 
the  length  being  nearly  twice  and  a  half  the  extreme  height. 
Valves  convex,  regularly  and  evenly  rounded.  Beaks  small,  ap- 
pressed  and  incurved,  and  distinctly  inclined  toward  the  narrower 
end  of  the  shell,  scarcely  rising  above  the  hinge-line  on  the  wider 
part,  and  situated  about  two-fifths  of  the  length  from  the  larger 
end.  Cardinal  margin  on  the  wider  end  gently  arcuate  and  a 
little  more  strongly  concave  on  the  narrower  side  of  the  beak; 
large  extremity  of  the  shell  sharply  rounded ;  basal  margin  gently 
rounded  throughout  and  the  posterior  end  narrow  and  rounded. 
As  the  specimen  is  an  internal  cast,  it  preserves  no  evidences  of 
the  surface  characters.  The  muscular  scars  are  extremely  faint 
and  the  pallial  line  undistinguishable,  although  the  cast  is  in 
an  excellent  state  of  preservation  and  somewhat  polished  on  the 
surface  from  the  perfect  condition.  The  hinge-line  has  been 
marked  by  a  large  number  of  very  fine  teeth,  gradually  increasing 
in  size  from  the  center  outward.  On  the  wider  end  of  the  shell 
there  are  about  25  visible  under  a  glass  and  about  20  somewhat 
stronger  ones  on  the  narrower  side  of  the  beak.  The  ligamental 
pit  has  been  of  moderate  size,  but  well  marked  and  deep." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  and  the  type  specimen  wrhich  is  said 
by  Whitfield1  to  be  preserved  in  the  collection  at  Trenton,  has 
apparently  been  lost  or  destroyed.  The  specimens  in  the  recent 
collections  which  most  nearly  approach  Whitfield's  figure  of  this 


1  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  12,  p.  161. 


MOLLUSCA.  379 

species  are  from  the  Tinton  beds,  but  they  have  a  much  smaller 
number  of  teeth  than  that  given  by  Whitfield. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Leda  tintonensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXIX.,  Figs.  31-34. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast 
being:  length  10  mm.,  height  5  mm.,  convexity  1.5  mm.  Beaks 
rather  prominent,  nearly  erect  or  pointed  slightly  backward,  sit- 
uated a  little  over  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the 
anterior  extremity.  Anterior  portion  of  the  shell  semielliptical 
in  outline;  posterior  portion  subcuneate  behind;  the  postero- 
dorsal  margin  nearly  straight  or  slightly  concave;  the  posterior 
margin  curving  downward  and  forward  into  the  basal  margin 
so  that  the  whole  ventral  margin  from  the  posterior  extremity 
of  the  hinge-line  to  the  middle  of  the  anterior  margin,  describes 
nearly  the  arc  of  a  circle.  Anterior  series  of  teeth  straight  or 
slightly  convex,  about  10  or  12  in  number;  posterior  series 
nearly  straight  or  slightly  concave,  about  15  or  16  in  number. 
Surface  of  casts  smooth,  external  surface  of  shell  unknown. 

Remarks. — In  general  form  and  size  this  little  shell  agrees  with 
Whitfield's  illustration  of  the  type  of  his  Leda  gabbana,  but  it 
differs  from  that  species  according  to 'the  description,  in  having 
much  coarser  teeth,  there  being  25  posterior  and  20  anterior 
teeth  in  that  species,  which  is  nearly  twice  as  many  as  in  the  shell 
under  discussion. 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south 
of  Keyport  (i295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PERRISONOTA  Conrad. 

Perrisonota  protexta  Conrad. 
Plate  XXX.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1869.     Perrisonota  protexta  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 
98,  pi.  9,  fig.  24. 


380      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1886.     Perrisonota  protexta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol  9),  p.  no,  pi.  n,  figs.  14-15. 
1905.     Perrisonota  protexta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(i9°5),  P-  & 

Description. — "Shell  small,  ensiform,  extremely  elongated 
posteriorly,  and  gradually  narrowed  from  the  beaks.  Valves 
depressed  convex  with  very  small  inconspicuous  beaks,  which 
are  curved  backward,  and  with  an  obsolete  carination  extending 
from  them  backward  to  the  postero-basal  angle.  Anterior  end 
broadest,  sharply  rounded;  posterior  end  narrowly  rounded, 
longest  above  the  middle.  Hinge-line  arched  upward  in  front -of 
the  beaks,  and  gently  concave  posteriorly  throughout  the  entire 
length  of  the  shell.  Basal  line  moderately  curved,  more  promi- 
nent just  in  advance  of  the  beaks.  Surface  of  the  shell  polished 
or  marked  by  very  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth,  except  on  the 
posterior  cardinal  slope,  where  they  unite  and  form  a  few  in- 
conspicuous folds."  (Whitfield.)  The  impression  of  the  hinge- 
plate  in  internal  casts  shows  the  presence  of  60  or  more  fine, 
straight  teeth  posterior  to  the  beaks,  and  about  12  much  larger 
and  decidedly)  -shaped  teeth  in  front. 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  internal  cast  are:  length  26  mm.,, 
height  8  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  a  rather  long  geologic  range  in 
the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  formations,  but  it  seems  to  be  rare- 
everywhere,  except  in  some  localities  of  the  Red  Bank  sand. 
In  all  localities,  except  Haddonfield,  this  species  has  been  ob- 
served only  in  the  form  of  internal  casts,  and  these  do  not 
possess  the  obscure  carination  or  umbonal  ridge  passing  from 
the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  margin.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
the  generic  name  Perrisonota  should  be  considered  as  valid.  This 
species  is  Conrad's  type  of  the  genus,  but,  except  in  the  extra- 
ordinary posterior  extension  of  the  shell,  which  is  doubtfully  a 
character  of  generic  value,  it  does  not  differ  essentially  from 
members  of  the  genus  Leda. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (140,  141),  Lenola  (163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddon- 


MOLLUSCA.  381 

field  (183,  165);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130);  Red 
Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116),  Shrewsbury  river  (119),  near 
Middletown  (112)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Key- 
port  (I295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  YOUDIA  Moller. 

Yoldia  longifrons  (Conrad). 
Plate  XXX.,  Fig.  5. 

1860.  Leda  longifrons  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  281,  pi.  46,  fig.  18. 

1861.  L<eda  longifrons  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  189 

(133). 
1864.     Nuculana  longifrons  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 
1886.     Nucwlana  longifrons  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  107,  pi.  n,  figs.  16-17. 
1905.     Yoldia  longifrons  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.  Nat    Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  8, 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen  are: 
length,  36  mm. ;  height,  14.5  mm. ;  convexity,  4.5  mm.  Shell 
longitudinally  subelliptical  in  outline,  a  little  narrower  behind 
than  in  front.  Beaks  scarcely  elevated  above  the  hinge-line, 
situated  about  two-fifths  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  ante- 
rior extremity.  Anterior  and  posterior  cardinal  margins  slop- 
ing away  from  the  beak  on  either  side,  meeting  in  an  angle  of 
150°  to  155°  ;  anterior  margin  broadly  rounded,  its  most  anterior 
extension  above  the  mid-height  of  the  shell;  posterior  margin 
more  narrowly  rounded,  its  greatest  extension  above  the  middle ; 
ventral  margin  gently  convex  in  the  middle,  curving  upward 
more  sharply  at  either  end.  Impression  of  the  hinge-line  in  the 
internal  cast  bearing  about  35  or  more  <— shaped  teeth  posteri- 
orly in  nearly  a  straight  line,  and  about  25  /-shaped  teeth  an- 
teriorly, also  in  a  straight  line.  External  surface  of  the  shell 
polished,  marked  only  by  fine,  more  or  less  conspicuous  concen- 
tric lines  of  growth. 


382      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  only  been  found  in  the  Woocl- 
bury  clay.  At  Lorillard  it  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  species, 
and  like  so  many  of  the  shells  at  this  locality,  it  attains  a  much 
larger  size  than  at  Haddonfield.  The  number  of  hinge-teeth 
in  the  Lorillard  specimens  is  also  greater  than  in  those  from 
Haddonfield,  but  this  is  doubtless  due  to  their  larger  size.  In 
some  of  the  internal  casts  from  Lorillard  a  deep  pallial  sinus  is 
faintly  seen,  which  gives  to  the  shells  the  characteristic  features 
of  the  genus  Yoldia.  The  species  is  a  close  ally  of  Yoldia  evansi 
M.  &  H.  of  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  the  interior. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Matawan  (103),  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield 
(183,  165,  164). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Arkansas. 

Yoldia  papyria  (Conrad). 
Plate  XXX.,  Fig.  6. 

1869.     Nucularia  papyria  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  44, 

pi.  i,  fig.  7. 
1886.     Nucularia  papyria  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  in,  pi.  n,  figs.  18-20. 
1905.     Nucularia  papyria  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  8. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  right  valve  are: 
length,  15.5  mm.;  height,  9.5  mm.;  convexity,  3  mm.  Shell  sub- 
elliptical  in  outline,  strongly  convex  in  the  anterior  half,  becom- 
ing rapidly  depressed  posteriorly.  Beak  scarcely  elevated  above 
the  hinge-line,  situated  a  little  over  one-fifth  of  the  length  of 
the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  Posterior  portion  of 
the  hinge-line  nearly  straight,  the  hinge-plate  bearing  about 
1 8  >-shaped  teeth ;  the  anterior  hinge-line  much  shorter  than 
the  posterior,  rapidly  declining,  forming  an  angle  of  about 
125°  with  the  posterior  portion,  the  hingle-plate  bearing  about 
12  (-shaped  teeth.  Anterior  margin  of  the  shell  rounded  from 
just  below  the  beak  to  a  point  on  the  ventral  margin  directly 
beneath,  the  curve  being  subsemielliptical  with  the  most  anterior 


MOLLUSCA.  383 

point  at  about  the  mid-height  of  the  shell;  basal  margin  gently 
convex,  subparallel  with  the  posterior  part  of  the  hinge-line; 
posterior  margin  rounding  from  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
hinge-line,  the  greatest  posterior  extension  of  the  shell  being 
above  the  middle,  obliquely  convex,  subtruncate  below  and  round- 
ing into  the  basal  margin.  Surface  of  the  shell  nearly  smooth, 
marked  only  by  faint  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — The  types  of  this  species  from  Haddonfield  are 
scarcely  more  than  one-half  the  size  of  the  specimens  whose 
dimensions  are  given  above.  This  fact,  however,  is  in  accord 
with  the  individuals  of  many  of  the  Haddonfield  species,  which 
grow  to  a  much  larger  size  in  the  more  northern  localities.  The 
hinge  characters  of  the  Haddonfield  specimens  have  never  been 
properly  made  out ;  the  fragmentary  shells  preserving  imperfectly 
the  hinge-teeth  assigned  to  this  species,  and  made  typical  of  the 
genus  Nucularia  belong  without  doubt  to  some  other  species  as 
has  been  suggested  by  Whitfield.  The  internal  cast  from  near 
Matawan,  which  is  here  illustrated,  agrees  in  all  the  general 
characters  of  the  shell,  except  size,  with  the  typical  Haddonfield 
specimens,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  their  specific  identity, 
but  this  Matawan  specimen  preserves  very  perfectly  an  impression 
of  the  hinge-plate,  which  shows  the  dentition  to  be  not  funda- 
mentally different  from  that  of  the  associated  Yoldia  longifrons. 
The  presence  or  absence  of  the  deep  pallial  sinus  has  not  been 
detected  in  any  of  -the  specimens  observed,  so  that  it  has  not  been 
absolutely  demonstrated  that  the  species  is  a  member  of  the  genus 
Yoldia,  but  when  the  strong  general  similarity  with  Y.  longifrons 
is  taken  into  account,  there  is  little  or  no  doubt  as  to  its  proper 
generic  position. 

Formation    and    locality. — Woodbury    clay,    near    Matawan 
(103),  near  Haddonfield  (183,  165,  164). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Yoldia  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXX,  Figs.  3-4- 

1905.  Yoldi  cf.  evansi  Weller,  Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13,  pp.  239,  331 ; 
also  Ann.  Rep.  State  Geol.  N.  J.,  f or  ^  1904,  pp.  137, 
138.  (Not  Y.  evansi  M.  &  H.) 


384      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  one  of  the  type  specimens 
are:  length,  15.5  mm.;  height,  9  mm.;  convexity,  2  mm.  Shell 
subelliptical  in  outline,  the  valves  depressed  convex,  somewhat 
compressed  in  front  and  behind.  Beaks  scarcely  elevated  above 
the  hinge-line,  situated  about  two-fifths  the  length  of  the  shell 
from  the  anterior  extremity.  Both  the  anterior  and  posterior  por- 
tions of  the  hinge-line  straight  or  nearly  straight,  the  posterior 
portion  with  20  or  more  teeth,  the  anterior  portion  declining 
from  the  beak  at  an  angle  of  about  46°  with  the  posterior  portion, 
with  about  15  teeth.  Anterior  margin  of  the  shell  rounding  from 
the  anterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line,  the  greatest  extension  at 
about  the  mid-height  of  the  shell ;  posterior  margin  rounding  from 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line,  the  greatest  extension 
above  the  middle ;  ventral  margin,  between  the  most  anterior 
and  posterior  points  of  the  shell,  approaching  a  longitudinal 
semiellipse,  but  with  the  posterior  portion  more  or  less  obscurely 
obliquely  subtruncate.  Surface  of  the  shell  smooth,  as  indicated 
by  impressions  of  the  exterior. 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  Y.  longifrons  of  the  Wood- 
bury  clay,  but  is  proportionately  shorter  with  the  basal  margin 
more  strongly  curved  and  the  anterior  and  posterior  portions  of 
the  hinge-line  forming  less  nearly  a  straight  line ;  it  has  not  been 
observed  to  grow  as  large  as  the  larger  individuals  of  Y.  longi- 
frons from  Lorillard.  The  species  also  resembles  Y.  evansi  M.  & 
H.,  from  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  the  interior,  but  it  differs  from 
that  species  as  illustrated  by  Meek1  in  much  the  same  way  that 
it  differs  from  Y.  longifrons,  Y.  longifrons  and  Y.  evansi  prob- 
ably being  more  closely  allied  than  Y.  cliff zuoodensis  and  Y. 
evansi. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105,  185),  near  Matawan  (107). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  in,  pi.  28,  figs.  10  a-c- 


MOLLUSCA.  385 

Super-family  ARCACEA. 
Family  PABALLELODONTODAE. 

Genus  NEMODON  Conrad. 

Nemodon  eufaulensis  (Gabb). 

Plate  XXX.,  Figs.  8-n. 

1860.  Area  (Macrodon}  eufalensis  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.  vol.  4,  p.  398,  pi.  68,  fig.  38.      (Not 
Nemodon  eufaulensis  Con.) 

1 86 1.  Area  Eufalensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  152 

(96). 

1868.     Area  Eufalensis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Nemodon  Eufaulensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  83,  pi.  12,  figs.  3-4  (not  fig.  5). 

Description. — "Shell  small,  seldom  reaching  a  length  of  one 
inch  in  the  extreme.  Form  trapezoidal,  the  cardinal  and  basal 
margins  subparallel,  and  the  length  about  twice  and  a  half  as 
great  as  the  height.  Anterior  end  obliquely  and  rapidly  reced- 
ing from  the  extremity  of  the  hinge  and  most  rapidly  on  the 
lower  half;  posterior  end  obliquely  truncate,  prolonged  back- 
ward below  to  the  umbonal  angle.  Valves  moderately  ventricose, 
with  a  decidedly  angular  umbonal  ridge  behind,  and  a  shallow 
mesial  depression  extending  from  the  beaks  to  the  basal  border, 
slightly  affecting  the  basal  line  near  the  middle  of  its  length. 
Beaks  large  and  rather  prominent,  situated  at  about  the  anterior 
third  of  the  length.  Area  moderate.  Surface  marked  by 
numerous  fine  radiating  striae  showing  upon  the  cast,  which  are 
a  little  coarser  near  the  posterior  angle  and  on  the  cardinal  slope, 
possibly  somewhat  alternating  in  size  on  the  anterior  end,  but 
indistinctly  showing  this  feature  on  the  internal  cast.  Hinge- 
line  marked  by  two  distinct  linear  teeth  on  the  anterior  end  par- 
allel to  the  hinge.  Those  of  the  rest  of  the  hings  have  not  been 
observed."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — The  Haddonfield  specimens  referred  to  this  species 
by  Conrad  and  made  the  type  of  the  genus  Nemodon,  are  con- 
25  PAL 


386     '  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

sidered  by  Johnson  to  be  distinct  from  the  typical  form  of  the 
species  described  by  Gabb  from  Eufaulia,  Alabama,  and  he  has 
proposed  the  name  Nemodon  conradi  for  them.  Whitfield's 
description  of  the  species  was  drawn  up  from  a  specimen  from 
the  Navesink  marl,  but  he  also  referred  the  Haddonfield  speci- 
mens of  Conrad  to  the  same  species  and  illustrated  one  individual 
from  that  locality.  N.  eufaulensis  seems  to'  differ  from  N.  con- 
radi in  the  greater  extension  of  the  hinge-line  anterior  to  the 
beak,  in  the  more  angular  umbonal  ridge,  and  in  the  stronger 
sinus  extending  from  the  beak  to  the  ventral  margin.  The 
species  as  here  recognized  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas  is  represented 
by  the  Navesink  specimen  described  and  illustrated  by  Whitfield. 
The  same  form!  occurs  abundantly  in  the  Red  Bank  sand  in  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  and  rarely  in  the  Merchantville 
clay-marl.  The  Red  Bank  examples  vary  considerably  in  size, 
at  some  localities  small  individuals  10  mm.  to  12  mm.  in  length 
being  the  only  ones  recognized,  while  in  other  localities  they  are 
larger,  reaching  a  length  of  20  mm.  more  or  less.  In  Whitfield's 
description  it  is  stated  that  the  posterior  hinge-teeth  have  not  been 
observed,  but  recently  collected  specimens  show  them  to  be  two  or 
three  in  number,  parallel  with  the  hinge-line  and  similar  to  the 
anterior  teeth  but  more  elongate. 

The  writer  has  felt  no  little  hesitation  in  recognizing  the 
several  species  of  the  genus  Nemodon  included  in  the  present 
report.  N.  eufaulensis  and  N.  conradi  especially  seem  to  be 
almost  too  closely  allied  to  be  given  separate  specific  recognition, 
and  the  internal  cast  described  by  Gabb  as  N.  angulatum  might 
well  be  a  somewhat  aberrant  or  distorted  individual  of  the  same 
species.  The  specimens  referred  to  N.  brevifrons  seem  to  be 
more  worthy  of  separate  specific  recognition,  but  even  these  might 
possibly  be  referred  to  a  common  species.  The  exact  determina- 
tion and  definition  of  these  several  species  cannot  be  made  with 
the  material  now  available  for  study,  and  had  not  these  species 
already  received  recognition  in  the  literature,  no  attempt  would 
have  been  made  in  this  place  to  differentiate  more  than  two  of 
them  at  the  most. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139,  140,  141),  Lenola  (163);  Marshalltown  clay-marl, 
near  Swedesboro  (177);  Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whitfield),, 


MOLLUSCA.  387 

near  Walnford  (i482),  near  Jacobstown  (150)  ;  Red  Bank  sand, 
Red  Bank  (116),  Shrewsbury  River  (119),  near  Middletown 
(112)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  Cut,  south  of  Keyport  (i299). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia.  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Arkansas. 

Nemodon  conradi  Johnson. 
Plate  XXX.,  Fig.  7. 

1867.     Trigonarca  eufalensis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  3, 

p.  9.     (Not  Area  eufalensis  Gabb.) 
1869.     Nemodon  eufaulensis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 

97,  pi.  9,  fig-.  1 6. 
1886.     Nemodon  eufaulensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  83,  pi.  12,  fig.  5  (not  figs.  3-4). 
1905.     Nemodon  conradi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(i9°5),  P-  9- 

Description. — Shell  subrhomboidal  in  outline,  the  dimensions 
of  a  nearly  complete  right  valve  being:  length,  16.8  mm.; 
height,  9  mm. ;  length  of  hinge-line,  12  mm.  The  valves  mod- 
erately convex,  with  the  beaks  somewhat  incurved  and  situated 
at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  total  length  of  the  shell,  the 
umbo  produced  a  little  beyond  the  hinge-line.  Hinge-line 
straight;  the  anterior  margin  making  an  obtuse  angle  with  the 
hinge-line,  broadly  rounding  into  the  slightly  convex  ventral 
margin,  the  ventral  margin  curving  rather  sharply  posteriorly 
into  the  obliquely  subtruncate  posterior  margin.  Umbonal  ridge 
rounded,  the  posterior  slope  rather  narrow.  Surface  of  the 
internal  cast  marked  by  concentric  and  radiating  lines  of  nearly 
equal  strength,  giving  it  a  cancellated  appearance.  Anterior  and 
posterior  hingle-teeth  both  three  in  number,  straight  and  nearly 
parallel  with  the  hingle-margin,  the  posterior  ones  being 
slightly  longer  than  the  anterior. 

Remarks. — The  name  N.  conradi  has  been  proposed  by  John- 
son for  certain  shells  from  the  Woodbury  clay  near  Haddon- 
field,  which  Conrad  referred  to  N.  eufaulensis  many  years  ago. 
The  Haddonfield  specimen  referred  to  N.  eufaulensis  by  Whit- 


388      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

field  is  also  doubtless  a  member  of  the  same  species,  although 
its  surface  markings  have  been  obliterated.  The  species  differs 
from  N.  eufaulensis  in  the  shorter  anterior  extension  of  the  hinge- 
line,  and  consequently  in  the  more  regularly  rounded  anterior 
margin,  in  the  more  rounded  umbonal  ridge,  and  in  the  less 
conspicuous  sinus  extending  from  the  beak  to  the  ventral  mar- 
gin. The  two  species  also  seem  to  differ  in  the  character  of  their 
surface  markings.  The  general  form  of  the  shell  more  nearly 
approaches  N.  brcvifrons,  but  the  postero-basal  extremity  is  less 
extended,  the  surface  markings  are  different  and  the  anterior 
hinge-teeth  are  straighter. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nemodon  angulatum  (Gabb). 
Plate  XXX.,  Fig.  15. 

1860.  Leda  angulata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1860), 

p.  95,  pi.  2,  fig.  12. 

1 86 1.  Leda  subangulata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

189  (133). 
1864.     Nuculana  subangulata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 

1868.     Nuculana  angulata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1876.     Nemodon  angulatum  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  316. 
1886.     Nemodon  angulatum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  84,  pi.  12,  figs.  6-7. 
1905.     Nemodon  angulatum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(i9<>5)»  P-  9- 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  the  type  speci- 
men being:  length,  15.5  mm.;  height,  8  mm.;  thickness,  5  mm. 
Beaks  rather  prominent,  situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of 
the  shell.  Anterior  margin  broadly  curved  from  beneath  the 
beak  to  the  antero-basal  region,  where  it  curves  more  abruptly 
into  the  nearly  straight  ventral  margin,  postero-basal  margin 


MOLLUSCA.  389 

produced  and  subangular,  posterior  margin  truncate,  meeting 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  in  an  obtuse  angle, 
dorsal  margin  nearly  straight,  sloping  gently  backward  from 
the  beak  to  the  posterior  hinge  extremity.  From  the  beak  a 
subangular  umbonal  ridge  passes  obliquely  backward  to  the 
postero-basal  angle,  and  a  broadly-flattened  or  slightly  sinuate 
area  passes  downward  from  the  beak  to  about  the  middle  of 
the  ventral  margin.  The  surface  markings  and  hinge  characters 
not  preserved  on  the  type  specimen,  which  is  an  internal  cast. 

Remarks. — The  type  is  the  only  specimen  of  this  species 
which,  has  yet  been  observed.  It  somewhat  resembles  N.  eufau- 
lensis,  but  the  beaks  are  more  prominent  and  the  anterior  mar- 
gin is  very  different,  the  most  anterior  extension  of  the  shell 
being  near  the  hinge-line  in  N.  enfaulensis,  while  in  N.  angu- 
latum  it  is  near  the  base.  The  radiating  markings  of  the  shell 
may  usually  be  distinguished  upon  the  casts  of  N.  eufaulensis, 
which  is  not  the  case  with  this  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Burlington  County 
(Gabb,  Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Nemodon  brevifrons  Conrad. 
Plate  XXX.,  Figs.  12-14. 

1875.     Neinondon  brevifrons  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App. 

A.,  p.  4,  pi.  i,  fig.  15. 
1886.     Nemodon  brevifrons  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I,  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  85,  pi.  12,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Nemodon  brevifrons  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  9. 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  the  dimensions  of  a  very 
perfect  right  valve  being:  length,  23  mm. ;  height,  13  mm. ;  length 
of  hinge-line,  15  mm.;  convexity,  6  mm.  Shell  subrhomboidal 
in  outline,  rather  strongly  convex.  Beaks  incurved,  the  umbo 
rather  broad  and  prominent,  and  produced  above  the  hinge-line. 
Hinge-line  straight.  Anterior  margin  meeting  the  hinge-line  in 
an  obtuse  angle,  broadly  and  evenly  rounded,  passing  with  a 


390      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

regular  curvature  into  the  gently  convex  ventral  margin,  postero- 
ventral  margin  rather  broadly  rounded  and  passing  into  the 
obliquely  subtruncate  posterior  margin  above,  which  meets  the 
hinge-line  in  an  obtuse  angle.  The  umbonal  ridge  prominent, 
broadly  rounded  or  somewhat  inflated,  the  posterior  slope  being 
narrow  and  somewhat  abrupt.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by 
concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  in  some  specimens  by  faint  radiat- 
ing lines,  which  are  more  conspicuous  upon  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  shell.  The  anterior  hinge-teeth  are  three  in  number,  rather 
short  and  slightly  curved,  but  nearly  parallel  with  the  hinge-line, 
the  posterior  teeth  are  also  three  in  number,  perhaps  a  little  longer 
than  the  anterior  ones,  straight  and  subparallel  with  the  hinge- 
line.  :  V  • 

Remarks. — Johnson  states  that  the  specimen  of  this  species 
described  and  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  from  the  Woodbury 
clay,  near  Haddonfield,  probably  did  not  come  from  that  locality, 
but  from  Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina,  the  type  locality  for  the 
species.  In  the  recent  Survey  collections  the  species  has  not  been 
recognized  in  any  of  the  Woodbury  clay  localities,  but  it  does 
occur  in  the  Cliffwood  clay  and  the  Wenonah  sand.  In  the  best 
specimen  observed  from  the  Cliffwood  clay  the  radiating  mark- 
ings of  the  shell,  as  shown  in  an  impression  of  the  exterior,  are 
apparently  obsolete,  the  markings  being  essentially  as  shown  in 
Conrad's  original  illustration  of  the  species.  One  of  the  speci- 
mens from,  the  Wenonah  sand,  on  the  other  hand,  with  np  essen- 
tial differences  in  the  contour  of  the  shell,  exhibits  some  faint 
radiating  markings,  which  are  more  strongly  developed  on  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  shell,  agreeing  essentially  with  Whit- 
field's  description.  From  the  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corners,  a  single  specimen  of  an  internal  cast  has  been  collected, 
which  agrees  closely  in  general  form  with  the  other  shells  referred 
to  this  species,  but  it  is  much  larger  than  any  other  individual 
observed,  being  38  mm.  long,  and  20  mm.  high.  It  is  possible 
that  this  specimen  should  be  referred  to  a  distinct  species,  per- 
haps undescribed,  but  in  the  absence  of  additional  material, 
especially  specimens  preserving  the  external  markings,  it  is 
thought  best  to  refer  it  to  this  species  provisionally.  The  species 


MOLLUSCA.  391 

differs  from  Ar.  conradi,  which  is  the  most  nearly  related  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  in  its  more  nearly 
obsolete  radiating  surface  markings,  its  more  rounded  umbonal 
ridge,  and  usually  in  its  larger  size. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130),  near  Crawfords 
Corners  ?  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution,, — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina, 
Mississippi. 

Genus  CUCULLAEA  Lamark. 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Morton. 
Plate  XXXII.,  Figs.  7-9. 

1834.     Cucullcca  antrosa  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  65,  pi.  13,  fig.  6. 
1 86 1.     Cucullaea  antrosa  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  172 

(116). 
1864.     Cucullcea  antrosa  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.   Foss.   N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 

1868.     Idonearca  antrosa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1872.     Idonearca   antrosa   Con.,    Proc.    Acacl.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1872),  p.  54. 
1876.     ?  Idonearca  antrosa  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  315. 
1886.     Idonearca  antrosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  96,  pi.  13,  figs.  6-1 1 
1905.     Cucullaea  antrosa  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p. '8. 

Description. — "Shell  subcircular  in  outline,  or  very  slightly 
ovate  from  being  a  little  prolonged  at  the  postero^-basal  angle, 
very  slightly  oblique  with  a  straight  hinge  line,  which  is  about 
half  as  long  as  the  greatest  length  of  the  shell.  Beaks  large, 
erect,  and  slightly  incurved,  but  not  projecting  beyond  the  edge 
of  the  proportionally  small  ligamental  area  which  is  marked  by 
oblique  grooves,  as  in  all  species  of  the  group.  Surface  of  the 


392      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

shell  slightly  angulated  along  the  postero-umbonal  slope  and 
very  convex;  marked  by  numerous  strong  concentric  lines  of 
growth  at  irregular  distances;  no  radiating  striae.  Hinge-plate 
narrow  in  small  and  medium  sized  specimens  and  the  teeth 
small,  but  barely  bent  down  at  their  inner  extremity  and  few  in 
number ;  the  denticulations  along  the  middle  of  the  hinge  vertical 
and  small.  On  large  individuals  the  outer  teeth  are  strong,  from 
four  to  five  in  number  on  each  side,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
individual;  slightly  declining  outwardly,  and  the  bent  portion 
usually  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  horizontal  portion,  the  bend- 
ing being  at  an  angle  within  ninety  degrees,  the  denticles  on  the 
middle  part  of  the  hinge  being  small  and  numerous.  Muscular 
scars,  as  seen  on  the  casts,  strongly  marked;  the  impression  of 
the  ridge  deep,  strongly  arched,  and  situated  pretty  well  up  on 
the  posterior  slope;  surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  rather  strong 
vascular  lines.  The  outer  margin  of  the  cast  is  bordered  by  a 
strong  keel,  indicating  the  great  thickening  of  the  valves  along 
the  pallial  line,  which  extends  around  three  sides,  being  broadest 
on  the  anterior."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  left  valve  are:  length  75  mm., 
height  70  mm.,  convexity  26  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  easily  recognized  at  all  times 
by  reason  of  its  subglobose  form.  Its  usual  mode  of  occurrence 
in  New  Jersey  is  in  the  form  of  internal  casts,  and  these  differ 
from  similar  specimens  of  C.  tippana  in  the  more  rounded  out- 
line and  the  less  obliquity  of  the  shell,  and  in  the  absence  of  the 
conspicuous  subangular  umbonal  ridge  with  the  more  or  less 
abrupt  posten>dorsal  slope  of  the  shell.  The  species  also  attains 
a  larger  size  than  C.  tippana.  *The  species  occurs  most  abundantly 
in  the  Merchantville  and  Navesink  formations,  it  being  the  most 
characteristic  member  of  the  genus  in  the  first  of  these  forma- 
tions. The  species  has  not  been  recognized  in  any  beds  higher 
than  the  Navesink,  its  vertical  range  being  quite  different  in  this 
respect  from  that  of  C.  tippana,  which  is  rare  in  the  Merchant- 
ville, and  first  occurs  in  abundance  in  the  Marshalltown,  and  then 
continues  as  a  conspicuous,  species  up  to  the  Tinton  beds,  except 
in  the  Navesink.  Although  this  species  and  C.  neglecta  both 


MOLLUSCA.  393 

occur  commonly  in  the  Navesink  marl,  they  are  not  usually  asso- 
ciated in  the  same  locality,  for  where  one  of  them  is  present  in 
abundance  the  other  is  usually  rare  or  absent  altogether. 

Formation  and  locality. — -Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lorillard 
(I201),  near  Matawan  (ioo4,  101),  Lenola  (163);  Navesink 
marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267), 
near  Freehold  (133),  near  Wain  ford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek 
(149,  I473,  I474,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount 
Laurel  (166);  Tinton  beds,  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas,  Arkansas. 

Cucullaea  woodburyensis  n.   sp. 
Plate  XXXIV.,  Fig.  i. 

Description. — Shell  large,  the  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen, 
the  internal  cast  of  a  left  valve,  being:  length  75  mm.,  height 
69  mm.,  convexity  28  mm.,  length  of  hinge-line  53  mm.  An- 
terior margin  regularly  rounding  from  the  anterior  extremity 
of  the  hinge-line  to  the  middle  of  the  ventral  margin,  ventral 
margin  less  curved  in  its  posterior  half,  the  postero-ventral  mar- 
gin obtusely  rounding  into  the  subtruncate  posterior  margin 
which  is  nearly  vertical  below  and  curves  gently  forward  to  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  above.  Beaks  of  moderate 
size,  those  of  the  two  valves  approaching  somewhat  closely. 
Valves  ventricose,  without  a  sharp,  umbonal  ridge  extending  to 
the  postero-ventral  extremity.  Indentation  of  the  posterior  mus- 
cular ridge  rather  narrow  and  of  moderate  strength. 

Remarks. — :This  species  most  closely  resembles  C.  antrosa  of 
the  Merchantville  and  Navesink  faunas,  but  it  is  somewhat 
shorter  and  more  nearly  erect  in  general  aspect,  besides  having, 
apparently,  a  much  thinner  shell,  so1  that  the  internal  cast  is  not 
marked  by  the  distinct  marginal  keel  which  is  so  characteristic 
of  that  species.  The  species  is  a  rare  one  in  the  Woodbury  clay, 
where  a  single  specimen  has  been  observed. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


394      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Cucullaea  tippana  Conrad. 
Plate  XXXI.,  Figs.  5-10;  Plate  XXXIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1858.     Cncullcca  tippana  Con..  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2(1 

sen,  vol.  3,  p.  328,  pi.  35,  fig.  i. 
1861.     Citcullaea  tippana  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  174 

(118). 
1864.     Vucullcea  tippana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.   Foss.  N.   A., 

Cret  and  Jur.,   p.   8. 
1886.     Idonearca  tippana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  95,  pi.  12,  figs.  19-21. 
1886.     Idonearca  vulgaris  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  95,  pi.  12,  figs.  19-21. 
1905.     Cucullcca   tippana  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil., 

1905,  p.  8. 

Description. — Shell  attaining  a  length  of  64  mm.,  a  height  of 
51  mm.,  length  of  hinge-line  41  mm.  and  convexity  of  one  valve 
20  mm.,  in  a  large  individual.  Shell  very  oblique,  subtriangular 
or  subtrapezoidal  in  outline;  umbones  prominent,  the  beaks 
rather  small,  incurved,  situated  at  about  the  middle  of  the  hinge- 
line;  cardinal  areas  concave,  marked  by  distinct  impressed  lines 
about  i  mm.  apart,  which  diverge  from,  beneath  the  beaks.  An- 
terior margin  of  the  shell  curving  regularly  from  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  hinge-line  into  the  basal  margin,  which  is  nearly 
straight  or  slightly  convex  posteriorly;  postero-basal  extremity 
rather  sharply  rounded  or  subangular;  posterior  margin  obliquely 
truncate.  Surface  of  the  shell  most  strongly  convex  along  the 
subangular  umbonal  ridge,  the  postero-dorsal  slope  abrupt,  in 
some  individuals  being  almost  vertical.  Surface  marked  by  con- 
spicuous, more  or  less  irregular  lines  of  growth,  and  by  fine 
radiating  costse,  which  are  frequently  nearly  or  quite  obsolete. 
Hinge-plate  broad  at  either  end,  much  narrower  under  the  beaks, 
with  from  three  to  five  transversely  striate  horizontal  teeth  in 
front  and  behind,  which  are  subparallel  with  the  hinge-line  and 
are  progressively  more  elongate  from  below  upward,  the  inner 
extremities  of  one  or  two  of  the  higher  more  elongate  teeth  bend- 


MOLLUSCA.  395 

ing  downward  at  a  sharp  angle  to  the  main  portion  of  the  tooth, 
the  median  two-fifths  of  the  hinge  occupied  by  short,  vertical 
teeth  about  10  or  12  in  number.  The  muscular  scars  on  the 
interior  of  the  shell  well-defined,  the  posterior  one  bordered  along 
its  anterior  margin  by  a  narrow,  elevated  septum ;  pallial  line  dis- 
tinct, the  internal  surface  of  the  shell  above  the  pallial  line  marked 
by  more  or  less  indistinct  radiating  lines. 

The  internal  casts  ventricose  and  very  oblique,  with  the  beaks 
elevated,  large  and  distant,  and  with  a  strongly  subangular 
umbonal  ridge  extending  obliquely  backward  from  the  beak  to  the 
postero-basal  extremity.  The  postero-dorsal  slope  short  and 
more  or  less  abrupt,  the  junction  of  the  valves  usually  strongly 
keeled  when  perfect,  though  this  keel  is  often  broken  away.  The 
cardinal  line  curved.  The  gash  in  the  postero-dorsal  slope  formed 
by  the  septum  in  front  of  the  posterior  muscular  impression  is 
deep  and  often  wide  in  old  individuals,  extending  from  the  middle 
of  the  height  oi  the  shell  to  fully  two-thirds  the  distance  between 
the  margin  and  the  beaks.  Anterior  muscular  scar  more  or  less 
distinct,  body  of  the  cast  often  radially  striated. 

Remarks. — The  description  of  this  species,  given  above,  is 
drawn  from  finely  preserved  individuals  in  the  Marshalltown 
marl.  Among  the  many  perfectly  preserved  shells  of  the  species 
in  this  formation  near  Swedesboro,  considerable  variation  is  ex- 
hibited, especially  in  the  abruptness  of  the  postero-dorsal  slope. 
In  some  individuals  this  slope  is  nearly  vertical  while  in  others  it 
may  be  at  an  angle  of  nearly  45°  to  the  plane  of  the  valve,  these 
extremes  giving  to  the  shells  quite  different  aspects. ^  A  rather 
abrupt,  but  not  quite  vertical  slope  is  the  commoner,  but  all  in- 
termediate conditions  between  the  two  extremes  occur.  Another 
variable  character  is  the  surface  markings  of  the  shell,  some  in- 
dividuals being  quite  rugose  in  appearance  because  of  the  strong 
concentric  lines  of  growth,  while  others  are  much  smoother; 
the  radiating  costae  are  also  variable,  in  most  cases  they  can 
scarcely  be  detected  and  in  none  are  they  really  conspicuous. 

The  casts  which  Whitfield  has  illustrated  as  Idonearca  vulgaris 
are  apparently  members  of  this  species,  but  his  specimens  seem 
to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed  so  that  no  direct  comparison  can 


396      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

be  made.  They  are  certainly  quite  distinct  from  the  true  C.  I'nl- 
garis. 

A  somewhat  common  Cucullaea  in  the  Red  Bank  sand  has  been 
questionably  identified  as  this  species,  but  it  usually  grows  larger 
than  the  Marshalltown  examples,  and  judging  from  the  impres- 
sions of  the  exterior  the  fine  radiating  costae  upon  the  surface 
of  the  shell  are  more  strongly  developed  and  the  cardinal  areas 
higher  with  the  beaks  consequently  more  widely  separated.  In 
one  well  preserved  impression  of  the  cardinal  area  from  this 
formation,  nine  of  the  diverging  furrows  may  be  clearly  recog- 
nized beneath  the  beak,  while  in  the  Swedesboro  specimens  only 
four  or  five  are  usually  present,  and  seven  is  the  maximum  num- 
ber which  has  been  observed.  Whitfield  has  identified  one  of  the 
specimens  from  the  Tinton  beds  at  Beers  Hill  cut  south  of  Key- 
port,  as  C.  tippana.  This  locality  has  furnished  a  large  number 
of  specimens  in  the  recent  collections,  and  although  they  are  for 
the  most  part  poorly  preserved,  they  present  no  characters  by 
which  they  can  be  separated  from  the  specimens  from  the  Red 
Bank  sand. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mlarshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177,  179),  Marshalltown  (190);  Wenonah  sand, 
near  Marlboro  (130)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108), 
near  Jacobstown  ( 1 50)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  Shrewsbury  River 
(116,  119);  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Keyport 
(i297,  I299),  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

« 

Cucullaea  neglecta  Gabb. 
Plate  XXXI.,  Figs.  1-4. 

1 86 1.     Cucullaa  neglecta,  Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,. 

1861,  p.  326. 
1876.     Idonearca  neglecta  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil.r 

1876,  p.  314. 

Description. — Shell  oblique,  subrhomboidal  in  outline,  the  di- 
mensions of  a  nearly  perfect  internal  cast  being:  length,  39  mm.  ,* 
height,  28.5  mm.,  thickness,  22  mm.  Beaks  of  the  internal  cast 


MOLLUSCA.  397 

of  moderate  size,  moderately  elevated  above  the  hinge-line,  and 
somewhat  approximate  for  members  of  this  genus.  Anterior 
margin  rounding  regularly  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the 
hinge-line  into  the  gently  convex  basal  margin;  postero-basal 
extremity  sharply  rounded  or  subangular;  posterior  margin  ob- 
liquely truncate ;  the  free  margins  somewhat  keeled.  Valves  with 
a  narrowly  rounded  or  subangular  umbonal  ridge,  with  the 
postero-dorsal  slope  rather  steep,  indented  by  the  impression  of 
the  posterior  muscular  ridge;  anterior  muscular  impression  of 
only  moderate  strength ;  pallial  line  not  sharply  defined. 

Remarks. — An  examination  of  the  types  of  this  species  in  the 
collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  has  shown  it 
to  be  the  common  internal  cast  of  moderate  size  occurring  in  the 
Navesink  marl.  It  perhaps  agrees  most  closely  with  C.  tippana 
as  known  from  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  but  it  is  a  smaller 
shell  with  more  rounded  outlines  and  with  a  less  abrupt  postero- 
dorsal  slope.  It  has  been  most  commonly  referred  to  C.  vulgaris, 
and  was  apparently  so  identified  by  Whitfield,  but  the  types  of 
these  two  species  are  very  distinct.  The  species  is  only  known 
from  internal  casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Navesink  marl,  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Middletown 
(ii32),  near  Red  Bank  (120),  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  near 
Holmdel  (127,  I285),  Marlboro  (131),  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Cucullaea  vulgaris  Morton. 
Plate  XXXII.,  Figs.  5-6. 

1830.     Cucull&a  vulgaris  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,   ist  ser.,  vol. 

17,  p.  285,  vol.  18,  pi.  3,  fig.  21. 
1830.     Cucullcea  vulgaris  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  199. 
1834.     Cucullcua  vulgaris  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.   Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  64,  pi.  3,  fig.  8,  pi.  13,  fig.  5. 

1861.     Cucullcea  vulgaris  Gabb,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 
.  326. 


398      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1861.     Cucullaca  vulgaris  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

174  (118). 
1864.     Cticull&a  vulgaris  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 
1868.     Idonearca  vulgaris  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725,  p. 

376,  figure. 
1876.     Idonearca  vulgaris  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

1876,  p.  313. 
1886.     Idonearca  medians  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  199,  pi.  26,  figs.  5-6. 
1905.     Cucullaa  vulgaris  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

1905,  p.  8. 

Description. — Internal  casts  subtriangular  in  outline,  subcune- 
ate  behind;  the  dimensions  of  a  large,  nearly  perfect  specimen, 
are:  length,  40  mm.;  height,  32  mm.;  thickness,  32  mm.  Shell 
very  oblique,  the  beaks  of  the  internal  cast  large,  widely  sepa- 
rated and  greatly  elevated  above  the  hinge-line.  Anterior  mar- 
gin curving  backward  and  downward  from  the  anterior  extremity 
of  the  hinge-line  into  the  gently  convex  basal  margin ;  postero- 
basal  extremity  prominent,  sharply  rounded  or  subangular ;  pos- 
terior margin  obliquely  truncate.  Valves  with  a  strong,  angular 
umbonal  ridge,  becoming  especially  prominent  towards  the  pos- 
tero-basal  extremity;  the  postero-dorsal  slope  abrupt,  indented 
by  the  deep  and  strong,  crescentiform  cavity  left  by  the  pos- 
terior muscular  ridge.  Anterior  muscular  impression  of  moder- 
ate strength.  Pallial  line  usually  strongly  defined,  especially 
posteriorly,  represented  in  the  casts  by  an  elevated  ridge  crossed 
by  sharply  defined  elevated  ridges  which  are  short  and  close 
anteriorly,  becoming  -longer,  stronger  and  more  distant  pos- 
teriorly, especially  where  the  pallial  line  crosses  the  umbonal 
ridge. 

Remarks. — The  original  examples  of  this  species  consist  of 
sixteen  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Science,  accompanied  by  Morton's  original  label,  and  one  of 
them  was  undoubtedly  the  individual  used  as  the  original  for  his 
figure  of  the  species,  although  it  is  not  possible  to  determine 
which  one  was  actually  the  type  specimen  used  for  illustration 


MOLLUSCA.  399 

because  of  the  crucieness  of  the  drawing.  These  original  speci- 
mens, however,  show  conclusively  that  the  species  is  the  one 
which  sometimes  occurs  so  commonly  in  the  Hornerstown  marl, 
to  which  Whitfield  gave  the  name  Idonearca  medians.  The 
casts  referred  to  Idonearca  vulgaris  by  Whitfield  are  quite  differ- 
ent and  probably  should  be  referred  to  C.  tippana.  The  species 
resembles  in  some  respects  the  internal  casts  of  C.  tippana,  but 
it  is  more  oblique  with  the  beaks  longer  and  more  prominent, 
with  the  posterior  muscular -ridge  usually  more  prominent,  and 
with  the  pallial  line  much  more  conspicuous  and  marked  by 
the  strong  transverse  ridges.  The  species  is  known  only  in 
the  form  of  internal  casts  so  that  the  external  characters 
of  the  two  species  cannot  be  compared.  The  beaks  of  C. 
vulgaris,  however,  were  undoubtedly  more  widely  separated 
and  the  cardinal  areas  wider.  The  species,  so  far  as  it  has 
been  observed  in  the  recent  collections,  is  a  characteristic  form 
of  the  Hornerstown  marl  horizon,  and  it  is  possibly  a  genetic 
successor  of  C.  tippana  of  the  earlier  faunas. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  J.  S.  Cook's  pits, 
Tinton  Falls  (Whitfield),  near  Hornerstown  (152). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cucullaea  compressirostra  (Whitfield). 
Plate  XXXIL,  Figs.  3-4. 

1886.     Idonearca  compressirostra  Whitf.,    Pal.    N.   J.,   vol.    i, 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  199,  pi.  26,  figs.  15-16. 

Description. — Internal  casts  subtriangular  in  form,  small,  the 
dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  individual  being:  length  26  mm., 
height  21.5  mm.,  thickness  16  mm.  Anterior  margin  curving 
regularly  downward  and  backward  from  the  anterior  extremity 
of  the  hinge-line  into  the  moderately  curved  basal  margin, 
postero-basal  extremity  rounding  somewhat  abruptly  into  the 
gently  convex,  obliquely  subtruncate  posterior  margin.  Beaks 
of  moderate  size,  moderately  elevated  and  approximate.  Um- 
bonal  ridge  rounded,  postero-dorsal  slope  making  an  angle  of 
about  45°  with  the  plane  of  the  valve.  Muscular  scars  faintly 


400      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

marked,  the  pallial  line  distinct.  The  indentation  of  the  posterior 
muscular  ridge  rather  slight. 

Remarks. — The  specimens  referred  to  this  species  are  all  from 
the  Hornerstown  marl,  and  in  all  cases  observed  are  associated 
with  the  casts  of  C.  vulgaris.  They  have  very  strongly  the 
aspect  of  immature  shells,  and  although  they  are  widely  different 
from  the  casts  of  the  associated  C.  vulgaris,  it  is  not  impossible 
that  they  are  immature  individuals  of  that  species.  In  order  to 
determine  the  real  relations  of  these  shells,  and  whether  C.  coin- 
pressirostra  is  a  really  valid  species  or  not,  a  much  larger  series  of 
specimens  than  are  now  available  must  be  studied.  Whitfield's 
type  of  this  species  is  injured  along  the  posterior  margin,  and  in 
his  restoration  he  has  made  the  shell  much  more  quadrangular  in 
outline  than  it  really  was  originally. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  J.  S.  Cook's  pits. 
Tinton  Falls  (Whitfield),  near  Hornerstown  (152). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cucullaea  littlei   (Gabb). 
Plate  XXXIIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1876.     Idonearca  littlei  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1876, 

p.  316. 
1905.     Cucullaea  littlei  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  9. 

Description. — Shell  very  large,  the  dimensions  of  a  large  in- 
ternal cast  being:  length  115  mm.,  height  89  mm.,  thickness  100 
mm.  Anterior  margin  regularly  rounding  from  the  anterior  ex- 
tremity of  the  hinge-line  into  the  convex  ventral  margin ;  postero- 
basal  margin  rather  bluntly  rounded ;  posterior  margin  obliquely 
subtruncate,  slightly  convex;  hinge  line  arcuate.  Beaks  large 
and  prominent,  widely  separated  and  much  elevated  above  the 
hinge-line  in  the  cast.  Valves  strongly  ventricose,  the  umbonal 
ridge  broadly  rounded,  the  postero-dorsal  slope  abrupt,  the  pos- 
terior surfaces  of  the  two  valves  meeting  at  the  posterior  margin 
in  nearly  a  plane.  Indentation  of  the  posterior  muscular  ridge 


MOLLUSCA.  401 

strong  and  very  deep,  12  mm.  in  the  type  specimen.  Hinge  char- 
acters not  observed. 

Remarks. — This  is  the  largest  species  of  the  genus,  and  is  rep- 
resented in  the  New  Jersey  collection  by  a  single  individual  from 
the  Tinton  beds,  in  which  the  beaks  are  somewhat  more  obtuse 
and  the  valves  more  ventricose  than  in  the  type  of  the  species 
in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science.  The 
specimen,  however,  does  not  differ  essentially  from  other 
southern  examples  of  the  species  in  the  collection  of  the  National 
Museum  at  Washington.  The  species  is  characterized  by  its 
•great  size  and  its  strongly  ventricose  valves.  In  the  absence  of 
.an  angular  umbonal  ridge  the  species  resembles  C.  antrosa,  but  it 
is  more  oblique  than  that  species,  and  is  much  larger  than  any 
specimen  of  C.  antrosa  that  has  been  observed, 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south 
of  Keyport  (i297). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia. 

Genus  TRIGONARCA  Conrad. 

Trigonarca  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp.  • 
Plate  XXX.,  Fig.  17. 

Description. — Shell  subtrapezoidal  in  outline,  the  dimensions 
of  a  large  individual  being:  length,  31  mm.;  height,  23  mm,; 
convexity  of  one  valve,  7  mm.  Anterior  margin  broadly  rounded, 
the  most  anterior  point  at  about  the  mid-height  of  the  shell,  pass- 
ing below  with  regular  curvature  into  the  basal  margin;  basal 
margin  convex  throughout,  but  becoming  straighter  posteriorly; 
postero-basal  margin  broadly  rounded;  posterior  margin  sub- 
truncate  above.  Valves  moderately  convex,  the  beaks  at  about 
the  middle  of  the  hinge-line  and  but  slightly  elevated  above  it ; 
the  umbonal  ridge  rounded,  the  post-umbonal  slope  gentle.  In- 
dentation of  both  an  anterior  and  a  posterior  muscular  ridge 
present  in  the  casts,  both  of  them  slight  but  the  posterior  one 
somewhat  the  stronger.  The  larger  casts  marked  by  more  or 
less  indistinct  radiating  costse  above  the  pallial  impression.  Hinge 
teeth  short,  arranged  in  an»  arcuate  line,  diverging  from  either 
26  PAL 


402      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

side  of  the  beak,  20  or  more  in  number.  Surface  of  the  valves 
as  indicated  by  impressions  of  the  exterior  marked  only  by  more 
or  less  indistinct  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  seems  to  be  a  very  distinct  species  of  Trigon- 
arca which  is  characterized  by  the  slight  elevation  of  the  beaks 
above  the  hinge-line,  and  in  the  shell  itself  must  have  had  very 
low  cardinal  areas.  All  the  New  Jersey  specimens  observed  are  in 
the  form;  of  internal  casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(185). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina. 

Trigonarca  triquetra  Conrad. 

Plate  XXX.,  Fig.  16. 
1875.     Trigonarca  iriquetra  Con.,  Kerr's  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  N. 

Car.,  App.  A,  p.  2,  pi.  i,  fig.  7. 
1872. Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1872, 

pi.  2,  fig.  5. 

Description. — Shell  subtriangular  in  outline,  the  dimensions  of 
a  right  valve  being :  length,  41  mm. ;  height,  32  mm. ;  convexity 
of  one  valve,  8.5  mm.  Hinge-line  strongly  arcuate;  anterior 
margin  broadly  rounded,  passing  regularly  into  the  gently  con- 
vex basal  margin ;  postero-basal  margin  rather  sharply  rounded ; 
posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate.  The  valves  moderately 
convex,  the  beaks  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  hinge-line  and 
but  slightly  elevated  above  it;  umbonal  ridge  rounded,  the  post- 
umbonal  slope  gentle  below,  becoming  more  abrupt  towards  the 
beak.  Indentations  of  both  anterior  and  posterior  muscular 
ridges  present  in  the  casts,  the  anterior  indentation  very  slight, 
posterior  one  much  stronger,  its  lower  end  below  the  mid-height 
of  the  shell.  Pallial  impression  distinct,  above  which  the  surface 
of  the  cast  is  marked  by  distinct  radiating  grooves  and  costae. 
Hinge  strongly  arcuate,  teeth  short,  diverging  from  either  side 
of  the  beak,  thirty  or  more  in  number.  Surface  of  the  valves,  as 
indicated  by  impressions  of  the  exterior,  marked  by  fine,  crowded, 
concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  by  indistinct,  rather  broad  and 
flat  radiating  costse  upon  the  central  portion  of  the  shell. 


MOLLUSCA.  403 

Remarks. — In  New  Jersey  this  species  has  been  recognized 
only  in  the  Cliffwood  clays,  all  the  specimens  observed  being 
internal  casts.  The  types  of  the  species  have  not  been  seen,  but 
the  Cliffwood  specimens  have  been  compared  with  authentic 
examples  from  Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina,  in  the  collection  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  as 
to  the  identity  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens  with  those  from  the 
South.  This  species  is  associated  with  the  last,  and  may  be  dis- 
tinguished from  it  by  its  larger  size,  its  more  nearly  subtrian- 
gular  outline,  and  especially  by  its  more  strongly  arcuate  hinge, 
the  hinge-plate  bearing  the  teeth  extending  far  down  along  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  shell,  and  also  down  the  anterior  margin 
but  apparently  not  so  far  as  behind.  This  strongly  arcuate  hinge 
is  apparently  the  most  characteristic  feature  of  the  shell. 

Formation    and   locality. — Cliffwood    clay,    Cliffwood    Point 

(185)- 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina. 

Trigonarca  cuneiformis  Conrad. 
Plate  XXX.,  Figs.  18-20. 

1869.     Trigonarca  cuneiformis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  -vol.  5, 

p.  98,  pi.  9,  fig.  i. 
1886.     Trigonarca    cuneiformis    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.     i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  88,  pi.  12,  figs.  17-18. 
1905.     Trigonarca  cuneiformis  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  9. 

Description. — "Shell  quite  small,  not  exceeding  half  an  inch  in 
extreme  length  in  any  of  the  examples  yet  observed.  Trape- 
zoidal in  outline  and  quite  ventricose.  Hinge  but  little  more 
than  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell,  and  the  area  very  narrow. 
Beaks  small,  slightly  incurved.  Anterior  end  of  the  shell  regu- 
larly rounded;  posterior  end  elongate,  produced  below,  the  pos- 
terior margin  very  oblique,  so  as  to  make  the  postero-basal  angle 
quite  acute.  Hinge-plate  very  narrow,  marked  by  oblique  trans- 
verse teeth,  the  anterior  end  having  10  or  12  directed  inward 
below,  and  the  posterior  a  somewhat  larger  number  pointed 


404      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

in  the  opposite  direction.  Muscular  impression  large,  the  pos- 
terior one  bordered  by  a  slightly  elevated  lamella  on  the  anterior 
margin.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  radiating  lines,  strongest 
on  the  anterior  end  and  faintest  on  the  middle  of  the  valve ;  also 
by  concentric  lines  which  cross  them  and  form  slight  pustules  at 
the  junctions."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are :  length,  6  mm. ;  height, 
3.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  rare  form  and  has  been  observed  in  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey  only  in  the  Woodbury  clay  near 
Matawan.  The  species  has  previously  been  known  only  from 
the  Woodbury  clay  near  Haddonfield,  and  because  of  the  small 
size  of  the  shells  Whitfield  has  suggested  that  the  very  few 
specimens  known  might  be  young  individuals  of  some  larger 
species.  The  occurrence  of  the  species  near  Matawan,  however, 
with  essentially  the  same  dimensions  as  the  original  specimens, 
and  the  entire  absence  of  any  larger  individuals  anywhere,  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  these  specimens  were  adult. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan 
(103),  near  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  BREVIARCA  Conrad. 

Breviarca  saffordi  (Gabb). 
Plate  XXX.,  Figs.  21-24. 

1860.  Area  saffordi  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  4,  p.  397,  pi.  68,  fig.  37. 

1861.  Area  Saffordi  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  153 

(97). 
1864.     Area  Saffordi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  9. 

1868.     Trigonarca  Saffordi  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1872.     Breviarca  Saffordi   Con.,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1872),  p.  55,  pi.  2,  fig.  3. 
1875.     Trigonarca  (Breviarca)  Saffordi  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N. 

Car.,  App.  A.,  p.  3. 


MOLLUSCA.  405 

1886.     Breviaraca  Saffordi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  87,  pi.  12,  figs.  11-12. 
1905.     Area  saffordi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  9. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  small,  ovately  trapezoidal  in  out- 
line, with  strongly  ventricose  valves  and  large,  tumid,  subcentral 
beaks,  which  stand  prominently  above  the  hinge  line,  are  in- 
curved and  approximate.  Hinge  line  about  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  entire  length  of  the  valves,  with  a  moderately  high,  ver- 
tically striated  area,  the  striated  portion  being  bounded  by  a 
plain  border  over  which  the  striations  do  not  extend.  Anterior 
end  sharply  rounded  and  the  basal  line  round  and  full.  Posterior 
extremity  oblique,  extended  somewhat  below  and  rounding  into 
the  basal  line.  Posterior  umbonal  ridge  rounded  but  quite  dis- 
tinct. Surface  covered  entirely  with  fine,  slightly  raised  thread- 
like striae,  which  are  somewhat  alternating  in  size  on  the  postero- 
cardinal  slope.  Hinge  plate  moderately  wide  and  distinctly 
arched  on  the  inner  margin,  the  line  of  teeth  more  distinctly 
arcuate.  Teeth  numerous,  narrow,  and  diverging  outward  from 
beneath  the  beak,  and  gradually  increasing  in  length  to  near  the 
outer  ones.  Muscular  impressions  proportionally  large  and  dis- 
tinct, the  posterior  one  having  a  slightly  raised  line  on  its  anterior 
margin,  but  only  seen  in  the  larger  specimens."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — The  specimens  in  the  recent  New  Jersey  collections 
which  have  been  referred  to  this  species,  are  all  internal  casts 
from  the  Woodbury  clay;  they  vary  considerably  in  form,  some 
of  them  being  about  as  oblique  as  Whitfield' s  illustration  of  B. 
saffordi,  while  others  are  almost  exactly  equilateral  and  have  the 
aspect  of  a  small,  strongly  convex  Axinea.  It  seems  to  be  im- 
possible, however,  to  separate  the  oblique  specimens  from  the 
equilateral  ones,  as  all  intermediate  variations  seem  to  exist. 
The  species  differs  from  B.  cuneata,  with  which  it  is  associated, 
in  its  smaller  size,  often  by  its  more  equilateral  form,  and  by  the 
less  conspicuous  concentric  markings  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Matawan  (103),  near  Haddonfield  (168). 

Geographic  distribution,. — New  Jersey,  Tennessee. 


406      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Breviarca  cuneata   (Gabb). 
Plate  XXX.,  Fig.  27. 

1876.     Trigonarca  cuneata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1876,  p.  316. 
1905.     Trigonarca  cuneata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  9. 

Description. — Shell  oblique,  subtriangular  in  outline,  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  nearly  complete  internal  cast  of  a  left  valve  being: 
length  23  mm.,  height  18.5  mm.,  convexity  7.5  mm.  Anterior 
margin  rounding  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line 
into  the  basal  margin,  which  is  gently  convex  in  the  central  portion, 
curving  upward  more  abruptly  in  front  and  behind ;  postero-basal 
extremity  rather  sharply  rounded;  posterior  margin  obliquely 
truncate.  Valves  strongly  convex  or  somewhat  ventricose;  the 
beaks,  in  the  casts,  rather  large  and  somewhat  incurved,  elevated 
above  the  hinge-line,  situated  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  shell 
at  about  the  middle  of  the  hinge-line;  umbonal  ridge  rather 
sharply  rounded,  the  postero-dorsal  slope  abrupt ;  in  front  of  the 
umbonal  ridge  the  surface  is  nearly  flat  or  gently  convex  for 
some  distance,  and  then  curves  rather  abruptly  to  the  anterior 
margin.  Hinge-plate  with  about  12  or  15  teeth  on  either  side 
of  the  beak.  Surface  marked  by  rather  strong  concentric  lines 
of  growth  and  by  fainter  radiating  striae. 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  in  the  form  of  internal  casts  in 
the  Woodbury  clay  at  Lorillard,  and  can  be  distinguished  from 
B.  saffordi,  with  which  it  is  associated,  by  its  larger  size  and 
by  the  more  conspicuous  concentric  markings  of  the  shell,  shown 
on  impressions  of  the  exterior.  These  New  Jersey  examples 
have  been  compared  with  the  type  and  oher  authentic  specimens 
from  the  South,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  identity 
of  the  species,  although  their  condition  of  preservation  is  very 
different. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (loi1),  near  Jamesburg  (141)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Loril- 
lard (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia. 


MOLLUSCA.  407 

Family  ABOIDAE. 
Genus  ARCA  Lamark. 

Area  uniopsis  Conrad. 
Plate  XXXIV.,  Figs.  6-8. 

1853.     Area  uniopsis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser., 

vol.  2,  p.  275,  pi.  24,  fig.  17. 
1861.     Area  uniopsis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  154 

(98). 
1864.     Area  uniopsis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  9. 

1868.     Area  ?  uniopsis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Cibota  uniopsis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  92,  pi.  n,  figs.  32-33. 
1905.     Area  uniopsis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  9. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  above  a  medium  size,  transversely 
elongate,  and  trapezoidal  or  subrhomboidal  in  outline,  with  mod- 
erately convex  valves,  which  are  broadly  sulcated  in  the  middle, 
particularly  on  the  right  valve,  and  only  moderately  elevated 
beaks,  situated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  length,  and 
which  in  the  casts  appear  to  have  been  scarcely  enrolled  and 
moderately  distant  from  each  other.  Hinge-line  not  quite  as 
long  as  the  body  of  the  shell,  in  the  cast  showing  characters  of 
a  rather  low  area;  anterior  end  obliquely  rounded,  receding  be- 
low; basal  line  broadly  sinuate  and  the  posterior  end  obliquely 
truncate,  longest  below  the  center."  (Whitfield.) 

The  surface  marked  by  radiating  costse  which  are  not  present 
upon  the  internal  casts.  Muscular  scars  faintly  impressed. 

The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  illustrated  by  Whitfield 
are:  length  50  mm.,  height  24  mm.,  thickness  17  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  Area  rostellata,  and  like 
that  species  it  is  rare  and  usually  occurs  in  the  form  of  internal 
casts.  The  casts  of  this  species  may  be  distinguished,  however, 
by  their  proportionately  greater  height,  the  more  central  position 


408      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

of  the  beaks,  and  the  more  conspicuous  sinus,  especially  in  the 
right  valve,  extending1  from  the  beaks  obliquely  to  the  ventral 
margin.  The  casts  of  this  species  are  also  nearly  destitute  of 
any  indications  of  the  radiating  costae  of  the  shell,  while  in  Area 
rostellata  the  impressions  of  the  plications  are  clearly  seen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl?,  Burling- 
ton County  (Coll.  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic 
Highlands  (108),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  195). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Area  rostellata  Morton. 
Plate  XXXIV.,  Figs.  4-5. 

1834.     Area  rostellata.  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S.r 

p.  64,  pi.  3,  fig.  n. 
1861.     Cibota  rostellata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  165 

(109). 
1864.     Cibota  rostellata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret, 

and  Jur.,  p.  9. 

1868.     Area  rostellata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Cibota  rostellata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  91,  pi.  11,  figs.  34-36. 
1905.     Area   rostellata   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(1905),  P-  9- 

Descripion. — "Shell  trapezoidal  and  very  oblique,  the  length 
being  about  twice  and  a  half  the  height,  with  subparallel  cardinal 
and  basal  margins,  posterior  end  very  obliquely  prolonged  below, 
and  the  anterior  end  rather  rapidly  rounding  backward  from 
near  the  hinge-line  to  its  junction  with  the  base.  Basal  margin 
very  perceptibly  sinuate  nearly  opposite  the  beaks  and  apparently 
very  slightly  gaping.  Valves  moderately  inflated,  most  ventri- 
cose  on  the  umbones  just  anterior  to  the  sulcus,  which  crosses 
them  from  the  beak  to  the  sinus  of  the  base,  and  then  rapidly 
declining  to  the  anterior  extremity,  but  sloping  quite  gradually 
on  the  posterior  side.  Beaks  moderately  large,  somewhat  pro- 
jecting above  the  hinge  and  slightly  incurved;  situated  at  about 


MOLLUSCA.  409 

the  anterior  third  of  the  entire  length  of  the  valves.  Cardinal 
area  moderate  in  size  and  extending  about  two-thirds  of  the 
length.  Teeth  unknown.  Surface  as  indicated  on  internal  casts 
marked  by  radiating  ribs,  pretty  fine  and  numerous  on  the  anterior 
end  and  in  the  mesial  sulcus,  becoming  much  coarser  posteriorly, 
and  showing  a  slight  tendency  to  alternation  in  size  between  the 
sulcus  and  posterior  umbonal  angle,  and  on  the  cardinal  slope  a 
tendency  to  bifurcation  in  some  cases."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  perfect  internal  cast  are :  length,  38  mm. ; 
height,  18.5  mm.;  thickness,  13  mm. 

Remarks. — No  examples  of  this  species  have  been  met  with  in 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey.  The  most  perfect  individual 
illustrated  by  Whitfield  has  the  general  outline  of  Mprton's  type 
from  Alabama,  but 'is  not  so  conspicuously  marked  by  radiating 
costae,  and  has  not  so  broad  a  byssal  gap  in  the  ventral  margin. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Coll.  N.  J. 
Geol.  Survey). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Area  obesa  (Whitfield). 
Plate  XXXIV.,  Fig.  9. 

1886.     Cibota  obesa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G. 

S.,  vol.  9),  p.  93,  pi.  n,  figs.  30-31. 
1905.     Cibota  obesa  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PJiil.,  (1905), 

p.  9. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  with  full  and  very  ventricose  valves, 
large  tumid  beaks  situated  opposite  the  anterior  third  of  the 
length,  slightly  enrolled,  and  distant  from  each  other  as  shown  on 
the  internal  cast.  Form  of  the  outline  trapezoidal,  the  length  of 
the  cast  nearly  twice  the  height,  exclusive  of  the  projection  of 
the  beaks;  anterior  end  vertically  rounded;  posterior  obliquely 
truncate;  extremity  obtusely  pointed;  basal  line  full,  but  con- 
stricted just  anterior  to  the  middle  by  the  very  marked  but  short 
and  broad  byssal  opening;  area  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  valve 
and  moderately  wide.  On  the  casts  the  muscular  imprints  are 
very  distinctly  marked  and  of  fair  size,  no  muscular  ridge;  the 


4io      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

outer  margin  indicating  a  strong  and  abrupt  thickening  of  the 
valves  with  a  crenulated  border;  radiating  lines  indicating  mod- 
erately fine  striae  show  on  nearly  all  parts  of  the  cast,  but  strongest 
on  the  postero-basal  section."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  Whitfield's  type  of  this  species  are :  length, 
25.5  mm.;  height,  15.5  mm.;  thickness,  13.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  not  uncommon  at  some  localities  in 
the  Merchantville  clay,  but  it  is  usually  poorly  preserved.  In 
fact,  three  of  the  species  referred  to  the  genus  Cibota  by  Whit- 
field,  but  here  transferred  to  Area,  A.  rostella,  A.  uniopsis  and 
A.  obesa  are  more  or  less  alike  in  many  respects,  and  in  their 
condition  of  preservation  in  the  New  Jersey  collections  it  is  not 
possible  to  determine  with  certainty  whether  they  may  not  be 
different  manifestations  of  a  common  species.  For  the  present, 
however,  the  three  species  may  be  considered  as  distinct,  although 
there  may  be  some  doubt,  in  many  cases,  as  to  the  correct  identi- 
fication of  the  imperfect  specimens  from  the  New  Jersey  beds. 

Formation    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

(163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Area  quindecemradiata  Gabb. 

Plate  XXXIV.,  Figs.  2-3. 

1860.     Area  quindecemradiata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
1860,  p.  95,  pi.  2,  fig.  2. 

1860.  Cibota  multiradiata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1860,  p.  95,  pi.  2,  fig.  i. 

1861.  Area  quindecemradiata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

P-  153  (9i). 
1861.     Cibota  multiradiata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

165  (109). 
1861.     Area  altirostris  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1861, 

P-  325- 
1861.     Cueullaa  transversa  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1 86 1,  p.  326. 

1864.     Area  altirostrata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.   Foss.   N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 


MOLLUSCA.  411 

1864.     Area  quindecemradiata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  9. 
1864.     Cucullcsa  transversalis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 
1864.     Cibota  multiradiata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.  p.  9. 
1868.     Idonearca  quindecemradiata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p. 

376,  figure. 

1868.     Area  altirostris  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1868.     Idonearca  transversa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1868.     Area  ?  quindecemradiata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Area  altirostris  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  82,  pi.  12,  figs.  22-23. 
1886.     Trigonarca  transversa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  89,  pi.  12,  figs.  13-16. 
1886.     Cibota  multiradiata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i.  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  94,  pi.  u,  figs.  21-22. 
1886.     Area  quindecemradiata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  208,  pi.  27,  figs.  10-13.      / 
1905.     Area  altirostris  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.   Phil., 

1905,  p.  9. 
1905.     Area  quindecemradiata  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil,  1905,  p.  9. 
1905.     Cucullaa  gabbi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  8. 

Description. — Shell  usually  somewhat  below  medium  size,  the 
dimensions  of  a  rather  small  but  nearly  perfect  internal  cast 
•being:  length,  22.5  mm. ;  thickness,  23.5  mm. ;  height,  22.5  mm. ; 
length  of  hinge-line,  21.5  mm.;  very  inequilateral,  the  valves 
ventricose,  with  prominent,  projecting,  distant  and  slightly  in- 
curved beaks  in  the  internal  casts,  situated  in  front  of  the  mid- 
length  of  the  shell  and  a  little  in  front  of  the  mid-length  of  the 
hinge-line.  Anterior  margin  rounding  rapidly  backward  from 
the  anterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  and  passing  without  in- 
terruption into  the  broadly  rounded  basal  margin ;  postero-basal 
extremity  sharply  rounded  or  subangular,  situated  below  the  mid- 
height  of  the  shell ;  posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate,  meeting 


4i2      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  hinge-line  in  an  obtuse  angle.  On  the  internal  casts  the  free 
margins  of  the  shell  are  more  or  less  keeled,  and  the  muscular 
impressions  are  of  moderate  size  and  rather  clearly  marked. 
Surface  of  the  casts  marked  by  rather  coarse  ribs  which  become 
more  and  more  obsolete  as  they  approach  the  umbo. 

Remarks. — This  species  rarely  preserves  any  portion  of  the 
shell  substance,  usually  being  in  the  form  of  internal  casts. 
Several  similar  forms  have  apparently  been  described  as  distinct, 
which  should  in  all  probability  be  included  in  one  species,  a  de- 
cision arrived  at  after  a  careful  study  of  the  types  of  all  the  forms. 
The  first  name  applied  to  any  of  the  forms  was  Area  quindecem- 
radiata, and  fortunately,  too,  the  original  specimen  to  which  this 
name  was  applied  represents  the  most  typical  form  of  the  species. 
The  type  of  Cibota  multiradiata  Gabb,  is  apparently  a  young  in- 
dividual, with  no  characters  by  which  it  can  be  separated  specifi- 
cally from  A.  quindecemradiata;  the  horizon  and  locality  given 
for  this  specimen  is  "Green  marl,  Mullica  Hill,  N.  J.,"  but  the 
lithologic  character  of  the  specimen  would  indicate  that  it  was 
not  collected  from  the  Navesink  horizon  at  that  locality,  but  from 
one  of  the  higher  beds.  The  type  specimen  of  Area  altirostris 
Gabb,  is  labeled  "Crosswicks  N.  J.,"  which  is  rather  indefinite 
since  specimens  which  are  apparently  from  various  horizons  and 
localities  along  Crosswicks  Creek  are  so>  labeled  in  the  old  collec- 
tions, an  entire  section  of  the  Cretaceous  strata  being  exposed 
along  this  stream.  The  specimen  is  a  small  internal  cast  and  the 
absence  of  the  radiating  ribs  which  are  present  upon  the  typical 
Area  quindecemradiata,  is  doubtless  due  to  the  youth  of  the 
specimen  and  its  condition  of  preservation.  The  type  specimen 
of  Cucullaea  transversa  Gabb  is  said  to  be  "probably  from  Arney- 
town,  N.  J.,"  which  would  indicate  the  Navesink  horizon,  but 
the  exact  locality  is  left  in  doubt.  Whitfield  was  mistaken  in  his 
identification  of  the  type  of  this  species,  but  since  the  publication 
of  his  monograph,  the  type  has  been  found  in  the  collection  of 
the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  and  an  examination  of  it 
shows  it  to  be  nothing  more  than  an  exceptionally  large  individual 
of  Area  quindecemradiata.  In  1905  Johnson  proposed  to  sub- 
stitute the  name  Cucullaea  gabbi  for  C.  transversa  Gabb,  because 
of  the  prior  use  of  that  name  by  Rogers  in  1839. 


MOLLUSCA.  413 

All  the  examples  of  Area  quindecemradiata  in  both  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey  and  in  the  older  collections,  whose  hori- 
zon is  definitely  known,  are  from  either  the  Hornerstown  marl 
or  the  Vincentown  limesand,  and  it  can  be  stated  with  almost 
absolute  certainty  that  the  species  is  limited  to  these  horizons, 
although  the  records  with  some  of  the  older  specimens  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  it  may  possibly  have  been  found  rarely  in 
the  Navesink. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  near  Hurff- 
ville  (171). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  NEMOARCA  Conrad. 

Nemoarca  cretacea  Conrad. 
Plate  XXX.,  Figs.  25-26. 

1869.     Nemoarca  cretacea  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  97, 

pi.  9,  fig.  21. 
1886.     Nemoarca  cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  86,  pi.  12,  figs.  8-10. 
1905.     Nemoarca  cretacea  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  P-  9- 

Description. — "Shell  small,  seldom  attaining  more  than  half 
an  inch  in  extreme  length,  trapezoidal  in  form,  the  transverse 
diameter  being  nearly  once  and  a  half  the  height.  Valves  very 
ventricose,  with  large,  strongly  inflated,  prominent  beaks,  situ- 
ated nearly  opposite  the  middle  of  the  length.  Hinge-line  straight 
and  low;  area  narrow,  the  length  a  little  less  than  the  greatest 
length  of  the  body  of  the  shell.  Hinge-plate  narrow,  marked  by 
about  12  short,  oblique  teeth  which  diverge  from  the  center  on 
each  side,  and  two  or  three  transverse  teeth  nearly  parallel  to  the 
hinge-line  at  the  posterior  end.  Muscular  imprints  too  faint  to 
be  observed  on  well-preserved  .casts  of  the  interior.  No  internal 
rib  bordering  the  posterior  scar.  Surface  marked  by  from  four  to 
six  fine  radiating  ribs  on  the  posterior  slope,  and  24  to  26  on  the 
body  of  the  shell  and  anterior  end.  Strongest  on  the  posterior 
part  of  the  body  of  the  shell  and  gradually  decreasing  in  size 


4H      CRETACEOUS  .PALEONTOLOGY. 

anteriorly.  On  some  individuals  one  or  more  of  the  ribs  on  the 
posterior  slope  appear  to  be  divided,  while  all  are  strongly  ele- 
vated and  rather  sharp  with  narrow  interspaces.  On  the  matrix 
there  are  remains  of  distinct  elevated  concentric  lines  at  regular 
distances  crossing  the  radiating  ribs."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  internal  cast  of  a  right  valve  are : 
length,  11.5  mm. ;  height,  9.5  mm. ;  length  of  hinge-line,  8.5  mm. ; 
convexity,  4.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  generally  occurs  in  the  form  of  internal 
casts,  in  which  condition  the  umbo  appears  to  be  more  promi- 
nent than  when  the  shell  itself  is  preserved.  The  impressions  of 
the  exterior  show  that  the  surface  of  the  shell  was  covered  with 
strong,  close,  concentric  lines  in  addition  to  the  radiating  mark- 
ings, and  in  one  of  the  largest  individuals  observed  the  number 
of  radiating  costse  is  seen  to  be  about  40. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (ioi2),  Lorillard  (IO21),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola 
(163);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan  (103). 
Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (165,  183)  ;  Wenonah  sand, 
near  Marlboro  (I3O1)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution.— New  Jersey. 

Genus  AXINSA  Poli. 
Axinea  subaustralis  (d'Orbigny). 
Plate  XXXV.,  Figs.  1-8. 

1834.     Pectunculus  australis  Morton,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  64.     (Not  P.  australis  Quoy  1833.) 
1850.     Pectunculus  subaustralis  D'Orb.,  Prod,  de  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 

243,  No.  667. 
1861.     Axinaea  subaustralis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

159  (103). 
1 86 1.     Axin&a,  subaustralis  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1861),  p.  365- 
1864.     Axincea  subaustralis  M'eek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss  N.  A.r 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  8. 
1868.     Axincea  subaustralis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 


MOLLUSCA.  415 

1869.     Axinea  mortoni  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  44,  pi. 

i,  fig.  14. 
1876.     Axinaa  subaustralis  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  317. 
1886.     Axinea  Mortoni  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  99,  pi.  n,  figs.  23-25. 
1886.     Axinea  alta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G. 

S.,  vol.  9),  p.  101,  pi.  n,  figs.  26-29. 
1905.     Pectunculus  australis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  10. 

Description. — Shell  subcircular  in  outline,  varying  in  size  from 
1 5  mm.  to  40  mm.  in  diameter,  the  convexity  of  each  valve  being 
from  one- fourth  to  three-tenths  the  diameter;  very  slightly 
oblique,  the  beaks  central  in  position.  The  internal  casts  com- 
pressed about  the  free  margin  especially  in  adult  shells,  the 
margin  strongly  crenulate  when  well  preserved.  The  beaks 
strongly  elevated  and  pointed,  their  lateral  slopes  meeting  in  an 
angle  varying  several  degrees  either  way  from  90° ;  the  impres- 
sion of  the  hinge-plate  broad  and  arcuate,  with  9  or  10  strong 
teeth  on  each  side  of  the  beak,  directed  at  nearly  right  angles  to 
the  inner  margin  of  the  hinge-plate,  and  with  several  smaller 
teeth  in  the  middle  beneath  the  beak.  Anterior  and  posterior 
muscular  impressions  well  defined,  especially  in  the  larger  speci- 
mens. The  shell  substance  thick,  marked  externally  with  more 
or  less  irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  by  regular 
radiating  costas  which  are  more  or  less  interrupted  by  the  con- 
centric lines  upon  partially  exfoliated  individuals.  The  beaks 
approximate  and  the  cardinal  areas  small  with  divergent  furrows. 

Remarks. — This  is  the  common  species  of  Axinea  in  the  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous  faunas  and  includes  both  forms,  A.  mortoni 
and  A.  alta,  recognized  by  Whitfield.  All  of  Whitfield's  speci- 
mens were  from  the  Navesink  marl,  and  a  careful  study  of  the 
ones  he  used  along  with  many  others  in  the  recent  Survey  col- 
lections, shows  them  all  to  be  one  species.  The  two  forms  are 
connected  by  all  intermediate  variations,  those  called  A.  alta 
being  only  the  larger  individuals.  In  the  Merchantville  clay  the 


4i 6      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

species  often  occurs  in  great  abundance,  but  usually,  after  the 
solution  of  the  shells  in  this  formation,  the  soft  material  in  which 
they  were  imbedded  has  been  compressed,  bringing  the  impres- 
sion of  the  exterior  and  the  surface  of  the  internal  casts  into  con- 
tact, more  or  less  modifying  the  characters  of  both.  Occasion- 
ally, however,  the  species  has  been  preserved  in  harder  nodules 
or  harder  beds  in  this  formation,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  casts 
have  essentially  the  same  characteristics  as  in  the  Navesink  marl. 
The  Merchantville  specimens  have  never  been  observed  to  attain 
so  large  a  size  as  the  species  sometimes  reaches  in  the  Navesink. 
There  seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  for  recognizing  A.  mortoni 
Con.,  as  distinct  from  A.  australis  Mort.,  so  that  the  species  has 
here  been  referred  to  A.  subaustrdis  D'Orb.,  a  name  proposed  as 
a  substitute  for  Morton's  A.  australis  which  was  preoccupied. 
The  species  differs  from  A.  hamula  especially  in  the  less  con- 
vexity of  the  valves. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101,  ioo4),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  140,  141),  Lenola 
(163),  Merchantville  (162);  Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i267),  near  Walnford  (147*,  I482,  149,  195),  near 
Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount  Laurel  (166)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Tin- 
ton  Falls  (no),  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Keyport  (i295,  I297, 
I299),  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas. 

Axinea  microdentus  n.  sp.        • 
Plate  XXXV.,  Figs.  10-11. 

Description. — Shell  subcircular,  attaining  a  length  and  breadth 
of  21.5  mm.  each  in  the  largest  specimen  observed,  the  convexity 
of  each  valve  from  one- fourth  to  three-tenths  the  diameter.  The 
internal  casts  somewhat  compressed  about  the  free  margins,  the 
margin  very  faintly  or  not  at  all  crenate.  Beaks  moderately  ele- 
vated, pointed,  and  slightly  oblique,  their  lateral  slopes  meeting 
at  an  agle  of  about  90°;  the  impression  of  the  hinge-plate  of 
moderate  width,  with  n  or  12  teeth  on  each  side  of  the  beak, 
with  several  less  distinct  ones  in  the  middle  beneath  the  beak; 


MOLLUSCA.  417 

the  individual  teeth  on  each  side  are  slightly  oblique  to  the  inner 
margin  of  the  hinge-plate,  the  anterior  and  posterior  rows  are 
nearly  straight  or  slightly  convex,  meeting  beneath  the  beak  in 
a  rounded  angle.  Both  muscular  impressions  moderately  de- 
veloped. The  external  surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  by  im- 
pressions, is  marked  by  fine,  regular,  radiating  costae,  and  by 
more  or  less  irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth.  The  beaks 
are  approximate  and  the  cardinal  areas  small. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  very  similar  to  A.  subaustralis,  but 
may  be  distinguished  from  it  by  its  much  smaller  teeth  which  are 
arranged  in  a  broadly  /\  -shaped  hinge  with  the  angle  under  the 
beak  rounded,  instead  of  in  a  broadly  arcuate  line.  Another  dis- 
tinction is  found  in  the  almost  or  wholly  obsolete  crenulations 
upon  the  interior  of  the  free  margins  of  the  valves. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Axinea  compressa  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXV.,  Fig.  9. 

Description. — Shell  subcircular,  the  valves  compressed,  oblique, 
the  height  of  the  type  specimen  23  mm.,  its  length  about  25  mm., 
its  convexity  -4  mm.  The  anterior  margin  from  the  beak  to  the 
middle  of  the  basal  margin  forms  nearly  a  semicircle,  the  pos- 
terior margin  is  obliquely  subtruncate  above  from  the  beak  nearly 
to  the  middle  of  the  shell,  below  which  point  it  rounds  into  the 
basal  margin.  In  the  internal  casts  the  free  margin  is  strongly 
crenate ;  the  beaks  pointed,  the  lateral  slopes  meeting  in  an  angle 
of  about  90°;  impression  of  the  hinge-plate  rather  broad,  with 
10  or  more  rather  strong  teeth  visible  on  each  side  of  the  beak, 
the  teeth  are  placed  a  little  obliquely  to  the  inner  margin  of  the 
hinge-plate,  the  anterior  row  is  slightly  arcuate,  the  posterior  row 
nearly  straight.  The  posterior  muscular  impression  is  slightly 
defined,  the  anterior  one  scarcely  recognizable.  The  external 
surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  by  an  impression,  is  marked 
only  with  concentric  lines  of  growth. 
27  PAI, 


418      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  somewhat  resembles  A.  subaustralis, 
but  besides  being  more  oblique,  it  is  a  much  more  compressed 
shell.  The  type  consists  of  the  nearly  perfect  cast  of  the  interior 
of  a  right  valve  with  the  accompanying  impression  of  the  ex- 
terior. This  specimen  shows  no  sign  of  radiating  costse  upon  the 
exterior,  but  associated  with  it  is  a  very  imperfect  and  much 
crushed  impression  of  another  individual,  possibly  belonging  to 
the  same  species,  which  preserves  the  impressions  of  fine  ra- 
diating costae  upon  at  least  a  portion  of  the  shell  surface,  but 
these  costae  are  much  finer  than  those  which  have  been  observed 
upon  A.  subaustralis. 

Formation  and  locality. — Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown 
(112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Axinea  congesta  (Conrad). 
Plate  XXXV.,  Figs.  12-19. 

1875.     Trigonarca  (Breviarca)  congesta  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N. 
Car.,  App.  A,  p.  3,  pi.  i,  fig.  2. 

Description. — Shell  small,  equilateral  or  very  slightly  oblique, 
longer  than  high,  subelliptical  in  outline;  the  dimensions  of  the 
largest  specimen  observed  are:  length,  12  mm. ;  height,  10.5  mm. ; 
convexity,  3  mm.  Valves  moderately  and  evenly  convex ;  hinge- 
line  nearly  straight,  arched  downward  on  each  side,  the  cardinal 
extremities  rounding  into  the  general  subelliptical  outline  of  the 
entire  shell ;  internal  casts  scarcely  compressed  about  the  free 
margins,  not  crenate;  the  beak  central,  prominent,  rounded,  a 
little  produced  beyond  the  hinge-line  in  the  casts,  impressions  of 
the  exterior  show  a  small  vertically  striated  cardinal  area;  im- 
pression of  the  hinge-plate  rather  broad,  with  7  or  8  larger  teeth 
at  each  end  set  obliquely  to  the  inner  margin  of  the  hinge-plate, 
the  median  portion  beneath  the  beak  with  smaller,  nearly  vertical 
teeth ;  the  central  half  of  the  entire  row  of  teeth  is  straight,  the 
outer  one- fourth  on  each  side  being  slightly  arched  downward. 
Surface  of  the  casts  smooth,  the  muscular  impressions  incon- 
spicuous. External  surface,  as  indicated  by  impressions,  marked 
by  narrow  radiating  costae,  narrower  than  the  interspaces,  and 
by  more  or  less  inconspicuous  concentric  lines  of  growth. 


MOLLUSCA.  419 

Remarks. — This  species  can  be  recognized  by  its  smaller  size, 
its  more  elliptical  form  and  its  straighter  hinge-line  than  any 
other  members  of  the  genus  in  New  Jersey. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105,  185),  near  Matawan  (107,  189);  Woodbury  clay,  Loril- 
lard  (102),  near  Matawan  (103);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marl- 
boro (I301). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina. 

Super-family  PTERIACEA. 

Family  PINNIDAE. 
Genus  PINNA  Linneus. 

Pinna  laqueata  Conrad. 
Plate  XXXVI.,  Fig.  i ;  Plate  XXXVII.,  Fig.  i. 

1858.     Pinna  laqueata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser., 

vol.  3,  p.  328. 
1861.     Pinna  laqueata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  222 

(166). 
1864.     Pinna  laqueata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  9. 

1868.     Pimm  laqueata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Pinna  laqueata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  81,  pi.  16,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Pinna    laqueata   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  10. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size,  very  rapidly  expanding 
from  the  apex  and  ventricose,  giving  a  subquadrangular  section. 
Surface  marked  by  from  9  to  n  strong,  simple,  radiating 
ribs  on  the  dorsal  portion,  which  are  broad  and  rounded  on  the 
top  and  separated  by  very  broad  concave  interspaces.  The  lower 
or  basal  portion  is  marked  by  very  strong  concentric  striae  par- 
allel to  the  margin,  so  very  irregular  as  to  often  form  strong  un- 
dulations of  the  surface.  Line  of  division  between  the  upper  and 
lower  sections  of  the  valves  very  strongly  marked  on  the  cast,  of  ten 
presenting  the  appearance  of  a  distinct  suture.  Posterior  margin 


420      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

of  the  shell  apparently  double,  being  deeply  emarginate  or  lobed 
at  the  line  of  division  between  the  upper  and  lower  portions  of  the 
valve.  The  margin  of  the  upper  division  is  obliquely  truncate, 
receding  from  below  to  the  hinge-line,  and  strongly  curved  in- 
ward at  the  central  emargination.  Lower  section  also  strongly 
lobed  and  somewhat  rounded."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks.  The  specimens  of  this  shell  have  only  been  observed 
in  a  fragmentary  condition  so  that  the  full  dimensions  of  the 
species  cannot  be  determined  from  actual  observation.  The 
largest  specimen  illustrated  by  Whitfield  is  80  mm.  in  maximum 
height,  and  its  length  when  complete  must  have  been  250  mm.  or 
more.  In  the  younger  individuals  of  the  species,  as  well  as  in 
the  older  portion  of  full  grown  specimens,  the  sharp  differentia- 
tion between  the  upper  and  lower  portions  of  the  shell  is  much 
less  marked  than  in  the  mature  portion  of  the  shell,  the  cross- 
section  of  the  shell  near  the  beak  sometimes  being  nearly  circular. 
The  species  is  most  characteristic  of  the  Merchantville  clay,  but 
a  few  fragmentary  individuals,  which  seem  to  belong  to  the  same 
species,  have  been  recognized  from  the  Navesink  marl. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163),  near  Jamesburg  (140),  Burlington  (Whitfield);  Wood- 
bury  clay,  near  Haddonfield  (183) ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  (i267),  near  Walnford  (i482),  near  Jacobstown 

(150). 
9     Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Arkansas. 

Pinna  rostriformis  Morton. 
Plate  XXXVII.,  Figs.  2-3. 

1834.     Pinna  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  63. 

1841.  Pinna  rostriformis  Mort.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.. 

vol.  i,  p.  132. 

1842.  Pinna  rostriformis  Mort.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil., 

ist  sen,  vol.  8,  p.  214,  pi.  10,  fig.  5. 
1 86 1.     Pinna  rostriformis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

223  (166). 
1864.     Pinna  rostriformis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  9. 


MOLLUSCA.  ,    421 

1868.     Pinna  rostriformis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J..  p.  725. 
1886.     Pinna  rostriformis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  198,  pi.  1 6,  figs.  3-4. 
1905.     Pinna  rostriformis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  10. 

Description. — When  complete  the  shell  attains  a  length  of  80 
mm.  or  more,  with  a  height  of  32  mm.  or  more.  Shell  elongate 
triangular  in  form,  with  an  attenuated,  pointed  anterior  ex- 
tremity ;  the  beak  anterior.  Hinge-line  straight,  nearly  equaling 
the  total  length  of  the  shell ;  basal  margin  broadly  concave  in  the 
anterior  third  of  its  length,  becoming  gently  convex  posteriorly ; 
posterior  margin  broadly  rounded,  the  dorsal  portion  extending 
farther  forward  than  the  ventral.  Valves  ventricose,  subangular 
along  the  median  line  of  the  shell.  The  upper  two-thirds  of  the 
surface  marked  by  rather  strong  radiating  costae;  the  entire  sur- 
face marked  by  concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  by  undulations 
which  become  stronger  upon  the  lower  non-radiate  portion  of 
the  shell. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  only  been  observed  in  a  more  or 
less  fragmentary  condition.  It  resembles  P.  laqweata,  but  is  more 
slender  in  front,  with  the  anterior  portion  of  the  ventral  margin 
decidedly  concave. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Cookstown 
(151),  Timber  Creek  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  PEBNIDAE. 
Genus  GERVILUOPSIS  Whitfield. 

Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  (Conrad). 
Plate  XXXVII.,  Figs.  4-5;  Plate  XXXVIII.,  Figs.  1-3. 

1858.     Gervillia  ensiformis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  sen,  vol.  3,  p.  328,  pi.  34,  fig.  10. 
1861.     Gervillia  ensiformis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

i 80  (114). 
1864.     Gervillia  ensiformis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  9. 


422      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1868.     Gervillia  ensiformis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 

1886.  Geruilliopsis    ensiformis    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    r 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  73,  pi.  15,  figs.  8-iir 
pi.  1 6,  fig.  5. 

1887.  Dalliconcha  ensiformis  White,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  1887,  p.  35,  pi.  2,  fig.  6. 

1905.     Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci, 
Phil.  (1905),  p.  10. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderately  large  size  and  thickened, 
falciform,  very  oblique;  the  body  of  the  shell  finally  becoming 
parallel  to  the  hinge  or  even  slightly  recurved,  narrowing  pos- 
teriorly and  flattened  on  the  surface.  Hinge-line  straight,  short, 
not  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell  in  grown  indi- 
viduals; posterior  wing  only  moderately  elevated,  and  the  pos- 
terior margin  rapidly  sloping  backward  from  its  extremity  to 
the  body  of  the  shell,  anterior  wing  very  slight,  the  anterior  end 
of  the  shell  being  squarely  truncate  at  right  angles  to  the  hinge. 
Beak  of  the  shell  small  and  terminal,  elevated  above  the  wing 
and  continuing  in  a  ridge  to  the  surface  of  the  valve.  Greatest 
width  of  the  shell  opposite  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge. 
Surface  of  the  shell  lamellose,  and  marked  by  numerous  concen- 
tric varices  of  growth,  and  on  the  basal  portion  of  the  right  valve 
indications  of  fine  radiating  lines  occur.  Hinge  area  moderately 
wide,  marked  by  several  transverse  ligamental  pits,  arranged  at 
a  little  more  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  apart,  and  also  by  nu- 
merous oblique  corrugations.  Muscular  imprints  large  and 
obliquely  situated.  Substance  of  the  shell  highly  nacreous 
throughout  and  iridescent."  (Whitfield). 

The  dimensions  of  a  large,  nearly  perfect  individual  illustrated 
by  Whitfield,  are:  extreme  length,  190  mm.;  length  of  hinge- 
line  48  mm.;  height  at  posterior  extremity  of  hinge-line,  44 
mm. ;  greatest  width  of  body  of  shell,  35  mm. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  states  that  the  only  specimens  of  this 
species  from  New  Jersey  which  have  come  under  his  observation 
are  from  Woodbury.  These  Woodbury  specimens  preserve  the 
shell  in  most  cases,  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation,  but  none 


MOLLUSCA.  423 

of  them  have  been  secured  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Sur- 
vey. The  locality  from  which  it  is  believed  that  these  specimens 
were  collected,  is  in  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  and  is  no  longer 
accessible. 

More  or  less  imperfect  specimens  of  the  internal  casts  of  a 
member  of  this  genus,  occur  rarely  in  the  Merchant ville  and 
Navesink  formations,  and  more  commonly  in  the  Red  Bank. 
These  specimens  are  difficult  to  determine  with  entire  satis- 
faction, and  it  is  possible  that  they  should  be  referred  to  G. 
minima  Whitf.  In  size  they  have  not  been  observed  to  attain 
the  large  dimensions  of  the  complete  specimen  of  G.  ensiformis 
illustrated  by  Whitfield,  the  maximum  length  probably  being  70 
mm.  to  80  mm.  G.  minima  was  established  upon  a  single  indi- 
vidual about  26  mm.  in  length,  said  to  differ  from  G.  ensiformis 
in  being  much  more  ventricose,  and  since  none  of  these  casts  re- 
ferred to  seem  to  possess  this  strong  ventricosity,  they  have  all 
been  referred  to  G.  ensiformis.  It  is  altogether  possible  that  the 
type  of  G.  minima  is  only  a  variation  of  the  more  common  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield  (183)  ;  Marshalltown 
clay-marl,  near  Woodbury  (Whitfield);  Wenonah  sand,  near 
Marlboro  (130);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (io8)r 
Mullica  Hill  (1692),  near  Freehold  (133) ;  Red  Bank  sand,  Red 
Bank  (116). 

Geographic  distribution,. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

Gervilliopsis  minima  Whitfield. 

1886.     Gervilliopsis  minima  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  74,  pi.  15,  fig.  7. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  the  only  specimen  observed,  a  cast, 
measuring  only  a  trifle  over  one  inch  in  length,  and  less  than 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  its  greatest  width.  Shell  elongate- 
elliptical,  extremely  oblique,  slightly  curved,  and  the  valves  very 
ventricose.  The  beaks,  as  shown  on  the  cast,  have  been  pointed, 
the  area  wide,  and  the  anterior  hiatus  has  been  proportionally 
large  and  distinct.  The  muscular  scars  are  very  distinct  and  well 
marked."  (Whitfield). 


424      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  described  as  being  "a  miniature 
of  G.  ensiformis,  except  in  its  greater  ventricosity."  The  type 
specimen  seems  to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed,  as  it  can  be  found 
neither  in  the  collection  at  Trenton  nor  at  Rutgers  College.  Sep- 
cimens  having  these  characters,  however,  are  not  uncommon  in 
the  Ripley  formation  of  Mississippi,  and  the  species  is  undoubtedly 
a  good  one.  The  smaller  examples  from  New  Jersey  in  the 
recent  collections  are  none  of  them  so  ventricose  as  the  southern 
specimens  which  have  been  observed,  and  seem  to  be  more  prop- 
erly but  small  individuals  of  G.  ensiformis,  and  have  been  so 
identified. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Genus  INOCERAMUS  Sowerby. 

Inoceramus  proximus  Tuomey. 
Plate  XL.,  Figs.   1-6;    Plate  XLL,      Fig.  i. 

1854.     Inoceramus  proximus  Tuom.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
vol.  7,  p.  171. 

1860.  Inoceramus  Mortoni  M.  &  H.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci. 

Phil,  1860,  p.  428. 

1 86 1.  Inoceramus  proximus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  185  (129). 
1864.     Inoceramus  proximus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  10. 
1876.     Inoceramus  proximus  ?  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter. 

Foss.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  53,  pi.  12,  figs.  7  a-b. 
1886.     Inoceramus  Sagensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  76,  pi.  14,  fig.  15,  pi.  15,  figs.  1-2. 

Description. — Shell  in  large  examples  attaining  a  height  of 
loo  mm.  or  more,  and  a  length  of  120  mm.  or  more.  The 
valves  subovate  in  outline,  moderately  convex,  the  hinge-line 
about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  shell,  the  beak  but  little  ele- 


MOLLUSCA.  425 

vated  above  the  hinge-line.  The  anterior  margin  sloping  forward 
from  the  beak  and  rounding  gradually  into  the  broadly  rounded 
"basal  margin,  posterior  margin  broadly  rounded  and  meeting 
the  hinge-line  in  an  obtuse  angle.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  more  or  less  rounded  or  subangular,  concentric  undulations, 
which  are  often  somewhat  irregular  in  the  strength  of  their  de- 
velopment and  in  their  distances  apart.  In  addition  to  the  un- 
dulations the  surface  of  the  shell  is  marked  by  fine  concentric 
striae  separated  by  intervals  of  I  mm.  or  less. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  common  member  of  the  genus 
in  the  Merchantville  clay-marl,  and  includes,  without  doubt,  the 
two  specimens  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  /.  sagensis.  In  Owen's 
original  description  of  I.  sagensis,  which  occurs  typically  in  the 
western  faunas,  it  is  distinctly  stated  that  the  shell  is  not  marked 
by  concentric  striations,  while  the  New  Jersey  examples  always 
have  these  lines  when  the  surface  markings  can  be  seen ;  further- 
more the  valves  of  the  eastern  form  are  usually  less  strongly  con- 
vex than  those  of  the  western  specimens.  The  concentric  striae 
are  usually  not  recognizable  upon  the  internal  casts,  although 
they  may  sometimes  be  detected,  but  they  can  almost  always  be 
•seen  upon  the  impressions  of  the  outside  of  the  shells.  These 
striae  in  most  cases  seem  to  be  slightly  raised  lines,  but  in  one 
specimen  from  the  Cliffwood  clay  they  are  apparently  impressed. 
One  large  example  from  Lenola  with  a  length  of  135  mm.,  has 
a  broad,  smooth  area  without  undulations  around  the  free  mar- 
gins of  the  shell,  a  character  which  is  sometimes  seen  in  other 
species  of  the  genus  and  which  doubtless  represents  a  senile  stage 
of  growth.  Among  the  various  specimens  examined,  there  is 
considerable  variation  in  the  width  of  the  spaces  between  the  con- 
centric undulations  of  the  shell,  and  in  some  specimens  these  un- 
dulations bifurcate  anteriorly  and  more  rarely  posteriorly. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (189)  ;  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near 
Matawan  (ioo3,  ioo4,  101),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  141),  Lenola 
(163);  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Arkansas, 
Texas. 


426      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Inoceramus  quadrans  Whitfield. 
Plate  XXXIX.,  Fig.  i. 

1886.  Inoceramus  Sagensis,  var.  quadrans  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 
vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  79,  pi.  14,  fig. 
16. 

1905.  Inoceramus  sagensis  var.  quadrans  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.  (1905),  p.  10. 

Description. — Shell  moderately  convex,  subquadrangular, 
broadly  subovate,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  subparallel  or 
slightly  diverging  posteriorly.  The  beak  large  and  prominent, 
produced  beyond  the  hinge-line.  Anterior  margin  truncate  to  a 
point  below  the  middle,  and  forming  with  the  hinge-line  nearly 
a  right  angle ;  below  the  middle  it  rounds  into  the  nearly  straight 
basal  margin,  which  in  turn  posteriorly  passes  with  a  regular 
curve  into  the  posterior  margin  which  is  rounded  below  and 
obliquely  subtruncate  above,  meeting  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  hinge-line  in  an  oblique  angle.  The  surface  is  marked  by 
somewhat  irregular,  subangular  undulations  which  are  more 
crowded  and  less  distinct  towards  the  umbonal  region,  those  on 
the  outer  portion  of  the  shell  being  rather  widely  separated. 
"The  middle  of  the  cast  for  about  two-thirds  the  width  is  marked 
by  strong,  rather  deep  pits,  connected  by  shallow  furrows,  show- 
ing that  the  interior  of  the  shell  was  covered  with  strong  pearl- 
like  protuberances."  (Whitfield). 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  length,  102  mm.; 
height  from  hinge-line  to  basal  margin,  78  mm. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  described  this  species  as  a  variety  of  /. 
sagensis,  but  it  is  so  distinctly  different  from  typical  members  of 
that  species  that  it  seems  to  be  well  worthy  of  recognition  as  of 
full  specific  rank.  Furthermore,  the  sp'ecies  of  which  he  con- 
sidered it  a  variety  is  not  the  true  /.  sagensis,  but  is  here  referred 
to  I.  proximus.  The  species  is  especially  characterized  by  its 
truncate  anterior  margin  and  subquadrangular  form.  It  has  not 
been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl  (?),.  Bur- 
lington (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution.— New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  427 

Inoceramus  confertim-annulatus  Rcemer. 
Plate  XXXIX.,  Figs.  2-5. 

1849.     Inoceramus  confertim-annulatus  Roem.,  Texas,  p.  402. 
1852.     Inoceramus    confertim-anmilatus    Roem.,     Kreid.     von 

Texas,  p.  59,  tab.  7,  fig.  i. 
1857.     Inoceramus  confertim-annulatus  Con.,  Rep.  U.   S.  and 

Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  vol.  i,  pt.  2,  p.  151,  pi.  5,  fig-.  5. 
1886.     Inoceramus  Barabini  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  75,  pi.  15,  figs.  3-5.     (Not  /. 

barabini  Morton.) 

Description*. — "Shell  of  only  moderate  size,  transversely  ovate 
or  elliptical,  with  moderately  to  prominently  convex  valves. 
Beaks  large,  only  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  line  of  the  hinge, 
and  situated  near  the  anterior  end.  Hinge-line  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  shell,  and  rapidly  rounding  at  the  posterior  extremity 
into  the  posterior  margin,  which  is  more  broadly  rounded  than 
the  anterior  extremity.  Basal  line  gently  and  somewhat  gradu- 
ally arcuate,  but  more  rapidly  curving  upward  near  the  anterior 
part.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  regular  concentric,  rounded 
undulations  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  valve,  and  separated  by 
concave  interspaces.  Near  the  outer  limits  of  the  valve  the 
undulations  become  more  irregular,  as  if  taking  on  old-age  char- 
acters." (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  the  two  specimens  illustrated  by  Whitfield 
are :  length,  54  mm.  and  50  mm. ;  height  from  hinge-line  to 
ventral  margin,  39  mm.  and  36  mm. ;  convexity  of  the  larger 
specimen,  14.5  mm. 

Remarks. — These  shells  were  identified  as  /.  bambini  by  Whit- 
field, but  they  seem  to  differ  essentially  from  that  species  as 
interpreted  by  Meek,  and  his  interpretation,  based  upon  a  careful 
study  of  Morton's  imperfect  type  specimens,  seems  to  be  entirely 
correct.  The  most  conspicuous  feature  of  the  true  /.  barabini  is 
the  much  greater  height  of  the  shell  posteriorly  than  in  front, 
while  in  the  New  Jersey  specimens  the  height  of  the  shell  beneath 
the  beak  is  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  that  near  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity of  the  hinge-line.  The  New  Jersey  shells  much  more 


428      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

closely  resemble  the  specimen  Meek  has  identifid  as  7.  proximus, 
although  the  beaks  are  not  quite  so  far  forward  as  in  Meek's 
illustration,  but  the  shells  are  too  ventricose  for  that  species. 
The  specimens  seem  to  agree  most  closely  with  /.  confertim- 
annulatus  Roem.,  described  from  the  Eagle  Ford  shales  of  Texas, 
and  have  therefore  been  so  identified, ;  they  resemble  both  of 
these  species,  however,  much  more  closely  than  they  do  I.  bam- 
bini. The  species  is  apparently  somewhat  rare  as  it  has  been 
met  with  only  rarely  in  the  recent  collections. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Holmclel 
(i283),  near  Freehold  (133),  Crosswicks  Creek  (i474,  195), 
Mullica  Hill  (i692). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

Inoceramus  proobliqua  Whitfiekl. 
Plate  XXXVIIL,  Fig.  4- 

1886.     Inoceramus  pro-obliqua  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.'S.,  vol.  9),  p.  80,  pi.  14,  fig.  17. 

Description. — "Shell  somewhat  below  the  medium  size  for  the 
gerius;  subovate  in  outline,  the  axis  of  the  shell  being  directed 
forward  of  a  right  angle  to  the  hinge-line,  instead  of  backward 
as  is  usual  with  nearly  all  shells.  Hinge-line  shorter  than  the 
width  of  the  body  of  the  shell  and  forming  an  angle  of  about 
110°  to  the  axis  of  the  valve.  Left  valve,  the  only  one  known, 
extremely  ventricose,  with  a  rather  small  beak,  which  is  but  little 
elevated  above  the  line  of  the  hinge,  and  situated  in  advance  of 
the  anterior  margin  of  the  valve.  Height  of  the  valve  a  little 
greater  than  its  extreme  width  or  length.  Surface  of  the  cast 
marked  by  numerous,  regularly  increasing  concentric  undula- 
tions, which  are  moderately  sharp  on  the  crests  and  the  inter- 
spaces broadly  concave.  There  are  also  indications  of  radiating 
lines  along  the  middle  of  the  valve,  as  in  many  species  of  the 
genus."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  length,  42  mm. ; 
height,  45  mm. 


MOLLUSCA.  429 

Remarks. — This  species  of  Inoceramus  is  remarkable  in  that 
the  line  of  obliquity  is  directed  forward  in  passing  from  the  beak 
to  the  basal  margin  instead  of  backward  as  is  .usually  the  case. 
The  species  was  established  upon  a  single  individual,  and  it  has 
not  been  met  with  in  any  of  the  recent  collections. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (White- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  PTBBIIDAE. 

Genus  PTERIA  Scopoli. 

Pteria  petrosa  (Conrad). 
Plate  XLIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1853.  Avicula  petrosa  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  2,  p.  274,  pi.  24,  fig.  15. 

1854.  Avicula  linguiformis  Evans  &  Shumard,   Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1854),  p.  163. 
1859.     Avicula  lingua  formis  Meek,  Hind's  Rep.  Assin.  and  Sas- 

kat.  Expl.  Exped.,  p.  183,  pi.  i,  fig.  7. 
1 86 1.     Avicula  linguaeformis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  158  (102). 
1861.     Avicula  petrosa  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  158 

(102). 
1864.     Pteria  linguiformis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  9. 
1864.     Pteria  petrosa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  9. 
1876.     Pteria  linguiformis  Meek,  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss.  Up. 

Mo.,  p.  32,  pi.  16,  figs,  i  a-d. 

1879.  Pteria  linguiformis  White,  nth  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol. 

and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.,  pp.  180,  197,  205. 

1880.  Pteria  linguiformis  Whitf.,  Geol.  Black  Hills  of  Dak.,  p. 

384,  pi.  7,  figs.  2,  3. 

1885.  Pteria  linguiformis  Whit.,  Cont  Can.  Pal.,  vol.  i,  pt.  i, 

P.  3i- 

1886.  Pteria  petrosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  68,  pi.  14,  fig.  10. 


430      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — Shell  oblique,  winged  in  front  and  behind,  the 
hinge-line  straight  with  the  beaks  in  front  of  the  middle.  Both 
valves  rather  strongly  convex,  but  the  left  a  little  more  so  than 
the  right.  Posterior  wing  compressed,  of  moderate  length, 
pointed  behind,  its  posterior  margin  concave;  anterior  wing  nar- 
rower, pointed  in  front,  less  compressed  than  the  other,  its  free 
margin  nearly  straight  or  slightly  concave ;  in  the  right  valve  it  is 
separated  from  the  body  oi  the  shell  by  a  narrow  and  shallow 
sulcus  which  extends  from  the  anterior  side  of  the  beak  down- 
ward and  usually  a  little  obliquely  backward  to  the  antero-ventral 
margin;  just  in  front  of  the  marginal  extremity  of  this  sulcus 
the  surface  is  slightly  bulged  so  as  to  leave  a  byssal  opening  be- 
tween the  valves.  The  antero-ventral  margin  slopes  obliquely 
backward  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line;  it  is 
slightly  concave  to  the  base  of  the  anterior  wing  beyond  which 
point  it  becomes  slightly  convex,  curving  more  and  more  below 
into  the  rounded  postero-basal  margin;  the  posterior  margin 
oblique  below  and  sinuate  above.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
only  by  concentric  lines  of  growth  which  are  inconspicuous  on 
the  internal  casts, 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  specimen  are:  length  from  the  an- 
terior extremity  of  the  hinge-line  to  the  postero-basal  margin, 
5 1  mm. ;  length  of  hinge-line,  37  mm. ;  distance  of  beak  from  the 
anterior  extremity  of  hinge-line,  12  mm.;  convexity  of  right 
valve,  10  mm. 

Remarks.- — This  species  has  always  been  considered  one  of  the 
rare  forms  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  faunas.  Whitfield  saw 
only  one  individual  from  near  Keyport,  and  this  specimen,  aside 
from  the  type  which  is  stated  to  be  from  Delaware,  is  the  only 
one  on  record.  In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  the  species 
occurs  in  abundance  in  the  nodules  from  the  Cliffwood  clays, 
and  less  commonly  from  the  summit  of  the  Wenonah  sand. 
Whitfield's  specimen  from  "at  or  near  Keyport"  most  probably 
was  collected  from  the  Cliffwood  nodules  at  Cliffwood  Point. 
Different  individuals  of  the  species  show  considerable  variation 
in  the  obliquity  of  the  shell,  and  also  in  the  extension  of  the 
posterior  wing,  although  the  variation  in  this  latter  character 


MOLLUSCA.  431 

may  be  apparent  rather  than  real  on  account  of  imperfections  in 
the  specimens.  The  specimen  illustrated  by  Whitfield  has  the 
posterior  wing  almost  entirely  lacking,  and  the  anterior  wing  is 
also  incomplete,  as  it  has  never  been  observed  when  complete 
with  the  rounded  outline  shown  by  that  author.  The  specimens 
from  the  Wenonah  sand  are  not  so  large  as  those  from  the  Cliff- 
wood  clay,  but  they  agree  with  them  in  all  essential  respects. 

These  New  Jersey  specimens  do  not  seem  to  possess  any  char- 
acteristics to  distinguish  them  from  the  western  shell  described 
by  Evans  and  Shumard  as  Avicula  linguae  for  mis,  and  that  name 
must  undoubtedly  be  considered  as  a  synonym  of  Conrad's 
species.  Some  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens  are  more  oblique 
than  the  western  shell  as  illustrated  by  Meek,  but  others  possess 
essentially  the  same  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (186,  189);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marl- 
boro (130),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Colorado,  South  Da- 
kota, Canada  (N.  W.). 

Pteria  laripes  (Morton). 
Plate  XLIL,  Fig.  3. 

1834.     Avicula  laripes  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 

p.  63,  pi.  17,  fig.  5. 
1861.     Avicula  laripes  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  158 

(102). 

1864.     Pteria  laripes  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  9. 
1886.     Pteria  laripes  Whitf.  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G. 

S.,  vol.  9),  p.  69,  pi.  14,  fig.  9. 
1905.     Pteria  laripes  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  10. 

Description. — "Shell  of  but  moderate  size,  oblique  ovate  and 
moderately  convex,  with  rather  prominent  beaks.  Hinge  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  body  of  the  shell,  forming  on  the  pos- 
terior side  a  proportionally  large  wing,  which  is  obtusely  pointed 


432      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

at  the  extremity  and  only  shallowly  sinuate  on  the  outer  margin 
between  the  hinge  line  and  body  of  the  shell.  Anterior  wing  un- 
known. Surface  of  the  shell,  on  the  left  valve,  strongly  marked 
by  distant  elevated  radii,  which  seem  to  have  been  alternately 
coarse  and  fine  on  the  posterior  half  of  the  valve,  judging  from 
the  only  cast  examined,  and  equal  in  strength  and  moderately 
curved  forward  on  the  anterior  half;  while  the  margin  of  the 
valve  seems  to  have  been  marked  by  strongly  projecting  points 
corresponding  to  the  ribs."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks.  —  There  is  some  question  as  to  the  occurrence  of  this 
species  in  New  Jersey.  The  specimen  used  by  Whitfield  is  prob- 
ably the  type  of  the  species  which  was  said  to  have  come  from 
Delaware  by  Morton  in  connection  with  his  original  description, 
but  according  to  Whitfield  it  is  distinctly  marked  "N.  J."  in  the 
collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy.  It  has  not  been  met 
with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  and  because  of  this, 
and  the  uncertainty  of  its  locality,  it  is  not  possible  to  determine 
its  horizon.  It  should  probably  be  looked  for,  however,  in  the 
horizon  of  the  Merchant  ville  clay-marl,  or  perhaps  in  the  Cliff- 
wood  clay. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Unknown. 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey   ? 

Pteria  navicula  Whitfield. 
Plate  XLIL,  Fig.  4. 

1886.     Pteria  navicula  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  70,  pi.  14,  fig.  8. 
1905.     Pteria   navicula   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 


Description.  —  "Shell  of  small  size,  the  greatest  length  being 
less  than  half  an  inch;  very  oblique  and  angularly  ventricose,  the 
height  scarcely  more  than  half  the  length.  Hinge  line  nearly  as 
long  as  the  body  of  the  shell,  mucronate  and  slightly  prolonged 
at  the  posterior  extremity,  which  is  separated  from  the  body  of 
the  shell  by  a  slight  sinuosity.  Anterior  wing,  if  any,  not  pre- 
served on  the  specimen;  but  the  shell,  although  somewhat  im- 


MOLLUSCA.  433 

perfect,  does  not  appear  to  have  been  winged  on  the  anterior  side. 
Posterior  extremity  of  the  body  of  the  (left)  valve  obtusely 
pointed,  and  the  anterior  end  narrowly  rounded  from  the 
extremity  of  the  cardinal  line.  Basal  line  broadly  curved,  gradu- 
ally descending  from  the  anterior  end  to  about  the  posterior 
third  of  the  length,  where  it  again  rises  to  the  extremity.  Beaks 
small,  rising  a  little  above  the  hinge  line,  and  prominently  ventri- 
cose.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  only  by  concentric  striae,  so 
far  as  can  be  determined  from  the  partially  exfoliated  individual. 
Right  valve  unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks.  —  This  species  was  described  from,  a  single  specimen 
of  a  left  valve,  and  but  a  single  example  has  been  met  with  in 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183)  ; 
Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 


Genus  MEXSAGRIN^I^A  Whitfield. 

Meleagrinella  abrupta  (Conrad). 

Plate  XLII.,  Figs.  5-9. 

1853.     Avicula  abrupta  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

sen,  vol.  2,  p.  274,  pi.  24,  figs.  5-6. 
1  86  1.     Avicida  abrupta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  157 

(101). 
1864.     Pteria  abrupta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  9. 

1868.     Avicula  abrupta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1886.     Meleagrinella  abrupta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  72,  pi.  14,  figs.  11-14. 
1905.     Meleagrinella  abrupta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  10. 

Description.  —  "Shell  small,  inequivalve,  rhombo-quadrate  in 
outline,  the  hinge-line  long  and  straight,  reaching  nearly  the 
entire  length  of  the  shell,  beaks  small,  situated  at  about  the 
anterior  third  or  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  hinge;  that  of  the 
left  valve  rising  a  little  above  the  cardinal  line,  and  that  of  the 

28   PAIv 


434   -    CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

right  just  to  its  margin.  Right  valve  with  a  deep  notch-like  slit 
on  the  anterior  side  just  below  the  hinge,  with  a  narrow,  deep 
groove  running  from  it  to  the  apex  of  the  valve  on  the  exterior 
surface.  Left  valve  provided  with  an  internal  fold,  quite  indis- 
tinct except  under  a  glass,  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  beak,  which 
corresponds  to  the  byssal  notch  of  the  right  valve.  Anterior 
margin  of  the  valve  somewhat  regularly  rounded ;  basal  margin 
broadly  rounded,  and  the  posterior  obliquely  truncate,  passing 
backward  slightly  from  the  hinge  extremity  to  the  postero-basal 
line.  Surface  of  the  valves  smooth  or  very  finely  lamellose,  and 
marked  with  concentric  undulse.  When  not  at  all  worn  or  mace- 
rated the  surface  of  the  left  valve  shows  indistinct  thread-like, 
interrupted,  radiating  lines  which  remind  one  very  strongly  of 
those  seen  on  species  of  Placunomya."  (Whitfield). 

The  dimensions  of  the  right  valve  illustrated  by  Whitfield  are : 
length,  14.5  mm.;  height,  12  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  been  met  with  but  rarely  in  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Holmdel 
(i283),  near  Freehold  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  OSTRACEA. 

Family  OSTBEIDAE. 

Genus  OSTREA  Linneus. 

Ostrea  cretacea  Morton. 

Plate  XLIL,  Fig.  11. 

1834.     Ostrea  cretacea  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 
p.  52,  pi.  19,  fig.  3. 

1860.  Ostrea  cretacea  Owen,  2d  Rep.  Geol.  Recon.  Ark.,  pi.  7, 

fig-  7- 

1861.  Ostrea  cretacea  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1861, 

p.  328. 
1861.     Ostrea  cretacea  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  208 


MOLLUSCA.  435 

1869.     Ostrea  cretacea  Coquand,  Monog.  Gen.  Ost.  Terr.  Cret., 

p.  52,  pi.  23,  figs.  4-5. 

1884.     Ostrea  cretacea  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  p.  294.. 
1905.     Ostrea  cretacea  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  10. 

Description. — Shell  nonplicate,  irregularly  subovate  in  outline,, 
higher  than  wide,  narrowest  across  the  hinge-line;  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  rather  short,  nearly  complete  internal  cast  of  a  lower 
valve  are:  height,  22.5  mm.;  width,  18.5  mm.  Lower  valve 
moderately  convex,  upper  valve  nearly  flat,  surfact  of  the  casts 
marked  only  by  more  or  less  irregular  concentric  undulations. 

Remarks. — The  shells  which  have  been  identified  as  Ostrea 
cretacea  in  the  recent  New  Jersey  collections,  occur  only  in  the 
form  of  internal  casts  in  the  Cliffwood  clay.  In  so  far  as  the 
characters  of  the  specimens  are  preserved,  they  seem  to  agree  in 
all  essential  characters  with  authentic  representatives  of  this 
species  from  the  south.  Morton  originally  described  the  species 
as  coming  from  the  Cretaceous,  but  more  recent  authors  have 
sometimes  referred  it  to  the  Tertiary,  but  the  Cretaceous  age  of 
the  species  is  sufficiently  demonstrated  by  the  collections  in  the 
National  Museum  at  Washington  made  by  Dr.  T.  W.  Stanton, 
who  has  found  it  to  be  especially  characteristic  of  the  lower  beds 
of  Ripley  age  in  the  Chattahoochie  River  section. 

Formation    and    locality. — Cliffwood    clay,    Cliffwood    Point 

(105). 

Geographical  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Alabama, 
Arkansas. 

Ostrea  congesta  Conrad? 
Plate  XLIIL,  Fig.  16. 

1843.     Ostrea  congesta  Con.,  Nicollet's  Rep.  Expl.  N.  W.,  p.  167. 
1856.     Ostrea  congesta  Hall,  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.,  vol.  3,  p.  100, 

pi.  i,  fig.  ii. 
1869.     Ostrea  congesta  Coquand,   Monog.   Gen.   Ostrea  Terr. 

Cret.,  p.  49,  pi.  17,  fig.  5. 
1876.     Ostrea  congest  Meek,  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss.  Up.  Mo., 

p.  13,  pi.  9,  figs,  i,  a-f. 


436      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1884.     Ostrea  congesta  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  p.  294, 

pi.  39,  figs.  11-13. 
1893.     Ostrea  congesta  Stant,  Bull.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  No.  106,  p.  55, 

pi.  2,  figs.  2-4. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  individuals  often  crowded  closely 
together  in  considerable  numbers,  so  as  to  assume  quite  irregular 
forms.  Surface  of  attachment  of  the  lower  valve  large,  beyond 
which  the  margin  of  the  shell  is  abruptly  deflected  upward  at 
right  angles  to  the  attached  portion ;  upper  valve  flat  or  a  little 
concave,  having  the  form  of  the  attached  portion  of  the  lower 
valve. 

The  dimensions  of  a  specimen  referred  to  the  species  are: 
length,  12.5  mm.;  width,  15  mm. 

Remarks. — A  number  of  individuals  of  a  small  oyster  have 
been  observed  in  the  Cliffwood  clays  which  seem  to  belong  to  this 
species.  The  species  may  be  recognized  chiefly  by  the  propor- 
tionately large  area  of  attachment,  with  the  abruptly  deflected 
margins  of  the  lower  valve. 

Formation    and    locality. — Cliffwood    clay,    Cliffwood    Point 

(105). 

Geographic  distribution.  New  Jersey,  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
South  Dakota,  Colorado,  New  Mexico. 

Ostrea  denticulifera  Conrad. 
Plate  XLIIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1858.  Ostrea  denticulifera  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
2nd  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  330,  pi.  34,  figs,  i  and  8. 

1861.  Ostrea  denticulifera  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 
208  (152). 

1864.  Ostrea  denticulifera  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 

1868.  Ostrea  denticulifera  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 

1869.  Ostrea  denticulifera  Coquand,  Monog.  Gen.  Ostrea  Terr. 

Cret.,  p.  50,  pi.  17,  figs.  8-9. 

1884.  Ostrea  denticulifera  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S., 
p.  295. 


MOLLUSCA.  437 

1886.     Ostrea  denticulifera  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  29,  pi.  3,  figs.  8-9. 
1905.     Ostrea  denticulifera  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  10. 

Description. — "The  shells  of  this  species  are  very  small,  flat- 
tened, thick,  and  extremely  irregular  in  form.  Those  originally 
described  by  the  author  seem  to  have  been  moderately  convex, 
but  the  New  Jersey  specimens  are  extremely  shallow  and  gen- 
erally elongated,  with  the  surface  obsoletely  striate;  even  on  the 
smoothest  specimens  the  striae  show  beneath  the  surface.  The 
ligamental  area  is  small  and  the  margin  crenulate  on  some  indi- 
viduals to  near  the  front  of  the  shell,  the  crenulations  being 
strong  and  tooth-like,  and  leaving  ridges  on  the  sides  of  the 
valves  as  the  shells  thicken  with  age.  Muscular  impression  large, 
lateral,  and  usually  below  the  middle  of  the  length."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  recognized  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey.  The  specimen  illustrated  by  Whitfield 
is  a  Haddonfield  example  originally  identified  as  belonging  to 
the  species  by  Conrad,  the  author  of  the  species,  but  it  is  much 
more  elongate  and  narrower  than  the  original  illustration  of  the 
species  from  Mississippi  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  identifi- 
cation is  incorrect.  In  general  form  this  Haddonfield  example 
agrees  more  nearly  with  the  specimens  of  Ostrea  plumosa,  but 
it  is  a  thicker  shell,  and  is  not  so  distinctively  marked  by  the  fine 
radiating  lines. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Tennessee. 

Ostrea  panda  Morton. 
Plate  XLII.,  Fig.  10. 

1833.  Ostrea  panda  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23,  p. 

293- 

1834.  Ostrea  panda  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 

p.  51,  pi.  3,  fig.  6,  pi.  19,  fig.  10. 

1861.     Ostrea  panda  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1861, 
P-  328. 


438      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1861.     Ostrea  panda  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  209 

(153). 

1864.     Ostrea  panda  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 
and  Jur.,  p.  6. 

1868.  Ostrea  panda  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 

1869.  Ostrea  panda  Coquand,  Monog.  Gen.  Ost.  Terr.  Cret., 

p.  57,  pi.  30,  figs.  8-9. 

1884.     Ostrea  panda  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p.*  298. 
1886.     Ostrea  panda  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  30. 

Description. — Shell  rugose,  irregularly  subovate  in  outline; 
the  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  lower  valve  are:  height, 
21.5  mm;  width,  26  mm.;  free  margins  of  the  valves  corrugated 
by  rather  broad,  rounded  plications  which  do  not  extend  to  the 
beak,  those  towards  the  cardinal  margins  becoming  smaller; 
shell  also  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular  concentric  lines  of 
growth  which  are  sublamellose  upon  some  portions  of  the  valve ; 
beak  rather  sharply  pointed  and  separated  from  the  hinge-line 
by  a  flat,  triangular,  cardinal  area  whose  surface  lies  nearly  at 
a  right  angle  to  the  general  plane  of  the  valve.  The  upper  valve 
not  recognized  in  the  New  Jersey  collections. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  originally  described  from  the 
Cretaceous  of  Delaware,  but  has  usually  been  identified  by  more 
recent  authors  as  a  Tertiary  species  from  the  southern  states. 
Judging  from  the  Delaware  locality  given  by  Morton,  St.  George, 
the  original  specimens  of  the  species,  must  certainly  have  been 
from  the  Cretaceous.  .  A  single  lower  valve  is  present  in  the 
recent  collections  of  the  New  Jersey  Survey,  which  has  been  used 
as  a  basis  for  the  description  given  above.  This  specimen  seems 
to  agree  in  all  essential  characters  with  Morton's  original  de- 
scription and  illustrations  of  the  species,  and  it  is  believed  that 
the  identification  is  correct  although  the  type  specimens  have 
not  been  available  for  comparison.  The  writer  has  not  had  the 
opportunity  to  determine  the  relationships  of  the  southern  Ter- 
tiary shell  which  has  been  identified  by  authors  as'  O.  panda,  but 
it  is  altogether  probable  that  it  is  a  distinct  specific  form. 


MOLLUSCA.  439 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (180). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Alabama, 
Tennessee. 

Ostrea  plumosa  Morton. 
Plate  XLIL,  Figs.  16-18. 

1833.  Ostrea  plumosa  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 

P-  293. 

1834.  Ostrea  plumosa  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S-,  P-  5i,  PL  3,  %  9- 
1 86 1.     Ostrea  plumosa  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  209 

(153). 

1864.     Ostrea  plumosa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 
and  Jur.,  p.  6. 

1868.  Ostrea  plumosa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 

1869.  Ostrea  plumosa   Coquand,   Mo-nog.    Gen.    Ostrea  Terr. 

Cret.,  p.  61,  pi.  32,  fig.  9. 
1876.     Ostrea   plumosa    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  320. 
1884.     Ostrea  plumosa  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p. 

299,  PL  37,  figs.  5-6. 
1886.     Ostrea  plumosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  31,  pi.  3,  figs.  12-13. 
1886.     Anomia  argentaria  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  pi.  4,  fig.  9  (not  figs.  10-11). 
1905.     Ostrea  plumosa   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  10. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  ovate,  ovate-triangular  or  elon- 
gate-spatulate,  thin  and, somewhat  fragile  irregularly  convex  on 
the  upper  valve,  often  subangulated  longitudinally,  either  along 
one  side  or  the  other,  beak  of  the  upper  valve  thin,  sharp  and 
pointed ;  the  ligamental  area  small  and  inconspicuous  in  most 
cases,  though  sometimes  of  moderate  size.  Exterior  of  the  upper 
valve  marked  by  obscure  plications  in  all  the  type  specimens, 
which  cross  the  valve  obliquely  in  either  direction  from  right  to 


440      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

left  or  oppositely;  also  by  fine  radiating  striae  which  obscurely 
diverge  from  a  more  or  less  median  line  and  pass  toward  the 
margin  on  either  side.  On  the  interior  the  margin  of  the  valve 
near  the  apex  is  more  or  less  crenulate.  The  muscular  scar  is 
small  and  lateral.  Lower  valve  not  yet  observed."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  rather  small  individual  are:  length,  32- 
mm. ;  width,  16.3  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  not  uncommon  at  some  horizons  in 
the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New  Jersey.  In  the  Marshalltown  clay- 
marl  near  Swedesboro  it  occurs  with  the  shell  preserved,  and  in 
the  Wenonah  sand  near  Craw  fords  Corner  it  is  one  of  the  most 
abundant  species  but  is  always  in  the  form  of  casts.  From  the 
last  of  these  localities  some  of  the  large  individuals  must  have 
attained  a  length  of  50  mm.  or  more.  The  rather  oblique,  some- 
what obscure  plications  shown  upon  the  specimens  illustrated  by 
Whitfield  are  doubtless  due  to  the  fact  that  those  individuals, 
during  their  life,  were  attached  to  the  surface  of  some  plicated 
shell  such  as  Exogyra  costata.  This  plication  of  the  shell  is  not 
an  essential  specific  character  and  has  not  been  detected  upon 
any  of  the  recently  collected  specimens.  The  fine  radiating  striae, 
however,  are  highly  characteristic  of  the  species  and  can  be 
detected  upon  all  examples  retaining  the  shell  and  upon  all  im- 
pressions of  the  external  surface.  Different  individuals  vary 
more  or  less  in  general  outline,  but  the  elongate,  narrow  form, 
somewhat  acuminate  towards  the  beak,  seems  to  be  the  normal 
form  of  the  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i263)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  Shrewsbury  River  (119). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Tennessee. 

Ostrea  subspatulata  Forbes. 
Plate  XLII.,  Fig.  15. 

1845.     Ostrea  subspatulata   Forbes,    Quart.    Jour.    Geol.    Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  i,  p.  61,  text  figs.  pp.  61  and  62. 
1857.     Ostrea  subspatulata  Con.,  Mex  Bound.  Surv.,  vol.  i,  pt. 

2,  p.  155,  pi.  10,  figs.  33,  3b. 


MOLLUSCA.  441 

1 86 1.     Ostrea  subspatulata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

210  (154). 
1864.     Ostrea  subspatulata  MJfeek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 

1868.  Ostrea  subspatula  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 

1869.  Ostrea  subspatulata,  Coquand,  Monog.  Gen.  Ostrea  Terr. 

Cret.,  p.  43,  pi.  15,  fig-.  3. 
1876.     Ostrea  subspatulata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  320. 
1884.     Ostrea  subspatulata  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  $., 

p.  301,  pi.  37,  figs.  1-2. 
1886.     Ostrea  subspatulaita  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  32,  pi.  3,  fig.  14. 

Description. — Shell  subovate  in  outline,  higher  than  wide, 
usually  widest  below  the  middle,  the  dimensions  of  a  nearly  com- 
plete cast  of  the  interior  of  a  lower  valve  are :  length,  45  mm. ; 
width,  31  mm.  Lower  valve  strongly  arcuate  longitudinally,  the 
cast  nearly  smooth  or  with  a  few  obscure  concentric  undulations, 
the  muscular  impression  large,  situated  in  the  lower  left-hand 
quarter  of  the  cast.  The  impressions  of  the  exterior  of  the  shell 
show  rather  strong  concentric  undulations. 

Remarks. — In  New  Jersey  this  species  is  only  known  in  the 
formi  of  casts,  none  of  which  have  been  observed  to  attain  so 
large  dimensions  as  some  of  the  examples  from  the  South.  The 
most  characteristic  feature  of  the  species  is  its  strongly  arcuate 
form  longitudinally,  a  feature  which  is  even  more  conspicuous  in 
the  shell  itself  than  in  the  casts  because  of  the  great  thickening  of 
the  shell  in  its  central  part. 

Formation  and  'locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263);  near  Marlboro  (I3O1). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia. 

Ostrea  crenulimarginata  Gabb. 
Plate  XLIL,  Figs.  12-13. 

1860.  Ostrea  crenulimarginata  Gabb,   Jour.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  398,  pi.  68,  figs.  40-41. 

1 86 1.  Ostrea  crenulimarginata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  208  (152). 


442      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Ostrea  crenulimarginata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 
1869.     Ostrea  crenulimarginata  Coquand,  Monog.  Gen.  Ostrea 

Terr.  Cret.,  p.  51,  pi.  17,  figs.  12-13. 
1884.     Ostrea  crenulimarginata  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S., 

p.  294,  pi.  40,  fig.  2. 
1886.     Ostrea    crenulimarginata    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  30,  pi.  3,  figs.  10-11. 

Description. — "Shell,  as  seen  in  a  single  upper  valve,  depressed 
convex  and  moderately  smooth,  of  an  irregular  ovate  outline, 
and  marked  by  but  few  concentric  lines  of  growth  more  promi- 
nent than  striae.  Faint  indications  of  radiating  striae  show  ob- 
scurely, but  are  more  in  the  substance  of  the  shell  than  on  the 
surface.  On  the  interior  the  margin  is  finely  crenulate  for  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  valve,  being  strongest  near  the  hinge  and 
becoming  fainter  in  the  forward  part.  Muscular  scar  large,  reni- 
form,  and  situated  above  the  middle  of  the  shell."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  example  are:  height,  47  mm.; 
length,  44  mm. 

Remarks. — No  specimens  referable  to  this  species  have  been 
observed  in  the  recent  collections.  Whitfield  has  illustrated  one 
specimen  which  he  has  so  identified,  but  it  is  quite  unlike  Gabb's 
original  figure  of  the  species  in  being  much  broader  along  the 
hinge-line.  It  seems  to  have  the  crenulations  along  the  margin 
similar  to  those  upon  Gabb's  specimen,  and  the  identification  may 
be  correct. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Marlboro  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Tennessee. 

Ostrea  monmouthensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLIIL,  Fig.  15. 

Description. — Shell  slightly  oblique,  subovate  in  outline,  the 
dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  being:  length,  28  mm.;  width, 
22  mm.  Upper  valve  depressed  convex,  nearly  smooth,  marked 
only  by  inconspicuous  concentric  lines  of  growth.  Along  the 


MOLLUSCA.  443 

ventral  margin  the  edge  is  folded  into  sharply  angular  teeth  which 
•do  not  extend  as  plications  into  the  body  of  the  shell,  these  tooth- 
like  crenulations  becoming  smaller  and  at  last  disappearing  upon 
the  lateral  margins  of  the  shell.  Lower  valve  not  known. 

Remarks. — It  is  with  some  hesitation  that  a  species  of  so 
variable  a  group  of  shells  as  the  oysters  has  been  proposed  for  a 
single  specimen,  but  it  has  not  been  possible  to  identify  it  with 
any  of  the  described  forms,  and  it  seems  to  be  so  distinct  that  it 
is  probable  that  additional  examples,  should  they  be  found,  could 
be  recognized  without  difficulty.  The  shell  has  much  the  general 
outline  of  the  specimen  referred  to  O.  crenulimarginata  by  Whit- 
field,  but  that  shell  entirely  lacks  the  characteristic  denticulation 
of  the  ventral  margin  of  this  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (I267). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb. 
Plate  XLIII,  Figs.  17-19. 

1860.  Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  403,  pi.  68,  figs.  47-48. 

1861.  Ostrea  tecticosta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  210 

(154). 

1864.     Ostrea  tecticosta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 
.Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 

1868.  Ostrea  tecticosta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 

1869,  Ostrea  tecticosta  Coquand,   Monog.   Gen.  Ostrea  Terr. 

Cret,  p.  50,  pi.  17,  figs.  10-11. 
1876.     Ostr,ea  pmilla  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876), 

,p.  321. 
1884.     Ostrea  tecticvstata  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  p. 

301,  pi.  17. 
1886.     Ostrea  tecticosta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  33,  pi.  3,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Ostrea  tecticosta  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  10. 


444      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  elongate,  oval,  ovate  or  irregularly 
elliptical  in  outline,  slightly  curved,  with  a  small,  strongly-twisted 
beak  and  moderately-sized  ligamental  area  on  the  lower  valve. 
The  lower  valve  usually  shows  a  large  cicatrized  area  of  attach- 
ment and  is  strongly  plicated,  the  plica  being  usually  sharply 
rounded  and  very  rugose  from  concentric  lamellose  lining.  The 
inner  margins  of  the  valves  are  also  crenulated  on  the  upper  half 
or  two-thirds  of  their  length,  and  more  minutely  so  on  the  inner 
border  at  the  junction  of  the  valves  just  below  the  ligamental 
area.  Muscular  scar  large,  but  only  moderately  marked.  Upper 
valves  slightly  convex  and  destitute  of  plications  except  near  the 
border."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  was  originally  described  from  speci- 
mens whose 'horizon  is  unknown,  although  they  probably  came 
from  some  of  the  beds  below  the  Navesink  marl.  The  specimens 
which  have  been  so  identified  in  the  recent  collections  of  the 
Survey,  are  more  or  less  imperfect  casts  from  the  Wenonah  sand 
near  Marlboro.  In  general  these  Wenonah  specimens  somewhat 
resemble  the  O.  larva  type  of  oysters,  but  the  lower  valve  was 
apparently  attached  uniformly  by  a  much  larger  area  than  any 
of  the  New  Jersey  forms  here  referred  to  0.  f  ale  at  a,  O.  mesen- 
t erica,  and  O.  nasuta,  and  some  of  the  specimens  agree  very  well 
with  the  type  of  the  species  except  that  they  are  modified  casts 
while  the  type  has  the  shell  itself  preserved. 

Formation    and    locality. — Wenonah    sand,    near    Marlboro 

(130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Ostrea  falcata  Morton. 
Plate  XLIIL,  Figs.  3-6. 

1830.     Ostrea  falcata  Mort,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist  ser., 

vol.  6,  p.  50,  pi.  i,  fig.  2. 
1830.     Ostrea  falcata  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  17,  p. 

284;  vol.  18,  pi.  3,  figs.  19-20. 
1834.     Ostrea  falcata  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 

p.  50,  pi.  3,  fig.  5. 


Mgton 
Department   or  Geology 

MOLLUSCA.  445 

1860.  Ostrea  falcata  Owen,  2nd  Rep.  Geol.  Recon.  Ark.,  pi.  7, 

fig-  5- 

1861.  Ostrea  falcata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  208 

(152). 

1868.     Ostrea  larva  Cook,  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  375,  fig. 
1884.     Ostrea  (Alectryonia)   larva  White  (in  part),  4th  Ann. 

Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p.  296,  pi.  42,  fig.  8. 
1886.     Ostrea  larva  Whitf.  (in  part),  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  34,  pi.  3,  figs.  3-7. 
1905.     Ostrea  falcata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  ii. 

Description. — Shell  of  medium  size,  laterally  arcuate.  The 
dimensions  of  an  average  specimen  are :  length  along  the  arcuate 
median  line  from  beak  to  posterior  extremity,  47  mm. ;  distance 
between  beak  and  posterior  extremity,  28  mm.;  width  of  shell 
at  middle,  16  mm.;  length  of  hinge-line,  20  mm.  Shell  usually 
more  or  less  strongly  auriculate,  the  ears  subequal  or  with  one 
.ear  somewhat  larger  than  the  other.  Hinge-line  straight.  Shell 
marked  with  from  seven  to  ten  deep  plications  which  originate 
along  the  lower  or  convex  margin  and  extend  nearly  to  the  beak, 
not  leaving  a  conspicuous  non-plicate  central  area,  the  plications 
towards  the  anterior  hinge  extremity  decreasing  regularly  in 
size;  along  the  upper  or  concave  margin  the  shell  is  marked  by 
a  series  of  short,  marginal  plications.  Lower  valve  moderately 
convex,  with  .a  small  scar  of  attachment ;  upper  valve  much  flat- 
ter, its  plications  similar  to  those  of  the  lower  valve. 

Remarks. — This  species,  as  observed  in  New  Jersey,  is  most 
abundantly  represented  in  the  Marshalltown  marl,  where  it  some- 
times occurs  in  innumerable  individuals.  In  its  laterally  arcuate 
form  it  resembles  0.  mesenterica,  but  it  differs  from  that  species 
in  its  larger  size,  and  in  its  more  strongly  plicated  shell,  there 
being  no  central  non-plicate  area  as  in  that  species.  The  speci- 
mens vary  greatly  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  auriculations,  and 
to  some  extent  in  the  number  of  plications,  but  not  so  much  in 
this  latter  respect  as  does  0.  mesenterica.  Both  of  these  species 
have  usually  been  considered  as  members  of  a  single  species,  O. 


446      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

larva,  but  they  are  clearly  distinct,  and  are  for  the  most  part 
restricted  to  different  geologic  horizons,  and  in  the  New  Jersey 
faunas,  at  least,  do  not  have  intermediate  connecting  forms. 
Their  relationship  to  the  true  O.  larva  must  be  investigated. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Navesink  marl,  near  New  Egypt  (i472); 
near  Red  Bank  (120),  Crosswicks  Creek  (195). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Arkansas. 

Ostrea  mesenterica  Morton. 
Plate  XLIII-,  Figs.  9-14. 

1834.     Ostrea  falcata  var.  B   (0.  mesenterica}   Mort,  Synop. 

Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  51,  pi.  9,  fig.  7. 
1861.     Ostrea  mesenterica  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

209  (153). 
1884.     Ostrea  (Alectryonia)  larva  White  in  (in  part),  4th  Ann, 

Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p.  296,  pi.  42,  figs.  6-7. 
1886.     Ostrea  larva  Whitf.  (in  part),  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  34,  pi.  3,  figs.  3-7. 

• 

Description. — Shell  small,  laterally  arcuate.  The  dimensions, 
of  an  average  specimen  are:  length  along  the  arcuate  median 
line  from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  extremity  32  mm.,  distance 
between  beak  and  posterior  extremity  26  mm. ;  width  of  shell  at 
middle,  9  mm.  Shell  usually  auriculate,  the  ears  variable  in  size 
and  sometimes  nearly  obsolete,  the  posterior  usually  larger  than 
the  anterior.  Shell  strongly  plicate  along  its  lower  convex  mar- 
gin, the  plications  variable  in  number  and  size,  not  extending 
into  the  median  portion  of  the  shell,  those  near  the  hinge-line 
notably  smaller  than  those  in  the  middle  of  the  shell ;  the  plica- 
tions of  the  upper  concave  margin  much  smaller  than  those  of 
the  convex  margin.  Central  area  of  the  shell  marked  only  by 
the  concentric  lines  of  growth.  Lower  valve  moderately  convex, 
the  scar  of  attachment  variable,  but  usually  small  and  restricted 
to  Jhe  apical  region ;  upper  valve  flat. 

Remarks. — This  little  oyster  is  extremely  abundant  in  the 
Navesink  marl,  and  has  not  been  observed  in  any  of  the  beds 


MOLLUSCA.  447 

below  that  horizon  in  New  Jersey.  It  is  one  of  several  forms  of 
the  type  of  O.  larva  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  and  can  always  be 
distinguished  by  its  small  size  and  the  nonplicate  central  area 
of  the  shell.  The  number  of  plications  along  the  convex  margin 
is  exceedingly  variable,  a  fact  which  can  be  best  observed  in  the 
larger  plications  along  the  lower  or  convex  margin  of  the  shell, 
excluding  the  smaller  ones  near  the  extremity  of  the  hinge-line, 
the  number  varying  from  four  to  as  many  as  nine  or  ten.  The 
species  resembles  O.  pellucida  M.  &  H.1  in  its  marginal  plications, 
but  differs  from  that  species  in  the  presence  of  the  auriculations 
at  the  extremities  of  the  hinge-line,  and  in  the  small  area  of  at- 
tachment, although  a  specimen  is  occasionally  met  with  that 
shows  that  it  has  been  attached  for  nearly  half  the  length  of 
the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Holmdel  (127, 
I285,  194),  Oak  Hill  (121),  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  Middle- 
town  (ii32),  near  Red  Bank  (120),  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i267),  Marlboro  (131),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  147*,  195), 
near  Jacobstown  (150),  Mullica  Hill  (io92);  Red  Bank  sand, 
Shrewsbury  River  (119,  116)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls  (no), 
near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Ostrea  nasuta  Morton. 
Plate  XLIIL,  Figs.  7-8. 

1834.     Ostrea  falcata  Var.  A  (0.  nasuta}  Mort,  Synop.  Org. 

Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  51,  pi.  9,  fig.  6. 
1861.     Ostrea  nasuta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  209 

(153). 
1884.     Ostrea  (Alectryonia)  larva  White  (in  part),  4th  Ann. 

Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p.  296,  pi.  42,  figs.  2-5,  9. 
1886.     Ostrea   larva  var.   nasuta   Whitf.,    Pal.    N.   J.,   vol.    I 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  35,  pi.  3,  figs.  3-4. 
1902.     Ostrea  larva  Hill  and  Vaughan,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Geol.  Atlas, 

Austin  Folio,  fig.  50. 


1  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.,  Cret.  and  Terr.  Foss.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  15,  pi.  28,  figs.  4a-4b- 


448      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — Shell  of  medium  size,  laterally  arcuate.  The 
dimensions  of  a  rather  small  individual  are:  length  along  the 
median  line  from  beak  to  posterior  extremity,  45  mm. ;  distance 
between  beak  and  posterior  extremity,  21  mm.;  width  of  shell 
at  middle,  17  mm.;  length  of  hinge-line,  12  mm.  Shell  more  or 
less  strongly  auriculate,  the  auriculations  variable  in  size.  Hinge- 
line  straight.  Shell  surface  marked  by  from  four  to  seven  pro- 
found and  broad  plications  along  the  lower  or  convex  margin, 
which  rapidly  die  out,  leaving  the  central  area  of  the  shell  non- 
plicate;  the  upper  or  concave  margin  marked  by  much  smaller, 
short,  marginal  plications  or  denticulations.  Lower  valve  mod- 
erately convex,  with  a  small  scar  of  attachment;  upper  valve  flat. 
Entire  surface  of  both  valves  marked  by  fine,  more  or  less 
irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  close  ally  of  0.  mesenterica.  The 
two  species  agree  in  having  the  median  portion  of  the  shell  non- 
plicate,  but  0.  nasuta  is  a  much  larger  and  coarser  shell,  with 
broader  and  more  profound  plications.  It  should,  perhaps,  be 
considered  only  as  a  varietal  form  of  0.  mesenterica,  but  it  is  for 
the  most  part  characteristic  in  New  Jersey,  of  higher  beds  than 
the  Navesink  marl,  where  that  species  is  most  abundant.  The  two 
forms  usually  do  not  occur  in  association,  and  it  is  at  least  con- 
venient to  have  a  special  name  for  the  designation  of  this  form. 

formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Red  Bank 
(120)  ;  Red  Bank  Sand,  Red  Bank  (116,  123),  near  Middletown 
(112);  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Keyport  (i299), 
near  Freehold  (132),  near  Red  Valley  (123). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

Ostrea  bryani  Gabb. 

« 

Plate  XLIV.,  Figs.  1-5. 

1876.     Ostrea  bryani  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876), 

P-  321. 

1884.     Ostrea  bryani  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p.  293. 
1886.     Gryphaa  bryani  var.  precedent  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  194,  pi.  26,  figs.  7-8. 


MOLLUSCA.  449 

1886.     Gryphcsa  bryani  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  206,  pi.  27,  figs.  6-9. 
1886.     Ostrea  glandiformis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  205,  pi.  27,  figs.  1-5. 
1905.     Grypkaea   bryani   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil, 

(1905),  p.  ii. 

Description. — Shell  oblique,  more  or  less  strongly  extended 
laterally  to  the  left,  looking  upon  the  upper  valve ;  moderately 
thick,  more  or  less  subtrigonal  or  subovate  and  exceedingly 
irregular  in  outline.  Lower  valve  strongly  or  moderately  and 
very  irregularly  convex,  sometimes  flattened  or  even  concave  to 
beyond  the  middle  o>f  its  length,  attached  or  free,  the  scar  of 
attachment  variable,  usually  small  or  of  moderate  size;  surface 
markings  exceedingly  irregular,  consisting  of  concentric,  more 
or  less  squamose  lines,  which  are  often  produced  into  irregularly 
spinose  processes  near  the  hinge-line  in  those  specimens  which 
have  been  strongly  attached;  surface  also  marked  on  many  ex- 
amples, by  a  few  rather  broad,  irregular,  radiating  costse ;  hinge- 
area  triangular,  with  a  deep  ligamental  groove  in  the  middle, 
whose  apex  is  deflected  to  the  left.  Upper  valve  flat,  slightly 
concave  or  slightly  convex,  sometimes  convex  towards  the  beak, 
becoming  concave  towards  the  base,  the  surface  marked  by  con- 
centric squamose  lines,  the  hinge  area  directed  from  45°  to  90° 
to  the  general  plane  of  the  valve. 

The  dimensions  of  an  average-sized,  rather  convex,  lower  valve 
are:  greatest  length,  obliquely  from  the  beak  to  the  postero- 
basal  margin,  42  mm.;  greatest  width  at  about  right  angles  to 
the  last  dimension,  28  mm.;  convexity,  19  mm. 

Remarks. — This  is  an  exceedingly  variable  shell,  and  ap- 
parently includes  not  only  Ostrea  bryani  as  described  by  Gabb, 
and  referred  to  the  genus  Gryphaea  by  Whitfield,  but  also 
Gryphaea  bryani  var.  precedent  Whitf.  and  Ostrea  glandiformis 
Whitf.  In  a  collection  of  one  hundred  or  more  individuals  from 
the  typical  locality  for  the  species  near  Vincentown,  specimens 
can  be  selected  to  represent  all  three  of  these  forms,  with  all 
gradations  between.  Some  of  the  larger  and  more  convex  speci- 

29  PAI, 


450      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

mens  more  or  less  closely  resemble  Gryphaea  convexa,  in  minia- 
ture, even  to  the  oblique  posterior  constriction  and  the  consequent 
auriculation  of  the  shell,  and  Whitfield  has  referred  the  species 
to  the  genus  Gryphaea  instead  of  Ostrea.  The  convex  valve, 
however,  in  most  cases  gives  evidence  of  having  been  attached, 
and  the  beak  is  usually  not  strongly  incurved,  characters  which 
would  seem  to  ally  the  species  to  the  genus  Ostrea  rather  than 
GrypJmea.  Those  types  of  Whitfield's  O.  glandiformis  which 
preserve  the  shell  are  a  perfectly  normal  upper  valve  of  O. 
bryani  and  one  of  the  more  shallow  lower  valves  of  the  same 
species.  The  most  common  occurrence  of  the  species  is  in  the 
form  of  internal  casts  such  as  is  illustrated  by  Whitfield  under 
the  name  O.  glandiformis.  Only  at  the  marl  pits  near  Vincen- 
town  have  the  shells  themselves  been  found  abundantly. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  near  New 
Egypt  (Whitfield);  Manasquan  marl,  near  Vincentown  (159), 
near  Farmingdale  (138),  near  New  Egypt  (155). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Genus  GRYPHAEA  Lamark. 

All  the  specimens  of  Gryphaea  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New 
Jersey  have  usually  been  referred  to  a  single  species,  G.  vesicu- 
laris  Lam.  In  the  present  report  this  usage  has  been  departed 
from  and  three  distinct  forms  have  been  recognized.  These 
forms  are  distinct  varieties,  at  least,  are  easily  recognized, 
are  characteristic  of  distinct  horizons,  and  are  connected  by  very 
few  or  no  intermediate  forms.  There  may  be  differences  of 
opinion  as  to  the  advisability  of  recognizing  them  as  of  specific 
rank,  but  it  really  makes  little  difference  whether  they  be  con- 
sidered as  varieties  or  as  species.  It  is  certainly  more  convenient 
to  designate  a  given  form  by  a  single  name  rather  than  by  two, 
and  so  the  names  are  considered  to  be  of  specific  rank  in  this  con- 
nection. 


MOLLUSCA.  451 

Gryphaea  convexa  (Say). 
Plate  XLV.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1820.     Ostrea  convexa  Say,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  42. 

1828.  Gryphcea  convexa  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  79,  pi.  4,  figs.  1-2. 

1829.  Gryphcea  convexa  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  121. 

1830.  Gryphcea  convexa  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ist  ser.,  vol.  17, 

p.  283. 
1834.     Gryphcea  convexa  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  53,  pi.  4,  %s.  1-2. 

1840.     Gryphcea  convexa  Troost,  5th  Geol.  Rep.  Term.,  p.  46. 
1868.     Pycnodonta  vesicularis  Cook,  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  374,  figs. 
1884.     Gryphcea  vesicularis  White  (in  part),  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  p.  303,  pi.  48,  figs.  1-5. 
1886.     Gryphcea  vesicularis  Whitf.  (in  part),  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  36,  pi.  3,  fig.  15,  pi.  4, 

figs.  1-2. 
1902.     Gryphcea  vesicularis  Hill  and  Vaughan,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Geol. 

Atlas,  Austin  Folio,  fig.  51. 
1905.     Gryphcea  convexa  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  II. 

Description. — Shell  variable  in  outline,  large  and  robust,  ob- 
lique, very  thick,  the  surface  more  or  less  rugose,  the  beak  in 
front  of  middle  of  the  shell.  Lower  valve  strongly  convex,  more 
or  less  auriculate  posteriorly,  the  auriculation  separated  from  the 
body  of  the  shell  by  a  conspicuous  sinus  which  extends  from 
behind  the  beak  obliquely  backward  to  the  posterior  margin  of 
the  shell,  the  cardinal  side  of  the  auriculation  usually  flattened 
and  somewhat  elevated;  the  body  of  the  shell  most  strongly 
elevated  along  a  line  which  extends  obliquely  backward  from 
the  beak  to  the  basal  margin,  this  prominence  being  more  or  less 
rounded  or  in  some  cases  almost  subangular ;  the  posterior  slope 
of  the  shell  surface  to  the  sinus  limiting  the  auriculation  is  usu- 
ally more  abrupt  than  the  anterior  slope.  The  scar  of  attachment 


452      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

usually  inconspciuous.  Upper  valve  nearly  flat  or  slightly  con- 
cave. The  dimensions  of  a  rather  large  convex  valve  are: 
length,  105  mm. ;  height,  98  mm. ;  convexity,  58  mm. 

Remarks. — It  is  this  species  of  Gryphaca  which  makes  up  in 
large  part,  the  conspicuous  shell  bed  in  the  midst  of  the  Nave- 
sink  marl,  and  it  is  rarely  or  never  associated  in  this  horizon  with 
any  other  member  of  the  genus.  The  species  is  especially  char- 
acterized by  its  strongly  convex  lower  valve,  the  anterior  posi- 
tion of  the  beak,  the  conspicuous  posterior  auriculation  and  the 
more  or  less  rugose  surface.  The  shells  are  extremely  variable 
in  general  form  and  outline,  as  is  the  case  with  all  species  of  this 
group,  but  the  characters  mentioned  above,  although  variable  in 
degree  of  development  and  in  minor  details,  are  apparently  con- 
stant, and  there  is  rarely  any  difficulty  in  separating  this  form 
from  the  others  recognized  in  this  report. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (180);  Navesink  marl,  Middletown  (ii32),  near 
Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i283,  I285,  127,  194),. 
Marlboro  (131),  near  Walnford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149, 
I472,  I474,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  Mullica  Hill  (i6~92). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

Gryphaea  mutabilis  Morton. 
Plate  XLVL,  Fig.  i. 

1828.     Gryphaa  mutabilis  Mort,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  81,  pi.  4,  fig.  4. 
1830.     Gryphaa  mutabilis  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,   ist  ser.,  vol.. 

17,  p.  283. 
1834.     Gryphaa  mutabilis  "Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  53,  pl.  4,  fig-  3- 
1884.     Gryphcca  vesicularis  White  (in  part),  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  p.  303,  pl.  48,  figs.  1-5. 
1886.     Gryphaa  vesicularis  var.  mutabilis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol. 

i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  38,  pl.  3,  fig.  16; 

pl.  4,  fig.  3 ;  pl.  5,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Gryphad  mutabilis  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   PhiL 

(1905),  p.  n. 


MOLLUSCA.  453 

Description. — Shell  more  or  less  subcircular  in  outline,  the  beak 
subcentral,  the  hinge-line  usually  nearly  straight.  The  lower 
valve  depressed  convex  usually  somewhat  compressed  towards 
the  cardinal  extremities,  the  posterior  constriction  and  auricula- 
tion  obsolete  or  scarcely  distinguishable.  The  upper  valve  nearly 
flat  or  moderately  concave.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with 
concentric,  more  or  less  squamose  lines  of  growth.  Shell  sub- 
stance moderately  thick.  Scar  of  attachment  small  or  of  moderate 
size. 

The  dimensions  of  an  ordinary  lower  valve  are:  length,  no 
mm.;  height,  96  mm.;  convexity,  33  mm. 

Remarks. — This  form  is  especially  characteristic  of  the  Mar- 
shalltown  marl,  and  it  differs  from  G.  convexa  of  the  Nave- 
sink,  in  its  more  depressed  convex  lower  valve,  in  its  thinner 
shell  and  in  the  absence  of  the  conspicuous  posterior  constriction 
and  auriculation  of  the  lower  valve.  The  two  species  are  some- 
times associated  in  the  Harshalltown  formation,  but  specimens 
are  rarely  met  with  which  cannot  be  placed  without  hesitation  iri 
either  the  one  or  the  other  species.  In  the  Navesink  marl  this 
species  is  rarely  or  never  met  with 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177,  179,  180). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Gryphaea  dissimilaris  n.  sp. 
Plate  XL VI.,  Figs.  2-3. 

Description. — Shell  thin  or  of  moderate  thickness,  somewhat 
oblique,  variable  in  outline,  but  usually  more  or  less  subovate, 
usually  wider  than  long,  the  beak  subcentral  or  in  front  of  the  cen- 
ter. Lower  valve  usually  strongly  convex,  with  the  beak 
incurved,  often  with  a  slight  or  moderate  constriction  passing 
from  the  posterior  side  of  the  beak  to  the  posterior  margin, 
limiting  a  more  or  less  prominent  posterior  auriculation ;  in  many 
specimens  this  constriction  and  consequent  auriculation  is  entirely 
obsolete.  Upper  valve  smaller,  often  very  much  smaller  than 
the  lower,  deeply  concave  as  a  whole,  although  the  portion  near 


454      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  beak  may  be  convex.  Surface  of  both  valves  marked  with 
more  or  less  squamose  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

The  dimensions  of  an  average  lower  or  convex  valve  are: 
width,  69  mm. ;  length,  66  mm. ;  convexity,  38  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  approaches  most  closely  to  G.  convexa, 
but  it  is  almost  always  a  smaller  shell  and  it  may  be  distinguished 
by  several  more  or  less  constant  characters.  Perhaps  the  most 
important  of  these  characters  is  the  smaller  and  deeply  concave 
upper  valve;  in  those  specimens  preserving  the  two  valves,  the 
upper  one  is  sometimes  scarcely  more  than  one-half  the  length  of 
the  lower.  It  is  possible  that  in  the  living  animal  this  shell  had 
a  thin  calcareous  extension  to  the  margin  of  the  lower  valve,  but 
in  the  fossil  specimens  this  has  often  been  entirely  destroyed,  if  it 
ever  were  present.  This  species  also  differs  from  G.  convexa  in 
the  much  less  conspicuous  posterior  auriculation  of  the  shell ;  this 
is  more  or  less  a  variable  character  in  both  species,  and  sometimes 
a  strongly  auriculate  individual  of  G.  dissimilaris  does  not  differ 
materially  from  one  of  the  less  strongly  auriculate  individuals  of 
G.  convexa,  but  in  such  a  case  the  two  specimens  would  be  suffi- 
ciently distinct  by  reason  of  the  greater  concavity  of  the  upper 
valve  of  G.  dissimilaris.  The  average  conditions,  however,  of  the 
two  forms  are  widely  separated.  The  shells  of  the  two  species 
differ  materially  in  thickness,  that  of  G.  convexa  usually  grows  to 
be  ponderously  thick  in  old  individuals,  while  that  of  G.  dissimi- 
laris never  attains  more  than  a  moderate  thickness,  and  is  often 
exceedingly  thin  and  fragile  for  this  group  of  molluscs ;  in  any  one 
locality  all  the  shells  of  the  species  are  of  much  the  same  character 
as  regards  thickness,  and  it  is  among  the  individuals'  from  those 
localities  where  the  shells  are  thinner  that  the  upper  valves  are 
smallest ;  it  is  possible  that  this  difference  in  the  shell  within  the 
species  itself  is  due  to  differences  in  the  amount  of  calcium  car- 
bonate in  the  waters  available  for  shell  secretion  by  the  molluscs, 
or  to  difference  in  depth  of  the  waters  in  which  it  lived.  Besides 
these  differences  in  the  characters  of  the  shells,  the  two  forms 
occur  at  entirely  different  horizons,  and  in  no  case  have  they  been 
found  associated  together.  Whitfield  apparently  referred  this 


MOLLUSCA.  455 

shell  to  G.  aucella  Roem.,  first  described  from  Texas,  but  the  New 
Jersey  shell  is  entirely  different  from  the  Texas  specimens. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Hornerstown  marl,  near  Woodstown 
(181),  near  New  Egypt  (i422,  I423),  near  Mullica  Hill  (182). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Genus  GRYPHAEOSTREA  Conrad. 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer  (Morton). 
Plate  XLIV.,  Figs.  6-u. 

1834.     Gryphcea  vomer  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  54,  pl-  9,  %.  5- 
1  86  1.     Hxogyra  lateralis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  179 


1864.     Hxogyra  lateralis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 

1868.     Gryphostrea  lateralis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1876.     Gryphccostrea  vomer  Meek,  Rep.   Inv.   Cret.  and  Tert. 

Foss.  Up.  Mo.,-  p.  ii. 
1886.     Gryphaostrea  vomer  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  195,  pl.  26,  figs,  11-12. 
1901.     Ostrea  (Gryphaeostrea)  vomer  Clark,  Eocene  Rep.,  Geol. 

Surv.  Md.,  p.  193,  pl.  50,  figs.  1-5. 
1905.     Ostrea  (Gryph&ostrea)  vomer  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  (1905),  p.  ii. 

Description.  —  The  dimensions  of  a  rather  large  individual  are  : 
length,  55  mm.;  greatest  width,  near  the  hinge-line,  33  mm. 
Shell  narrowly  elongate,  subovate  or  subelliptical  in  outline,  more 
or  less  strongly  arcuate  from  beak  to  base,  and  often  more  or 
less  twisted  laterally.  Lower  or  right  valve  more  or  less  strongly 
convex,  the  beak  small,  pointing  forward,  a  little  coiled;  in 
typically  developed  shells  both  the  anterior  and  posterior  cardinal 
regions  are  produced  into  compressed  auricular  extensions,  one 
or  both  of  which  are  frequently  wanting  ;  the  surface  of  the  valve 
nearly  smooth  or  only  slightly  marked  with  concentric  lamellose 
lines  upon  the  body  of  the  shell,  the  auricular  extensions  usually 


456      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

more  strongly  lamellose.  The  upper  or  left  valve  usually  con- 
cave longitudinally,  flat  or  slightly  concave  transversely,  the 
dorsal  margin  rounded,  its  cardinal  regions  not  produced  into 
auricular  appendages,  the  beak  curved  anteriorly ;  surface  marked 
by  distinct  and  somewhat  regular,  elevated  concentric  ridges 
whose  summits  are  produced  as  free  lamellae.  Ligamental  areas 
small  or  nearly  obsolete. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  an  abundant  and  long-ranging  form 
in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  beds,  and  it  is  also  known  in  the 
Eocene  of  the  Atlantic  coastal  plane.  It  is  an  exceedingly  vari- 
able shell,  especially  the  lower  or  right  valve,  which  is  attached, 
the  upper  or  left  valve  being  much  more  constant  in  its  char- 
acters. The  specimens  from  the  different  horizons  where  it 
occurs  all  seem  to  be  much  the  same,  with  no  marked  differences, 
such  as  have  been  noted  in  the  case  of  members  of  the  genera 
Gryphaea  and  Exogyra. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177,  180)  ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Red  Bank  (120), 
Marlboro  (131),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  147*,  195),  near 
Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount  Laurel  (166),  Mullica  Hill 
(169)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (123)  ;  Hornerstown  marl, 
near  Woodstown  (181);  Vincentown  limesand,  near  Farming- 
dale  (134),  New  Egypt  (143),  Vincentown  (154),  near  Hurff- 
ville  (171,  170),  near  Alloway  (196). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Genus  EXOGYRA  Say. 

.  ". »   •  i 
Exogyra  costata  Say. 

Plate  XLVIL,  Fig.  i. 

1820.  Exogyra  costata  Say,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ist  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  43. 
1828.  Exogyra  costata  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  85,  pi.  .6,  figs.  1-4. 
1830.     Exogyra  costata  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  17, 

p.  284. 
1834.     Exogyra  costata  Mort.  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

$.,  P-  55.  Pi-  6,  %»•  i-4- 


MOLLUSCA.  457 

1852.     Exogyra  costata  Roemer,  Kreide  von  Texas,  p.  72. 
1854.     Exogyra  costata  Con.,   Rep.  U.   S.  and  Mex.   Bound. 

Surv.,  vol.  i,  pt.  2,  p.  154;    pi.  8,  fig.  3;    pi.  9,  figs. 

1-2;  pi.  10,  fig.  i. 
1858.     Exogyra  costata  Emm.,  Rep.  N.  Car.  Geol.  Surv.,  p.  278, 

fig.  A. 

1860.  Exogyra  costata  Owen,  2nd  Rep.  Geol.  Reconn.  Ark.,  pi. 

7,  %  4- 

1 86 1.  Exogyra  tostata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  178. 
1864.     Exogyra  costata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  6. 
1868.     Exogyra  costata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  374,  fig.  i, 

p.  724. 
1876.     Exogyra  costata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1876, 

P-  323- 
1884.     Exogyra  costata  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  p. 

304,  pi.  51,  figs.  1-2,  pi.  57,  figs.  1-2. 
1886.     Exogyra  costata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  39  (in  part). 
1896.     Exogyra  costata  Say,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  i,  p.  291  (No. 

5,  P-  21). 

1902.     Exogyra  costata  Hill  and  Vaughan,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Geol. 
Atlas,  Austin  Folio,  fig.  52. 

Description. — "Shell  large,  thick,  and  ponderous,  irregularly 
circular  or  subovate  in  outline,  plano-convex  in  profile  and 
obliquely  coiled  at  the  apex,  the  lower  valve  sometimes  showing 
one  and  a  half  to  nearly  two  volutions  in  well-preserved  adult 
specimens.  Convex  valve  deep,  and  on  the  back  strongly  an- 
gular, especially  so  in  the  earlier  parts  formed,  the  portion  near 
the  beak  often  being  sharply  carinate  and  smooth.  Surface  of 
the  valve  marked  by  strong  radiating  costse,  which  are  round 
on  the  surface,  and  separated  by  narrow  depressions.  Costse 
frequently  bifurcating,  and  radiating  from  or  dividing  along 
the  umbonal  ridge ;  one  set  curving  toward  the  anterior  side  and 
the  other  toward  the  basal  margin.  Upper  or  left  valve  flat  or 
slightly  convex,  often  becoming  slightly  concave  toward  the 
antero-basal  margin  in  advanced  stages  of  growth,  while  in 


458      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

many  instances  both  valves  conform  in  producing  a  deep  sinu- 
osity on  the  anterior  side  below  the  beaks.  Surface  of  the  flat 
valve  very  strongly  lamellose  on  the  posterior  half,  while  show- 
ing incipient  costse  on  the  anterior  side  below  the  apex."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — All  specimens  of  Exogyra  from  the  New  Jersey 
Cretaceous  faunas  have  usually  been  placed  together  in  a  single 
species,  E.  costata,  but  two  entirely  distinct  forms  can  be  recog- 
nized, which  are  characteristic  of  distinct  horizons,  and  no  con- 
necting varieties  between  the  two  forms  have  been  detected  in 
New  Jersey.  Say  does  not  mention  the  locality  of  the  type 
specimen  of  his  species,  except  that  it  came  from  New  Jersey, 
but  it  was  probably  collected  at  Mullica  Hill,  since  all  the 
other  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  species  described  in  his  paper,  of 
which  the  locality  is  mentioned,  are  from  that  place,  and  fur- 
thermore, the  species  has  been  found  to  occur  abundantly  at  that 
locality  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey.  H.  costata  is 
characteristic  of  the  Navesink  fauna,  and  differs  from  H.  pon- 
derosa  of  the  Marshalltown  fauna,  in  its  strongly  costate  shell, 
which,  even  in  the  largest  individuals,  does  not  develop  the 
strong,  concentric,  lamellose  extensions  which  are  so  character- 
istic of  £.  ponderosa. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Middletown  (113*,  H32),  near  Red  Bank  (120),  near 
Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i283,  127,  194),  near 
Freehold  (133),  near  Walnford  (i482),  Cross  wicks  Creek  (149, 
I472,  I473,  I474,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount 
Laurel  (166),  Mullica  Hill  (i692)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank 
(119);  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  Cut,  south  of  Keyport  (i295, 

I29'). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Texas,  Arkansas. 

Exogyra  ponderosa  Roemer. 
Plate  XL VII.,  Fig.  2. 

1849.     Exogyra  ponderosa  Roem.,  Texas,  p.  395. 
1852.     Exogyra  ponder 'osa  Roem.,   Kreide  von  Texas,  p.   71, 
Taf.  9,  figs.  2  a-b. 


MOLLUSCA.  459 

1853.     Exogyra  ponder osa  Shum.,  Marcy's  Expl.  Red.  River 

La.,  p.  204. 
1870.     Exogyra   ponder  osa   Credner,    Zeitsch.    Deutsch.    Geol. 

Ges.,  Band  22,  p.  229. 
1875.     Exogyra  ponderosa  White,  Rep.  Geog.  and  Geol.  Expl. 

w.  looth,  Mer.,  vol.  4,  pi.  i,  p.  172,  pi.  14,  figs,  i  a-c. 
1884.     Exogyra  ponderosa  White,  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  G.  S., 

p.  306,  pi.  50,  figs.  1-3. 
1886.     Exogyra  costata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  39  (in  part),  pi.  6,  figs,  1-2. 
1902.     Exogyra  ponderosa  Hill  and  Vaughn,  U.  S.  G.  S.,  Geol. 

Atlas,  Austin  Folio,  fig.  46. 

Description. — Shell  large,  plano-convex,  more  or  less  sub- 
ovate  in  outline.  Lower  or  right  valve  strongly  convex;  beak 
strongly  coiled;  the  surface  more  or  less  subangular  along  a  line 
extending  obliquely  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-ventral  margin, 
the  posterior  slope  convex,  the  anterior  slope  flattened  towards 
the  beak,  irregularly  flattened,  slightly  concave  or  convex  below ; 
surface  marked  by  more  or  less  distinct,  rather  broad  and  flat, 
more  or  less  irregular,  sometimes  bifurcating  costae  on  the 
younger  shells  and  on  the  umbonal  portion  of  the  adult  shells, 
which  become  obsolete  on  the  outer  portion  of  full  grown  indi- 
viduals, giving  place  to  strong,  concentric,  lamellose  extensions 
of  the  shell.  Upper  or  left  valve  nearly  flat,  coiled  at  the  apex, 
marked  with  conspicuous  concentric  lamellae  and  by  a  few  more 
or  less  indistinct  radiating  costae  on  the  antero-dorsal  region. 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  are:  height,  123  mm.; 
width,  114  mm.;  convexity,  60  mm. 

Remarks. — In  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New  Jersey  this  species 
occurs  only  in  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  and  it  has  not  been 
found  in  association  with  E.  costata,  although  these  shells  have 
usually  been  included  in  that  species.  In  fact  the  illustration 
in  Whitfield's  monograph  is  really  a  figure  of  this  species  rather 
than  of  the  true  E.  costata.  The  species  differs  from  E.  costata 
in  the  much  weaker  development  of  the  radiating  costae  and  in 
the  strong  development  of  the  concentric  lamellae. 


460      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

In  the  South  where  the  two  species,  costata  and  ponderosa 
occur,  they  have  the  same  stratigraphic  relations  as  in  New  Jer- 
sey, that  is  the  ponderosa  occurs  in  lower  beds  than  the  costata. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Texas. 

Exogyra  sp. 
Plate  XLVIL,  Fig.  3. 

In  the  Merchantville  clay-marl  the  internal  casts  of  a  small 
Exogyra  sometimes  occur  which  cannot  be  certainly  referred  to 
either  H  costata  or  E.  ponderosa.  They  are  always  small,  rarely 
attaining  a  width  greater  than  28  mm.  Their  external  charac- 
ters have  not  been  observed. 

Formation    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

(163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  TRIGONIACEA. 

Family  TBIGONIIDAB. 
Genus  TRIGONIA  Bruguiere. 

In  certain  of  the  faunas  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous,  the 
genus  Trigonia  is  abundantly  represented,  in- others  it  is  nearly 
or  quite  absent.  Unfortunately,  however,  the  specimens  are 
nearly  always  represented  by  internal  casts  and  impressions  of 
the  exterior,  which  latter  are  not  always  so  preserved  as  to 
admit  of  being  used  for  moulds  to  secure  artificial  casts.  Four 
species  are  recognized  in  the  present  report,  but  several  others 
are  suggested  among  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  but 
are  too  incomplete  to  allow  of  their  proper  description. 

Trigonia  thoracica  Morton. 
Plate  XLVIIL,  Figs.  1-4. 

1834.     Trigonia  thoracica  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  65,  pi.  15,  fig.  13. 
1852.     Trigonia  thoracica  Roem.,  Kreid.  von  Texas,  p.  52. 


MOLLUSCA.  461 

1860.     Trigonia  thoracica  Gabb,   Jour.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 
2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  304,  pi.  47,  fig.  10. 

1860.  Trigonia  thoracica  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  304,  pi.  47,  fig.  10. 

1861.  Trigonia,  thoracica  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

233  (i77)- 
1864.     Trigonia  thoracia  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  9. 

1868.     Trigonia  thoracica  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1870.     Trigonia  limbata  Credner,  Zeitsch.  Deutsch.  Geol.  Ges., 

Band  22,  p.  234. 
1876.     Trigonia  thoracica  Gabb,  Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1876),  p.  312. 
1886.     Trigonia  Mortoni  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   I    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  112,  pi.  14,  figs.  5-6. 
1898.     Trigonia  thoracica  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(i  898),  p.  464. 
1905.     Trigonia  thoracica  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  n. 

Description. — Shell  large,  the  dimensions,  of  an  average  sized 
individual  being:  length,  48  mm.;  height,  42  mm.;  convexity, 
ii  mm.  Ovate  subtrigonal  in  outline,  the  valves  moderately 
convex  in  front,  becoming  compressed  posteriorly;  the  beaks 
nearly  anterior,  slightly  recurved.  Anterior  margin  broadly 
rounded,  passing  into  the  ventral  margin;  ventral  margin 
broadly  rounded,  often  becoming  a  little  straightened  as  it  ap- 
proaches the  posterior  extremity  of  the  shell;  posterior  margin 
obliquely  subtruncate  above;  dorsal  margin  gently  concave  from 
tihe  beak  to  the  posterior  hinge  extremity.  Surface  of  the 
valve  divided  into  two  portions  by  an  angular,  curved  furrow, 
passing  backward  from  just  behind  the  beak  sub-parallel  with 
the  dorsal  margin,  to  a  point  in  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
shell  a  short  distance  below  the  posterior  hinge  extremity;  the 
lower  portion  of  the  valve  constitutes  much  the  greater  part  and 
is  marked  by  about  fifteen  ribs,  about  ten  of  which  are  very 
strong,  subangular,  more  or  less  nodose,  with  broad  concave 


462      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

interspaces,  and  occupying  the  greater  portion  of  the  shell,  the 
more  anterior  of  these  ribs  are  shorter  and  curve  strongly  for- 
ward, the  more  posterior  ones  curve  slightly  downward ;  between 
these  strong  ribs  and  the  curved  divisional  furrow  is  a  subtri- 
angular  area  occupied  by  much  smaller  somewhat  nodose  fur- 
rows, which  usually  have  a  more  or  less  distinct  upward  curva- 
ture as  they  approach  the  posterior  border.  The  upper  portion 
of  the  valves  is  divided  into  two  regions,  being  nearly  in  the 
plane  of  the  valve  below  and  abruptly  inflected  above  to  the 
hinge-line,  to  form  a  long  and  rather  broad  escutcheon,  this 
region  is  marked  with  12  or  14  subangular  ribs  which  originate 
along  the  divisional  furrow,  curving  backward  and  upward 
across  the  escutcheon  to  the  hinge-line.  The  entire  surface  is 
also  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  species  in  the 
Marshalltown  clay-marl  near  Swedesboro,  where  it  occurs  with 
the  shell  perfectly  preserved.  Morton's  original  illustration  of 
the  species  from  Alabama  is  very  imperfect,  but  the  Swedesboro 
specimens  do  not  differ  in  any  essential  respect  from  the  speci- 
mens illustrated  by  Conrad  and  Gabb  from  Eufaula,  Alabama. 
Whitfield's  species  T.  mortoni,  described  from  internal  casts  and 
a  single  very  imperfect  external  impression,  is  doubtless  iden- 
tical with  this  Swedesboro  and  southern  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i263);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  Freehold, 
Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Arkansas,  Texas. 

Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb. 

Plate  XLVIII.,  Figs.  5-10. 

1860.  Trigonia  Bufalensis  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  396,  pi.  68,  fig.  32. 

1861.  Trigonia  Bufalensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

232  (176). 

1864.     Trigonia  Bufalensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  9. 


MOLLUSCA.  463 

1868.     Trigonia  Eiifalensis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Trigonia  Eufaulensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  113,  pi.  14,  figs.  1-4. 
1905.     Trigonia  eufalensis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  n. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  an  average  speci- 
men being:  length,  21  mm.;  height  15  mm.;  convexity,  4  mm. 
The  largest  specimen  observed  is  under  30  mm.  in  length.  Ovate 
subtrigonal  in  outline,  somewhat  alate  posteriorly,  moderately 
convex  in  front,  compressed  behind.  Beaks  almost  anterior, 
slightly  recurved.  Anterior  and  antero-basal  margin  broadly 
rounded,  postero-basal  margin  nearly  straight,  sloping  upward 
towards  the  posterior  hinge  extremity,  posterior  extremity 
rounding  sharply  into  the  dorsal  margin;  dorsal  margin  nearly, 
straight  behind,  becoming  more  strongly  concave  as  it  approaches 
the  beak.  Surface  of  the  valves  divided  into  two  portions  by  a 
ridge  passing  with  a  concave  curve  from  the  posterior  side  of  the 
beak  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  shell  just  below  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  hinge-line.  The  lower  portion  of  the  valve  is 
marked  by  12  or  14  strong,  angular,  non-nodose  ridges,  nar- 
rower than  the  interspaces,  the  more  anterior  ones  of  which  curve 
strongly  forward  in  passing?  from  the  bounding  ridge  to  the  shell 
margin,  the  more  posterior  ones  becoming  straighter,  in  some 
cases  having  a  slightly  sigmoidal  curve.  The  upper  portion  of 
the  shell  is  inflected  above  the  bounding  ridge  for  about  one- 
lialf  the  distance  to  the  hinge-margin,  above  which  it  is  again 
deflected  into  nearly  a  plane  with  the  valve,  the  ribs  of  the  lower 
portion  of  the  shell  are  continued  across  the  upper  portion,  being 
abruptly  bent  backwards  in  crossing  the  bounding  ridge,  the  more 
posterior  ones  being  more  strongly  bent  than  those  in  front. 
Besides  the  ribs,  the  shell  is  marked  by  inconspicuous  lines  of 
growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  usually  occurs  in  the  New  Jersey 
formations  in  the  form  of  more  or  less  indefinite  internal  casts, 
but  occasionally  in  certain  hard  nodules  good  impressions  of  the 
exterior  are  preserved,  from  which  casts  may  be  taken  to  show 
the  external  characters.  It  has  been  from  such  casts  that  the 


464      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

above  description  has  been  made.  Whitfield's  material  from 
which  he  illustrated  the  species  was  much  more  incomplete  than 
that  now  available,  some  of  his  figures  are  more  or  less  restored, 
and  none  of  them  represent  the  characters  of  the  species  as 
ordinarily  preserved  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas.  The  internal 
casts  do  not  preserve  the  characters  of  the  upper  portion  of  the 
shell  which  are  really  the  most  essential  specific  features,  but 
the  presence  of  the  keel-like  extension  of  the  shell  along  the 
hinge-line,  rather  than  a  sharply  inflected  border  to  form  a  broad 
escutcheon,  can  usually  be  recognized. 

The  impression  from  which  Whitfield  took  the  cast  used  to 
illustrate  Gouldia  paratts  Con.,  is  quite  certainly  the  impression 
of  a  portion  of  a  Trigonia  shell,  probably  a  member  of  this 
species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan 
(103),  near  Haddonfield  (183)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(130),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas. 

Trigonia  cerulia  Whitfield. 
Plate  XL VIII.,  Fig.  13. 

1886.     Trigonia  cerulia  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  114,  pi.  14,  fig.  7. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  an  averaged  sized 
left  valve  being:  length,  30  mm.;  height,  24.5  mm.;  convexity, 
9  mm.  Subovate  in  outline,  the  beaks  nearly  anterior,  obtuse, 
scarcely  recurved.  Anterior  and  ventral  margins  together  form- 
ing nearly  a  semicircle,  posterior  margin  rather  sharply  rounded 
above  into  the  dorsal  margin ;  dorsal  margin  gently  concave  from 
the  beak  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line.  Surface 
of  the  valve  divided  into  two  portions  by  an  obscure  ridge,  sub- 
parallel  with  the  dorsal  margin,  passing  from  the  posterior  side 
of  the  beak,  with  a  gently  concave  curvature  to  the  posterior  mar- 


MOLLUSCA.  465 

gin  a  short  distance  below  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge- 
line.  The  lower  portion  of  the  shell,  which  comprises  the  greater 
part  of  the  surface,  is  covered  with  sharply  angular  and  faintly 
crenulate  ribs  which  curve  strongly  forward  in  front,  the  more 
posterior  ones  passing  in  a  nearly  straight  line  from  the  bounding 
ridge  above  to  the  basal  margin,  the  interspaces  between  these  ribs 
are  broad  in  front  becoming  regularly  narrower  towards  the  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  shell.  The  upper  portion  of  the  surface  is 
divided  longitudinally  by  a  shallow  groove  along  the  lower  side  of 
which  the  ribs  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  shell  originate ;  they  pass 
obliquely  backward  from  their  point  of  origin,  bending  more  or 
less  abruptly  downward  as  they  cross  the  bounding  ridge ;  above 
the  longitudinal  furrow  the  surface  is  continuous  for  a  short  dis- 
tance with  the  general  surface  of  the  valve  and  is  then  abruptly 
inflected  to  the  hinge-line  to  form  a  rather  broad  escutcheon; 
from  the  upper  margin  of  the  longitudinal  furrow  a  series  of  about 
10  obscure  ribs  originates/which  are  directed  obliquely  backwards 
and  continue  in  that  direction  to  the  margin  of  the  inflected  por- 
tion of  the  shell  when  they  bend  abruptly  forward,  becoming  much 
stronger  and  continuing  to  the  hinge-line  which  they  meet  in 
nearly  right  angles.  Besides  the  ribs  the  surface  of  the  shell  is 
covered  with  obscure  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — Whitfield's  illustration  and  description  of  this 
species  are  misleading.  The  type  specimen  is  very  imperfect  and 
has  the  surface  much  injured,  the  illustration  being  greatly  re- 
stored. According  to  the  original  description  there  is  no  differ- 
entiation of  the  upper  portion  of  the  shell,  but  a  little  further  de- 
velopment of  the  type  specimen  has  shown  the  surface  features  to 
be  as  has  been  described  above.  The  species  is  a  common  one  in 
its  type  locality  at  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Keyport,  and  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey  contain  many  specimens  which  show  the 
essential  features  of  the  shell  far  better  than  the  type. 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of 
Keyport  (i295,  I297,  129°),  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


30    PAL 


466      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Trigonia  kummeli  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLVIIL,  Figs.  11-12. 

.  Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  an  average  speci- 
men being :  length  about  26  mm. ;  height,  20  mm. ;  convexity,. 
6  mm.  Ovate-subtrigonal  in  outline,  moderately  convex  in  front, 
the  greatest  convexity  being  near  the  anterior  margin,  compressed 
posteriorly.  Beaks  rather  sharp,  nearly  anterior,  slightly  re- 
curved. Anterior  and  antero-basal  margin  describing  nearly  a 
semicircle;  postero-basal  margin  straighter  and  sloping  upward 
towards  the  posterior  hinge  extremity;  dorsal  margin  gently 
concave.  Surface  of  the  valves  divided  into  two  regions  by  a 
ridge,  or  more  properly  by  a  row  of  nodes  passing  in  a  concave 
line  from  the  posterior  side  of  the  beak  to  the  posterior  margin 
a  little  below  the  hinge  extremity.  The  lower  portion  of  the 
valve  marked  by  14  or  15  sharply  angular,  prominent,  narrow,, 
nodose  ribs,  the  most  anterior  ones  of  which  curve  strongly  for- 
ward in  passing  from  the  dorsal  extremity  to  the  shell  margin;, 
the  first  two  or  three  ribs  on  the  beak  are  crowded  close  together, 
the  interspaces  gradually  becoming  broader  to  about  the  sixth- 
rib,  beyond  which  the  interspaces  are  about  equal  in  width,  being 
much  wider  than  the  ribs  themselves.  The  upper  surface  of  the 
valve  continues  in  the  general  slope  of  the  valve  from  the  row 
of  bounding  nodes  to  over  half  the  distance  to  the  hinge-line, 
the  surface  is  then  sharply  inflected  for  a  short  distance  and  then 

again  deflected,  when  it  continues  to  the  hinge  margin  in  nearly 
the  plane  of  the  valve,  this  deflected  portion  of  the  two  valves- 
forming  a  keel-like  projection  of  the  shell  along  the  hinge-line 
back  of  the  beaks.  The  ribs  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  shell  are 
bent  abruptly  forward  as  they  cross  the  bounding  line  between 
the  two  portions  of  the  valve;  they  continue  in  that  direction  to 
about  the  middle  of  the  broad,  inferior  part  of  the  upper  portion, 
when  they  are  bent  abruptly  backward  to  the  lower  margin  of 
the  inflected  portion,  where  they  are  again  bent  forward  to  the 
hinge  margin ;  towards  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  shell  tha 
ribs  become  more  or  less  indistinct.  In  addition  to  the  ribs  the 
shell  is  marked  by  concentric  lines  of  growth,  which  are  indistinct 
except  in  front  near  the  margin. 


MOLLUSCA.  467 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  T.  eufaulensis  in  general 
form  and  proportions,  and  in  the  keel-like  extension  of  the  shell 
along  the  hinge-line  back  of  the  beak.  From  the  internal  casts 
alone  the  two  species  can  hardly  be  distinguished  if  at  all,  but 
the  external  characters  of  the  shell  are  quite  different.  The  ribs 
of  the  shell  of  T.  ktimmeli  are  narrower,  sharper  and  nodose, 
and  the  interspaces  between  the  ribs  continue  to  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  shell  with  about  the  same  width,  while  in  7*. 
eufaulensis  the  interspaces  become  regularly  narrower  posteriorly. 
The  zig-zag  direction  of  the  ribs  across  the  upper  portion  of  the 
shell  is  also  different  from  T.  eufaulensis,  in  which  species  they 
pass  directly  across  this  portion  of  the  shell  from  the  bounding 
ridge  below  to  the  hinge-line. 

Formation  and  locality. — Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116), 
near  Middletown  (112),  Shrewsbury  River  (119). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  PECTINACEA. 

Family  PECTINIDAE. 
Genus  PECTEN  Miiller. 

Pecten  tenuitestus  Gabb. 
Plate  L.,  Fig.  9. 

1861.     Pecten  tenuitesta  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1861, 

P-  327- 
1864.     Pecten  tenuitesta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Pecten  tenuitesta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Pecten  planicostatus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  48,  pi.  8,  figs.  lo-ii. 
1905.     Pecten  tenuitesta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  n. 

Description. — Left  valve  depressed  convex  or  nearly  flat,  equi- 
lateral, and  aside  from  the  auriculations  nearly  subcircular  in  out- 


468      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

line.  The  dimensions  of  an  imperfect  impression  of  a  left  valve 
are:  height,  about  40  mm.;  width,  41.5  mm.;  length  of  hinge- 
line,  about  22  mm.  Auriculations  of  moderate  size,  subequal, 
but  slightly  depressed  below  the  general  surface.  Surface  marked 
by  about  thirty,  low,  rounded  ribs,  which  are  much  narrower 
than  the  flattened  interspaces,  the  stronger  ribs  continue  to  the 
beak  and  never  bifurcate,  the  smaller  ones  being  added  by  inter- 
calation, the  auriculations  are  entirely  free  from  radiating  ribs ; 
besides  the  radiating  ribs  the  entire  surface  is  marked  by  ex- 
ceedingly fine,  regular,  concentric  striae.  The  shell  substance  is 
apparently  very  thin. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  is  in  error  in  his  identification  of  Peclen 
tenuitestus  Gabb,  as  has  been  shown  by  a  study  of  the  type  speci- 
mens in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science, 
the  species  being  described  as  a  new  form  by  him  under  the  name 
P.  planicostatus.  The  shells  which  Whitfield  has  referred  to  P. 
tenuitestus  are  quite  a  distinct  form,  however,  and  will  need  to 
receive  a  new  name  as  they  are  apparently  undescribed;  this 
species  is  called  P.  whitfieldi  in  the  present  report.  The  true 
P.  tenuitestus  differs  from  P.  whitfieldi  in  its  rnore  nearly  sub- 
circular  outline,  the  less  compressed  auriculations,  the  non-nodose 
radiating  ribs,  and  in  the  character  of  the  fine  concentric  striae. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Freehold  (133), 
Crosswicks  Creek  (i474,  149),  near  Marlboro  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pecten  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Plate  L.,  Fig.  14. 

1886.     Pecten  tenuitestm  Whitfield,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  47,  pi.  7,  figs.  5-6. 

Description. — Shell,  exclusive  of  the  auriculations,  broadly 
ovate  in  outline,  higher  than  wide,  the  dimensions  of  a  left  valve 
being:  height,  40  mm.;  width,  35  mm.;  convexity,  5  mm.; 
length  of  hinge-line  about  16  mm.  Left  valve  depressed  con- 
vex, deepest  above  the  middle,  the  beak  pointed,  auriculations 


MOLLUSCA.  469 

of  moderate  size,  the  anterior  one  larger  than  the  posterior. 
Surface  marked  by  low,  rounded,  nodose,  more  or  less  unequal, 
radiating-  ribs,  which  increase  by  intercalation,  30  or  more  are 
present  upon  the  body  of  the  shell  where  they  are  narrower  than 
the  interspaces,  the  ribs  upon  the  auriculations  are  narrower, 
closer  together,  and  more  nodose  than  upon  the  body  of  the  shell, 
though  in  some  examples,  especially  the  larger  ones,  they  are 
inconspicuous.  The  surface  is  also  marked  by  more  or  less 
irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — The  shells  which  are  made  the  types  of  this  species 
were  identified  and  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  P.  tenuitestus, 
but  an  examination  of  Gabb's  type-  of  that  species  has  shown 
that  Whitfield's  identification  was  incorrect,  the  true  P.  tenui- 
te-stus  being  the  same  as  the  specimens  described  as  P.  plani- 
costatus  by  that  author.  This  species  differs  from  P.  tenuitestus 
of  the  same  fauna,  in  being  proportionally  higher,  narrower, 
and  more  convex,  with  the  radiating  ribs  nodose,  and  propor- 
tionally broader  with  narrower  interspaces  and  with  the  con- 
centric markings  coarser  and  less  regular. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(149,  I473,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  Holmdel  and  near 
Marlboro  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pecten  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  L.,  Figs.  7-8. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen,  a  left 
valve,  are :  height,  30  mm. ;  width,  27.5  mm. ;  convexity,  4  mm. ; 
length  of  hinge-line,  14  mm.  The  body  of  the  shell  broadly  sub- 
ovate  in  outline,  the  beaks  situated  a  little  back  of  the  middle  of 
the  hinge-line,  the  auriculations  moderately  large  and  sharply 
differentiated,  the  anterior  ones  somewhat  larger  than  the  pos- 
terior, the  cardinal  slopes  diverging  from  the  beak  at  an  angle 
of  90°  or  a  little  more,  nearly  straight  or  slightly  concave,  ter- 
minating at  the  sides  of  the  shell  above  the  middle  of  its  height. 
The  valves  subequally  depressed  convex,  the  right  valve  if  any- 
thing slightly  flatter  than  the  left,  with  a  moderately  deep  byssal 


470      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

sinus.  Surface  of  both  valves  nearly  smooth,  marked  only  by 
fine  concentric  lines  of  'growth  which  continue  across  the  auricu- 
lations,  and  on  the  anterior  ear  of  the  right  valve  become 
stronger  than  elsewhere  on  the  shell. 

Remarks. — One  imperfect  specimen  which  seems  to  be  a  mem- 
ber of  this  species,  had  a  height  when  complete  of  about  50  mm., 
but  the  dimensions  given  above  are  those  of  a  specimen  of  about 
average  size.  Some  of  the  smaller  individuals  do  not  exceed  12 
mm.  in  height.  With  the  growth  of  the  shell  the  proportionate 
width  seems  to  increase.  This  species  is  unlike  any  of  the  other 
Pectens  in  these  New  Jersey  faunas,  but  in  general  form  and 
size  the  shells  most  closely  resemble  some  individuals  of  Pecten 
bellisculptus  Con. ;  the  two  species  can  always  be  distinguished, 
however,  by  their  surface  markings. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (107,  189). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb. 

Plate  XLIX.,  Figs.  '5-9. 

1860.  Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  304,  pi.  48,  fig.  25. 

1861.  Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  213  (151). 
1864.     Pecten  burlingtonensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 
1868.     Syncyclonema  burlingtonensis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J., 

P-  725- 
1870.     Camptonectes  burlingtonensis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 

vol.  6,  p.  76. 
1876.     Camptonectes  Burlingtonensis  Gabb,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  318. 
1886.     Camptonectes   (Amusium')    burlingtonensis  Whitf.,  Pal. 

N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S/ G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  53,  pi. 

8,  figs.  7  ?  and  8  (not  3-6  and  9=P.  argillensis  Con.). 
1886.     Pecten  (Syncyclonema  ?)  perlamellosus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N. 

J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  50,  pi.  7, 

%  7- 


MOLLUSC  A.  471 

1905.     Pec  ten   burlingtonensis  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  ii. 
1905.     Pecten  perlamellosus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 

Description. — Shell,  in  large  individuals,  attaining  a  height  of 
57  mm.,  and  a  width  of  62  mm. ;  the  hinge-line  straight,  one- 
half  or  a  little  less  than  one-half  the  width  of  the  shell,  with  a 
central  triangular  cartilage  pit;  the  body  of  the  shell  broadly 
subovate  in  outline,  the  auriculations  moderately  large  and  nearly 
equal  in  size;  the  cardinal  slopes  a  little  concave,  diverging  from 
the  beak  at  an  angle  of  90°  or  more,  the  shoulders  of  the  valves 
prominent  and  above  the  middle  of  the  height  of  the  shell.  Left 
valve  depressed  convex  with  the  auriculations  sharply  differen- 
tiated. Right  valve  nearly  flat,  with  a  moderately  deep  byssal 
sinus.  Surface  of  the  valves  marked  by  concentric  bands  which 
are  continuous  across  the  auriculations,  and  by  exceedingly  fine, 
impressed,  radiating  striae  which  are  continuous  upon  the  auricu- 
lations and  the  umbo,  where  they  are  about  equal  in  width  with 
the  interspaces,  but  on  the  outer  portion  of  the  shell  they  become 
more  or  less  discontinuous,  the  inner  portion  of  the  concentric 
bands  often  being  nearly  smooth,  while  on  the  outer  portion  they 
are  completely  striate,  but  with  the  interspaces  between  the  striae 
broader  than  the  striae  themselves. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  has  united  Pecten  bellisculptus  Con.,  with 
Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb,  but  an  examination  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  individuals  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  show  the 
two  species  to  be  entirely  distinct.  The  two  forms  have  some- 
times been  considered  as  the  opposite  valves  of  the  same  species, 
but  this  cannot  be  so  for  one  example  of  P.  burlingtonensis  has 
been  examined  which  preserves  the  cast  of  both  valves,  and  they 
do  not  essentially  differ  in  the  character  of  the  markings  although 
the  right  valve  is  much  flatter  than  the  left.  In  the  present  report 
P.  bellisculptus  is  considered  as  synonymous  with  P.  argillensis. 

The  surface  markings,  even  in  internal  casts,  are  usually  suffi- 
cient to  separate  the  two  forms,  the  conspicuous  feature  of  bur- 
lingtonensis being  the  concentric  bands,  the  radiating  striae  usually 
being  entirely  wanting  in  the  casts,  while  in  argillensis  the 


472      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

radiating  markings  are  the  conspicuous  feature  of  the  shell  and 
can  be  detected  upon  the  casts  as  preserved  in  New  Jersey,  as  well 
as  upon  the  shells  themselves  or  the  impressions  of  the  exterior. 
The  nearly  flat  right  valve  and  the  nearly  equal  size  of  the  auricu- 
lations  are  other  characters  distinguishing  burlingtonensis.  This 
species  is  also  never  so  high  and  narrow  proportionally  as  argil- 
lensis,  although  some  members  of  the  latter  species  sometimes 
have  nearly  the  same  proportions  as  specimens  of  burlingtonensis. 
The  two  species  occur  together  in  both  the  Merchantville  and  the 
Woodbury  formations,  but  burlingtonensis  is  more  common  in 
the  Merchantville,  while  argillensis  is  the  commoner  species  in 
the  Woodbury,  but  wherever  they  occur  there  is  not  the  least 
difficulty  in  separating  them.  Gabb's  type  specimen  was  from  the 
Merchantville.  Whitfield's  figure  7  seems  to  be  a  member  of 
this  species  with  one  ear  injured,  but  its  identity  cannot  be  de- 
termined from  the  figure  alone.  Pecten  perlamellosus  Whit, 
is  apparently  only  an  immature  example  of  P.  burlingtonensis, 
these  young  individuals  being  closely  similar  to  P.  conradi  ex- 
cept that  the  concentric  bands  are  somewhat  broader  and  con- 
tinue in  nearly  full  strength  across  the  auriculations. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163),  Burlington 
(Gabb)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Haddonfield 
(183)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pecten  argillensis  Conrad. 
Plate  XLIX,  Figs.  1-4. 

1860.  Pecten  argillensis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  283. 

1 86 1.  Pecten  argillensis  Gabb,   Synop.   Moll.   Cret.   Form.,  p. 

213  (i57). 
1864.     Pecten  argillensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 
1869.     Camptonectes  bellisculptus  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol. 

5,  P-  99,  pl-  9,  fig-  ii. 


MOLLUSCA.  473 

1886.     Camptonectes  (Amusium)  Burlingtonensis  Whitf.,  Pal. 

N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  53,  pi. 

8,  figs.  3-6,9  (not  7-8). 
1905.     Pecten  bellisculptus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(i9<>5),  P-  ii. 

Description. — Shell,  in  large  individuals,  attaining  a  height  of 
35  mm.  to  40  mm.,  and  a  width  of  30  mm.  to  36  mm.,  the  height 
usually  considerably  greater  than  the  width,  but  the  two  dimen- 
sions nearly  equal  in  some  individuals;  hinge-line  straight,  one- 
half  or  less  than  one-half  the  width  of  the  shell,  the  beaks  situ- 
ated back  of  the  middle  point  of  the  hinge ;  the  body  of  the  shell 
subovate  in  outline,  the  auriculations  sharply  differentiated,  un- 
equal, the  anterior  ones  being  much  broader  than  the  posterior; 
cardinal  slopes  usually  a  little  concave,  diverging  from  the  beaks 
at  an  angle  of  90°  or  less.  Right  valve  depressed  convex  with 
a  rather  deep  byssal  sinus  in  front;  left  valve  more  strongly 
convex.  Surface  of  both  valves  marked  by  fine,  even  radiating 
ribs  with  much  narrower  interspaces;  by  reason  of  their  fre- 
quent bifurcation  the  ribs  maintain  essentially  the  same  size 
throughout  and  at  the  sides  of  the  valves  they  curve- strongly 
upward  in  the  upper  portion,  crossing  the  cardinal  slopes  and 
continuing  across  the  auriculations.  Besides  the  radiating  ribs 
the  shells  are  marked  by  rather  close,  concentric  raised  lines 
which  project  slightly  as  they  cross  the  radiating  ribs,  and  which 
towards  the  front  of  the  shell  sometimes  form  fine  spines. 

Remarks. — A  comparison  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens  of 
Pecten  bellisculptus  with  authentic  examples  of  Pecten  argillen- 
sis  from  Mississippi  in  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum 
at  Washington,  has  failed  to  disclose  any  characters  which  can 
be  considered  as  of  specific  value.  The  only  character  in  which 
examples  from  the  two  localities  differ  in  any  noticeable  degree 
is  in  the  strength  of  the  radiating  markings  of  the  shell,  the 
southern  specimens  perhaps  having  these  markings  slightly 
coarser.  In  the  present  report  the  specimens  from  the  two  regions 
are  united  in  a  single  species  to  which  the  prior  name  P.  argillensis 
is  given.  This  species,  however,  is  quite  distinct  from  Pecten  bur- 
lingtonensis  with  which  Whitfield  united  it;  it  does  not  grow  so 


474      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

large  as  that  species  and  its  surface  markings  are  quite  distinct  as 
has  already  been  pointed  out  under  the  discussion  of  that  species. 
The  species  is  more  typically  represented  in  the  fauna  of  the 
Woodbury  clay,  from  which  formation,  near  Haddonfield,  Con- 
rad's type  specimens  were  obtained,  but  it  also  occurs  in  the 
Merchantville  clay-marl  and  in  the  Navesink  marl.  The  Wood- 
bury  specimens  seem  always  to  be  proportionately  higher  and 
narrower  than  P.  burlingtonensis,  but  in  the  Merchantville  and 
Navesink  formations,  individuals  are  not  infrequently  met  with 
having  nearly  the  proportions  of  that  species ;  they  can  always  be 
distinguished,  however,  by  their  surface  markings  and  by  the  less 
nearly  equal  size  of  the  auriculations.  It  is  possible  that  these 
rounder,  Merchantville  and  Navesink  specimens  should  be  sepa- 
rated as  a  distinct  species,  characterized  not  only  by  their  different 
form,  but  also  by  the  larger  size  which  they  often  attain. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (139),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury 
clay,  Lorillard  (102),  Haddonfield  (183)  ;  Marshalltown  clay- 
marl,  near  Swedesboro  (179);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(130)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  I474),  Freehold 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Texas. 

Pecten  conradi  (Whitfield). 
Plate  L.,  Figs.  1-4. 

1868.  Pecten  simplicus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725   (not 

Pecten  simplicius  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.. 
2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  pp.  283-284,  pi.  46,  fig.  44.) 

1869.  Sinsyclonema   ?  simplica  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol. 

5,  P-  99,  PL  9,  %•  20. 
1886.     Amusium  Conradi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   I    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  52,  pi.  7,  figs.  8-10. 
1905.     Pecten   conradi   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  seldom  exceeding  half  an  inch  in 
height ;  erect-ovate,  becoming  more  elongate  proportionally  with 


MOLLUSCA.  475 

increased  growth.  Valves  slightly  convex.  Hinge  short,  from 
half  to>  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  body  of  the  shell, 
strongly  and  distinctly  auriculated.  Beaks  of  the  valves  small 
and  pointed,  and  the  cardinal  slopes  long,  straight  or  slightly 
concave,  extending  to  near  the  point  of  greatest  width  of  the 
body  of  the  shell.  Left  valve  smooth  or  but  faintly  marked  by 
fine  concentric  lines,  and  a  few  (five  or  six)  very  faint  radii. 
Ears  smaller  than  in  the  opposite  valve,  both  sloping  toward  the 
beak  on  the  outer  margin.  Right  valve  marked  with  crowded 
concentric  folds  or  elevated  lines;  also  by  five  or  six  radiating 
lines;  not  always  present.  On  most  specimens  there  are  dis- 
tinctly rounded  concentric  folds  or  varices,  but  on  some  they 
are  thin,  sharp  lines;  always  more  crowded  and  usually  finer 
toward  the  front,  in  adult  specimens.  Ears  very  distinct;  that  of 
the  posterior  side  sloping  toward  the  beak  and  the  anterior  one 
rounded  at  the  extremity  and  deeply  notched."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  not  uncommon  in  both  the  Mer- 
chantville  and  Woodbury  formations.  It  is  especially  abundant 
in  the  Woodbury  at  Lorillard,  but,  like  so  many  of  the  species 
from  that  locality,  it  grows  to  a  much  larger  size  than  elsewhere ; 
the  average  size  of  the  individuals  from  there  is  not  far  from  15 
mm.  in  height,  while  the  largest  ones  are  17  mm.  or  more.  The 
types  of  the  species  illustrated  by  Whitfield  are  9  and  10  mm.  in 
height,  and  he  states  that  it  seldom  exceeds  "half  an  inch  in 
height"  (12.5  mm.);  the  specimens  from  other  localities  than 
Lorillard  agree  with  this  statement.  As  noted  by  Whitfield,  the 
species  is  a  close  ally  of  Pecten  simplicum  Con.,  and  the  New  Jer- 
sey specimens  have  frequently  been  identified  with  that  species. 
It  differs  especially  from  that  species,  however,  in  the  conspicu- 
ous concentric  markings  which  are  always  present  upon  the  left 
valve  at  least.  The  larger  specimens  of  the  species  from  Loril- 
lard somewhat  resemble  the  young  of  Pecten  burlingtonensis 
Gabb,  but -the  concentric  bands  are  narrower  and  do  not  con- 
tinue across  the  auriculations  as  in  that  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mercharitville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  141),  Merchantville  (162), 
Lenola  (163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan 


476      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

(103),  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (164,  168,  183); 
Navesink  marl  (rare),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Mullica 
Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pecten  quinquenaria  Conrad. 
Plate  L.,  Figs.  10-13. 

1853.     Pecten  quinquenaria  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,. 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  275,  pi.  24,  fig.  10. 
1861.     Neithea  quinquenaria  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p, 

204  (148). 
1864.     Neithea  quinquenaria  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 
1886.     Pecten  quinquenarius  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  47,  pi.  7,  figs.  13-16. 
1905.     Pecten  quinquenaria  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  P-  II- 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  slightly  oval  trans- 
versely; in  outline  a  little  wider  than  high.  Valves  plano-convex 
in  profile  when  united.  Hinge  line  much  shorter  than  the  width 
of  the  shell  below.  Ears  large,  slightly  unequal ;  that  of  the  flat 
valve  (right)  somewhat  sinuate  on  the  anterior  side.  Cardinal 
slope  of  the  valves  somewhat  concave  between  the  beaks  and  the 
lateral  margins  of  the  body  of  the  shell.  Surface  of  the  valves 
marked  by  strong,  wide,  rounded,  radiating1  ribs,  about  five  on 
the  flat  valve  and  six  on  the  convex  valve.  On  the  convex  valve, 
as  shown  upon  the  impression  left  in  the  fine  blue  marl,  there 
have  been  fine,  even,  and  closely  arranged  concentric  lines  cross- 
ing the  folds  and  passing  up  over  the  auriculations ;  in  fact, 
covering  the  entire  surface  of  the  valve.  The  opposite  flat  valve 
has  not  been  marked  by  concentric  lines,  as  was  the  convex  valve, 
the  surface  of  the  cast,  both  inside  and  outside  impressions,  being 
apparently  smooth.  No  remains  of  radiating  lines  on  the  folds 
can  be  seen."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  in  abundance  in  the  Wenonah 
sand  just  beneath  the  base  of  the  Navesink  marl  at  a  locality 
near  Miarlboro.  Whitfield  reports  the  species  from  the  base  of 


MOLLUSCA.  477 

the  Navesink  in  G.  C.  Schanck's  pits  near  Marlboro,  a  locality 
less  than  one- fourth  of  a  mile  from  that  which  has  furnished  the 
Survey  material.  The  species  has  been  detected  at  but  one 
locality  in  the  Navesink,  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey. 
It  is  probable  that  Whitfield's  specimens  were  from  the  top  of 
the  Wenonah  rather  than  from  the  base  of  the  Navesink,  since 
the  Wenonah  was  exposed  in  the  marl  pits  mentioned,  and  many 
species  were  described  from  that  horizon  at  that  locality  are 
now  known  to  belong  in  the  Wenonah  fauna. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(130)  ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Red  Bank  (120). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Pecten  parvus  (Whitfield). 
Plate  L.,  Figs.  5-6. 

1886.     Camptonectes    parvus    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    I 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  55,  pi.  8,  figs.  1-2. 

Description. — "Shell  quite  small,  the  only  specimen  observed 
measuring  only  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch  in  height.  Outline 
subcircular  and  (the  left  valve)  convex,  moderately  elevated  on 
the  umbo  and  somewhat  regularly  declining  in  convexity,  toward 
the  front ;  anterior  auriculation  proportionally  large  and  vertically 
striated  with  lamellose  striae  parallel  to  the  anterior  margin.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  polished  and  marked  with  numerous  interrupted 
impressed  striae,  the  spaces  between  the  striae  being  flattened  and 
crossed  by  very  faint  lines  of  growth."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — Whitfield  reports  having  seen  but  a  single  speci- 
men of  this  small  species,  and  no  further  examples  have  come  to 
light  in  the  more  recent  collections  of  the  survey.  The  type  is 
probably  from  some  portion  of  the  Navesink  marl,  although  the 
horizon  cannot  be  determined  with  any  great  degree  of  certainty. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl  ?,  Freehold  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


478      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Pecten  craticulus  Morton. 
Plate  L.,  Figs.  15-16. 

1833.  Pecten  craticula  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 

P-  293. 

1834.  Pecten  craticula  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S,  p.  57- 
1 86 1.     Pecten  craticula  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  214 

(158). 
1864.     Pecten  craticula  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Pecten  craticula  Con.  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Pecten  (Chlamys)  craticulus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  49,  pi.  7,  figs.  17-18. 
1905.     Pecten   craticula   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  ii. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  described  by  Morton  from  a  frag- 
ment of  a  shell  said  to  have  been  collected  by  Conrad  at  Arney- 
town,  New  Jersey.  The  type  specimen  was  illustrated  by  Whit- 
field,  but  the  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collec- 
tions of  the  Survey.  If  the  recorded  locality  of  the  species  is 
correct  it  probably  came  from  the  Navesink  marl.  Whitfield  also 
mentions  having  seen  similar  fragments  labeled  Vincentown, 
New  Jersey,  which,  if  the  identification  and  locality  are  correct, 
would  indicate  a  much  higher  horizon. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl  ?,  Arneytown  (Mor- 
ton). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pecten  venustus  Morton. 

Plate  LI.,  Figs.  1-5. 

1833.  Pecten  venustus  Morton,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

23,  P-  293,  P1-  5.  %•  7- 

1834.  Pecten  venustus  Morton,   Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S,  p.  58,  pi.  5,  %  7- 


MDLLUSCA.  479 

1 86 1.     Pecten  venustus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  217 

(161). 
1864.     Pecten  venustus  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.   Foss.   N.   A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Pecten  venustus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1886.     Pecten  venustus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  45,  pi.  7,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Pecten  venustus  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  ii. 

Description. — "Shell  quite  small,  seldom  attaining  a  height  of 
more  than  five-eighths  of  an  inch,  and  not  commonly  of 
more  than  half  an  inch.  Form  nearly  circular  below  the  ears 
and  a  little  straightened  on  the  cardinal  slopes.  Valves  convex, 
slightly  inequivalve  and  erect,  or  not  perceptibly  inequilateral. 
Cardinal  line  about  half  as  long  as  the  greatest  width  of  the 
valves,  which  is  a  very  trifle  less  than  the  height.  Auricula- 
tions  very  unequal,  distinctly  separated  from  the  body  of  the 
shell.  The  posterior  one  is  quite  small  and  alike  in  each  valve; 
anterior  large,  ribbed  on  each  valve,  and  provided  with  a  mod- 
erately distinct  notch  below  in  the  right  one.  Right  valve  most 
convex,  marked  by  17  to  19  elevated  radiating  ribs,  which  are 
somewhat  flattened  on  the  top  and  are  marked  by  fine  trans- 
verse striae.  Interspaces  narrow  and  deep.  Many  of  the  ribs 
of  this  valve  become  duplicate  below  the  middle  of  the  valve. 
Left  valve  depressed,  convex,  with  narrow,  sharply-elevated 
ribs,  which  are  separated  by  much  wider  interspaces,  arid  are 
marked  by  comparatively  distant  elevated  rugae.  Many  of  the 
wider  interspaces  have  a  thinner  and  smaller  rib  along  their 
middle  below  the  center  of  the  valve,  corresponding  to  the  dupli- 
cated ribs  of  the  opposite  valve. 

On  the  interior  of  the  valves  the  ribs  are  distinctly  marked, 
but  much  more  strongly  so  along  the  margin  of  the  shell.  Cardi- 
nal line  marked  by  a  single  ridge  on  each  side  of  the  center  nearly 
parallel  to  the  hinge-line  in  the  left  valve;,  with  corresponding 
grooves  in  the  right.  Ligamental  pit  well  marked."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  is  one  of  the  smaller  species  of  Pecten  recog- 
nized in  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New  Jersey,  and  is  a  common 


48o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

member  of  the  Navesink  and  Red  Bank  faunas.  Whitfield  men- 
tions Burlington  as  one  of  the  localities  for  the  species,  which 
would  indicate  a  lower  horizon,  but  it  has  not  been  met  with  in 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  anywhere  below  the  Nave- 
sink  except  one  occurrence  in  the  Marshalltown.  It  is  quite  prob- 
able that  the  locality  recorded  with  Whitfield' s  Burlington  speci- 
men was  intended  for  Burlington  County,  as  many  specimens  in 
the  Philadelphia  Academy  collections  are  so  labeled,  and  in  that 
case  the  specimen  doubtless  came  from  the  Navesink. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (179)  ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford  (149),  near 
Crawfords  Corners  (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i283,  127),  Marl- 
boro (131),  near  Freehold  (133),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  195), 
Mullica  Hill  (169);  Red  Bank  Sand,  Red  Bank  (116,  123), 
Shrewsbury  River  (119);  Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls  (no), 
Beers  Hill  cut  (i295),  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pecten   simplicius  Conrad. 
Plate  LI.,  Fig.  6. 

1860.  Pecten  simplicius  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  283,  pi.  46,  fig.  44. 

1861.  Pecten  simplicius  Gabb,   Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,   p. 

216  (160). 
1864.     Sincydonemai  ?  simplicus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Pecten  simplicus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1876.     Sincyclonema  simplicius  Gabb,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.   (1876),  p.  319. 
1886.     Amusium  simplicum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  51,  pi.  7,  figs.  11-12. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  barely  half  an  inch  in  extreme 
height,  and  of  equal  width;  discoid  or  very  depressed  convex, 
nearly  or  quite  equilateral ;  margins  of  the  shell  somewhat  regu- 
larly rounded;  hinge-line  a  little  less  than  half  the  width  of  the 
shell,  and  slightly  rising  from  the  center  toward  the  extremi- 
ties. Auriculations  moderately  large,  the  anterior  side  largest, 


MOLLUSCA.  481 

slightly  rounded  on  me  outer  margin  and  forming  a  slight  byssal 
notch  at  its  junction  with  the  body  o<f  the  shell  on  the  right 
valve.  Cardinal  slopes  on  the  right  valve  straight  to  near  the 
point  of  greatest  width  of  the  valve,  and  forming  an  angle  of 
about  fifty  to  fifty-five  degrees  with  each  other  and  very  strongly 
impressed.  Beak  small  and  pointed.  On  the  left  valve  the 
posterior  ear  is  the  smallest  of  the  two,  and  the  cardinal  slopes 
less  strongly  marked,  not  so  straight,  and  extend  down  the 
valve  not  so  far  as  on  the  opposite  valve.  Surface  of  the  valves 
smooth  and  shining  to  the  naked  eye,  but  under  a  lens  is  seen 
to  be  marked  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  on  the  left 
valve  by  faint,  incipient,  radiating  lines."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — Whitfield' s  description  quoted  above,  is  drawn 
from  Alabama  specimens  of  this  species,  all  the  New  Jersey 
material  at  his  disposal  being  "too1  imperfect  for  illustration." 
The  species  is  also-  extremely  rare  in  the  more  recent  collections 
of  the  Survey,  nearly  all  the  shells  of  this  type  being  marked 
with  conspicuous  concentric  lines,  which  have  been  made  the 
chief  characteristics  of  the  species  Pecten  conradi  Whitf.  A  few 
individuals  of  a  small  Pecten  from  the  Tinton  beds,  however, 
the  largest  of  which  does  not  exceed  10  mm.  in  height,  seem  to 
be  characterized  in  the  impressions  of  the  external  surface,  by 
their  perfectly  smooth  shells,  and  have  been  identified  with  Con- 
rad's species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown 
(112),  Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls  (no),  Beers  Hill  cut  (i295), 
near  Freehold  ( 1 32 ) . 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Arkansas,  Texas. 

Genus  N£ITHE;A  Drouet. 

Neithea  quinquecostata  (Sowerby). 

Plate  LI.,  Figs.  7-12. 
1814.     Pecten  quinquecostata  Sow.,  Min.  Conch.,  vol.  I,  p.  122, 

pi.  56,  figs.  4-8. 

1830.     Pecten  quinquecostatus  Morton,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser., 
vol.  17,  p.  285,  vol.  18,  pi.  3,  fig.  5. 
31  PAI, 


482      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1834.     Pecten  quinqitecostatus  Mort.,  Synbp.  Org.  Rem.  Cret, 

Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  57,  pi.  19,  fig.  i. 
1838.     Pecten  quinqucco  status  Bronn,  Lethaea  Geog.,   Zweiter 

Band,  pp.  678-680,  taf.  30,  fig.  17. 

1849.  Pectetit  qvadricosfatus  Roem.,  Texas,  p.  398. 

1850.  Janira  mortonii  d'Orb.,  Prod.  Paleon.  Strat.,  vol.  2,  p. 

253- 

1852.     Pecten  quadricostatus  Roem.,  Kreide  von  Texas,  p.  64. 
1852.     Pecten  quadricostatus  var.  Roem.,  Kreide  von  Texas,  p. 

64,  pi.  8,  figs.  4a-c. 
1854.     Pecten  quadrico  status  Shum.,  Marcy's  Expl.  Red  River 

La.,  p.  178,  pi.  2,  figs.  2a-b,  pi.  3,  fig.  6. 
1861.     Neithea   mortonii   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  P-  365- 
1861.     Neithea  mortonii  Gabb,   Synop.   Moll.   Cret.   Form.,  p. 

i 88  (132). 
1864.     Neithea  mortoni  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.   Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Neithea  mortoni  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 
1870.     Pecten  quadricostatws  Credner,  Zeitsch.  Deutsch.  Geol.. 

Ges.,  Bd.  22,  p.  232. 
1886.     Neithea    quinqu^costata    Whitf.,     Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.     i 

(Monog.  -U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  56,  pi.  8,  figs.  12-14, 

Description. — "Shell  broadly  ovate  exclusive  of  the  auricula- 
tions,  and  plano-convex  to  concavo-convex  in  profile,  right  valve 
strongly  convex,  with  a  sharp,  arching,  and  incurved  beak  ex- 
tending beyond  and  partially  overarching  the  hinge-line;  hinge- 
line  straight  or  nearly  so,  slightly  declining  on  the  anterior  side;, 
nearly  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  entire  width  of  the  shell ;  auricu- 
lations  moderate  in  size,  .the  anterior  one  the  smallest  and  con- 
stricted below  where  it  joins  the  body  of  the  shell,  forming  a 
slight  byssal  notch;  posterior  side  triangular,  longest  at  the 
hinge-line  and  receding  below.  Sides  of  the  valve,  where  it  joins 
the  auriculations  strongly  incurved  laterally,  so  as  to  cause  the 
sides  to  overhang.  Valve  marked  by  six  strong,  rounded,  prin- 
cipal radiating  costse,  with  from  two  to  four  smaller  ones  be- 


MOLLUSCA.  483 

tween.  These  are  usually  distributed  in  the  following  manner: 
three  between  the  two  anterior  strong  ones;  three  or  four  be- 
tween the  two  antero-basal  and  median  ones;  three  usually  be- 
tween the  postero-basal  pair,  and  usually  two  only  between  the 
posterior  pair.  There  are  also  three  or  four  anterior  to  the  first 
strong  ray,  and  from  four  to  six  on  the  area  posterior  to  the 
last  principal  ray.  The  auriculations  are  also  rayed,  unequally 
on  the  opposite  sides,  the  posterior  one  most  strongly.  The 
characters  of  the  flat  or  left  valve  have  not  been  observed  on  the 
New  Jersey  specimens.  The  casts,  the  only  condition  in  which 
I  have  seen  them  from  within  the  State,  show  evidence  of  mod- 
erately strong  concentric  lines  crossing  the  rays  and  intermediate 
portions  of  the  shell."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — The  secondary  ribs  between  the  six  larger  ones 
shows  considerable  variation  in  the  different  individuals  of  this 
species,  but  Whitfield  was  doubtless  correct  in  his  reference  of  all 
the  specimens  to  a  single  species.  In  1850  D'Orbigny  proposed 
the  specific  name  mortoni  for  this  American  form  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  several  authors,  but  that  species  seems  to  have  been 
founded  upon  insufficient  characters,  and  in  this  place  we  fol- 
low Whitfield  in  considering  the  American  specimens  to  be 
identical  with  the  common  European  one. 

The  species  occurs  at  various  horizons  in  the  New  Jersey  Cret- 
aceous, but  is  especially  abundant  in  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl 
near  Swedesboro,  where  excellent  specimens  with  the  shells  pre- 
served occur.  The  shells  do  not  grow  so  large,  however,  in  the 
Swedesboro  locality,  as  the  example  illustrated  by  Whitfield,  it 
being  a  rare  occurrence  to  collect  a  shell  exceeding  40  mm.  in 
length.  Some  incomplete  specimens  of  the  flat  valve  from  the 
Navesink  marl  on  Crosswicks  Creek  north  of  New  Egypt,  how- 
ever, must  have  been  fully  as  large  as  the  larger  specimen  illus- 
trated by  Whitfield,  65  mm.  in  length.  The  Merchantville  clay- 
marl  specimens  more  nearly  agree  with  the  Swedesboro  specimens 
in  size. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101),  Lenola  (163),  Burlington  (Whitfield);  Marshall- 
town  clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177,  179,  180)  ;  Navesink 


484      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108.),  Crosswicks  Creek  (147),  Mull- 
ica  Hill  (169),  Holmdel  and  Freehold  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas. 

Family  SPONDYLIDAB. 

Genus  PUCATULA  Lamark. 

Plicatula  urticosa  (Morton). 

Plate  LI  I,  Figs.  1-2. 

1833.  Ostrea  urticosa  Mort,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 

P-  293,  vol.  24,  pi.  10,  fig.  2. 

1834.  Plicatula  urticosa  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  62,  pi.  10,  fig.  2. 
1861.     Plicatula  urticosa  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

225  (169). 
1864.     Plicatula  urticosa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Plicatula  urticosa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1886.     Plicatula  urticosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  61,  pi.  9,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Plicatula  urticosa  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 

Description. — "Shell  irregularly  oval  in  outline  and  obliquely 
curved,  biconvex  or  plano-convex,  marked  by  strong,  somewhat 
angular  radiating  and  bifurcating  plications,  usually  much 
stronger  and  less  numerous  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  valve, 
and  crossed  by  strong  projecting  concentric  lamella,  which  are 
elevated  and  often  form  thin,  flat  spines  on  the  crest  of  the  radi- 
ating plications  of  greater  or  less  length,  which  give  a  very  rough 
and  spiney  surface  to  the  shell,  resembling  that  of  Spondylus. 
Muscular  impression  moderate;  teeth  not  observed."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  abundantly  in 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey.  It  differs  from  that  form 
described  in  the  present  report  as  P.  mullicanensis  in  its  more 
irregular  form  and  in  its  much  more  rugose  markings. 


MOLLUSCA.  485 

Formation    and    locality. — Navesink    marl,    near    Walnford 
(H81,  I482),  Holmdel  and  Freehold  (Whitfield). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Plicatula  mullicaensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LIL,  Figs.  3-5. 

Description. — Shell  obliquely  ovate.  The  upper  valve  de- 
pressed-convex, marked  by  radiating  costse  and  concentric  lines 
of  growth,  at  the  junction  of  which  the  radiating  costse  are  pro- 
duced into  short  spines. 

The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen  are :  total  length,  30 
mm. ;  width,  22  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  abundant  at  Mullica  Hill  and  has 
usually  been  identified  as  P.  urticosa.  It  differs  from  that 
species,  however,  in  its  much  more  regular  outline  and  in  its 
much  finer  surface  markings.  Only  the  upper  valves  of  the 
species  have  been  observed,  but  these  seem  to  be  more  uniform 
in  their  characters  than  is  usual  for  members  of  this  genus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Plicatula  woodburyensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LIT,  Figs.  8-9. 

Description. — Upper  valve  subovate  in  outline,  only  slightly 
oblique,  moderately  convex  on  the  umbo,  the  remainder  of  the 
valve  nearly  flat.  Marked  by  more  or  less  alternating  radiating 
costse  which  are  nearly  obsolete  upon  the  umbonal  portion,  be- 
coming regularly  stronger  towards  the  margin,  those  in  front 
and  behind  the  umbo  curving  strongly  upward,  the  costae  ele- 
vated at  intervals  into  small,  short  spines  directed  at  nearly 
right  angles  to  the  surface  of  the  shell.  Lower  valve  not  known. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  height,  28.5  mm.; 
width,  26  mm. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


486      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  SPONDYLUS  Linneus. 

Spondylus  gregalis  (Morton). 

Plate  LIIL,  Figs.  1-3. 

1833.  Plagiostoma  gregalis  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  ist  ser.,  vol. 

23,  p.  292,  pi.  5,  fig.  6. 

1834.  Plagiostoma  gregale  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  60,  pi.  5,  fig.  6. 
1861.     Spondylus  gregalis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

227  (171). 
1864.     Spondylus  gregalis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Oret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Spondylus  gregalis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1886.     Spondylus.  gregalis  Whitf.  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  57,  pi.  9,  figs.  11-12,  pi.  10, 

figs.  1-2. 

1905.     Spondylus  gregale  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
,  P-  12. 


Description*  —  "Shell  rather  above  medium  size  when  fully 
grown,  and  generally  ovate  in  form,  with  the  lower  or  attached 
valve  somewhat  the  deepest.  Cardinal  area  large,  but  short, 
much  extended  and  flattened  on  the  surface;  transversely  striated 
and  with  a  narrow  linear  groove  through  the  middle;  teeth 
strong.  Surface  of  the  lower  valve  strongly  lamellose  on  the 
free  portions;  the  attachment  apparently  being  only  small  and 
near  the  apex;  between  the  lamella,  which  are  elevated,  the  sur- 
face shows  indistinct  radiations,  which  on  the  interior  are  quite 
distinctly  marked  and  flexuose,  and  are  comparatively  fine.  The 
upper  valve  not  observed,  except  as  shown  on  casts  of  the  in- 
terior. In.  this  condition  it  is  shown  to>  have  been  only  very 
moderately  convex  at  the  apical  portions,  and  to  have  been  flat- 
tened or  but  very  slightly  convex  toward  the  front,  with  the 
surface  radiated  as  in  the  case  of  the  lower  valve,  but  whether 
the  exterior  has  been  lamellose  or  only  simply  radiated  I  have 
not  been  able  to  ascertain."  (Whitfield.) 


MOLLUSCA.  487 

The  dimensions  of  the  large  lower  valve  figured  by  Whitfield 
are:  length,  95  mm.;  width,  about  55  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  seems  to  be  of  rather  rare  occurrence 
as  only  fragments  have  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections 
of  the  Survey.  All  the  specimens  on  record  seem  to  have  come 
from  the  Navesink  marl. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords 
Corners  (i267),  near  Walnford  (i482),  Cross  wicks  Creek 
(195),  Upper  Freehold  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  DIANCHORA  Sowerby. 

Dianchora  echinata  (Morton). 
Plate  LI IL,  Figs.  4-6.     Plate  LIV.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1835.     Plagiostoma  echinatum  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S.,  Add.  Obs.,  iv. 
I§53.     Spondylus  capax  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  274,  pi.  24,  fig.  8. 
1864.     Spondylus  echinatus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Spondylus  echinatus  Con.,'  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1886.     Dianchora  echinata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  59,  pi.  10,  figs  3-9. 
1905.     Dianchora  echinata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 

Description. — "Shell  below  medium  size,  subcircular  or  very 
broad-ovate  in  general  outline,  and  with  a  very  highly  convex  or 
gibbous  free  valve.  Lower  valve  fixed  to  foreign  substances,  and 
often  by  nearly  its  entire  surface,  and  conforming  in  depth  to  the 
surface  to  which  it  is  affixed,  or  nearly  so.  Or  when  more  con- 
cave the  space  between  the  margin  of  the  shell  and  the  object 
to  .which  it  is  attached  is  filled  up  with  shelly  matter  formed  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  spines  of  the  valves.  The  cardinal  por- 
tion of  the  valve  is  open,  forming  a  broad  triangular  foramen 
the  entire  width  of  the  valve  at  this  point,  the  margins  of  the 


488      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

foramen  being  sharp,  no  hinge-teeth  or  cardinal  area  existing. 
The  interior  of  the  valve  is  strongly  marked  by  moderately  fine 
striae  or  ribs,  which  are  flattened  on  their  surfaces ;  muscular  im- 
prints not  observable.  Upper  valve  very  ventricose  and  strongly 
arcuate,  the  beak  thin  and  sharply  incurved.  Hinge  open  as  in 
the  lower  valve,  the  cardinal  angles  spread  outward  in  the  form 
of  auriculations  to  meet  those  of  the  opposite  valve.  The  sides 
of  the  valve  are  sharply  bent  inward  on  a  line  from  the  beak  to 
the  point  of  greatest  width,  forming  a  hiatus  on  each  side  between 
the  body  of  the  valve  and  the  auriculation,  as  in  the  genus  Janira. 
Surface  of  the  valve  marked  by  strong,  closely  compact,  radiating 
ribs ;  every  fifth  or  sixth  one  of  which  is  stronger  than  the  others, 
and  bears  short,  sharp,  curved  spines,  some  of  which  are  nearly 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  long,  while  the  others  are  only  rugose  from 
the  concentric  lamella  which  cross  them.  On  the  depressed  spaces 
on  the  sides  of  the  valve  there  are  no  radii,  the  concentric  lines 
only  being  present.  Substance  of  the  shell  thin  in  the  cardinal 
portions  and  much  thickened  toward  the  front.  Interior  of  the 
valve  marked  by  the  radii,  and  the  thickened  front  margin 
strongly  crenulate."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  rare  form  restricted  to  the  Nave- 
sink  fauna,  the  lower  valves  usually  being  attached  to  the  interior 
surface  of  the  shells  of  Gryphaea  cowvexa.  At  Mullica  Hill 
the  casts  of  this  species  have  been  observed  more  commonly 
than  at  any  other  locality.  The  upper  free  valve  does  not  always 
have  the  larger,  spine-bearing  ribs  so  conspicuously  developed 
as  in  the  type  of  the  species  illustrated  by  Whitfield.  In  some 
specimens  the  ribs  are  of  essentially  uniform  size  throughout,  and 
in  others  the  larger  ones  are  only  moderately  developed.  The 
type  specimen  seems  to  be  rather  exceptional  in  its  conspicuous 
development  of  the  larger  ribs. 

Formation  cmd  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Middletown  (ii32). 
near  Holmdel  (i283),  Mullica  Hill  (169),  Holmdel  and  Free- 
hold (Whitfield);  Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls  (no). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  489 

Genus  LIROSCAPHA  Conrad. 
Liroscapha  squamosa  Conrad. 

Plate  LIT,  Figs.  6-7. 

1869.     Liroscapha  squamosa  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 

100,  pi.  9,  fig.  23. 
1905.     Liroscapha  squamosa  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 

Description. — Shell  subelliptical  in  outline,  pointed  at  the  beak, 
rounded  at  the  opposite  extremity,  the  sides  nearly  straight  and 
parallel.  The  upper  valve  rather  strongly  convex,  marked  by 
unequal,  radiating,  squamose  or  spinulose  costse. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  length,  15  mm.; 
width,  7.5  mm. 

Remarks. — In  describing  this  species  as  the  type  of  the  new 
genus  Liroscapha,  Conrad  expressed  some  doubt  as  to  its  true 
relations,  expressing  the  possibility  of  its  being  a  univalve.  The 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey  have  brought  no  additional  speci- 
mens to  light  and  nothing  can  be  added  at  this  time  to  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family   LIMIDAE. 

Genus  LIMA  Brugiere. 

Lima  pelagica  (Morton). 

Plate  LIV.,  Fig.  7. 

1833.  Plagiostoma  pelagica  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

23,  P-  293,  Pi-  5,  %•  2- 

1834.  Plagiostoma  pelagicum  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret. 
.      Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  61,  pi.  5,  fig.  2. 

1861.     Ctenoides  pelagica  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

171  (114). 
1860.     Ctenoides  pelagica  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  276. 


490      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Lima  pelagica  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret 

and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

1868.     Radula  pelagica  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1886.     Radula  pelagica  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  61,  pi.  9,  figs.  3  and  5  (not  fig.  4). 
1905.     Lima  pelagica  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  12. 

Description. — Shell,  in  large  examples,  attaining  a  height  of  33 
mm.,  a  width  of  25.5  mm.,  and  a  thickness  of  about  21.5  mm.; 
oblique  subovate  in  outline,  the  valves  not  gaping  posteriorly. 
The  hinge-line  straight,  its  length  about  one-third  of  the  greatest 
length  of  the  shell,  the  hinge  area  of  moderate  height,  with  a 
large  central  cartilage  pit,  hinge  edentulous ;  beaks  at  about  the 
center  of  the  hinge-line,  auriculations  small,  nearly  equal.  The 
valves  strongly  convex  and  marked  by  about  25  strong,  sub- 
angular  or  rounded  plications,  and  usually  with  a  minute,  ele- 
vated rib  in  the  bottom  of  each  interspace;  fine  concentric  lines 
of  growth,  with  sometimes  an  occasional  stronger  one,  also  mark 
the  entire  surface  of  the  shell. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  common  member  of  the  Navesink  fauna, 
and,  besides  its  large  size,  it  is  characterized  by  the  presence  of 
the  minute  secondary  radiating  ribs  in  the  bottoms  of  the  inter- 
spaces between  the  primary  plications  of  the  shell,  and  by  the 
more  or  less  subangular  primary  ribs.  Whitfield  included  in 
this  species  the  shells  described  in  the  present  report  as  Lima 
zvhitfieldi,  in  which  the  secondary  ribs  are  wanting  and  in  which 
both  the  plications  and  interspaces  are  rounder.  In  general  form 
the  two  shells  are  essentially  identical,  and  in  the  internal  casts, 
the  condition  in  which  the  species  usually  occurs,  they  probably 
cannot  be  separated.  The  secondary  ribs  are  more  or  less  varia- 
ble in  the  degree  of  their  development  in  different  individuals,  and 
are  always  more  conspicuous  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  shell, 
sometimes  being  faintly  developed  or  entirely  absent  from  the 
central' and  posterior  portion. 

Morton  would  probably  have  included  both  of  these  forms  un- 
der his  species  R.  pelagica,  but  the  shells  to  which  the  name  is 
here  restricted  are  by  far  the  commonest  forms  of  the  genus  in 


MOLLUSCA.  491 

the  Navesink  marl,  and  Morton's  original  specimen  is  one  of 
these  shells. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ners (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (i474,  149),  near  Holmdel 
(i285),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  Mullica  Hill  (169),  Holmdel 
and  Freehold  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey 

Lima  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Plate  LIV.,  Fig.  8. 

1886.     Radula  pelagica  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  61,  pi.  9,  fig.  4  (not  figs.  3  and  5). 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
extreme  length,  25  mm.;  greatest  width,  21.5  mm. ;  length  of 
hinge-line,  8  mm. ;  convexity  of  one  valve,  7  mm.  In  general 
form  and  proportions  this  shell  is  essentially  identical  with  R. 
pelagica,  but  it  has  not  been  observed  to  attain  so  large  a  size  as 
that  species,  and  differs  fundamentally  in  the  character  of  the 
surface  markings.  In  this  species  the  plications  and  interspaces 
are  always  rounded  and  lack  entirely  the  secondary  riblets  which 
are  present  in  the  bottom  of  the  interspaces  in  R.  pelagica.  In 
addition  to  the  ribs  the  shell  is  entirely  covered  with  fine  con- 
centric markings. 

Remarks: — The  type  of  this  species  is  one  of  the  specimens 
which  Whitfield  illustrates  as  R.  pelagica.  The  specimen  has  the 
shell  well  preserved,  showing  all  the  surface  features,  as  well  as 
the  hinge;  it  is  preserved  in  a  rather  coarse  sand  cemented  with 
calcium  carbonate,  the  so-called  "limestone  nodules"  of  Whitfield, 
said  to  come  from  the  base  of  the  "lower  marl."  The  horizon  of 
these  calcareo-arenaceous  masses  as  observed  in  recent  field  work, 
is  near  the  very  base  of  the  Navesink,  or  in  the  uppermost  beds 
of  the  Wenonah.  A  few  other  specimens  from  the  Marshalltown 
clay-marl  are  referred  to  this  species,  although  they  differ  some- 
what from  the  type  in  having  narrower  interspaces  between  the 
ribs  and  in  having  stronger  concentric  markings. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Navesink  marl,  near  Holmdel  (Whitfield). 


492      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Lima  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LIV.,  Figs.  5-6. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
height,  27  mm. ;  width,  22  mm. ;  thickness,  about  16.5  mm.  Shell 
oblique,  subovate  in  outline;  valves  rather  strongly  convex, 
marked  by  30  to  35  strong  ribs,  those  on  the  central  portion  of 
the  shell  being  much  stronger  than  those  towards  the  lateral 
margins,  these  larger  ribs  are  subcarinate  on  top,  with  a  some- 
what conspicuous  shoulder  about  half-way  down  each  slope,  the 
interspaces  rounded  in  the  bottom  and  somewhat  broader  than 
the  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs  are  much  narrower,  lower  and  lack  the 
lateral  shoulders.  Entire  surface  marked  by  fine,  regular  con- 
centric lines. 

Remarks.', — The  type  and  only  specimen  of  this  species  seen 
is  a  somewhat  crushed  and  distorted  internal  cast  whose  exact 
form  and  proportions  cannot  be  determined,  and  a  portion  of 
the  impression  of  the  exterior  which  preserves  the  surface  mark- 
ings very  perfectly.  The  shell  apparently  has  much  the  same 
size  and  proportions  as  L.  whitfi.eldi,  but  its  distinguishing  char- 
acters are  to  be  found  in  the  surface  markings.  The  species 
somewhat  resembles  L.  squarrosa  Gabb,  from  Alabama,  but 
that  species  has  broader,  higher  and  more  square  ribs,  which 
are  not  carinate,  and  less  strongly  marked  concentric  lines. 

Formation  <md  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard   (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Lima  reticulata  Lyell  and  Forbes. 
Plate  LIV.,  Figs.  3-4. 

1845.     Lima  reticulata  L.  &  F.,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  Lond., 

vol.   i,  p.  62,  with  two  text  figures. 
1861.     Ctenoides  reticulata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Eorm.,  p. 

171   (114). 
1864.     Lima  reticulata  Meek,    Check  List  Inv.   Foss.    N.   A,, 

Cret  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 
1868.     Radula  reticulata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  725. 


MOLLUSCA.  493 

1886.     Radula  reticulata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  63,  pi.  9,  fig's.  8-9. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  moderately  oblique,  strongly 
ovate  and  inflated.  Hinge  short;  beaks  proportionately  strong 
and  projecting  beyond  the  cardinal  line.  Valves  nearly  equal; 
anterior  margin  straight  and  not  at  all  gaping;  auriculations 
small  but  distinct,  rectangular  or  very  slightly  pointed  at  their 
outer  angles,  Surface  radiately  ribbed,  those  of  the  anterior 
and  posterior  slopes  faintly  marked  or  obsolete,  ribs  (about 
30)  distinct,  with  five  or  more  indistinct  on  each  side;  sub- 
angular  on  the  middle  of  the  valves  and  rounded  toward  the 
sides,  crenulate  or  subspinose  on  the  larger  specimens  when  well 
preserved,  but  often  appearing  nearly  smooth.  Entire  surface 
marked  by  concentric  lines  which  give  a  roughened  surface  when 
perfect,  giving  the  reticulated  character  indicated  by  the  specific 
name."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  frequently  associated  with  L.  pelag- 
ica,  but  it  can  always  be  distinguished  from  it  by  reason  of  its 
smaller  size  and  its  much  finer  plications.  The  specimens  are 
usually  preserved  in  the  form  of  internal  casts  so  that  the  deli- 
cate concentric  surface  markings  cannot  be  detected,  but  upon 
some  specimens  from  the  Marshalltown  marl  near  Swedes- 
boro  the  shell  is  perfectly  preserved.  Whitfield  has  considered 
Lima  denticulicosta  Gabb  as  a  synonym  of  L.  reticulata.  In  this 
he  is  probably  in  error,  since  that  species  is  described  as  having 
"about  28  ribs,"  while  usually  as  many  as  40  may  be  easily  rec- 
ognized upon  specimens  of  R.  reticulata,  and  furthermore  the 
surface  markings  are  very  different  in  the  two  species. 

The  specimens  from  New  Jersey,  which  have  sometimes  been 
identified  as  Radula  acutilineata,  are  probably  members  of  this 
species.  No  specimens  agreeing  with  typical  individuals  of  L. 
acutilineata  have  come  under  the  observation  of  the  writer  dur- 
ing the  prosecution  of  the  present  work. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101),  Lenola  (163);  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i263);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  near  Red 


494      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Bank   (120),  near  Crawfords  Cbrners   (i267),  near  Walnford 
(i482),    Crosswicks    Creek     (149,     147*,     195),   Mullica    Hill 
(i692);  Red  Bank  sand,  Shrewsbury  River  (119),  Red  Bank 
(123)  ;  Tinton  beds,  near  Freehold  (132). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Lima  monmouthensis  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LIV.,  Fig.  9. 

1886.     Nucula    Monmouthensis    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  102,  pi.  n,  fig.  i. 

• 

( 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen 
being:  height,  12  mm.;  length,  n  mm.;  convexity  of  one  valve, 
3  mm.  Valves  oblique,  moderately  convex,  subovate  in  outline 
not  gaping ;  hinge-line  short,  arcuate,  edentulous ;  beaks  near 
the  center  o>f  the  hingle-line,  auriculations  absent.  Surface  of 
valves  marked  only  by  faint,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  little  shell  was  described  by  Whitfield  as  a 
member  of  the  genus  Nucula.  A  further  development  of  the 
type  specimen  has  shown  the  entire  absence  of  the  nuculoid 
hinge,  and  the  essential  agreement  of  the  shell  in  all  its  char- 
acters with  members  of  the  genus  Lima.  A  second  specimen 
in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  re- 
ferred to,  but  not  illustrated,  by  Whitfield  is  a  true  Nucula. 
The  species  differs  from  all  other  members,  of  the  genus  Lima 
recognized  in  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New  Jersey,  in  the 
absence  of  radiating  plications,  and  in  the  obsolesence  of  the 
auriculations. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  Marlboro  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Lima  sp.  undet. 

A  single  imperfect  specimen  of  what  seems  to  be  an 
undescribed  species  of  Lima  occurs  in  the  Survey  collec- 
tion from  the  arenaceous  Navesink  bed  at  Mullica  Hill.  When 


MOLLUSCA.  495 

complete  it  must  have  had  much  the  form  and  proportions  of 
L.  pelagica,  with  a  height  of  about  30  mm.  It  differs,  however, 
from  all  other  members  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas, 
in  the  smaller  number  of  radiating  ribs,  there  being  only  12 
or  13  in  all,  two  or  three  of  these  upon  the  posterior  slope  being 
very  faint;  the  interspaces  between  the  ribs  are  much  broader 
than  the  ribs  themselves. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink.  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PI.AGIOSTOMA  Sowerby. 

Plagiostoma  erecta  (WMtfield). 

Plate  LIV.,  Fig.  10. 

1886.     Dosinia  ?  erecta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  162,  pi.  1 8,  fig.  17  ( ?i8-2o). 

Description. — Shell  very  thin,  depressed  convex,  subcircular 
in  outline,  a  little  longer  than  high,  in  large  examples  attaining 
a  length  of  25  mm.,  a  height  of  22.5  mm.  and  convexity  of  4.5 
mm.  Beaks  nearly  erect,  situated  back  of  the  middle  of  the 
valves,  antero-cardinal  margin  deeply  inflected  to  form  an  exca- 
vated escutcheon,  back  of  the  beaks  the  shell  is  compressed 
and  produced  into  a  small  triangular  auriculation ;  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  hinge-line  meeting  the  anterior  shell  margin 
in  a  slightly  obtuse  angle.  The  posterior  margin  slightly  sinu- 
ate above  from  the  hinge  extremity  to  below  the  base  of  the 
auriculation ;  beyond  this  point  the  margin  describes  a  nearly 
circular  curve  to  the  posterior  hinge  extremity.  The  surface 
smooth  and  shining,  marked  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  established  by  Whitfield  "en- 
tirely from  the  external  appearances  of  a  few  shells  destitute 
of  the  most  of  the  cardinal  portions,  and  one  internal  cast,  on 
which  the  markings  are  so  faint  as  not  to  be  considered  reli- 
able," and  was  referred  to  the  genus  Dosinia:  The  internal  cast 
mentioned  by  Whitfield  may  belong  to  the  same  species  as  the 
specimens  preserving  the  shells,  but  it  is  not  possible  to  affirm 


496      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

this  with  any  certainty,  and  the  specimens  preserving  the  shells 
will  be  considered  as  the  types  of  the  species.  These  specimens 
are  two  in  number  from  Marshalltown,  N.  J.,  and  they  undoubt- 
edly came  from  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl.  Several  additional 
specimens  of  the  same  form  are  preserved  in  the  more  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey  from  the  same  formation  near  Swedes- 
boro,  and  these,  with  some  others  from  the  Navesink  marl,  pre- 
sent additional  features  of  the  shell  not  seen  by  Whitfield,  which 
show  the  species  to  be  a  member  of  the  genus  Plagiostoma. 
Whitfield's  figure  of  the  specimen  preserving  the  shell  (fig.  17), 
.  either  was  considerably  restored  in  the  drawing,  or  the  specimen 
has  been  injured  since  he  studied  it.  This  specimen  does  not 
retain  the  posterior  auriculation  of  the  shell,  although  after 
observing  it  in  other  individuals,  it  may  be  seen  that  it  was 
originally  present  in  this  type.  The  species  may  be  compared 
with  P.  hoperi  Mant.,  from  the  upper  chalk  of  England.1 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Whitfield),  near  Swedesboro  (177,  179,  180)  ;  Navesink 
marl,  near  Crawfords  Corners  (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i283), 
Cross  wicks  Creek  (149). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  ANOMIACEA. 

Family  ANOMIIDAE. 
Genus  ANOMIA  Linneus. 

Anomia  argentaria  Morton. 
Plate  LIV.,  Figs.  11-15. 

1833.     Anomia  argentaria  Mort,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

23,  P-  293,  pl-  5,  fig-  10. 

1833.  Anomia  tellinoides  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

23,  p.  294,  pl.  5,  fig.  ii. 

1834.  Anomia  argentaria  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  61,  pl.  5,  fig.  10. 


Woods,  Monog.  Cret.  Lam.  Eng.,  vol.  2,  pt.  i,  p.  17,  pl.  4,  figs.  7-12. 


MOLLUSCA.  497 

1834.     Anomia  tellinoides  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  61,  pi.  5,  fig.  ii. 
1858.     Anomia  sellcsformis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  330,  pi.  34,  fig.  6. 
1861.     Anomia  argentaria  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

150  (94). 

1861.     Anomia  tellinoides  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p, 

151  (95). 

1864.     Anomia  argentaria  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.> 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 
1864.     Anomia  tellinoides  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret   and   Jur.,    p,    7. 
1866.     Diploschiza  cretacea*  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  2,  p. 

77- 

1868.     Anomia  argentaria^  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1868.     Anomia  tellinoides  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 

1875.  Anomia  argentaria  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.  A., 

P-  13- 

1876.  Anomia  argentaria  Gabb.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  319. 
1886.     Anomia  argentaria  Whitf.  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  42,  pi.  4,  figs.  10-1 1  (not  fig.  9= 

Ostrea  plumosa), 
1886.     Anomia  tellinoides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  43,  pi.  4,  figs.  12-13. 
1886.     Diploschisa  cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  43,  pi.  4,  figs.  4-8. 
1905.     Anomia  argentaria  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p-   12. 
1905.     Anomia  tellinoides  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 

Description. — Shell  subcircular,  more  or  less  irregular  in  out- 
line, the  larger  individuals  attaining  a  diameter  of  25  mm.  or 
more.  Upper  valve  depressed  convex,  with  the  apex  marginal, 
or  nearly  marginal,  the  surface  marked  by  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar, sometimes  sublamellose,  lines  of  growth,  and  sometimes  by 
32  PAI, 


498      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

more  or  less  distinct  radiating  costse.  Lower  valve  flat,  concave 
or  convex,  often  irregular  in  contour,  the  perforation  rather 
large  and  situated  near  or  at  some  distance  from  the  margin. 

Remarks. — In  common  with  all  members  of  this  genus,  this 
species  is  exceedingly  irregular  in  form,  and  also  exhibits  con- 
siderable variation  in  its  surface  markings.  The  specimens 
described  by  Morton  under  two  specific  names,  argentaria  and 
tellinoides,  are  quite  certainly  members  of  a  single  species,  and 
argentaria  being  the  prior  name,  must  be  adopted  for  the  species. 
Whitfield  restricted  the  name  A.  argentaria  to  a  single  individual 
studied  by  him,  which  differed  from  the  common  Anomia  of 
the  New  Jersey  faunas,  called  by  him  A.  tellinoides,  in  its  more 
regular  concentric  lines  of  growth  and  in  its  regular  and  con- 
spicuous radiating  costae,  and  in  the  position  of  the  apex  of 
the  upper  valve  being  not  so  nearly  marginal.  The  strong  radi- 
ating costae  of  this  specimen  are  somewhat  unusual,  although 
specimens  preserving  the  shells  not  uncommonly  exhibit  traces 
of  such  markings,  but  the  other  characters  noted  are  often  met 
with  among  specimens  without  the  radiating  markings.  This 
specimen  is  probably  not  specifically  distinct  from  the  other 
members  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  although  it 
may  possibly  be  a  representative  of  Gabb's  A.  argentaria  var. 
ornata}- 

Whitfield's  figure  9  on  plate  IV.  of  his  monograph,  is  not  an 
Anomia:  at  all,  but  is  a  shell  of  Ostrea  plumosa,  its  designation 
as  Anomia  argentaria  in  the  explanation  of  the  plate  was  doubt- 
less not  so  intended,  since  in  the  description  of  that  species,  as 
interpreted  by  that  author,  it  is  definitely  stated  that  only  a 
single  individual  had  been  observed. 

The  shells  which  Whitfield  has  identified  as  Diploschiza  cre- 
tacea  Con.,  seem  to  be  nothing  more  than  more  strongly  con- 
vex individuals  of  Anomia  argentaria.  There  is  certainly  no 
sufficient  basis  for  the  genus  Diploschiza,  and  Conrad's  types  of 
his  species  seem  to  have  no  characters  to  separate  them  from 
Morton's  species.  A  specimen  with  the  shell  perfectly  preserved, 
from  the  Navesink  marl  near  Craw  fords  Corners,  is  strongly 


'Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  320. 


MOLLUSCA.  499 

convex  like  Diploschiza  cretacea.  It  possesses  the  regular  con- 
centric marks  with  the  discontinuous  radiating  striae  of  Whit- 
field's  interpretation  of  Anomia  argentaria,  and  the  marginal 
.apex  of  the  same  author's  interpretation  of  Anomia  tellinoides. 
Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (189);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near 
Matawan-(ioi),  near  Jamesburg  (140,  139,  141),  Merchantville 
(162),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near 
Matawan  (103),  Crosswicks  (168);  Marshalltown  clay-marl, 
near  Swedesboro  (177,  180)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(I301);  Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Corners  (i267),  Mid- 
dletown  (ii32),  Crosswicks  Creek  (i474),  Holmdel  (Whit- 
field),  ?  Freehold  (Whitfield)  ;  Red  Bank  sand.  Middletown 

(112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi,  Arkansas,  Texas. 

Anomia  radiata  n.  sp. 
Plate  LIV.,  Figs.  16-17. 

Description. — Shell  irregularly  subovate  in  outline,  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  type  specimen  being:  height,  12.5  mm.;  width,  about 
20  mm.  Free  valve  depressed  convex,  the  apex  marginal.  The 
attached  valve  flatter,  the  perforation  near  the  margin.  Both 
valves  marked  by  rather  coarse,  irregular,  nodose,  radiating 
costae,  the  nodes  being  small  squamose  projections  as  shown  by 
impressions  of  the  exterior. 

Remarks. — The  example  selected  as  the  type  of  this  species  is 
the  most  complete  of  several  individuals  which  are  attached  to 
the  leaves  of  a  marine  plant,  the  plant  having  been  fossilized 
with  the  shells  attached.  Impressions  and  casts  of  other  indn 
viduals  are  not  uncommonly  met  with  in  the  collections  from 
the  Merchantville  and  Woodbury  formations,  but  no  others  have 
been  seen  attached.  Some  of  these  specimens  are  much  larger 
than  the  type,  the  larger  ones  sometimes  having  a  maximum 
diameter  of  nearly  30  mm.  In  tfye  character  of  their  surface 
markings  the  members  of  this  species  resemble  Paranomia 


500      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

scabra,  but  the  costse  are  always  finer  than  in  that  species,  and 
the  shells  do  not  grow  to  so  large  a  size.  In  the  perforated 
lower  valve,  however,  these  shells  possess  the  essential  feature  of 
the  genus  Anomia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101),  Lenola  (163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PARANOMIA  Conrad. 

Paranomia  scabra  (Morton). 
Plate  LIL,  Figs.  10-13. 

1834.     Placuna  scabra  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U, 

S.,  p.  62. 
1860.     Paranomia  saffordi  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

sen,  vol.  4,  p.  290,  pi.  46,  fig.  21. 
1860.     Placunanomia  lineaia  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  291,  pi.  46,  fig.  20. 

1860.  Placunanomia  lineata  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.r 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  291. 

1 86 1.  Placunanomia.  lineata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,. 

p.  223   (167). 
1 86 1.     Placunanomia  saffordi  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,. 

p.  223  (167). 
1861.     Placunanomia  scabra  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  223  (167). 
1864.     Placunomia  lineata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 
1864.     Placunomia  saffordi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6. 
1864.     Placunomia*  scabra  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  6.  4 

1867.     Paranomia  lineata  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch,  vol.  3,  p.  8. 

1867.  Paranomia  scabra  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  3,  p.  8. 

1868.  Paranomia  scabra  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  724. 
1886.     Paranomia  scabra  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog, 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  44,  pi.  IQ,  fig.  10. 


MOLLUSCA.  501 

1886.     Paranomia  lineata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  45,  pi.  9,  fig.  10. 
1905.     Paranomia  scabra  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 
1905.     Paranomia  lineata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  12. 
1905.     Paranomia  saffordi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  12. 

Description. — Shell  thin  and  fragile,  broadly  and  irregularly 
subovate  in  outline,  the  dimensions  of  the  largest  individual 
observed  being:  length  from  beak  to  opposite  border,  55  mm.; 
width  at  right  angles  to  the  last  dimension,  54  mm.  The  dimen- 
sions of  an  individual  of  more  nearly  average  size  are:  length, 
31  mm.;  width,  34  mm.  The  upper  valve  depressed  convex, 
the  surface  marked  by  distant,  rounded,  elevated  radiating  ribs, 
which  are  frequently  more  or  less  wavy  in  their  direction  and 
become  stronger  towards  the  front  of  the  shell.  At  irregular 
intervals  the  ribs  are  produced  into  hollow  spines  directed  away 
from  the  beak,  which  become  larger  and  more  distant  as  the  ribs 
increase  in  strength  towards  the  front  of  the  shell;  the  spaces 
between  the  ribs  are  broad  and  flat,  being  three  or  four  times 
as  wide  as  the  ribs,  and  on  the  best  preserved  shells  are  marked 
with  rather  delicate  concentric  lines.  The  lower  valve  is  convex 
towards  the  beak,  where  it  is  apparently  broadly  perforate, 
becoming  concave  towards  the  front  of  the  valve.  The  surface 
markings  are  similar  to  those  of  the  upper  valve,  though  in  some 
cases  the  ribs  and  spines  seem  to  be  less  strongly  developed. 

Remarks.* — This  species  occurs  most  commonly  in  the  Mar- 
shalltown  clay-marl,  from  which  formation  near  Swedesboro 
a  large  number  of  individuals  retaining  the  shell  have  been  col- 
lected. None  of  them  are  so  large  as  the  specimen  illustrated 
by  Whitfield  under  the  name  of  P.  lineata,  but  they  all  exhibit 
the  same  essential  specific  characters  as  that  shell.  Whitfield 
was  in  error,  however,  in  considering  the  specimen  he  used  for 
study  as  a  perforate  valve,  the  apparent  perforation  near  the 
beak  being  only  a  fracture.  In  none  of  the  Swedesboro  speci- 


502      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

metis,  which  are  perfectly  preserved  up  to  the  beak,  is  any  per- 
foration shown  in  the  convex  valve,  but  in  several  of  those 
which  become  concave  towards  the  front  there  is  apparently  a 
broad  perforation  close  to  the  beak,  although  there  is  some  rea- 
son for  doubting  the  presence  of  an  actual  perforation  in  this 
valve,  as  it  seems  to  be  absent  from  some  specimens  which 
are  complete  to  the  beak. 

There  seems  to  be  no  sufficient  reason  for  recognizing  the 
two  species  of  Paranotnia  of  Whitfield's  monograph.  The  type 
of  Morton's  species,  P.  scabra,  illustrated  by  Whitfield,  is  only 
a  fragment  of  a  shell  belonging  to  the  same  species  as  the  one 
illustrated  as  P.  lineata,  although  it  is  somewhat  more  irregular 
and  rougher  than  usual.  Morton's  name  having  priority  is 
adopted  for  the  species.  P.  saffordi  Con.,  from  Tennessee,  must 
also  be  considered  as  a  synonym. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177,  179)  ', 
Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek  (i474,  195). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Tennessee. 

Super-family  MYTILACEA. 

Family  MYTILIDAE. 

Genus  MYTILUS  Linneus. 

Mytilus  smocki  n.  sp. 

Plate  LV.,  Figs.  1-4. 

Description. — Shell  more  or  less  arcuate,  the  larger  type  speci- 
men with  an  extreme  length  of  37  mm.,  a  maximum  width  of 
13  mm.,  and  thickness  of  both  valves  18  mm.  The  valves 
strongly  convex,  with  a  rounded  ridge  below  the  middle  extend- 
ing from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  margin,  below  the 
ridge  the  surface  of  the  valves  are  rather  abruptly  inflected, 
meeting  nearly  in  a  plane  along  the  ventral  margin.  The  beaks 
pointed,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  diverging  at  an  angle 
of  about  35°;  the  hinge  arcuate,  passing  gradually  into  the  pos- 


MOLLUSCA.  503 

tero-dorsal  margin  which  is  more  or  less  carinate,  posteriorly 
the  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  of  the  shell  are  subparallel,  the 
posterior  margin  rather  narrowly  rounded  below,  the  antero- 
ventral  margin  more  or  less  concave.  Adductor  muscular  im- 
pressions rather  large,  situated  near  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  shell.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  radiating  costee, 
about  three  of  which  occupy  the  space  of  one  millimeter,  and 
also  by  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  great  convexity 
of  the  valves,  the  thickness  of  the  entire  shell  being  considerably 
greater  than  its  width.  Two  complete  specimens  have  been  ob- 
served, both  of  which  show  the  enormous  thickness  of  the  shell, 
although  one  is  considerably  more  arcuate  than  the  other.  The 
surface  markings  have  not  been  satisfactorily  determined  because 
the  specimens  are  both  for  the  most  part  internal  casts,  both  of 
them,  however,  retain  some  indications  of  the  fine  radiating 
costse,  and  one  of  them  retains  a  small  fragment  of  the  shell 
itself.  In  the  casts  several  concentric  lines  of  growth  are  of  con- 
siderable strength. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords 
Corners  (i267),  near  Walnford  (149). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Mytilus  oblivius  Whitfield. 
Plate  LV.,  Figs.  5-8. 

1886.     Mytilus  oblivius  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  64,  pi.  17,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  erect,  or  but  very  slightly  curved 
on  the  buccal  margin;  beaks  terminal,  projecting  and  acute. 
Hinge  line  sloping  at  an  angle  of  about  60°  to  the  buccal 
margin;  posterior  margin  subparallel  to  the  anterior,  and 
the  extremity  rather  sharply  rounded.  Anterior  face  abrupt, 
and  the  surface  of  the  valve  gradually  sloping  from  the  umbonal 
angle  to  the  posterior  margin.  Surface  apparently  marked  by 
fine  lines  of  growth  as  indicated  on  the  cast."  (Whitfield.) 


504      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  described  this  species  from  a  single 
specimen  collected  from  the  summit  of  the  Wenonah  sand  near 
Marlboro.  It  occurs  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  in 
the  same  horizon  at  a  neighboring  locality,  but  seems  to  be  a 
rare  form.  A  similar  and  perhaps  identical  species  has  been 
recognized  in  the  Cliffwood  clay  fauna  at  Cliffwood  Point,  which 
differs  from  the  Wenonah  specimens  chiefly  in  its  much  larger 
size. 

Formation  and  locality. —  ?  Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105) ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (I3O1). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  MODIOL,A  Linneus. 

Modiola  monmouthensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LV.,  Figs.  9-10. 

Description.— Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  an  average  speci- 
men being:  length,  8  mm.;  width,  4.5  mm.;  convexity  of  one 
valve  2.5  mm.  Hinge-line  about  one-half  the  total  length  of  the 
shell,  beaks  nearly  anterior,  incurved,  umbo  prominent;  anterior 
margin  short  and  rounded,  ventral  margin  nearly  straight, 
slightly  sinuate  back  of  the  middle  of  the  shell,  posterior  margin 
rather  sharply  rounded  below,  sloping  from  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity of  the  hinge-line  above  with  a  slightly  convex  curve. 
Surface  of  the  valves  marked  with  fine  radiating  costae,  which, 
judging  from  the  internal  casts  alone,  are  much  stronger  upon 
the  posterior  portion  of  the  shell;  surface  also  marked  with  con- 
centric lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  only  member  of  the  genus  as 
yet  recognized  in  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New  Jersey,  in  which 
the  .shell  is  marked  with  radiating  costae.  It  is  also  the  smallest 
species  of  the  genus  observed,  none  of  the  individuals  varying 
materially  from  the  dimensions  given  above. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Ma- 
tawan  (101). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  505 

Modiola  burlingtonensis  Whitfield. 
Plate  LV.,  Figs.  18-19. 

1886.  Modiola  Burlingtonensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  65,  pi.  17,  figs.  8-9. 

1905.  Modiolus  burlingtonensis  John.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.  (1905),  p.  12. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderately  large  size,  very  ventricose, 
and  with  subparallel  dorsal  and  ventral  margins,  large  prominent 
umbones  and  incurved  beaks  situated  near  the  anterior  end  but 
not  terminal,  the  anterior  margin  perceptibly  extending  beyond 
them  and  rounded.  Umbonal  ridge  prominent  and  subangular, 
especially  near  the  beaks,  and  becoming  broader  and  more 
rounded  posteriorly;  surface  of  the  valves  strongly  constricted 
and  sinuate  in  front  of  the  ridge  and  the  anterior  surface  again 
inflated ;  cardinal  slope  comparatively  broad  and  slightly  concave 
toward  the  postero-cardinal  border.  Hinge-line  straight  and 
three-fifths  as  long  as  the  shell,  and  rather  strongly  impressed  in 
the  internal  cast;  postero-cardinal  margin  rounding  rapidly  for- 
ward from  the  more  narrowly  rounded  posterior  extremity. 
Surface  of  the  cast,  the  only  condition  under  which  it  is  known, 
apparently  smooth  or  marked  only  by  irregular  concentric  lines 
of  growth,  some  of  which  produce  undulations  of  considerable 
strength  on  the  casts.  On  one  individual  there  appears  on  the 
posterior  cardinal  slope  very  faint  indications  of  rather  coarse 
radiating  lines,  but  too  faint  to  warrant  the  statement  that  such 
markings  really  existed  on  the  shell."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — The  horizon  of  this  species  is  not  satisfactorily 
known,  as  it  has  not  been  met  with  in  any  of  the  recent  collec- 
tions of  the  Survey,  and  the  recorded  locality.  "Burlington 
County,"  is  too  indefinite  to  be  of  much  assistance  in  forming 
an  opinion.  The  lithologic  character  of  the  specimen,  however, 
more  closely  resembles  that  of  specimens  from  the  Merchantville 
clay-marl  than  any  others,  and  it  is  probable  that  it  was  collected 
from  that  formation. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Burlington 
County  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


506      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Modiola  Julia  Lea. 
Plate  LV.,  Figs.  12-13. 

1861.     Modiola  Julia  Lea,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p.  149. 
1864.     Modiola  Julia  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  CreL 

and  Jur.,  p.  u. 

1868.     Perna  Julia  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1886.     Modiola  Julia  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  i   (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  64,  pi.  17,  fig.  6  (not  fig.  7). 
1905.     Modiolus  julia  John.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  12. 

Description. — Shell  subovate  in  outline,  the  dimensions  of  the 
largest  specimen  observed  being :  length,  27  mm. ;  greatest 
height,  13  mm.;  convexity  of  one  valve,  5.5  mm.;  the  hinge-line 
about  .63  of  the  total  length;  the  beaks  incurved,  situated 
about  one-seventh  of  the  total  length  of  the  shell  from  the  an- 
terior extremity.  Anterior  margin  rounded,  meeting  the  hinge- 
line  in  an  obtusely  rounded  angle,  ventral  margin  nearly  straight 
or  slightly  sinuate  near  the  middle;  if  projected  anteriorly  it 
would  meet  the  projection  of  the  dorsal  margin  in  an  angle  of 
about  1 6° ;  posterior  margin  broadly  rounded,  its  most  posterior 
projection  below  the  middle.  From  the  beak  a  rounded  umbonal 
ridge  passes  obliquely  backward  to  the  postero-basal  margin,  in 
front  of  which  is  a  rather  broad,  shallow,  ill-defined  sulcus.  The 
surface  markings  of  the  shell  consist  of  concentric  lines  of  growth 
which  are  stronger  and  more  regular  upon  the  posterior  slope. 

Remarks. — The  type  of  this  species,  from  the  Woodbury  clay 
near  Haddonfield,  is  a  badly  crushed  shell  13.5  mm,  in  length, 
which  is  just  one-half  the  size  of  the  larger  individual  figured 
in  the  present  report  from  Lorillard.  This  fact  is  in  agreement,, 
however,  with  nearly  all  the  species  which  are  common  to  these 
two  localities,  the  Lorillard  individuals  generally  being  much 
larger  than  those  from  Haddonfield.  The  Haddonfield  speci- 
men 'of  this  species  is  proportionally  much  shorter  than  those 
from  Lorillard,  but  this  difference  is  doubtless  due  to  the  dis- 


MOLLUSCA.  507 

tortion  of  the  former,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  Lorillard  speci- 
mens much  more  nearly  exhibits  the  normal  form  of  the  shell. 
The  original  of  Whit-field's  figure  7  is  not  a  member  of  this 
species,  and  judging  from  its  lithologic  characters  it  must  have 
come  from  a  much  higher  horizon,  certainly  from  one  of  the  marl 
beds  and  possibly  the  Manasquan. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (141)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  Parry's  clay  pits 
near  Matawan  (103),  near  Haddonfield  (165,  183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

Modiola  wenonah  n.  sp. 
Plate  LV.,  Fig.  ii. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen 
being:  length,  15  mm.;  width,  8  mm.;  convexity,  3.5  mm.  The 
hinge-line  a  little  more  than  one-half  the  length,  the  beaks  nearly 
anterior,  umbo  rather  prominent  with  a  somewhat  broadly 
rounded  umbonal  ridge  extending  to  the  posten>basal  margin. 
Anterior  margin  rather  broadly  rounding  into  the  nearly  straight 
basal  margin  which  is  slightly  sinuate  back  of  the  middle, 
postero-basal  margin  rather  sharply  rounding*  into  the  long, 
oblique,  slightly  convex  upper  portion  of  the  posterior  margin 
which  meets  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  at  an 
angle  of  about  125°.  Surface  of  the  internal  cast  marked  by 
indistinct  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  based  upon  a  single  individual  from 
the  top  of  the  Wenonah  sand  near  Marlboro.  It  differs  from  all 
other  members  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  faunas, 
in  the  conspicuous  postero-basal  extension  of  the  shell  with  the 
long  oblique  posterior  slope  above. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(I301)- 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Modiola  subinflata  Whitfield. 
Plate  LV.,  Figs.  20-21. 

1886.  Modiola  (Lithodomus  ?)  inflata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol. 
i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  197,  pi.  26,  figs. 
1-2  (preoccupied). 


508      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1899.     Modiola  subinflata  Whitf.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol. 
12,  p.  160. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  cylindrically  ovate,  with  large, 
tumid,  anterior  beaks,  and  parallel  dorsal  and  basal  margins. 
Anterior  and  posterior  ends  nearly  equally  rounded  in  a  general 
view,  as  the  beaks,  from  their  downward  direction  of  curvature 
as  seen  in  a  lateral  view,  are  blended  with  the  anterior  margin 
so  nearly  as  to  give  almost  the  same  form  as  the  posterior  end. 
In  a  dorsal  view  the  form  is  strongly  cuneately  ovate  from  the 
rapid  attenuation  of  the  shell  posteriorly.  Hinge-line  rather 
short  and  the  ligament  slender."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — "This  species  bears  considerable  resemblance  to 
Modiola  Johnsoni,  but  never  attains  so  great  a  size,  is  more  cylin- 
drical, with  a  differently  formed  beak,  and  a  different  surface 
structure,  being  smoother  and  destitute  of  the  strong  concentric 
markings  so  prominent  on  that  one,  and  is  also  more  attenuated 
behind.  There  are  some  features  about  the  shell  in  its  general 
expression  which  are  almost  indescribable,  but  which  give  it  more 
the  appearance  of  a  species  of  Lithophagus  than  that  of  a  true 
Modiola,  and  leave  an  uncertainty  about  its  true  generic  relations, 
the  specimens  being  only  casts."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  length,  15.5  mm.; 
height,  7.5  mm.;  thickness,  7.5  mm. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Mr.  Ware's  pits, 
near  Mullica  Hill.  (Whitfield.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Modiola  ovata  Gabb. 
Plate  LV.,  Figs.  16-17. 

1860.  Modiola  ovata  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil..  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  396,  pi.  68,  fig.  31. 

1861.  Modiola  ovata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  199 

(143). 

1864.     Modiola  ovata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 
and  Jur.,  p.  n. 


MOLLUSCA.  509 

1868.     Perna  ovata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 

1886.     Modiola  ovata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  197,  pi.  26,  figs.  13-14. 

1905.     Modiolus  ovatus  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 
P-  12. 


Description.  —  "Shell  ovate  in  outline,  or  elongate  ovate,  of 
about  a  medium  size,  somewhat  alate  at  the  extremity  of  the 
short  hinge-line.  Valves  very  ventricose,  with  nearly  terminal 
beaks,  which  are  small,  incurved,  and  not  conspicuously  raised 
above  the  cardinal  line.  Umbonal  ridge  prominently  rounded, 
and  the  surface  of  the  shell  in  front  of  it  slightly  sinuate,  giving 
a  slight  sinuosity  to  the  basal  line;  posterior  extremity  of  the 
shell  broadly  rounded,  and  the  anterior  end  narrow.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  very  fine,  obscure  lines  of  growth."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek. 
(Whitfield.) 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Modiola  johnsoni  Whitfield. 
Plate  LV.,  Figs.  14-15. 

1886.     Modiola  Johnsoni  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  207,  pi.  28,  figs.  8-9. 

Description.  —  "Shell  small,  measuring,  in  the  only  perfect  ex- 
ample of  a  cast  seen,  but  little  more  than  an  inch  in  its  extreme 
length.  Form  ovate,  widest  behind  the  middle,  and  somewhat 
narrowed  anteriorly,  while  the  posterior  end  is  acutely  rounded  ; 
beaks  large,  tumid,  nearly  anterior,  slightly  enrolled  and  approxi- 
mate. Anterior  end  narrow,  the  projection  scarcely  extending 
beyond  the  beaks.  Valves  very  ventricose,  the  umbonal  ridge 
very  full  and  rounded.  Ligament  short,  slender,  but  distinctly 
marked;  a  slight  constriction  or  sulcus  marks  the  basal  half  of 
the  width  of  the  shell  anterior  to  the  middle  of  its  length.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  as  seen  in  casts  marked  by  very  fine  concentric 


5io      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

lines  parallel  to  the  margin,  and  also  by  several  varices  of  growth 
at  irregular  intervals."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks.  —  "This  species  somewhat  approaches  M.  Julia  Lea's 
sp.,  but  is  not  alate  posteriorly  as  is  that  species,  and  the  posterior 
end  is  much  more  narrowly  rounded.  It  also  presents  much  the 
appearance  of  the  enlarged  figures  of  Lithophagus  infiatus  herein 
described,  but  is  less  cylindrical,  being  fuller  or  more  convex  on 
the  basal  margin  and  the  beaks  are  not  so  broad.  It  also  holds 
a  different  geological  position."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are  :  length,  27  mm.  ; 
height,  14  mm.  ;  thickness,  15.5  mm. 

Formation    and    locality.  —  Manasquan     marl,     Farmingdale 

(138). 
Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Genus  CRENELLA  Brown. 

Crenella  serica  Conrad. 
Plate  LVL,  Figs.  7-8. 

1860.     Crenella    (Stalagmium}   serica  Con.,   Jour.  Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  281,  pi.  46,  fig.  23. 
1  86  1.     Crenella  serica  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  169 


1864.     Crenella   (Stalagmium)   sericea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv. 
Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 

Description.  —  Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  an  average  indi- 
vidual being:  greatest  length,  4  mm.;  greatest  width,  3  mm. 
Oblique,  subovate  in  outline,  strongly  convex,  the  umbo  promi- 
nent, the  beaks  incurved.  The  anterior  slope  from  the  umbo 
abrupt,  inflected  towards  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  hinge- 
line.  Surface  marked  by  fine,  regular,  concentric  lines  which 
can  be  easily  seen  with  the  unaided  eye,  and  by  finer,  regular, 
radiating  striae  which  can  usually  be  seen  only  with  a  magni- 
fying glass. 

Remarks.  —  This  beautiful  little  species,  which  has  hitherto  been 
placed  on  record  only  from  its  original  locality,  Eufaula,  Ala- 
bama, occurs  in  New  Jersey  in  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  and 


MOLLUSC  A.  511 

in  the  Red  Bank  sand.  Near  Swedesboro,  in  the  first  of  these 
formations,  the  specimens  are  rather  common  and  occur  with 
the  shell  perfectly  preserved.  In  this  condition  the  shell  is  cov- 
ered externally  with  a  brownish  epidermal  layer  which  is  easily 
exfoliated.  Upon  the  exfoliated  shells  the  radiating  markings 
are  much  more  conspicuous  than  upon  the  epidermal  surface. 
The  Red  Bank  specimens  have  only  been  recognized  from  the 
impressions  of  the  external  surface  of  the  shells. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116),  near  Mid- 
dletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas. 

Crenella  elegantula  Meek  &  Hayden. 
Plate  LVL,  Pig.  6. 

1861.     Crenella  elegantula  M.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1861.,  p.  441. 
1864.     Crenella  elegantula  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 
1876.     Crenella  elegantula  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  75,  pi.  28,  figs.  6  a-c. 

Description. — Shell  obliquely  subovate  in  outline;  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  perfect  cast  of  a  left  valve  are:  height,  10.5  mm.; 
width,  8.5  mm.;  convexity,  5  mm.  Valves  ventricose,  umbo 
prominent,  beak  nearly  terminal,  small  and  strongly  incurved. 
Surface  marked  by  exceedingly  fine  radiating  costse  which  can 
be  seen  upon  the  internal  cast,  indicating  that  the  shell  substance 
was  very  thin. 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  C.  serica  in  its  much 
larger  size,  its  proportionally  broader  form,  and  in  the  absence 
of  the  conspicuous  concentric  markings  of  the  shell.  The  New 
Jersey  examples  are  apparently  identical  with  the  western  speci- 
mens from  which  the  species  was  described,  and  the  same  form 
occurs  in  the  southern  Ripley  beds. 


512      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of 
Keyport  (i295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Wyoming, 
Montana,  Colorado. 

Genus  LITHOPHAGA  Bolton. 

Lithophaga  ripleyana  Gabb. 
Plate  LVL,  Figs.  9-12. 

1861.     Lithophagus  Ripleyanus  Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.  (1861),  p.  326. 
1861.     Lithophagus  affinis  Gabb,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  327. 
1864.     Lithophagus  affinis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  10. 
1864.     Lithophagu\s  ripleyawws  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  10. 
1868.     Lithophagus  affinis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 

1875.  Arcoperna  carolinensis  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App. 

p.  5,  pi.  i,  fig.  6. 

1876.  Lithophaga  ripleyana  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  311. 
1886.     Lithodomus  affinis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   I    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  66,  pi.  17,  figs.  2-3. 
1886.     Lithodomus  ripleyana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  67,  pi.  17,  figs.  4-5. 
1905.     Lithophaga  affinis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  13. 
1905.     Lithophaga  ripleyana  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  13. 

Description. — Shell  more  or  less  subcylindrical,  sometimes 
curved  downward  posteriorly,  attaining  a  length  of  15  mm.  to 
20  mm.  in  full  grown  specimens,  the  width  and  thickness  usually 
about  one-half  the  length.  Anterior  extremity  of  the  shell 
bluntly  rounded,  the  beaks  blunt,  anterior  or  nearly  terminal  in 
position;  posterior  extremity  of  the  shell  compressed.  Dorsal 


MOLLUSCA.  513 

margin  marked  by  an  impressed  line  between  the  valves.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell,  which  is  rarely  preserved,  marked  by  lamellose, 
concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  most  frequently  in  the  Nave- 
sink  marl,  where  it  attains  its  maximum  size,  but  one  colony 
of  shells  has  been  detected  in  the  recent  Survey  collections  from 
the  Wenonah  sand,  the  individuals  of  which  seem  not  to  differ 
from  those  in  the  Navesink,  except  that  none  of  them  exceed 
10  mm.  in  length.  In  connection  with  his  original  description, 
Gabb  mentions  having  collected  one  specimen  of  the  species  from 
near  the  place  now  known  as  Westville,  the  horizon  of  which 
would  be  Merchantville  clay-marl,  but  the  species  has  not  been 
detected  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  from  this  horizon. 

Gabb's  two  species,  ripleyana  and  afhnis,  are  undoubtedly  not 
distinct,  and  are  here  united  under  the  one  name  ripleyana. 
Gabb  himself  recognized  the  identity  of  the  two  forms  in  his 
later  notes  on  the  species  in  1876,  but  Whitfield  has  recognized 
both  forms.  Among  such  burrowing  and  attached  shells  it  is 
necessary  to  allow  a  far  greater  range  of  variation  than  in  most 
others.  These  shells  burrow  into  various  substances,  usually 
wood,  but  Whitfield  mentions  finding  them  in  the  shell  of  Ger- 
•uillopsis  ensiformis,  and  they  have  been  observed  by  the  writer 
burrowing  in  the  shells  of  Gryphaea  vesicidaris  at  Mullica  Hill. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  West- 
ville (Gabb);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263); 
Navesink  marl,  Marlboro  (131),  Crosswicks  Creek  (195),  near 
Walnford  (i482),  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Order  ANOMALODESMACEA. 

Super-family  ANATINACEA. 

Family  PHOLADOMYAOIDAE. 

Genus  PHOLADOMYA  Sowerby. 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Morton. 

Plate  LVL,  Figs.  1-3. 

1833.     Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.. 
vol.  23,  p.  292,  pi.  8,  fig.  3. 
33  PAL 


5H      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1834.     Pholadomya  occidentalis  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  68,  pi.  8,  fig.  3. 
1860.     Pholadomya  occidentalis  Con.,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  276. 

1860.  Pholadomya  occidentalis  Owen,  2nd  Rep.  Geol.  Recon. 

Ark.,  pi.  8,  fig.  9. 

1 86 1.  Pholadomya  occidentalis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  221    (165). 

1864.     Pholadomya  occidentalis  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  14. 

1868.     Pholadomya  occidentalis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1886.     Pholadomya   occidentalis    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  175,  pi.  24,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Pholadomya  occidentalis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  13. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  sized  specimen 
are :  length,  about  70  mm. ;  height,  47  mm. ;  thickness,  45  mm. 
Shell  subovate  or  subelliptical  in  lateral  outline,  and  cordate  from 
in  front.  Hinge-line  straight,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
shell;  anterior  margin  rounding  from  the  cardinal  extremity 
into  the  basal  margin,  or  obliquely  subtruncate;  basal  margin 
gently  convex,  becoming  straighter  posteriorly;  posterior  mar- 
gin more  narrowly  rounded  than  the  anterior.  Beaks  large  and 
broad,  situated  from  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  the  length  of  the 
shell  from  the  anterior  extremity,  strongly  incurved  and  nearly 
in  contact,  moderately  elevated  above  the  hinge-line.  Valves 
most  prominent  at  about  their  mid-height  in  front  of  the  middle 
of  the  shell;  from  this  point  the  surface  curves  rather  abruptly 
to  the  ventral  anterior  and  cardinal  margins,  and  much  more 
gently  to  the  gaping  posterior  margin;  the  cardinal  margins 
back  of  the  beaks  are  slightly  inflected  to  form  a  rather  distinct, 
concave  cardinal  area  of  moderate  width  on  each  valve.  Sur- 
face of  each  valve  marked  by  25  to  30  more  or  less  irregular 
and  wavy,  rounded,  radiating  costse  of  moderate  strength,  much 
narrower  than  the  intervening  depressions,  and  closer  together 
in  the  middle  of  the  shell  than  at  either  the  anterior  or  posterior 


MOLLUSCA.  515 

portions;  in  the  middle  of  the  shell  every  other  costa  on  large 
individuals  has  usually  been  intercalated  between  two  others  at 
some  distance  below  the  beak;  the  shell  is  also  marked  by  more 
or  less  irregular,  concentric  undulations. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic  mem- 
bers of  the  Merchantvile  clay-marl  fauna,  where  it  sometimes 
occurs  in  considerable  numbers.  In  all  other  formations  where 
it  occurs  in  New  Jersey,  it  is  exceedingly  rare.  The  species  seems 
to  be  a  perfectly  typical  species  of  Pholadomya  in  all  respects. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (107);  Merchantville  clay-marl, '  near 
Matawan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  141),  Lenola  (163); 
Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan  (103). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Arkansas. 

Pholadomya  roemeri  Whitfield. 
Plate  LVL,  Figs.  4-5. 

1886.     Pholadomya  Roemeri  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  176,  pi.  24,  fig.  4. 

Description. — The  approximate  dimensions  of  a  rather  small 
specimen  are:  length,  38  mm. ;  height,  22  mm.;  thickness,  18 
mm.  Shell  very  oblique  and  inequilateral,  elongate  subovate  in 
outline,  widest  back  of  the  middle.  Beaks  small,  incurved  and 
nearly  in  contact,  situated  far  forward.  Hinge-line  straight, 
rather  long;  anterior  margin  rounding  from  the  anterior  car- 
dinal extremity  into  the  basal  margin ;  basal  margin  gently  con- 
vex, curving  upward  posteriorly ;  posterior  margin  rather  sharply 
rounded  above  the  mid-height  of  the  shell.  Valves  strongly  con- 
vex or  ventricose,  the  surface  curving  rather  abruptly  from  the 
prominent  umbones  to  the  'dorsal,  anterior  and  ventral  margins, 
much  more  gently  to  the  posterior  margin.  Surface  of  each  valve 
marked  by  about  13  narrow,  angular,  radiating  costae,  separated 
by  broad,  concave  interspaces;  the  most  anterior  costae  curve 
slightly  forward  in  passing  from  the  beak  to  the  margin  of  the 


516      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

shell.  The  surface  is  also  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular 
concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  much  smaller  and  more  elongate 
form  than  P.  occidentalis,  and  the  two  are  never  found  associated 
in  the  same  fauna.  It  also  has  a  much  smaller  number  of  costae 
which  are  relatively  more  distant  than  in  the  larger  species. 

Formation    and    locality. — Wenonah    sand,    near    Marlboro- 

(130). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  ANATINIDAE. 

Genus  ANATINA  Lamark. 

Anatina  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  LVIL,  Figs.  1-4. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  internal 
cast  are:  length,  44  mm.;  height,  29  mm.;  thickness,  n  mm. 
Shell  subovate  in  outline,  a  little  gaping  posteriorly,  much  broader 
in  front  than  behind;  beaks  transversely  fissured,  situated  back 
of  the  middle,  pointing  posteriorly.  Antero-cardinal  margin 
straight  and  nearly  horizontal  in  front  of  the  beak,  curving  grad- 
ually downward  in  front ;  anterior  margin  broadly  rounded  from 
the  cardinal  to  the  basal  margins ;  basal  margin  nearly  straight 
in  the  middle,  curving  upward  at  each  end;  posterior  margin 
with  its  greatest  extension  above  the  middle  of  its  height,  curving 
into  the  basal  margin  below  and  Ijhe  cardinal  margin  above; 
post-cardinal  margin  strongly  concave.  Valves  depressed  con- 
vex, most  prominent  in  the  umbonal  region,  abruptly  compressed 
towards  the  postero-cardinal  extremity,  the  anterior  and  ventral 
slopes  gently  convex.  Shell  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular 
concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  Periplomya  elliptica,  but  is- 
larger,  less  cuneate  behind,  and  lacks  the  curved  angular  umbonal 
ridge  of  that  species.  It  seems  to  be  a  true  Anatina,  although 
it  might  be  included  in  Conrad's  genus  Periplomya,  it  being  diffi- 
cult to  distinguish  between  these  two  genera  in  the  internal  casts. 


MOLLUSCA.  517 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (141)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102)  ;  Wenonah  sand, 
near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Anatina  clifwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LVIL.  Figs.  5-6. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  the  type  speci- 
men being:  length,  about  18  mm.;  height,  12  mm.;  thickness, 
6  mm.  Shell  subovate  in  outline,  apparently  a  little  gaping  pos- 
teriorly, much  broader  in  front  than  behind.  Beaks  compressed, 
directed  backward,  fissured  transversely,  situated  about  seven- 
ninths  of  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity, 
antero-cardinal  margin  straight  and  nearly  horizontal  in  front 
of  the  beaks,  curving  downward  in  front  into  the  broadly  rounded 
anterior  margin;  basal  margin  gently  convex  curving  upward 
more  strongly  at  each  end;  posterior  margin  shorter  and  prob- 
ably more  sharply  rounded  than  the  anterior.  Valves  depressed- 
convex,  more  prominent  in  the  umbonal  region,  abruptly  com- 
pressed towards  the  postero-cardinal  extremity,  the  anterior  and 
ventral  slopes  greatly  convex.  Shell  marked  by  rather  fine  con- 
centric lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  the  one  described  in  this  re- 
port as  Anatina  jerseyensis,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  reason 
of  its  smaller  size  more  elongate  form,  and  by  the  much  more 
posterior  position  of  the  beaks. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(185). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Anatina  jamesburgensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LVIL,  Fig.  7. 

Description. — The  type  specimen  is  only  the  dorsal  portion  of 
a  shell  preserved  as  a  mould  of  the  exterior,  and  the  ventral  out- 
line can  be  determined  only  by  restoration  from  the  direction  of 


5i8      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  concentric  markings  of  that  portion  of  the  shell  which  is 
preserved.  The  dimensions  of  the  restored  type  are :  length,  37 
mm. ;  height,  estimated,  20  mm. ;  thickness  about  7.5  mm. 
Beaks  incurved  and  nearly  or  quite  in  contact,  situated  back  of 
the  middle  of  the  shell,  pointing  backward.  Antero-cardinal  mar- 
gin straight  and  nearly  horizontal  in  front  of  the  beaks,  curving 
downward  in  front;  anterior  margin  rounding  from  the  cardinal 
into  the  basal  margin ;  basal  margin  slightly  convex  in  the 
middle,  curving  upward  in  front  and  behind;  posterior  margin 
apparently  rounded.  Valves  most  prominent  below  the  umbonal 
region,  the  surface  curving  rather  abruptly  to  the  cardinal  mar- 
gin, gently  convex  to  the  anterior  and  ventral  margins;  pos- 
teriorly the  valves  are  rather  abruptly  depressed  along  a  line 
running  obliquely  backward  from  the  beaks,  so  that  the  postero- 
cardinal  portion  of  the  shell  is  conspicuously  compressed.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  marked  by  rather  strong  concentric  undulations 
and  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth ;  the  postero-cardinal  com- 
pressed portion  of  the  shell  is  apparently  smooth,  but  the  char- 
acter of  the  markings  of  this  portion  of  the  shell  is  not  clearly 
shown  on  the  specimen. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  much  like  A.  jerseyensis,  but  it  is 
proportionally  more  elongate  and  not  so  high.  It  is  also  marked 
by  the  conspicuous,  somewhat  regular,  rounded,  concentric  un- 
dulations which  are  wanting  in  the  other  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139,  140). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  CERCOMYA  Agassiz. 

Cercomya  peculiaris   (Conrad). 

Plate  LVL,  Figs.  13-14. 

1869.  Inoceramus  peculiaris  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.   5, 

p.  43,  pi.  i,  fig.  13. 

1870.  Cercomya  peculiaris  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  76. 
1886.     Cercomya  peculiaris  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  178,  pi.  23,  figs.  24-25. 


MOLLUSCA.  519 

1905.     Cercomya  peculiaris  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
,  P-  13- 


Description.  —  The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
length,  approximately  50  mm.  ;  height,  29  mm.  Shell  sub- 
trapezoidal  in  outline;  beaks  considerably  in  front  of  the  middle 
of  the  shell.  Anterior  margin  obliquely  truncate  above,  sloping 
abruptly  downward  from  the  beak,  sharply  rounded  below  into 
the  basal  margin;  basal  margin  gently  convex;  posterior  mar- 
gin probably  broadly  rounded;  post-cardinal  margin  concave 
just  back  of  the  beak,  probably  becoming  straighter  posteriorly. 
Valves  moderately  convex.  Surface  marked  by  strong,  con- 
centric wrinkles  of  growth. 

Remarks.  —  This  species,  is  known  from  the  single  type  speci- 
men which  is  a  mere  fragment  showing  only  the  anterior  por- 
tion of  a  left  valve,  and  probably  represents  less  than  one-half 
of  the  entire  valve.  The  outline  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
valve  can  only  be  judged  by  the  direction  of  the  concentric  lines 
of  growth  upon  the  umbonal  portion  of  the  type  specimen.  The 
specimen  was  originally  described  by  Conrad  as  an  Inoceramus 
as  follows:  "Subequilateral  ;  ?  convex,  posterior  margin  recti- 
linear, very  oblique,  extremely  angular;  ribs  prominent,  con- 
centric." The  so-called  posterior  margin  in  this  description  is 
without  doubt  in  reality  the.anterior  margin,  and  is  so  considered 
in  the  description  given  above. 

i     Formation  and  locality.  —  ?  Woodbury  clay,  Crosswicks  (Con- 
rad). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Genus  ANATIMYA  Conrad. 

Anatimya  anteradiata  Conrad. 
Plate  LVIL,  Fig.  12. 

1860.  Anatimya  anteradiata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  276,  pi.  46,  fig.  3. 

1861.  Pholadomya  anteradiata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  220  (164). 

1864.     Anatimya  anteradiata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 
A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  14. 


520      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  right  valve  are :  length,  56 
mm.;  height,  31  mm.  Shell  subelliptical  in  outline,  the  beaks 
small,  subcentral  in  position,  scarcely  elevated  above  the  hinge- 
line,  pointing  posteriorly,  fissured.  Antero-cardinal  margin 
straight  and  horizontal  in  front  of  the  beak,  curving  downward 
anteriorly;  anterior  margin  broadly  rounding  from  the  cardinal 
to  the  basal  margins;  basal  margin  curving  upward  in  front 
and  behind,  nearly  straight  in  the  middle,  subparallel  with  the 
dorsal  margin;  posterior  margin  most  produced  near  the  cardi- 
nal line,  curving  broadly  to  the  basal  margin  and  more  sharply 
to  the  cardinal  extremity;  post-cardinal  margin  concave  just 
behind  the  beaks,  becoming  nearly  straight  posteriorly.  Valves 
depressed  convex,  a  little  gaping  behind.  Surface  of  the  shell 
in  front  of  the  beaks,  marked  by  rather  strong,  more  or  less 
irregular  concentric  undulations,  and  by  fine,  more  or  less  irreg- 
ular lines  of  growth ;  posterior  half  of  the  shell  marked  by  more 
or  less  inconspicuous  concentric  markings,  and  by  about  10  or 
12  narrow,  angular,  radiating  costse,  the  most  anterior  of  which 
extends  nearly  vertically  downward  from  the  beak  to  the  ventral 
margin,  being  slightly  bowed  forward;  back  of  this  is  a  rather 
broad  smooth  space  beyond  which  the  costse  reappear,  the  inter- 
vals between  them  gradually  becoming  wider  posteriorly,  the 
most  posterior  one  reaching  the  posterior  margin  of  the  shell 
near  the  middle,  leaving  a  smooth  area  for  some  distance  below 
the  cardinal  border. 

Remarks. — This  species,  originally  described  from  Tippah  • 
County,  Mississippi,  has  not  been  previously  recognized  in  New 
Jersey.  It  occurs  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  in  both 
the  Woodbury  clay  and  the  Wenonah  sand.  In  the  original  de- 
scription of  the  species  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  of 
the  shell  were  reversed.  There  was  also  published  at  the  same 
time  with  the  definition  of  this  species,  the  descriptions  of  two 
others,  A.  postsidcata  and  A.  papyria,  but  the  types  of  both  of 
these  have  apparently  been  lost  or  destroyed.  However,  both 
are  probably  only  variations  of  A.  anteradiata  and  are  not 
worthy  of  recognition  as  distinct  species.  The  species  is  an 
abundant  one  at  the  original  locality  in  the  Ripley  beds  of  Tip- 


MOLLUSCA.  521 

pah  County,  Mississippi,  and  a  comparison  of  the  New  Jersey 
specimens  with  the  many  excellent  examples  in  the  National 
Museum  at  Washington,  as  well  as  with  the  type  of  the  species 
in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  has 
demonstrated  the  specific  identity  of  the  specimens  from  the  two 
regions. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102); 
Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (I3O1). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi 

Anatimya  lata  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LVIL,  Fig.  13. 

1886.     Pholas  ?  lata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  189,  pi.  25,  fig.  17. 

Description. — "Shell  large  and  proportionally  very  broad  be- 
tween dorsal  and  basal  margins,  the  relative  height  and  length 
being  about  as  two  to  three,  respectively.  The  general  outline 
is  slightly  ovate,  widest  at  the  anterior  end  and  gradually  nar- 
rowing posteriorly,  the  beak  being  a  little  in  advance  of  the 
middle  and  showing  somewhat  above  the  cardinal  line  in  the 
slightly  compressed  ancj  somewhat  crushed  specimen  of  an  in- 
ternal cast  of  a  left  valve,  the  only  one  yet  seen.  Anterior  and 
posterior  ends  rounded,  the  latter  one  most  narrowly  so;  basal 
line  slightly  emarginate  just  behind  the  middle  of  its  length; 
cardinal  line  apparently  arcuate  throughout.  Surface  of  the 
shell,  as  shown  on  the  cast,  convex,  with  a  broad  sulcus  passing 
across  the  valve  from  beak  to  base,  reaching  the  latter  behind 
the  middle.  Anterior  to  the  sulcus  the  surface  is  radiately 
ribbed,  the  rays  being  somewhat  alternate  in  size  over  a  portion 
of  the  space.  At  the  bottom  of  the  broad  sulcus  there  is  a  single 
larger  and  stronger  rib,  which  passes  from  the  beak  directly  to 
the  base  of  the  shell,  which  it  reaches  at  the  point  of  greatest 
emargination.  Posterior  to  this  larger  rib  the  surface  is  desti- 
tute of  radiating  lines,  the  surface  being  marked  only  with  broad, 
irregular,  concentric  sulci,  which  extend  over  the  entire  surface 
parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  shell."  (Whitfield.) 


522      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  of  this  species,  which  is  the 
only  one  which  has  been  observed,  is  poorly  preserved,  but  it  is- 
clearly  a  member  of  the  genus  Anatimya  rather  than  Pholas,  and 
is  possibly  identical  with  A.  postsulcata  Con.  The  type  of  Con- 
rad's species  is  only  a  fragment  exhibiting  the  inside  of  the  shell, 
but  both  the  concentric  and  radiating  markings  are  finer  than 
in  Whitfield's  species.  In  Whitfield's  description  of  the  species, 
quoted  above,  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  of  the  shell 
are  evidently  reversed. 

The  horizon  of  the  species  is  stated  by  Whitfield  to  be  "Lower 
Green  Marls"  and  the  locality  "Marlborough,  N.  J."  The  speci- 
men itself  is  an  internal  cast  of  rather  dark  sand  with  some 
larger,  lighter  colored  quartz  grains,  and  is  very  similar  in  its 
lithologic  characters  to  some  portions  of  the  Wenonah  sand, 
from  which  formation  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  specimen  was 
collected. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand  (?),  Marlboro, 
(Whitfield.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PERIPLOMYA  Schumacher. 
Periplomya  elliptica  (Gabb). 

Plate  LVIL,  Figs.  8-11. 
1861.     Anatina   elliptica   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(1861),  p.  324. 
1864.     Anatina  elliptica  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.   Foss.   N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 

1868.     Anatina  elliptica  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1876.     Periplomya  elliptica  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1876),  p.  305. 
1886.     Periplomya  elliptica  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog, 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  177,  pi.  23,  figs.  14-15. 
1886.     Periplomya  truncata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.. 

U.   S.   G.   S.,  Vol.  9),  p.   220,  pi.   28,  figS.   20-21. 

1886.     Veleda  nasuta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S, 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  217,  pi.  28,  fig.  23. 
1905.     Periployma- elliptic  a  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  13. 


MOLLUSCA.  523 

.  Description. — "Shell  small,  inequivalve,  and  very  inequilateral, 
subovate  in  outline,  largest  across  the  anterior  side  of  the  beaks, 
and  strongly  constricted  just  behind  them,  the  posterior  end 
being  narrowed  on  the  hinge-line  and  excavated  at  this  point. 
Valves  somewhat  ventricose,  the  right  one  less  convex  than  the 
left,  and  very  decidedly  depressed  in  the  central  region  and 
toward  the  basal  line,  showing  a  decided  twist  or  arcuation  of 
the  valves  as  seen  in  a  basal  view.  Anterior  end  broadly 
rounded,  and  the  posterior  pointedly  rounded.  Beaks  small, 
appressed,  incurved,  and  apparently  directed  backward,  as  is 
usual  in  this  group  of  shells,  from  the  expansion  or  inflation 
of  the  anterior  side  of  the  hinge  line.  Cardinal  margin,  as  seen 
on  the  cast,  inflected  both  in  front  and  behind  the  beaks,  form- 
ing an  apparent  lunule  and  escutcheon  on  the  cast,  probably  pro- 
duced mainly  from  a  thickening  of  the  hinge-plate  within.  Mus- 
cular imprints  and  pallial  line  and  hinge  not  observed."  (Whit- 
field.) 

The  dimensions  of  the  specimen  illustrated  by  Whitfield  are: 
length,  31  mm.;  height,  27.5  mm.;  thickness,  10  mm. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  records  the  specimen  he  has  identified  as 
P.  elliptica,  from  the  "Lower  Green  Marls  at  Mullica  Hill  and 
Holmdel"  and  the  specimen  which  he  has  figured  seems  to  have 
the  lithologic  features  of  the  Navesink  marl,  although  this  can- 
not be  asserted  certainly  because  no  locality  is  recorded  with  the 
species,  and  it  might  possibly  be  from  the  Manasquan  marl.  The 
type  of  the  species,  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Science  is  apparently  from  the  Manasquan 
marl,  judging  from  its  lithologic  characters.  The  types  of  the 
two  species  described  by  Whitfield  as  P.  tnmcata  and  Veleda 
nasuta  are  both  from  the  Manasquan,  and  both  are  clearly  iden- 
tical with  the  type  of  P.  elliptica. 

The  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections  of 
the  Survey,  and  until  authentic  specimens  are  found  elsewhere, 
the  species  may  be  considered  as  restricted  in  its  range  to  the 
Manasquan. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  Mullica  Hill  ? 
and  near  New  Egypt  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


524      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  CORIMYA  Agassiz. 
Corimya  tenuis  Whitfield. 
Plate  LVIL,  Figs.  16-18. 

1886.     Corimya  tenuis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  170,  pi.  23,  figs.  9-1 1. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  internal 
cast  are:  length,  32.5  mm.;  height,  22  mm.;  thickness,  10  mm.; 
the  length  of  the  largest  specimen  observed  is  37  mm.  Shell  sub- 
elliptical  to  broadly  triangularly  ovate  in  outline;  the  valves  un- 
equally depressed  convex,  the  right  valve  flatter  than  the  left. 
Beaks  small,  little  elevated  above  the  hinge-line,  nearly  central  in 
position.  Anterior  and  posterior  cardinal  margins  sloping  away 
from  the  beak  in  a  broadly  obtuse  angle;  anterior  and  posterior 
margins  rounded,  the  anterior  higher  than  the  posterior;  basal 
margin,  broadly  convex.  Surface  of  the  casts  marked  by  more 
or  less  indistinct  and  irregular  concentric  undulations,  and  in 
some  specimens  by  faint  radiating  ribs  on  the  anterior  slope  of 
the  shell.  In  the  central  portion  of  the  casts,  beneath  the  beak 
and  extending  further  posteriorly  than  anteriorly,  wavy  vascu- 
lar impressions  can  often  be  seen  extending  about  half  way  to 
the  ventral  margin  of  the  shell.  Muscular  impressions  of  mod- 
erate size,  the  posterior  ones  more  conspicuous  than  the  anterior, 
and  bordered  in  front  by  a  rather  deep  groove  in  the  casts  ex- 
tending obliquely  backward  from  behind  the  beak  towards  the 
posterior  margin. 

Remarks. — This  species  can  be  easily  recognized  by  the  un- 
equal convexity  of  the  valves  which  give  to  the  specimens  a 
slightly  bent  form,  and  by  the  conspicuous  oblique  furrow  in 
front  of  the  posterior  muscular  scars  in  the  casts,  which  in  the 
interior  of  the  shells  themselves  was  a  ridge-like  thickening  of 
the  valve.  The  species  has  only  been  observed  in  the  form  of 
internal  casts  and  the  external  surface  markings  are  not  known. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  Marshall- 
town  (Whitfield)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108), 
near  Crawfords  Corner  (i26T),  Grosswicks  Creek  (195),  Mul- 
lica  Hill  (169),  Upper  Freehold  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  525 

Super-family  ENSIPHONACEA. 
Family  CLAVAGELLIDAE. 

Genus  CLAVAGELLA  Lamark. 

Clavagella  armata  Morton. 
Plate  LVIIt,  Figs.  1-2. 

1834.     Clavagella  armata  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  69,  pi.  9,  fig.  ii. 
1 86 1.     Clavagella  armata  Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p.  364. 
1861.     Clavagella  armata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

165  (109). 
1864.     Clavigella  armata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 
1886.     Clavagella  armata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  192,  pi.  25,  fig.  24. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  complete  internal  cast  of 
the  shell,  exclusive  of  the  tube,  are:  length,  14  mm.;  height,  8.5 
mm.;  thickness,  7.5  mm.  Shell  subovate  in  outline;  the  beaks 
small,  situated  a  little  in  front  of  the  middle,  slightly  recurved. 
Anterior  and  posterior  margins  rather  sharply  rounded;  ventral 
margin  convex  throughout.  The  anterior  margin  with  several 
tubular  spines.  Valves  rather  strongly  convex,  the  right  one 
free,  the  left  one  attached  to  the  tube.  Surface  of  the  cast 
smooth,  the  muscular  impressions  more  or  less  strongly  marked, 
sometimes  scarcely  distinguishable. 

Remarks. — Specimens  of  this  peculiar  species  are  rare  in  the. 
New  Jersey  collections,  and  have  been  recognized  only  in  the 
Navesink  marl.  The  peculiar  tubular  spines  which  arm  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  shell  have  sometimes  been  broken  from 
the  fossil  specimens  as  is  the  case  with  the  specimen  illustrated 
by  Whitfield.  One  specimen  has  .been  observed,  however,  upon 
which  they  are  as  clearly  shown  as  upon  the  type  specimen  illus- 
trated by  Morton.  The  tube,  except  its  very  basal  portion,  is 
rarely  preserved. 


526      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  near  Walnford  (Whit- 
field),  near  Arneytown  (Morton). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  POROMYACEA. 
Family  FOROMYACIDAE. 
Genus  LIOPISTHA  Meek. 
Liopistha  protexta  (Conrad). 
Plate  LVIII.,  Figs.  4-6. 

1853.     Cardium  protextum  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  275,  pi.  24,  fig.  12. 

1860.  Fragilia  protexta  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  275. 

1 86 1.  Papyridea  elegantula  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

pp.  164,  218  (108,  162). 
1864.     Papyridea  (Liopistha}  protexta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  12. 
1868.     Liopistha  protexta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 

1875.  Liopistha  protexta  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.  p.  28. 

1876.  Liopistha  protexta  Meek,  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss.  Up. 

Mo.,  p.  227,  text  figures  20-24. 
1886.     Leiopistha  protexta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  140,  pi.  20,  figs.  1-3. 
1886.     Leiopistha  inflata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  142,  pi.  20,  figs.  6-7. 
1905.     Leiopistha  protexta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  13. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  are: 
length,  30.5  mm.;  height,  22  mm.;  thickness,  16.5  mm.  Shell, 
exclusive  of  the  projecting  beaks,  subelliptical  in  outline.  Beaks 
prominent,  situated  a  little  in% advance  of  the  middle  of  the  shell, 
their  apices  pointed,  incurved  and  nearly  in  contact.  Antero- 
cardinal  slope  slightly  concave;  anterior  margin  sharply 
rounded;  basal  margin  regularly  convex  throughout;  posterior 


MOLLUSCA.  527 

margin  rather  short,  obliquely  subtruncate,  straight  or  slightly 
convex ;  posterior  cardinal  slope  more  concave  than  the  anterior. 
Valves  ventricose  in  the  umbonal  region,  the  surface  curving 
regularly  to  the  margin  all  around,  being  more  abrupt  to  the 
cardinal  margin,  and  often  somewhat  compressed  towards  the 
postero-cardinal  extremity;  slightly  gaping  behind.  Surface 
marked  by  25  to  30,  and  in  very  large  individuals  as  many  as 
35,  angular,  radiating  costae  with  concave  interspaces,  a  small 
area  at  the  posterior  extremity  being  nearly  or  wholly  destitute 
of  ribs.  External  impressions  of  the  shell  show  these  ribs  to  be 
crossed  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  to  be  surmounted 
along  the  summit  by  a  row  of  small  tubercles  appearing  almost 
like  spine  bases,  whose  distance  apart  is  less  than  the  distance 
between  adjacent  costae;  the  radiating  rows  of  tubercles  also 
continue  across  the  posterior  noncostate  portion  of  the  shell. 

Remarks. — This  is  the  commonest  member  of  the  'genus  in 
New  Jersey  and  occurs,  so  far  as  known,  only  in  the  form  of 
internal  casts  with  their  external  impressions.  The  delicate  sur- 
face markings  of  the  shell  can  only  be  seen  in  impressions  of  the 
external  surface,  and  only  occasionally  in  these  because  of  the 
imperfection  of  their  preservation.  Whitfield's  Z,.  innata  is  cer- 
tainly a  synonym  of  this  species;  it  is  said  to  be  shorter,  with 
more  inflated  beaks,  and  less  sharply  defined  costae,  but  these 
differences  are  nothing  more  than  individual  variations. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(130);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  (i267),  near  Walnford  (i4&2,  149),  Crosswicks 
Creek  (195),  Mullica  Hill  (169)  ;  Red  Bank  Sand,  near  Middle- 
town  (112),  Red  Bank  (116),  Shrewsbury  River  (119)  ;  Tinton 
beds,  Beers  Hills  cut,  south  of  Keyport  (i295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Arkansas,  Texas. 

Liopistha  alternata  n.  sp. 
Plate  LVIIL,  Figs.  7-9. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  left  valve  are: 
length,  22  mm.;  height,  15.5  mm.;  convexity,  7  mm.  Shell, 


528      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

exclusive  of  the  projecting  beaks,  subelliptical  in  outline.  Beaks 
central,  or  in  some  specimens  apparently  a  little  back  of  the 
center,  their  apices  pointed,  elevated  above  the  hinge-line,  strongly 
incurved  and  nearly  or  quite  in  contact.  Antero-cardinal  slope 
slightly  concave  or  nearly  straight;  anterior  margin  rather 
sharply  rounded;  basal  margin  broadly  and  regularly  convex; 
posterior  margin  rather  sharply  rounded  above  to  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  hinge-line;  post-cardinal  slope  more  concave 
than  the  anterior.  Valves  ventricose  or  inflated  in  the  umbonal 
region,  the  surface  curving  abruptly  to  the  cardinal  margin,  con- 
vex to  the  anterior  and  ventral  margins,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed to  the  postero-cardinal  extremity;  slightly  gaping  pos- 
teriorly. Surface  marked  with  40  or  more  angular,  radiating 
costae  in  adult  shells,  the  alternate  ones  being  conspicuously  larger. 
The  smaller  costas  are  intercalated  between  the  larger  ones  and 
do  not  reach  the  beak,  so  that  in  very  young  shells  the  alternation 
of  costae  does  not  exist;  upon  the  posterior,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed portion  of  the  valves  the  costae  are  nearly  or  quite  obsolete. 
Distinct  impressions  of  the  external  surface  of  the  shells,  show 
them  to  be  marked  by  fine,  indistinct  lines  of  growth;  they 
also  show  each  costa,  both  the  larger  ones  and  the  smaller  ones, 
to  be  surmounted  by  a  row  of  fine  tubercles  or  short  spines, 
whose  distance  apart  is  less  than  the  spaces  between  the  costae, 
the  radiating  lines  of  tubercles  are  also  present  upon  the  pos- 
terior non-costate  portion  of  the  shell. 

Remarks. — This  species  can  be  easily  distinguished  from  L. 
protexta  by  the  alternating  costae  and  the  more  central  position 
of  the  beaks.  These  two  species  have  never  been  observed  asso- 
ciated in  the  same  fauna,  L,  alternate  being  characteristic  of  the 
Merchantville,  while  L.  protexta  is  especially  characteristic  of  the 
Navesink. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mierchantville  clay-marl,  near  Ma- 
tawan  (ioo4,  101),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  140). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  529 

Liopistha  kLimmeli  n.  sp. 
Plate  LVIIL,  Fig.  3. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  right  valve  are: 
length,  21  mm.;  height,  15  mm.;  convexity,  4.5  mm.  Shell  sub- 
ovate  in  outline,  beaks  central  or  a  little  in  advance  of  the  center, 
strongly  incurved ;  antero-cardinal  margin  curving  gently  down- 
ward anteriorly  from  beneath  the  beak  and  passing  regularly 
into  the  broadly  rounded  anterior  margin ;  basal  margin  broadly 
rounded,  becoming  straighter  posteriorly  and  sloping  upward 
to  the  most  posterior  extremity  of  the  shell  which  is  above  the 
mid-height;  posterior  extremity  rather  sharply  rounded  into 
the  post-cardinal  margin  which  is  straight  and  horizontal.  Sur- 
face marked  by  about  20,  simple,  subangular,  radiating  costae, 
subequal  in  size,  but  becoming  somewhat  smaller  anteriorly; 
upon  the  cardinal  slopes  the  costae  become  much  fainter  or  even 
obsolete,  the  smooth  area  being  broader  behind  than  in  front; 
upon  the  umbo  and  towards  the  beak,  more  or  less  faint  con- 
centric undulations  cross  the  radiating  ribs,  but  these  become 
obsolete  before  reaching  the  middle  of  the  shell  in  adult  ex- 
amples; impressions  of  the  exterior  show  in  addition  to  the 
radial  and  concentric  markings  already  described,  fine  concentric 
lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  L.  alternate  which  occurs 
in  the  same  horizon,  in  the  absence  of  the  alternating  costae,  and 
in  the  presence  of  the  concentric  undulations  towards  the  beak. 
It  agrees  more  nearly  with  L.  protexta  from  the  Navesink  marl, 
but  the  radiating  costae  are  coarser  and  less  numerous,  and  that 
species  also  lacks  the  concentric  undulations.  In  the  presence  of 
these  concentric  undulations,  the  species  approaches  the  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  Cymella  in  which  the  concentric  markings  are 
more  conspicuous  than  the  radial,  but  the  much  stronger  radial 
markings  suggests  a  closer  relationship  to  the  members  of  the 
genus  Liopistha. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139),  Lenola  (163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 
34  PAI, 


530      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  CYMELLA  Meek. 

Cymella  bella  Conrad. 
Plate  LVIIL,  Figs.  10-12. 

1875.  Cymella  bella  Con..,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.,  p.  10,  pi. 

2,  fig.  9. 

1876.  Cymella  bella  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Tert.  Foss.  Up. 

Mo.,  p.  228,  text  figs.  25-30. 

1877.  Leiopistha  (Cymella}   meeki  Whitf.,  Prelim.  Rep.  Pal. 

Black  Hills,  p.  35. 
1880.     Leiopistha  (Cymella}  meeki  Whitf.,  Rep.  Geol.  and  Res. 

Black  Hills  of  Dak.,  p.  418,  pi.  n,  figs.  27-28. 
1886.     Cymella  meeki  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  142,  pi.  20,  figs.  6-7. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size,  transversely  oval  or 
ovate,  about  once  and  a  half  as  long  as  high.  Valves  strongly 
convex,  with  large,  somewhat  prominent  beaks,  situated  much 
nearer  the  anterior  end.  Shell  nearly  erect,  and  a  little  wider 
at  the  anterior  end  than  behind.  Extremities  of  the  valves  nearly 
equally  rounded  and  the  base  regularly  curved.  Cardinal  line 
long  behind  the  beaks,  and  the  margin  inflected  forming  a  nar- 
row, linear,  escutcheon-like  area.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  strong  and  regularly  rounded  and  regularly  increasing  un- 
dulations parallel  to  the  border  of  the  valves.  These  are  crossed 
by  distant  radiating  ribs,  which  are  strong  and  vertical  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  valve  or  opposite  the  beaks,  and  become  gradually 
fainter  and  finer  toward  the  posterior  end,  apparently  becoming 
obsolete  just  below  the  cardinal  border,  and  also  before  reaching 
the  anterior  cardinal  margin.  These  radiating  ribs,  on  the  central 
parts  of  the  shell  especially,  cut  up  the  surface  into  rounded  nodes 
by  forming  depressions  across  the  concentric  undulations.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  and  hinge-structure  not  seen,  as  the  specimens 
are  'all  in  the  condition  of  :casts  in  a  fine  micaceous  marl." 
(Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  left  valve  are:  length,  41  mm.; 
height,  27.5  mm.,  convexity,  9.5  mm. 


MOLLUSCA.  531 

Remarks. — There  seems  to  be  no  sufficient  reason  for  separ- 
ating these  New  Jersey  shells  from  Cymella  bella  Con.,  although 
Whitfield  has  established  the  species  C.  meeki  for  certain  Black 
Hills  examples,  to  which  species  he  has  referred  the  New  Jersey 
specimens.  The  distinctive  character  of  C.  meeki,  as  indicated 
by  Whitfield,  is  in  the  presence  of  the  radiating  ribs  over  the 
entire  surface  of  the  shell,  while  in  C.  bella,  according  to  the 
original  illustration  of  the  species,  they  are  restricted  to  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  shell.  In  all  the  specimens  of  this  shell  in 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  these  ribs  are  most  strongly 
developed  on  the  central  portion  of  the  shell,  becoming  fainter 
both  posteriorly  and  anteriorly j  in  most  instances  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  shell  is  entirely  destitute  of  the  ribs  while  faint 
indications  of  them  continue  nearly  to  the  post-cardinal  border. 
Although  this  distribution  of  the  radiating  ribs  is  quite  differ- 
ent from  Conrad's  illustration  O'f  C.  bella,  in  his  description  of 
that  species  he  says  "disk  sculptured  with  concentric  furrows 
and  acute  radiating  ribs  interrupted  at  the  furrows,  anterior  side 
nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  radii  and  occasionally  exhibiting 
minute  raised  points."  This  description  fits  the  New  Jersey 
specimens  exactly,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  the  original 
figure  is  not  a  fair  illustration  of  the  species.  The  Cliffwood 
clay  specimens  from  New  Jersey  resemble  the  original  figure 
of  C.  bella  more  closely  than  those  from  the  higher  formations, 
but  all,  including  also  the  Black  Hills  specimens  of  Whitfield, 
should  doubtless  be  referred  to  a  single  species,  C.  bella. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(107);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Matawan  (101);  Wood- 
bury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan  (103),  near  Haddon- 
field  (165)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (I3O1). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Texas, 
Arkansas,  South  Dakota. 

Cymella  undata  (Meek  and  Hayden). 
Plate  LVIIL,  Fig.  13. 

1856.     Pholadomya  undata  M.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1856),  p.  81. 


532      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Pholadomya  (Cymella)   undata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  pp.  14  and  34. 
1876.     Liopistha  (Cymella)  undata  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and 

Ter.  Foss.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  236,  pi.  30,  figs.  la-ib. 

Description. — "Shell  transversely  broad-ovate,  approaching 
subtrigonal,  moderately  gibbous;  anterior  end  rounded;  pos- 
terior side  narrower  and  a  little  more  compressed,  rounded  chiefly 
from  below;  base  forming  a  regular  semiovate  curve;  dorsal 
margin  sloping  rather  abruptly  in  front  of  the  beaks,  straighter 
and  declining  more  gradually  behind;  hinge-margins  straight,, 
and  inflected  so  as  to  form,  a  well-defined  false  area  both  behind 
and  a  little  in  front  of  the  beaks,  which  are  somewhat  elevated,, 
incurved  at  right  angles  to  the  hinge-line,  and  located  a  little  in 
advance  of  the  middle  of  the  shell.  Surface  ornamented  by  about 
17  to  20  of  the  simple,  rounded,  rather  strong,  regular,  concen- 
tric undulations,  which  are  broader  than  the  depressions  be- 
tween, and,  as  it  were,  cut  by  the  radiating  linear  furrows,  on 
the  central  region  of  each  valve,  into  about  the  same  number  of 
much  smaller,  simple,  radiating  costae,  less  than,  or  nearly  equal- 
ing, the  furrows  by  which  they  are  separated."  (Meek.) 

The  dimensions  of  the  only  specimen  observed,  a  left  valve,, 
are:  length,  16.5  mm.;  height,  12  mm.;  convexity,  3.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  represented  in  the  New  Jersey  col- 
lections by  a  single  individual  which  agrees  very  closely  with 
Meek's  description  and  illustration  of  the  species.  In  only  one 
respect  is  there  any  marked  difference,  and  that  probably  not 
essential,  the  number  of  fine  radiating,  linear  furrows  being 
greater  and  occupying  a  wider  space  on  the  central  portion  of  the 
shell.  About  30  of  these  furrows  can  be  clearly  distinguished 
and  exceedingly  faint  ones  seem  to  extend  still  further  towards 
the  posterior  and  anterior  extremities.  The  shell  is  associated 
with  C.  bella,  but  is  clearly  distinct  from  it  by  reason  of  the 
much  finer  radiating  markings,  and  there  are  no  intermediate 
forms  connecting  the  two  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(I301). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  South  Dakota. 


MOLLUSCA.  533 

Family  OTTSPIDARIIDAE. 

Genus  CUSPIDARIA  Nardo. 

Cuspidaria  ventricosa  (Meek  and  Hayden). 

Plate  LVIII,  Figs.  16-17. 

1856.     Corbula  ventricosa  M.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
vol.  8,  p.  83. 

1860.  Ncczra  ventricosa  M.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil, 

vol.  12,  p.  185. 

1 86 1.  Nea-era  ventricosa  Gabb,   Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

204  . 
1864.     Necera  ventricosa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 
1876.     Necera  ventricosa  Meek,  Rep.  on  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  238,  pi.  30,  figs.  3  a-e. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  nearly  or  quite  equivalve,  rather 
thin,  very  ventricose  in  the  anterior  and  central  regions;  anterior 
margin  somewhat  narrowly  rounded;  base  very  deeply  rounded 
toward  the  front,  contracted  behind;  posterior  side  longer  than 
the  other,  narrow,  compressed  and  rostriform;  dorsum  sloping 
gradually  with  a  concave  outline  behind  the  beaks,  declining  more 
abruptly  in  front ;  beaks  prominent,  apparently  equal  not  oblique, 
located  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle;  pallial  border  smooth; 
surface  marked  by  rather  concentric  striae."  (Meek.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  single  valve  are :  length,  13  mm. ;  height, 
7  mm. ;  convexity,  2.7  mm. 

Remarks. — All  the  examples  of  this  species  observed  in  New 
Jersey  are  casts,  and  these  have  frequently  been  more  or  less 
distorted  in  the  soft  clays  and  sands  where  they  occur.  The 
form  and  size  of  the  shell,  however,  agrees  well  with  those  de- 
scribed by  Meek  from  the  Fox  Hills  and  Pierre  faunas  of  the 
west,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  their  identity. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  .  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(I301);  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116),  Shrewsbury  River 
(119),  near  Middletown  (112);  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut 

(I295)- 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  South  Dakota. 


534      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Cuspidaria  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LVIIL,  Figs.  14-15. 

Description. — Shell  large  for  the  genus,  the  dimensions  of 
the  type  specimen  being:  length,  25.5  mm.;  height,  17  mm.; 
thickness,  13.7  mm.  Ventricose  in  the  anterior  and  central 
region,  compressed  and  rostriform  posteriorly ;  the  beaks  in- 
curved, directed  backward,  situated  centrally,  the  right  one  a 
little  in  advance  of  the  left.  From  the  beaks  the  anterior  margin 
slopes  gently  downward  in  front,  passing  into  the  broadly 
rounded  anterior  margin,  which  in  turn  passes  without  inter- 
ruption into  the  basal  margin  which  is  gently  rounded  anteriorly, 
becoming  straighter  posteriorly  as  it  slopes  upward  to  meet  the 
cardinal  margin  in  an  obscure  acute  angle,  the  posterior  margin 
restricted  to  the  sharply  rounded  rostrate  extremity  of  the  shell, 
the  post-cardinal  margin  concave  just  behind  the  beaks,  becoming 
straight  posteriorly.  Surface  of  the  internal  cast  marked  by 
regular,  rounded,  concentric  undulations  a  little  less  than  one 
millimeter  apart,  and  by  very  obscure  radiating  lines. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  based  upon  a  single  nearly  com- 
plete internal  cast  from  New  Jersey  and  a  second  less  perfect 
specimen  from  Alabama.  The  species  differs  from  C.  ventricosa, 
in  its  larger  size,  its  more  nearly  central  beaks,  and  in  its  con- 
centric markings. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i267). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Order  TELEODESMACEA. 

Super-family  CYPRICARDIACEA. 

Family  PLEUROPHORIDAE. 

Genus  VENIKLLA  Stoliczka. 

Veniella  conradi   (Morton). 

Plate  LVIIL,  Figs.  18-19. 

1833.     Venilia  conradi  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 
p.  294,  pi.  8,  figs.  1-2. 


MOLLUSCA.  535 

1834.     Venilia*  conradi  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  67,  pi.  8,  figs.  1-2. 
1861.     Venilia  conradi  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  233 

(177). 

1864.     Venilia  conradi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 
and  Jur.,  p.  13. 

1868.  Venilia  conradi  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 

1869.  Goniosoma  infiata  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  44, 

pi.  i,  fig.  10. 

1870.  Venilia  elevata  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  74,  pi. 

3,  figs.  7-73. 
1876.     Veniella  conradi  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Tert.  Foss. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  148,  text  figs.  9-11. 
1886.     Veniella  conradi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  144,  pi.  19,  figs.  8-10. 
1886.     Vmiella  innata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  147,  pi.  19,  figs.  4-5. 
1886.     Veniella  elevata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  148,  pi.  19,  figs.  6-7. 
1905.     Veniella  conradi  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  13. 
1905.     Veniella   elevata  Johns,,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  13. 
1905.     Veniella   inflata   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  13. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  sized  left  valve 
are:  length,  26  mm.;  height,  23  mm.;  convexity,  12  mm.  Shell 
subtrapezoidal  in  outline.  Hinge-line  rather  strongly  curved. 
Anterior  margin  straight  above,  sloping  obliquely  forward, 
sharply  rounding  into  the  basal  margin  below;  basal  margin 
gently  convex,  becoming  straighter  posteriorly;  postero-basal 
extremity  angular ;  posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate ;  postero- 
cardinal  extremity  obtusely  angular,  becoming  rounder  in  the 
larger  individuals;  postero-cardinal  margin  rather  long,  straight 
or  slightly  convex.  Valves  very  ventricose,  with  a  sharply 
angular,  curved  umbonal  ridge.  Beaks  situated  nearly  as  far 


536      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

front  as  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell,  incurved  and  directed 
forward.  Post-umbonal  slope  abrupt,  with  a  shallow  sinus  ex- 
tending from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  shell,  and 
a  low  subangular  ridge  curving  from  the  beak  to  the  postero- 
cardinal  extremity;  anterior  slope  convex  from  the  umbonal 
ridge  forward,  the  curvature  of  the  surface  becoming  much 
more  abrupt  as  it  approaches  the  anterior  margin.  Surface 
of  the  shell  marked  by  several,  strong,  concentric  varices  which 
become  more  remote  away  from  the  beak,  and  upon  very  large 
individuals  become  obsolete  upon  the  outer  portion  of  the  shell; 
they  are  produced  into  broad,  lamellar  extensions  of  the  shell 
and  do  not  continue  across  the  post-umbonal  slope.  The  shell 
surface  is  also  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular  concentric  lines 
of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  is  one  of  the  long  range  species  in  the  New 
Jersey  faunas,  and  is  liable  to  occur  at  any  horizon  from  the 
Merchantville  to  the  Tinton.  The  species  does  not  usually  at- 
tain so  large  a  size  in  New  Jersey  as  it  sometimes  does  in  some  of 
the  southern  localities,  although  individuals  30  mm.  in  height  are 
sometimes  met  with.  The  little  shell  from  Haddonfield  described 
by  Conrad  as  V.  elevata  is  only  a  young  individual  of  V.  con- 
radi,  and  the  same  author's  Goniosomo  inHata  is  an  internal  cast 
of  the  same.  The  species  occurs  most  abundantly  in  the  Mer- 
chantville, Marshalltown,  and  Wenonah  formations,  being  rare 
in  the  Woodbury.  The  only  place  where  the  shells  themselves 
have  been  collected  in  the  State  is  from  the  Marshalltown  clay- 
marl  near  Swedesboro. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchhantville  clay-marl,  near 
Jamesburg  (139,  140,  141),  Merchantville  (162),  Lenola  (163)  ; 
Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (I3O1),  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i263)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  (i267),  near  Walnford  (149),  Mullica  Hill 
(i692);  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116),  Shrewsbury  River 
(199),  near  Middletown  (112);  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut, 
south  of  Keyport  (i295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 


MOLLUSCA.  537 

Veniella  trigona  (Gabb). 

Plate  LIX.,  Figs.  1-3. 
1 86 1.     Venilia  trigona  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1861), 

P-  324- 
1864.     Venilia  trigona  Meek,  Check  List.  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  13. 

1868.     Venilia  trigona  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1886.     Veniella  trigona  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  149,  pi.  19,  figs.  11-14. 
1905.     Veniella   trigona  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  13. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  left  valve 
are:  length,  58  mm.;  height,  51  mm.;  convexity,  25  mm. 
Shell  subtrigonal  in  outline.  Hinge-line  strongly  curved;  an- 
terior margin  sharply  rounding  into  the  basal  margin;  basal 
margin  convex  in  front,  becoming  straight  or  slightly  concave 
posteriorly;  postero-basal  extremity  angular;  posterior  margin 
truncate,  rounding  above  into  the  long,  convex  post-cardinal 
margin.  Valves  very  ventricose  with  a  sharply  angular,  strongly 
curved  umbonal  ridge.  Beaks  extending  as  far  forward  as  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  shell,  strongly  incurved.  Post-umbonal 
slope  abrupt,  becoming  less  so  posteriorly,  divided  by  an  obtusely 
subangular  ridge  which  originates  back  of  the  beak  and  describes 
a  curve  to  the  post-cardinal  extremity;  the  area  between  the 
umbonal  and  cardinal  ridges  is  slightly  concave,  and  is  much 
broader  than  the  area  between  the  cardinal  ridge  and  the  cardinal 
margin.  Anterior  slope  with  a  slight  sinuosity  just  in  front  of 
the  umbonal  ridge  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  shell;  in  front  of 
this  the  surface  is  convex,  becoming  more  abrupt  anteriorly  and 
being  somewhat  inflected  to  the  antero-cardinal  margin  beneath 
the  beak.  Shell  substance  very  thick.  Surface  of  the  shell 
rugosely  marked  with  irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth  and 
with  rather  broad,  wrinkle-like  ridges;  towards  the  beak  there 
is  some  evidence  of  two  or  more  lamellar  ridges  as  in  V.  conradi. 
The  strong  rugosities  do  not  extend  across  the  post-cardinal 
slope  of  the  shell,  this  portion  being  marked  only  by  the  irregular 
lines  of  growth.  In  the  casts  the  beaks  are  straighter,  much  less 


538      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

incurved,  and  do  not  extend  as  far  forward  as  the  extreme 
anterior  margin  of  the  shell.  The  strong  concentric  rugosities 
of  the  shell  are.  not  impressed  upon  the  surface  of  the  casts,  but 
the  muscular  impressions  are  large  and  strong,  the  anterior  one 
especially  being  much  elevated  above  the  general  surface  of  the 
cast,  indicating  the  presence  of  a  very  deeply  impressed  anterior 
muscular  attachment. 

Remarks. — There  seems  to  be  nothing  about  this  shell  which 
might  not  be  an  extreme  condition  of  the  much  smaller  V .  con- 
radi.  The  external  characters  have  been  described  above  from 
a  plaster  cast  taken  from  a  very  perfect  mould  of  the  outside  of 
a  large  shell  of  which  the  internal  cast  is  also  perfectly  preserved. 
A  portion  taken  from  the  apical  part  of  the  shell  of  the  size  of 
the  ordinary  specimens  of  V.  conradi  from  the  lower  beds,  could 
not  be  distinguished  from  members  of  that  species.  It  has  been 
thought  best  to  retain  V.  trigona  as  a  distinct  species,  however, 
because  of  its  stratigraphic  relations,  it  being  nowhere  observed 
in  beds  beneath  the  Navesink  marl.  In  the  lower  beds,  shells 
with  the  characters  of  V.  conradi  seem  to  be  fully  adult,  and  do- 
not  seem  to  develop  further,  but  in  the  higher  beds  we  find  V. 
trigona  a  direct  genetic  successor  of  V.  conradi,  the  development 
of  whose  shell  continues  much  further  than  the  shell  of  the  earlier 
form.  It  is  possible  that  the  specimens  from  the  higher  beds. 
which  have  been  identified  as  V.  conradi,  should  rather  be  con- 
sidered as  the  young  of  V .  trigona,  since  it  would  be  difficult  or 
perhaps  impossible  to  distinguish  between  the  young  of  the  later 
and  the  adults  of  the  earlier  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford 
(i474,  I484,  149);  Tinton  beds.  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Key- 
port  (i295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Texas. 

Veniella  ?  rhomboidea  Conrad. 
Plate  LVIIL,  Figs.  22-24. 

1853.     Venilia  ?  rhomboidea  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

2d  sen,  vol.  2,  p.  275,  pi.  24,  fig.  7. 
1861.     Venilia  rhomboidea  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

234  (178). 


MOLLUSCA.  539 

1864.     Venilia  rhomboidea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  13. 

1868.     Venilia  rhomboidea  Con. /Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1886.     Veniella  rhomboidea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  215,  pi.  28,  figs.  12-13. 
1905.     Veniella  rhomboidea  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  internal  cast 
are:  length,  19  mm. ;  height,  15  mm. ;  thickness,  14  mm.  Shell 
trapezoidal  or  subrhomboidal  in  outline.  The  beaks  situated  near 
the  anterior  margin,  strongly  incurved  and  directed  forward. 
Anterior  margin  short,  sharply  rounded;  ventral  margin  nearly 
straight,  usually  slightly  convex  anteriorly  and  straight  or  slightly 
concave  posteriorly;  postero-basal  extremity  sharply  angular; 
posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate,  higher  than  the  anterior 
margin ;  post-cardinal  margin  sloping  gently  backward  from  the 
beak,  slightly  convex,  becoming  straighter  posteriorly;  posterior 
cardinal  extremity  obtusely  angular.  Valves  strongly  ventricose 
with  a  prominent,  sharply  angular,  curved  umbonal  ridge;  pos- 
terior slope  abrupt,  concave,  abruptly  inflected  to  the  cardinal 
margin;  anterior  slope  gently  convex  or  nearly  flat  across  the 
middle  of  the  shell,  sometimes  with  a  slight  sinus  towards  the 
ventral  margin  just  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge;  anteriorly  it 
curves  abruptly  downward  to  the  anterior  margin,  and  is  inflected 
below  the  beaks.  Surface  of  the  casts  marked  by  a  few  incon- 
spicuous concentric  lines  of  growth ;  the  muscular  impressions 
faint,  the  posterior  ones  scarcely  or  not  at  all  distinguishable 
upon  the  casts;  at  the  dorsal  margin  of  the  anterior  muscular 
impression  is  a  ridge-like  thickening  of  the  shell  which,  in  the 
casts,  appears  as  a  distinct  groove  or  furrow  crossing  the  hinge- 
line  just  beneath  and  in  front  of  the  beaks. 

Remarks.  This  species  has  always  been  considered  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Veniella,  and  the  shell  does  have  a  superficial 
resemblance  to  members  of  that  genus.  The  hinge-characters, 
however,  have  not  been  observed,  and  without  these  the  true 
generic  relations  of  the  species  cannot  be  determined.  One  pecu- 
liar character  of  these  casts  which  is  certainly  different  from  any 


540      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

true  members  of  the  genus  Veniella,  is  the  internal,  transverse, 
ridge-like  thickening  of  the  shell  at  the  dorsal  margin  of  the 
anterior  muscular  impression,  a  character  which  is  probably  of 
generic  value  and  which  is  present  also  in  the  cast  identified  by 
Whitfield  as  V.  decisa.  Both  these  species  have  strongly  enrolled 
beaks,  a  character  in  which  they  simulate  members  of  the  genus 
Isocardia,  and  they  resemble,  both  in  their  general  form,  their 
strongly  enrolled  beaks,  and  in  the  transverse  thickening  of  the 
shell  mentioned  above,  a  shell  which  is  described  by  Wood  as 
Isourca  agassizii1  P.  &  R.,  from  the  Cretaceous  of  England.  It 
is  possible  that  they  should  be  referred  to  the  genus  Isoarca,  but 
they  show  no  evidence  of  having  had  any  Area-like  teeth,  and 
before  so  referring  them  they  should  be  carefully  compared  with 
the  type  of  that  genus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  New  Egypt, 
Farmingdale. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Veniella  ?  decisa  (Morton). 
Plate  LVIIL,  Figs.  25-26. 

1833.  Cardita  decisa  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,   ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 

p.  292;  vol.  24,  pi.  9,  fig.  3. 

1834.  Cardita  decisa  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 

p.  66,  pi.  9,  fig.  3. 
1 86 1.     Cardita  decisa  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  160 

(104). 
1886.     Veniella  decisa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  145,  pi.  19,  figs.  15-16. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  subquadrangular,  rhom- 
boidal  or  triangularly  rhombic  in  outline,  dependent  more  or 
less  on  compression  or  distortion  of  the  valves.  Valves  usually 
very  ventricose,  with  strong,  rather  inflated  and  enrolled  beaks, 
situated  near  the  anterior  end  and  curved  anteriorly,  and  strongly 
angular  on  the  back;  umbonal  ridge  distinctly  and  prominently 


1  Monog.  Cret.  Lam.  Eng.,  p.  65,  pi.  13,  figs.  7  a-b. 


MOLLUSCA.  541 

angular,  and  highly  arcuate  in  its  passage  from  the  beaks  to  the 
poster o-basal  angle  of  the  valves.  Cardinal  border  arcuate,  the 
cardinal  and  basal  margins  subparallel  and  nearly  equally 
curbed;  posterior  margin  squarely  truncate  below  and  sloping 
toward  the  hinge-line  above;  anterior  end  sharply  rounded,  and 
deeply  excavated  beneath  the  beaks.  Postero-cardinal  slope 
rather  abrupt.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  on  the  casts, 
smooth  or  marked  only  by  concentric  lines  of  growth."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — Morton's  type  of  this  species  has  apparently  been 
lost  or  destroyed,  and  it  has  usually  been  the  custom  to  consider 
the  species  as  a  synonym  of  V.  conradi.  Whitfield,  however, 
has  revived  Morton's  name,  applying  it  to'  certain  specimens 
which,  from  the  locality  given,  probably  occur  in  the  Horners- 
town  marl,  but  this  can  not  be  asserted  with  certainty  because 
the  form  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections,  and  it 
is  not  certain  that  the  specimens  used  by  Whitfield  are  specifically 
identical  with  Morton's  type.  In  its  generic  characters  this 
species,  as  interpreted  by  Whitfield,  is  evidently  related  to 
Veniella  rhomboidea,  and  as  has  been  pointed  out  under  the  dis- 
cussion of  that  species,  both  should  perhaps  be  referred  to  the 
genus  I  so  arc  a. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl  ?,  Blue  Ball,  and 
near  Mullica  Hill  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  ETEA  Conrad. 

Etea  carolinensis  Conrad. 
Plate  LIX.,  Figs.  4-6. 

1875.     Etea  carolinensis  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.  p.  6, 

pi.  i,  fig.  14. 
1905.     Htea  carolinensis  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  14. 

-  Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  shell  of  average  size,  pre- 
serving both  valves,  are:  length,  33  mm.;  height,  22.5  mm.; 


542      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

thickness,  14  mm.  Length  of  the  largest  individual  observed, 
14  mm.  Shell  very  oblique  and  inequilateral,  the  beaks  obtuse, 
slightly  incurved,  situated  about  three-eights  of  the  entire 
length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  Anterior  nar- 
gin  somewhat  narrowly  rounded  and  passing  into  the  basal  mar- 
gin; basal  margin  moderately  convex  anteriorly,  becoming 
straight  or  usually  slightly  concave  posteriorly;  posterior-basal 
extremity  acutely  angular;  posterior  margin  rather  short, 
obliquely  truncate;  postero-dorsal  margin  straight  except  near 
the  beak  where  it  becomes  slightly  convex,  making  an  angle  of 
about  136°  with  the  truncate  posterior  margin.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  with  a  sharply  angular  or  subcarinate,  usually 
straight,  umbonal  ridge  passing  from  the  beak  to  the  postero- 
basal  extremity  of  the  shell;  postero-dorsal  slope  concave  from 
the  umbonal  ridge  to  the  cardinal  margin,  where  the  shell  is 
sharply  inflected  to  form  a  large  and  nearly  flat  escutcheon;  in 
front  of  the  umbonal  ridge  a  broad,  more  or  less  indefinite  de- 
pression passes  from  the  beak  to  the  sinuosity  in  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  ventral  margin;  in  front  of  the  beak  the  surface 
is  inflected  to  form  a  rather  large  and  broad  lunule.  Entire  sur- 
face of  the  shell  covered  with  strong,  concentric  lines  of  growth, 
which  are  more  or  less  irregular  in  the  strength  of  their  develj 
opment.  Hinge  of  right  valve  with  a  large  bifid  cardinal  tooth 
directed  obliquely  backwards  from  beneath  the  beak,  and  a 
much  smaller  simple  one  directed  forward;  between  these  two 
teeth  is  a  deep  triangular  pit,  and  behind  the  posterior  one  is  a 
much  narrower  pit;  two  large  lateral  teeth  are  present,  one  in 
front  and  one  behind  the  beak,  the  anterior  one  is  nearer  the 
beak  with  a  broad  and  deep  pit  between  it  and  the  hinge-line, 
the  posterior  one  is  more  elongate  and 'slender,  and  is  also  sep- 
arated from  the  hinge-line  by  a  deep  pit.  The  hinge  of  the 'left 
valve  has  two  cardinal  teeth,  a  large  bifid  one  immediately  be- 
neath the  beak  and  a  thin,  very  oblique  one  behind,  with  a  large, 
oblique,  triangular  pit  between  the  two;  there  are  two  strong 
lateral  teeth,  one  in  front  and  one  behind,  the  anterior  one  being 
nearer  the  beak  and  usually  stronger  but  not  so  much  ex- 
tended longitudinally  as  the  posterior  one.  Muscular  impres- 


MOLLUSCA.  543 

sions  large  and  strong1,  of  about  equal  size;  pallia!  line  parallel 
with  the  truncated  posterior  margin  for  a  short  distance  below 
the  posterior  muscular  impression,  then  bending  abruptly  for- 
ward and  continuing  subparallel  with  the  shell  margin. 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  abundantly  in  the  Marshall- 
town  clay-marl  near  Swedesboro,  where  it  is  preserved  with  the 
shell  in  perfect  condition.  These  specimens  differ  somewhat 
from  the  original  illustration  of  the  species,  but  they  have  been 
compared  with  authentic  examples  in  the  National  Museum, 
from  the  type  locality  at  Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina,  and  they 
seem  to  be  specifically  the  same.  Among  the  Snow  Hill  Material 
studied  there  are  two  somewhat  different  forms  one  of  which  is 
essentially  identical  with  the  Swedesboro  specimens,  while  the 
other  is  a  smoother  shell  in  which  the  strong  concentric  growth 
lines  are  absent  and  in  which  the  basal  margin  is  convex  through- 
out. Conrad's  figure  of  the  type  specimen  is  nearly  intermediate 
in  its  characters  between  these  two  forms,  but  all  should  doubt- 
less be  included  in  one  species.  The  Swedesboro  examples 
differ  chiefly  from  the  North  Carolina  ones  in  exhibiting  a  less 
wide  range  of  individual  variation.  The  species  differs  from 
B.  tmpezoidea  in  being  somewhat  more  elongate,  with  the  pos- 
terior, obliquely  truncate  margin  shorter,  so  that  the  postero- 
basal  extremity  is  lower  down. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina. 

Etea  trapezoidea  (Conrad). 
Plate  LVIIL,  Figs.  20-21.    Plate  LIX.,  Fig.  7. 

1860.     Venilia  trapezoidea  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 
ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  282,  pi.  47,  fig.  7. 

1860.  Crassatella  Monmouthensis  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  302,  pi.  48,  fig.  19. 

1 86 1.  Crassatella  Monmouthensis   Gabb,    Synop.    Moll.    Cret. 

Form.,  p.  168  (112). 

1 86 1.     Venilia  trapezoidea  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 
234  (178)- 


544      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1862.     Crassatella  lineata  Shum.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  8,  p.  201. 
1864.     Crassatella  monmouthensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 
1864.     Venilia  trapezoidea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  13. 
1868.     Crassatella  Monmouthensis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p. 

726. 

1868.     Venilia  trapezoidea  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1876.     Htea  monmouthensis  Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  275. 
1886.     Crassatella  Monmouthensis  Whitf.,   Pal.   N.  J.,   vol.    I 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  119,  pi.  17,  figs.  21-22. 
1886.     Veniella  subowlis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  150,  pi.  19,  figs.  1-2. 
1886.     Veniella  trapezoidea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  151,  pi.  19,  fig.  3. 
1905.     Crassatellites  monmouthensis  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.  (1905),  p.  14. 
1905.     Veniella  subovalis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  13. 
1905.     Veniella  trapezoidea  Johns.,  Proc.  .Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 


Description.  —  The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen  are: 
length,  26  mm.  ;  height,  18  mm.  The  specimens  sometimes  attain 
a  length  of  30  mm.  or  more.  Shell  very  oblique  and  inequilateral, 
subtrapezoidal  to  subelliptical  in  outline,  the  beaks  situated  about 
one-third  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity. 
Anterior  margin  rounding  into  the  basal  margin;  basal  margin 
convex  anteriorly  and  sometimes  throughout,  often  somewhat 
gibbous  in  the  middle,  and  usually  slightly  sinuate  posteriorly; 
postero-basal  extremity  acutely  subangular,  posterior  margin 
obliquely  truncate,  the  postero-dorsal  margin  straight  or  slightly 
curved,  sloping  from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  hinge  extremity, 
where  it  meets  the  truncated  posterior  margin  in  an  obtuse  angle. 
Valves  with  an  angular  or  subcarinate  umbonal  ridge  passing 
from  the  beak  to  the  postero-ventral  extremity  of  the  shell;  in 


MOLLUSCA.  545 

front  of  the  umbonal  ridge  is  a  more  or  less  obscure  depression 
or  broad  shallow  sinus,  which  passes  obliquely  backward  from  the 
beak  to  the  sinuosity  in  the  ventral  margin.  The  postero-dorsal 
slope  concave  to  the  cardinal  margin,  where  the  surface  is 
inflected  to  form  the  escutcheon.  In  front  of  the  beak  the  surface 
of  the  shell  is  inflected  to  form  the  rather  large  lunule.  In  the 
casts  the  muscular  impressions  are  of  moderate  size,  inconspic- 
uous or  somewhat  strongly  marked,  and  the  free  margins  are  not 
crenate.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  concentric  lines  of 
growth  which  vary  in  the  strength  of  their  development. 

Remarks. — This  specific  form  seems  to  have  been  described 
under  several  names  by  different  authors,  Conrad's  name  trape- 
zoidea  having  priority.  The  types  of  the  species  Venilia  trape- 
zoidea,  Crassatella  monmouthensis  and  Veniella  subovalis  have 
all  been  carefully  studied  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Science.  The  specimens  indicated  as  types  of  C 
'monmouthensis  are  four  in  number;  the  smallest  of  these  has 
"type"  marked  on  it  in  ink,  and  seems  to  be  different  from  the 
other  three;  it  has  the  shell  preserved,  and  from  its  lithologic 
character  seems  to  have  come  from  one  of  the  marl  beds,  probably 
the  Navesink;  this  smaller  specimen  is  apparently  not  the  one 
which  was  illustrated  by  Gabb.  The  three  larger  individuals 
agree  with  the  original  illustration  of  the  species  in  all  essential 
characters,  and  one  of  them  was  doubtless  used  as  the  original  for 
the  figure;  these  specimens  apparently  came  from  the  Merchant- 
ville  formation,  and  are  identical  with  V.  trapezoidea  and  with 
the  Merchantville  clay  specimens  in  the  recent  collections  of  the 
Survey.  Whitfield's  Veniella  subovalis  is  certainly  a  member  of 
the  same  species,  although  its  posterior  margin  is  somewhat 
higher  and  more  nearly  vertical  than  the  others.  The  type  of 
Crassatella  lineata  has  not  been  seen,  but  the  species  is  represented 
in  the  National  Museum  at  Washington  by  numerous  examples 
from  the  type  locality,  and  it  is  unquestionably  specifically 
identical  with  the  Alabama  and  New  Jersey  specimens.  An 
examination  of  a  large  number  of  individuals  of  this  species  shows 
considerable  variation  in  some  respects,  notably  in  the  height  of 
the  posterior  truncated  margin,  and  in  the  curvature  of  the  basal 

35  PAI, 


546      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

margin,  which  is  sometimes  slightly  sinuate  posteriorly  and  again 
nearly  straight  or  slightly  convex.  The  species  resembles  H.  caro- 
linensis,  but  it  is  a  shorter  shell  with  a  higher  posterior  margin ; 
the  two  forms  are  certainly  cogeneric,  however,  and  if  it  is  ad- 
visable to  recognize  Htea  at  all  as  distinct  from  Veniella,  both 
should  be  placed  in  that  genus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (140,  141),  Lenola  (163),  Mer- 
chantville (162). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Texas. 

Etea  delawarensis   (Gabb). 
Plate  LIX,  Figs.  8-9. 

1860.  Crassatella  Delawarensis  Gabb,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  303,  pi.  48,  fig.  20. 

1861.  Crassatella  Delawarensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  168  (112). 
1864.     Crassatella  delawarensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 

1868.  Crussatella  delawarensis  Cook,  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  376,  figure. 
1868.  Crassatella  Delawarensis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1876.  Htea  Delawarensis  Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  275. 
1886.     Crassatella    Delawarensis   Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol  .9),  p.  210,  pi.  27,  figs.  14-15. 
1905.     Crassatellites  delawarensis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  specimen  are : 
length,  26  mm.;  height,  19.5  mm.;  thickness,  12.5  mm.  Shell 
cuneately  subovate  or  subtriangular  in  outline,  highest  in  front, 
the  beaks  elevated,  rather  small,  incurved,  situated  between  one- 
third  and  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior 
extremity.  Antero-cardinal  margin  rather  long,  nearly  straight 
or  slightly  concave,  sloping  steeply  forward  from  the  beaks; 
anterior  margin  rather  narrowly  rounding  into  the  basal  margin ; 


MOIXUSCA.  547 

basal  margin  gently  convex  anteriorly  and  straight  or  slightly 
concave  posteriorly ;  postero-basal  extremity  sharply  rounded  or 
subangular ;  posterior  margin  slightly  convex,  obliquely  truncate ; 
postero-cardinal  margin  long  and  straight,  joining  the  posterior 
margin  in  an  obtusely  rounded  angle.  From  the  beak  to  the 
postero-basal  angle,  a  rather  broadly  rounded  umbonal  ridge 
extends  in  a  nearly  straight  line;  the  postero-cardinal  slope  is 
nearly  flat  posteriorly,  becoming  a  little  convex  towards  the  beak ; 
the  cardinal  margin  is  sharply  inflected  to  form  the  sides  of 
the  narrow  but  rather  deeply  excavated  escutcheon.  In  front  of 
the  umbonal  ridge  the  shell  is  flattened  or  slightly  sinuate  from 
the  beak  obliquely  backward  to  the  basal  margin ;  in  front  of  the 
beak  the  shell  is  inflected  along  the  cardinal  margin  to  form  the 
rather  broad,  concave  lunule.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with 
moderately  fine,  but  rather  strong  and  regular  concentric  lines  of 
growth,  which  become  obsolescent  back  of  the  umbonal  ridge. 

In  the  internal  casts  the  beaks  are  more  prominent,  erect  and 
rather  widely  separate,  the  shell  is  rather  more  pointed  posteriorly 
and  the  muscular  and  pallial  impressions  are  of  moderate  strength. 

Remarks. — There  seems  to  be  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  origin 
of  the  type  specimen  of  this  species.  In  the  original  description 
it  is  said  to  be  from  the  "Deep  Cut,  Delaware  and  Chesapeake 
Canal,"  which  would  make  its  horizon  about  that  of  the  Merchant- 
ville  clay-marl.  This  type  specimen  is  preserved  in  the  collection 
of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  and  is  labeled  in  Gabb's 
own  hand-writing,  "Crosswick's  N.  J.,"  according  to  Johnson, 
which  would  make  its  horizon  the  Woodbury  clay.  The  species 
is  a  very  characteristic  one,  and  shows  so  little  variation,  that  it 
is  not  possible  to  mistake  it,  and  in  all  the  collections  made  since 
the  species  was  described,  it  has  been  found  only  in  the  Manasquan 
marl.  It  seems  probable,  therefore,  that  the  type  specimen  also 
came  from  this  formation,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the 
original  author  of  the  species  recorded  it  from  elsewhere.  The 
two  different  localities  assigned  to  the  specimen  by  Gabb  would 
indicate  some  uncertainty  as  to  its  true  origin  in  that  author's 
own  mind. 

The  species  was  placed  in  the  genus  Etea  by  Conrad,  and  al- 
though the  hinge-structure  has  not  been  observed  to  demonstrate 


548      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

its  generic  relations,  it  is  retained  in  that  genus  here  because  it 
has  the  general  form  of  authentic  species  of  the  genus,  and  agrees 
with  them  rather  than  with  Crassatellites  in  the  absence  of  crenu- 
lations  upon  the  inner  free  margin  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Pemberton  (191),. 
near  Farmingdale  (138). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  AMBOCARDIA  Whitfield. 

Ambocardia  cookii  Whitfield. 

Plate  LX.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1886.     Ambocardia  cookii  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  25,  pi.  2,  figs.  11-14. 

Description. — "Shell  large  and  ponderous,  with  heavy,  mas- 
sive, incurved  beaks,  which  are  strongly  enrolled  and  situated 
near  the  anterior  end  of  the  shell.  Valves  very  gibbous,  very 
inequilateral  and  transverse,  strongly  cuneate  in  a  cardinal  view 
when  united,  being  extremely  ventricose  opposite  the  beaks  and 
gradually  but  rapidly  decreasing  in  depth  toward  the  posterior 
end;  obliquely  ovate  in  outline,  with  a  short,  obtusely  pointed 
anterior  end,  straight  but  short  cardinal  line;  prolonged  but 
obtusely  rounded  posterior  end;  basal  line  strongly  curved,  rap- 
idly declining  from  the  anterior  end,  and  distinctly  sinuate  near 
the  middle  of  the  shell  by  a  broad,  shallow,  but  well-defined 
oblique  sulcus,  which  passes  from  the  beak  to  the  basal  margin 
just  in  front  of  the  strongly  rounded  and  prominent  umbonal 
ridge.  External  ligament  strongly  marked,  and  extending  the 
length  of  the  posterior  cardinal  line  and  deeply  imbedded  in  a 
narrow  escutcheon.  Lunule  large  and  deep,  strongly  defined, 
with  sharply  angular  margins.  Substance  of  the  shell  thick  and 
dense,  and  the  surface  marked  with  close  comparatively  strong 
concentric  lines  or  ridges,  and  apparently  with  a  thick  epidermis. 
Anterior  muscular  scar  large  and  deep,  situated  close  to  the  mar- 
gin in  the  pointed  anterior  end.  Other  muscular  imprints  not 


MOLLUSCA.  549 

determined  and  the  features  of  the  hinge  are  as  yet  unknown. 
Pallial  line  apparently  simple."  (Whitfield.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Raritan  clay,  Sayreville,  near  Wood- 
bridge,  East  Brunswick  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  ASTARTACEA. 
Family  ASTABTIDAB. 

Genus  ASTARTE  Sowerby. 

Astarte  veta  Conrad. 

Plate  LX..  Fig.  3. 

1869.  Astarte  veta  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  279,  pi. 

20,  fig.  4. 

1870.  Astarte  veta  Con.,  Am.  Journ.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  227. 
1886.     Astarte  veta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G. 

S.,  vol.  9),  p.  23,  pi.  2,  fig.  i. 

Description. — "Mr.  Conrad  described  this  species  as  'Ovate, 
from  ventral  margin  to  beak,  compressed,  equilateral;  beaks 
prominent,  oblique;  anterior  ventral  margin  rounded,  posterior 
obliquely  truncated;  posterior  end  truncated  and  situated  much 
above  the  line  of  the  base  (cast).'  In  comparison  he  says,  'this 
species  is  nearly  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with,  Astarte  Triasina, 
Bunker.' 

"I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  specimens  agreeing  with  the 
above  description,  nor  to  find  the  type  specimen  used  by  Mr. 
Conrad.  The  form  of  the  shell  would  indicate  that  it  belonged 
to  the  genus  Astarte,  but  beyond  that  there  appears  to  be  no  real 
evidence  of  its  generic  relations  more  than  there  is  to  other 
species  found  in  these  clays.  The  outline  of  the  shell  might 
suggest  that  it  was  a  young  individual  of  what  I  have  herein 
called  Gnathodon  tenuidens,  but  the  apparent  want  of  gibbosity 
would  not  agree.  So  for  the  present  at  least  the  species  will  have 
to  be  left  as  it  is."  (Whitfield.) 


550      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks; — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  recent  in- 
vestigations of  the  Survey  and  nothing  can  be  added  to  Whit- 
field's  discussion. 

Formation  and  locality. — Raritan  clay,  near  Washington 
(Conrad.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  ERIPHYLA  Gabb. 

Eriphyla  conradi  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LX.,  Figs.  4-S. 

1886.     Gouldia  conradi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  125,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Eriphyla  conradi  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  the  largest  specimen  observed  not 
exceeding  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  its  greatest  diameter. 
Valves  subtriangular,  approaching  a  quadrangular  outline  by  the 
truncation  of  the  posterior  extremity,  which  gives  the  valves 
when  seen  from  the  exterior  much  the  form  and  character  of  a 
young  Crassatella,  which  is  also  added  to  by  their  moderate 
convexity.  Beaks  small  and  pointed.  Anterior  and  posterior 
sides  of  the  cardinal  margin  straight,  forming  a  little  more  than 
a  right  angle  with  each  other,  the  posterior  side  being  nearly 
one-half  longer  than  the  anterior,  and  the  basal  line  somewhat 
regularly  rounded.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  concentric 
undulations,  which  are  abruptly  bent  in  crossing  the  umbonal 
ridge.  Posterior  umbonal  slope  flattened.  Lunule  rather  long 
and  narrow.  Substance  of  the  shell  thin.  Ligamental  pit  of 
the  hinge  small  in  the  left  valve,  and  the  posterior  cardinal 
tooth-cavity  linear  and  extending  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the 
cardinal  border.  In  the  right  valve  the  pit  is  larger  and  the 
anterior  lateral  tooth-cavity  more  strongly  marked.  Muscular 
scars  and  pallial  line  distinctly  marked  in  the  right  valve 
(figured),  but  much  less  strongly  so  in  the  left  one,  which  is 
thinner  in  substance,  although  a  slightly  larger  valve."  (Whit- 
field.) 


MO'LUJSCA.  551 

Remarks. — The  specimens  in  the  recent  collections  which  have 
been  identified  with  this  species  do  not  agree  with  the  original 
description  and  illustration  of  the  species  as  well  as  might  be 
desired.  They  are  usually  larger  shells  with  less  elevated  beaks 
and  less  markedly  truncate  posteriorly.  All  the  specimens  ob- 
served, however,  are  more  or  less  imperfectly  preserved. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139,  140,  141),  Lenola  (163),  Merchantville  (162); 
Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan  (103),  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Eriphyla  decemnarla  (Conrad). 

Plate  LX.,  Fig.  9. 

1869.     Gouldia  decemnaria  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  48, 

pi.  9,  fig.  4. 
1886.     Gouldia  decemnaria  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  124,  pi.  18,  fig.  4. 
1905.     Eriphyla  decemnaria  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — "Shell  minute,  subquadrangular  in  outline  and 
but  slightly  convex.  Anterior  and  cardinal  margins  nearly  at 
right  angles  with  each  other,  the  posterior  and  cardinal  margins 
being  rounded.  Surface  marked  by  very  prominent,  thickened, 
concentric  ribs,  parallel  to  the  border  of  the  valve,  and  separated 
by  smooth,  flattened  interspaces.  .Hinge-structure  and  other  in- 
ternal characters  unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  and  is  known  only  from  the  type  speci- 
men, a  little  shell  scarcely  2  mm.  in  height. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Eriphyla  declivis  (Conrad). 

Plate  LX.,  Fig.  10. 

1869.     Gouldia  declivis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  48,  pi. 
9,  %•  5- 


552      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1886.     Gouldia  declivis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  126,  pi.  18,  fig.  ii. 

Description. — "Minute,  triangular,  compressed,  equilateral, 
summit  acute;  posterior  extremity  angular,  disk  with  numerous 
very  regular,  close  concentric  lines."  (Conrad.) 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  of  this  species  seems  to  have 
been  lost  or  destroyed,  and  no  others  have  been  met  with  in  any 
of  the  more  recent  collections.  The  original  specimen  was  only 
about  2  mm.  or  a  little  less  in  width.  The  description  given  above 
is  Conrad's  original  definition  of  the  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Eriphyla  parilis  (Conrad). 
Plate  LX.,  Fig.  ii. 

1853.     Astarte  parilis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  2,  p.  276,  pi.  24,  fig.  1 6. 
1861.     Astarte  parilis'  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  156 

(100). 
1864.     Astarte  parilis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  n. 

1868.     Gouldia  parilis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1886.     Gouldia  parilis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S'.,  vol.  9),  p.  126,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  12. 
1905.     Eriphyla  parilis   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — "Small,  triangular,  equilateral,  compressed ; 
basal  margin  regularly  rounded ;  angles  of  the  end  margins  situ- 
ated at  about  equal  distances  from  the  apex  and  base;  disk  con- 
centrically undulated."  (Conrad.) 

Remarks.  The  above  is  Conrad's  original  definition  of  the 
species.  The  type  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Sciences  is  so  badly  injured  that  its  true  characters 
cannot  be  recognized.  The  specimen  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as 
a  probable  .member  of  the  species  is  only  an  impression  of  the 


MOLLUSCA.  553 

anterior  portion  of  a  Trigonia  probably  T.  eufaulensis.  No 
specimens  have  been  found  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey 
which  can  be  referred  to  the  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Unknown,  Monmouth  County  (Con- 
rad). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family   OBASSATELLITIDAB. 

Genus  CRASSATELLITES  Kruger. 

Crassatellites  subplanus  (Conrad). 

Plate  LXL,  Figs.  1-4. 

1853.     Crassatella  subplana  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
2nd  sen,  vol.  2,  p.  274,  pi.  24,  fig.  9. 

1860.  Crassatella  lintea  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  279,  pi.  46,  fig.  5. 

1 86 1.  Crassatella  lintea  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  168 

(112). 

1 86 1.     Crassatella  subplana  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

169  (113). 
1864.     Crassatella  lintea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 
1864.     Crassatella  subplana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 

1868.     Crassatella  lintea  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1886.     Crassatella  subplana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog*. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  121,  pi.  18,  figs.  14-16. 
1905.     Crassatellites  Imteus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

(1905),  p.  14. 
1905.     Crassatellites  subplanus  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  small  specimen,  a  nearly 
perfect  right  valve,  are :  length,  36  mm. ;  height,  28  mm. ;  con- 
vexity, 6  mm.  Large  individuals  grow  to  a  length  of  50  mm. 
or  more.  Shell  broadly  subovate  in  outline,  beak  obtuse,  situated 
about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity. 


554      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Antero-cardinal  margin  straight  or  slightly  concave,  sloping 
downward  from  the  beak;  anterior  margin  rounding  into  the 
basal  margin,  moderately  convex  throughout  to  the  postero-basal 
extremity,  which  is  obtusely  subangular ;  posterior  margin  short, 
truncated  nearly  vertically  or  slightly  inclined;  postero-cardinal 
margin  gently  convex,  sloping  downward  from  the  beak  and 
meeting  the  posterior  margin  in  an  obtuse  angle.  Surface  of  the 
shell  with  an  obtusely  angular  umbonal  ridge,  which  passes  from 
the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  angle  in  nearly  a  straight  line,  the 
post-cardinal  slope  slightly  concave  to  the  cardinal  margin ;  the 
post-cardinal  margin  sharply  inflected  to  form  a  rather  deeply 
excavated  escutcheon ;  antero-cardinal  margin  inflected  to  form  a 
deep  but  rather  ill-defined  lunule.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  regular,  somewhat  imbricating,  concentric  lines  of  growth, 
and  often  by  a,  few  broader  concentric  undulations  towards  the 
margin.  Hinge  of  the  right  valve  with  a  strong  cardinal  tooth 
transversely  striate  on  its  anterior  surface,  directly  beneath  the 
beak.  Behind  it  is  a  very  large  and  broad  triangular  pit,  with  a 
much  smaller  secondary  pit  just  behind  the  lower  end  of  the 
tooth;  in  front  of  the  cardinal  tooth  is  a  small  triangular  pit 
about  equal  in  size  to  the  secondary  pit  behind,  and  in  front  of 
this  pit  a  low,  obscure,  tooth-like  ridge  extends  obliquely  forward 
to  the  upper  margin  of  the  anterior  muscular  scar.  M'uscular 
impressions  strong  and  about  equal  in  size.  Inner  margin  of  the 
free  edge  of  the  shell  crenate. 

Remarks. — The  above  description  is  based  largely  upon  a  very 
perfect  right  valve  from  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  near  Swedes- 
boro.  The  more  usual  method  of  preservation  in  the  Navesink 
marl  is  in  the  form  of  internal  casts.  These  casts  have  much  the 
same  general  form  as  the  shell  described,  but  are  proportionately 
lower,  and  the  short,  truncate  posterior  margin  of  the  shell  itself 
is  not  differentiated  from,  the  curving  postero-cardinal  margin; 
the  beaks  are  rather  large,  directed  forward,  and  elevated  above 
the  hinge-line;  the  muscular  and  pallial  impressions  are  strongly 
defined.  These  common  casts  of  the  Navesink  marl  were  ap- 
parently identified  as  C.  vadosa,  by  Whitfield,  at  least  in  part,  but 
after  a  study  of  the  types  of  that  species  as  well  as  numerous  other 
examples  from  the  South,  it  has  not  seemed  possible  to  identify 


MOLLUSCA.  555 

any  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens  with  that  species.  C.  subplana 
differs  from  C.  vadosa  in  its  much  more  depressed-convex  valves, 
those  of  C.  vadosa  being  quite  ventricose,  especially  towards  the 
umbo,  although  in  their  general  outline  and  surface  markings  the 
two  species  are  much  alike. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177),  Marshalltown  (190);  Wenonah  sand,  near 
Marlboro  (130)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Alantic  Highlands  (108),  near 
Walnford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek  (i474,  149,  195),  near 
Jacobstown  (150),  Mullica  Hill  (169);  Red  Bank  sand,  near 
Red  Bank  (116) ;  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Keyport 
(i295,  I297,  I299),  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Crassatellites  transversus  (Gabb). 
Plate  LXL,  Pig.  5. 

1 86 1.     Crassatella  transversa  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  364- 
1864.  Crassatella  transversa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 

1868.     Crassatella  transversa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1876.     Htea  transversa  Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876), 

P.  275. 
1886.     Crassatella  transversa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  122,  pi.  17,  figs.  16-17. 
1905.     Crassatellites  transversus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil..  (1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are:  length, 
49  mm. ;  height,  32  mm. ;  thickness,  20  mm.  Shell  very  inequi- 
lateral, higher  in  front  than  behind,  the  beaks  pointed  in  the  in- 
ternal casts  and  nearly  erect,  situated  about  one-third  the  length 
of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  Anterior  margin  con- 
vex in  front,  rounding  to  the  hinge-line  above  and  into  the  basal 
margin  below ;  basal  margin  convex  anteriorly  and  concave  pos- 
teriorly ;  postero-basal  margin  sharply  rounding  into  the  obliquely 
subtruncate  posterior  margin,  which  rounds  into  the  dorsal  mar- 


556      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

gin  above.  Valves  with  an  umbonal  ridge  extending  in  a  nearly 
straight  line  from  the  beak  obliquely  backward  to  the  postero- 
basal  extremity  of  the  shell,  becoming  more  angular  posteriorly. 
The  postero-cardinal  slope  rather  narrow,  flat,  slightly  concave 
or  slightly  convex.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  somewhat 
regular,  rather  strong,  concentric  lines  of  growth  which  are  less 
conspicuous  back  of  the  umbonal  ridge.  In  internal  casts  the  mus- 
cular impressions  are  conspicuous  and  of  about  equal  size.  Free 
margin  of  the  shell  crenate. 

Remarks. — In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  this  species 
has  been  observed  only  in  the  Wenonah  sand  near  Marlboro 
where  it  occurs  in  the  condition  of  modified  casts  of  the  interior 
and  impressions  of  the  outside  of  the  shell,  by  reason  of  the  com- 
pression of  the  imbedding  material  after  the  solution  of  the  shell 
substance.  The  type  specimen,  which  is  the  only  individual  pre- 
viously recorded,  is  a  clean  cut  internal  cast  with  the  muscular 
impressions  strong,  and  without  the  markings  of  the  external 
.surface  of  the  shell  impressed  upon  it.  The  Marlboro  specimens, 
however,  agree  so  closely  in  their  general  form,  size  and  propor- 
tions with  the  type  specimen,  that  there  can  be  little  or  no  doubt 
as  to  their  identity.  Conrad's  illustration  of  C.  ripleyanus1  has 
much  the  form  of  this  C.  transversus,  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
two  forms  may  be  identical. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(I301). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Crassatellites  cuneatus  (Gabb). 
Plate  LXL,  Figs.  11-12. 

1860.  Crassatella  pteropsis  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  S'ci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  395,  pi.  68,  fig.  28.  (Not  C.  pteropsis 
Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  279, 
pi.  46,  fig.  9.) 

1 86 1.  Crassatella  cuneata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  pp. 

168,  169  (112,  113). 


'Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1872),  pi.  i,  fig.  7. 


MOLLUSCA.  557 

1864.     Crassatella  cuneata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  1 1. 
1886.     Crassatella  cuneata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I,   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  118,  pi.  17,  figs.  18-20. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete 
internal  cast  are:  length,  16  mm.;  height,  10.5  mm.;  thickness, 
6.5  mm.  Subovate  in  outline,  cuneate  behind.  Beaks  erect,  rather 
prominent,  situated  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell  from 
the  anterior  extremity.  Antero-cardinal  margin  sloping  forward 
from  the  beak ;  anterior  margin  rounding  into  the  basal  margin ; 
basal  margin  convex  in  front  and  straight  or  slightly  concave 
posteriorly ;  posterior  margin  short,  truncate ;  post-cardinal  mar- 
gin long,  sloping  backward  from  the  beak  and  meeting  the  pos- 
terior margin  at  the  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  in  an  obtuse  angle. 
An  obtusely  subangular  umbonal  ridge  passes  in  a  nearly  straight 
or  slightly  concave  line  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  ex- 
tremity ;  the  postero-cardinal  slope  flat  or  slightly  concave,  the  car- 
dinal margin  inflected.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  rather 
strong,  regular,  concentric  lines  of  growth.  In  well  preserved  in- 
ternal casts  the  post-cardinal  margin  and  the  truncate  posterior 
margin  are  not  sharply  differentiated,  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  shell  being  rather  sharply  rounded.  The  muscular  scars 
prominent  in  the  casts.  When  the  internal  casts  are  well  pre- 
served to  the  margin  of  the  shell,  the  free  margins  are  finely 
crenate. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  small  species  and  can  usually  be  distin- 
guished by  its  subcuneate  posterior  extremity.  No  specimens 
preserved  in  such  a  manner  as  to  exhibit  the  hinge-characters  have 
been  observed,  but  there  can  be  little  or  no  question  as  to  its 
proper  generic  position.  The  species  occurs  most  commonly  in 
the  Merchantville  clay-marl,  and  Whitfield's  specimens  from  Mon- 
mouth,  probably  meant  for  Monmouth  County,  doubtless  came 
from  that  horizon. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Ma- 
tawan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163);  Wenonah 
sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


558      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Crassatellites  prorus   (Conrad). 
Plate  LXL,  Figs.  6-7. 

1869.     Crassatella  prora  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  43, 

pi.  i,  fig.  8. 
1876.     Htea  prora  Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p. 

275- 
1886.     Crassatella  prora  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  120,  pi.  17,  figs.  ion. 
1905.     Crassatellites  proms  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
,  P-  14- 


Description.  —  "Shell  below  a  medium  size,  transversely  sub- 
elliptical  when  considered  exclusive  of  the  projection  of  the 
beaks,  but  transversely  broad  triangular  if  they  are  considered. 
Valves  rather  ventricose  for  the  genus;  beaks  very  large,  nearly 
central  or  a  little  nearest  the  anterior  end,  strongly  projecting, 
and  in  the  cast,  the  only  condition  in  which  it  is  known,  nearly 
erect  and  moderately  distant.  Posterior  cardinal  margin  regu- 
larly sloping  from  the  beaks  to  the  narrowly  rounded  posterior 
extremity  ;  anterior  side  of  the  beaks  excavated  and  the  anterior 
end  more  broadly  rounded  than  the  opposite  end;  basal  line 
broadly  curved.  Umbonal  ridge  scarcely  angular.  Surface,  as 
shown  on  the  casts,  marked  by  comparatively  strong,  regular, 
concentric  ridges,  and  marked  just  anterior  to  the  umbonal  angle 
by  a  proportionally  broad  sulcation  passing  from  near  the  beaks 
to  the  base.  Muscular  scars  distinct."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  length,  22.5  mm.; 
height,  15  mm.;  thickness,  10  mm. 

Remarks.  —  This  species  has  been  only  rarely  met  with  in  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey.  It  is  of  a  rather  exceptional  form 
for  species  of  this  genus,  in  its  subelliptical  outline  and  its  nearly 
central  beaks.  It  is  quite  different  in  all  its  characters  so  far  as 
they  are  preserved,  from  typical  members  of  the  genus  Etea 
where  Conrad  has  referred  it,  although  the  hinge  characters 
have  not  been  observed.  It  seems  better,  therefore,  to  allow  it 
to  remain  in  the  genus  where  it  was  originally  placed,  than  to 
transfer  it  to  another. 


MOLLUSCA.  559 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay,  near  Matawan 
(101)  Cross  wicks  (Conrad). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Crassate Mites  littoralis  (Conrad). 
Plate  LXL,  Pigs.  9-10. 

1869.     Crassatella  littoralis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 

41,  pi.  i,  fig.  3. 
1886.     Crassatella  conradi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  209,  pi.  28,  figs.  1-5. 
1886.     Crassatella  littoralis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  212,  pi.  28,  figs.  6-7. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  incomplete  right  valve, 
upon  which  the  shell  is  partially  preserved,  are:  length,  35  mm.; 
height,  29  mm. ;  convexity,  8  mm.  Shell  subovate  in  outline,  with 
moderately  convex  valves;  be.aks  situated  at  about  the  anterior 
third  of  the  shell.  Antero-cardinal  margin  sloping  steeply  down- 
ward from  the  beak,  the  anterior  margin  rounding  regularly 
into  the  basal  margin;  basal  margin  regularly  convex;  postero- 
basal  extremity  rather  abruptly  rounding;  posterior  margin 
gently  convex,  nearly  vertically  or  a  little  obliquely  subtruncate; 
post-cardinal  margin  sloping  backward  to  the  posterior  hinge 
extremity;  greatest  height  of  the  shell  opposite  the  beaks.  A 
more  or  less  obscure,  rather  broadly  rounded  umbonal  ridge 
passes  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  angle.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  with  somewhat  regular  and  rather  strong  con- 
centric lines  of  growth,  which  seem  to  be  most  strongly  marked 
anteriorly.  Shell  substance  rather  thick,  and  when  the  outer 
surface  is  exfoliated  a  series  of  more  or  less  conspicuous  radiat- 
ing markings  can  be  seen.  Inner  surface  of  the  free  margin  of 
the  shell  crenate.  In  the  internal  casts,  the  usual  condition  of  the 
species,  the  beaks  are  prominent,  highly  elevated,  and  rather  dis- 
tant, the  muscular  and  pallial  impressions  are  of  moderate 
strength;  the  umbonal  ridge  is  variable,  being  subangular  or 
broadly  rounded  in  some  individuals,  and  in  others  scarcely  dif- 
ferentiated at  all  in  the  casts.  • 


5<5o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  has  recognized  two  distinct  species  of 
Crassatellites  from  the  Manasquan  marl,  of  about  the  same  size 
and  very  similar  in  form.    Internal  casts  belonging  to  one  or  the 
other  of  these  species  are  not  uncommon  in  the  fauna  of  this  bed 
near  Farmingdale  and  elsewhere,  but  it  is  practically  impossible 
to  identify  the  two  forms  with  any  certainty.    The  most  essential 
difference  between  the  two  forms,  judging  from  a  careful  study 
of  the  descriptions  and  illustrations,  together  with  at  least  a  por- 
tion of  the  typical  specimens  used  by  Whitfield,  is  to  be  found  in 
the  character  of  the  surface  markings  of  the  shells,  C.  littoralis 
having  rather  strong,  regular,  approximate,  concentric  lines  of 
growth,  while  C.  conradi  has  rather  fine  radiating  costse.     A 
careful  study  of  the  specimens,  however,  seems  to  show  without 
doubt  that  these  differences  are  only  differences  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  shells,  specimens  having  the  actual  surface  intact  being 
marked  with  the  concentric  lines  of  growth,  while  those  specimens 
upon  which  the  shell  surface  is  exfoliated,  exhibit  the  radiating 
costae.     Whitfield's  illustration  of  C.  littoralis  showing  the  shell 
surface  (fig.  6),  is  a  great  deal  restored,  and  on  the  specimen 
itself,  certain  portions  of  which  have  been  more  or  less  deeply 
exfoliated,  the  radiating  costse  are  clearly  vizible  at  several  points. 
On  the  other  hand,  one  of  the  type  specimens  of  C.  conradi 
(figs.  4-5),  preserves  a  portion  of  the  shell  on  the  side  opposite 
to  that  which  is  illustrated,  upon  which  fine  radiating  costae  are 
clearly  seen,  but  upon  careful  examination  it  can  be  seen  that 
the  actual  shell  surface  has  been  nearly  all  removed  and  at  those 
points  where  it  still  remains  it  is  concentrically  marked;   a  por- 
tion of  the  shell  of  this  same  specimen  is  also  shown  in  the  illus- 
tration marked  with  concentric  lines  of  growth,  although  in  its 
present  condition  the  specimen  has  lost  this  portion  of  the  shelL 
From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  surface  ornamentation  of  the 
shells  does  not  constitute  a  legitimate  means  of  distinguishing  the 
two  species.     The  differences  in  the  outlines  of  the  casts  also 
seem  to  be  nonessential.     Practically  all  specimens  are  more  or 
less  imperfect  about  the  margin,  so  that  they  appear  to  be  of 
various  forms,  and  the  angularity  and  prominence  of  the  umbonal 
ridge  seems  to  be  a  variable  character  that  cannot  be  depended 
upon  for  specific  value.    From  all  these  considerations,  therefore, 


MOLLUSCA.  561 

it  seems  impracticable  to  recognize  two  distinct  species  of  these 
shells,  and  they  have  all  been  thrown  together  in  one  species,. 
C.  littoralis.  Conrad  originally  described  this  species  as  coming 
from  the  Eocene  beds  at  Shark  River,  but  this  was  doubtless  an 
error,  and  was  one  which  might  easily  have  been  committed 
considering  the  close  stratigraphic  and  lithologic  relations  of  the 
Shark  River  and  Manasquan  formations.  There  is  no  known 
Shark  River  shell  which  could  be  easily  mistaken  for  the  shell 
under  discussion,  while  the  common  casts  and  occasional  shells 
in  the  Manasquan  agree  quite  closely  with  the  form  which 
Conrad  described.  Another  species  which  should  be  considered 
in  this  place  is  C.  rhombea  Whitf.,  which  occurs  in  the  same 
fauna,  but  which  is  considerably  larger  than  the  typical  form  of 
C.  littoralis;  the  casts  of  this  species,  except  in  their  larger  size, 
are  not  very  essentially  different  from  the  smaller  ones,  neither 
are  the  surface  markings  of  the  shell  inconsistent  with  C.  littoralis. 
It  therefore  seems  quite  possible,  indeed  not  improbable,  that  C. 
rhombea  may  also  be  considered  as  a  synonym  of  C.  littoralis, 
this  name  having  been  applied  merely  to  the  exceptionally  large 
individuals.  For  the  present,  however,  this  species  will  be  con- 
sidered as  distinct. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  Farmingdale 
(138),  near  New  Egypt  (155),  Shark  River,  Squankum  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Crassatellites  rhombea  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LXL,  Fig.  8. 

1886.     Crassatella  rhombea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  213,  pi.  27,  figs.  16-19. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  internal  cast  are: 
length,  52  mm.;  height,  43.5  mm.;  thickness,  29  mm.  Shell 
subrhomboidal  in  outline  or,  exclusive  of  the  projection  of  the 
beaks,  subovate,  widest  posteriorly;  beaks  large,  prominent  and 
rather  distant,  considerably  produced  above  the  hinge-line,  situ- 

36  PAI, 


562      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY.  ' 

:ated  at  about  the  anterior  third  of  the  shell's  length.  Antero- 
cardinal  margin  sloping  steeply  forward  from  the  beaks ;  anterior 
margin  rounded  from  the  lower  extremity  of  the  lunule  into  the 
regularly  convex  ventral  margin ;  postero-basal  extremity  round- 
ing somewhat  abruptly  into  the  gently  convex,  obliquely  sub- 
truncate  posterior  margin ;  postero-cardinal  margin  sloping  back- 
ward from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line. 
Free  margin  of  the  shell  crenate  internally.  Valves  prominently 
rounded  along  an  oblique  line  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal 
extremity,  but  without  a  distinct  umbonal  ridge.  Surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth, 
and  by  more  or  less  indistinct  radiating  costae,  which  are  finer 
in  front  becoming  regularly  larger  posteriorly,  the  larger  ones 
being  a  little  over  one  millimeter  in  width. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  largest  member  of  the  genus  rec- 
ognized in  the  fauna  of  the  Manasquan  marl,  and  occurs  most 
commonly  in  the  form  of  internal  casts.  In  these  casts  the  beaks 
are  more  erect  than  in  specimens  with  the  shell  preserved  and  they 
seem  to  be  a  little  nearer  the  center  of  the  shell.  The  muscular 
impressions  are  large  and  prominent  and  are  connected  by  the 
well-defined  pallial  impression. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  New  Egypt  and 
Squankum  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  SCAMBULA  Conrad. 

Scambula  perplana  Conrad. 

Plate  LXL,  Figs.  13-14. 

1869.     Scambula'  perplana  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  48, 

pi.  9,  figs.  7-8. 
1872.     Scabula   perplana   Con.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1872),  p.  51,  pi.  i,  fig.  2. 
1886.     Scambula  perplana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  123,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  8-10. 
1905.     Crassatellites  (Scambula)  perplanus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci  Phil.  (1905),  p.  14. 


MOLLUSCA.  563 

Description. — "Shell  small,  triangularly  ovate,  very  transverse, 
with  very  sharp,  pointed,  and  recurved  beaks,  situated  just  within 
the  middle  third  of  the  length  of  the  shell  and  nearest  to  the 
anterior  end.  Valves  flat,  marked  by  fine  concentric  lines  of 
growth  and  a  few  (three  or  four)  broad,  oblique  undulations  of 
the  surface  which  pass  from  the  posterior  hinge-line  forward  to 
the  basal  margin.  There  are  also  a  few  obliquely  concentric 
wrinkles  on  the  antero-cardinal  margin  which  extend  only  a  short 
distance  over  the  disk  of  the  valve.  Along  the  position  of  the 
posterior  umbonal  ridge,  the  surface  striae  are  abruptly  deflected 
upward,  marking  the  position  of  the  ridge  and  defining  the  pos- 
terior slope  of  the  valve.  Posterior  end  of  the  valve  narrow 
and  truncate ;  anterior  end  obtusely  angular ;  basal  margin  regu- 
larly and  broadly  arcuate.  Inner  margin  of  the  valves  crenulate ; 
muscular  scars  small  and  faintly  marked."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  previously  been  known  from  but 
a  single  locality,  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey.  It  is  now  recognized 
in  two  other  localities,  at  Lorillard  in  the  Wbodbury  clay,  the 
same  horizon  as  the  Haddonfield  specimens,  and  at  a  locality  near 
Marlboro  in  the  Wenonah  sand.  The  Lorillard  specimens  are, 
for  the  most  part,  fragmentary,  but  they  are  usually  larger  than 
those  from  Haddonfield,  one  specimen  having  a  length  of  25  mm., 
and  the  broad,  oblique  undulations  are  more  conspicuous.  The 
Marlboro  specimens  do'  not  grow  larger  than  those  from  Haddon- 
field and  seem  to  lack  entirely  the  oblique  undulations. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183), 
and  Lorillard  (102);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  CYRENACEA. 
Family  OYBBNIDAE. 

Genus  CORBICULA  Megerle. 

Corbicula  annosa  (Conrad). 

Plate  LXIL,  Figs.  1-3. 

1869.     Astarte  annosa  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  279, 
pi.  20,  fig.  5. 


564      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1870.     Astarte  annosa  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  227. 
1886.     Corbicula  annosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S, 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  26,  pi.  2,  fig-s.  2-4. 

Description. — "Suborbicular,  convex,  very  inequilateral,  ven- 
tral and  anterior  margins  regularly  and  nearly  equally  rounded; 
posterior  end  truncated,  direct  (cast.)."  (Conrad). 

"I  have  before  me  two  specimens  which  I  have  referred  to  this 
species.  They  are  both  somewhat  distorted  by  compression  and 
retain  but  little  of  the  substance  of  the  original  shell,  other  than 
the  epidermis,  which  has  been  very  strong,  and  a  ferruginous 
replacement  of  the  ligament.  The  specimens  are  both  very  ven- 
tricose,  with  a  somewhat  subquadrangular  outline  and  a  moder- 
ately angular  umbonal  ridge.  The  beaks  are  small  and  nearly 
anterior,  hinge  line  short  and  oblique,  with  a  small  ligament. 
Anterior  end  short  and  rounded,  while  the  posterior  is  broadly 
truncated,  corresponding  to  the  rather  broad  and  abrupt  postero- 
cadinal  slope.  If  I  have  rightly  identified  the  species,  there  can 
be  no  reason  for  referring  it  to  Artarte  in  the  light  afforded  by  the 
two  specimens,  but  every  appearance  would  indicate  their  rela- 
tions to  the  genus  Corbicula,  with  which  I  have  placed  it." 
(Whitfield.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Raritan  clay,  Sayreville  and  Wood- 
bridge  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Corbicula  ?  emacerata  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXIL,  Figs.  4-5. 

1886.     Corbicula  ?  emacerata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog, 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  26,  pi.  2,  figs.  5-6. 

Description. — "Shell  of  rather  small  size,  transversely  ellip- 
tical or  subovate  in  outline,  and  moderately  ventricose.  Beaks 
moderately  large  but  not  prominently  so,  and  situated  at  about 
the  anterior  fourth  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Anterior  end  of 
the  shell  the  highest,  the  anterior  margin  narrowly  rounded; 
basal  line  strongly  curved  and  the  posterior  end  narrow  and 


MOLLUSCA.  565 

obliquely  truncate,  the  cardinal  portion  rapidly  sloping  with  a 
slight  curvature  to  the  extremity  of  the  moderately  sized  liga- 
ment ;  hinge  line  short  and  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  shell.  Um- 
bonal  angle  distinct  but  not  marked,  and  the  cardinal  slope  nar- 
row and  rather  abrupt.  Surface  marked  only  by  fine  concentric 
striae,  which  appear  to  have  been  confined  principally  to  the  epi- 
dermal layer."  (Whitfield.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Raritan  clay,  near  Woodbridge. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  CARDITACEA. 
Family  OABDITIDAB. 

Genus  CARDITA  Bruguiere. 

Cardita  intermedia  Whitfield. 

Plate  LXIL,  Figs.  6-8. 

1886.     Cardita  intermedia  Whitf.^  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  209,  pi.  28,  figs.  14-15. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  length, 
20  mm.;  height,  17  mm.;  thickness,  12.5  mm.  Shell  subovate 
in  outline  exclusive  of  the  beaks,  broadest  posteriorly.  The  beaks 
large  and  prominent  in  the  casts,  considerably  elevated  above  the 
hinge-line,  situated  in  front  of  the  middle,  inclined  forward. 
Hinge-line  arcuate;  anterior  margin  narrowly  rounded;  basal 
margin  strongly  convex;  posterior  margin  broadly  rounded. 
Valves  ventricose;  the  muscular  scars  rather  small  but  distinct. 
Shell  marked  by  10  or  12  rather  strong  radiating  ribs  whose 
presence  is  shown  in  the  casts  only  along  the  ventral  border  be- 
tween the  two  muscular  scars. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  certainly  met  with  in  the 
recent  collections,  the  above  description  being  based  upon  Whit- 
field's  figure  and  description  and  the  type  specimen  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  collection  of  Columbia  University. 

Formation  and  locality. —  ?  Vincentown  sand,  near  Deal  (122)  ; 
Manasquan  marl,  Farmingdale  (Whitfield.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


566      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  VETERICARDIA  Conrad. 

Vetericardia  crenalirata  (Conrad). 

Plate  LXIL,  Figs.  £H-IO. 

1860.  Astarte  crenalirata  Con.,   Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.    Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  282,  pi.  46,  fig.  25. 

1861.  Astarte  crenulirata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

156  (100). 

1864.     Astarte  crenulata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.r 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  n. 

1867.  Astarte  corbicula  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.  ?  vol.  3,  p.  12. 

1868.  Gouldia  ?  crenulirata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 

1869.  Vetocardia  crenalirata  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5, 

p.  43,  pi.  i,  fig.  23. 
1872.     Vetericardia  crenalirata  Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil, 

(1872),  p.  52,  pi.  i,  fig.  4. 
1886.     Vetericardia    crenulirata    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  128,  pi.  18,  figs.  5-7. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  not  exceeding  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  in  length  in  adult  individuals,  subtriangular  or  broadly  sub- 
elliptical  in  outline,  with  very  ventricose  valves  and  proportion- 
ally large,  suberect  beaks,  which  are  situated  a  little  in  advance 
of  the  middle.  Surface  marked  by  from  13  to  18  concentric 
varices,  according  to  the  size  of  the  shell,  which  gradually 
increase  in  strength  with  increased  growth  of  the  shell.  These 
become  obsolete  at  the  margin  of  the  proportionally  large  and 
deeply  impressed  lunule.  Interspaces  flattened  at  the  bottom, 
and  about  as  wide  as  the  sharply  elevated  varices.  There 
are  also  fine,  but  distinct  elevated  radiating  lines  crossing  the 
ridges  and  interspaces,  becoming  much  stronger  on  the  spaces 
than  on  the  ridges.  In  the  interior  the  muscular  imprints  are 
faintly  marked  and  of  moderate  size,  and  the  margin  of  the 
valves  is  strongly  and  deeply  crenulated  by  the  radiating  ridges. 
Hinge-plate  moderately  strong  and  the  teeth  well  marked." 
(Whitfield.) 


MOLLUSCA.  567 

Remarks. — This  species  has  previously  been  recorded  only 
from  the  Woodbury  clay,  but  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Sur- 
vey a  single  incomplete  impression  of  a  specimen  has  been  de- 
tected in  the  Merchantville  clay-marl. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Super-family  CHAMACEA. 

Family  DIOERATIDAE. 

Genus  DICERAS  Lamark. 

Diceras  dactyloides  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXII,  Figs.  ii-i2. 

1886.     Diceras  dactyloides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 
U.  S1.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  131,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  26-27. 

Description. — "A  cast  of  a  single  valve  of  what  appears  to  be 
without  question  a  Diceras  occurs  in  the  collection.  It  is  rather 
slender  in  its  proportions,  and  makes  nearly  two-thirds  of  a  volu- 
tion in  its  curvature,  and  is  apparently  a  cast  of  a  left  valve, 
judging  from  the  curvature  of  the  beak.  The  muscular  scar  is 
very  large,  and  has  been  deeply  impressed  in  the  shell,  as  the  scar 
is  considerably  raised  on  the  cast  and  is  nearly  half  as  long  as  the 
cast  itself.  On  its  front  margin  there  is  the  filling  of  a  deep 
groove,  which  is  longitudinally  marked  with  lamellose  striae, 
from  the  edges  of  the  shell  lamellae;  and  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  cast  occurs  a  flattened  surface  from  the  thickening  of  the  shell 
below  the  hinge-tooth,  probably. 

The  striations  on  the  filling  of  the  groove  bordering  the  mus- 
cular imprint  would  lead  one  to  suspect  the  cast  might  be  of  a 
valve  of  Caprina,  but  their  lamellose  character  somewhat  denies 
this  reference,  and  the  general  character  of  the  specimen  would 
rather  indicate  a  Diceras.  The  specimen  is  quite  obscure,  besides 
being  the  only  one  known,  and  consequently  affords  almost  no 
means  of  comparison  with  previously  described  species.  It,  how- 


568      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

ever,  appears  much  more  slender  in  its  proportions  than  the 
species  known  from  Texas  and  other  southern  localities,  as  well 
as  more  strongly  enrolled."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  of  this  species  is  the  only  ex- 
ample which  has  been  observed,  the  species  not  having  been  met 
with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Bruere's  marl  pit, 
nearWalnford  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  OAPBINIDAE 
Genus  CAPROTINA  d'Orbigny. 

Caprotina  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXIL,  Figs.  13-15. 

Description. — The  type  specimen  with  a  maximum  length  of 
21.5  mm.,  a  width  of  13  mm.,  and  a  depth  of  15  mm.  Beaks 
curving  to  the  left.  Lower  valve  much  deeper  than  the  upper, 
attached  by  nearly  one-half  its  entire  surface,  the  beak  projecting 
far  beyond  that  of  the  upper  valve.  Upper  valve  moderately 
convex.  The  shell  substance  is  preserved  only  on  a  portion  of 
the  upper  valve  where  the  surface  markings  are  seen  to  be  very 
narrow  but  rather  highly  elevated,  sharp,  radiating  costse,  the 
interspaces  being  twice  as  wide  as  the  ribs ;  the  radiating  mark- 
ings are  crossed  by  very  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth.  On 
the  internal  cast  both  the  radiating  and  concentric  markings  are 
faintly  impressed. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  founded  upon  a  single  individual 
preserving  both  valves.  It  is  for  the  most  part  a  cast  of  the 
interior  of  the  shell,  but  a  portion  of  the  shell  itself  is  preserved 
upon  the  upper  valve,  and  sufficient  fragments  of  the  shell  are 
still  preserved  upon  the  lower  valve  to  show  that  the  surface 
markings  were  essentially  the  same  on  both.  The  specimen  is 
nearly  complete,  the  beak  only  of  the  lower  valve  being  injured. 
The  species  should  be  compared  with  Caprotina  cenomanensis 
d'Orbigny,1  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  France. 


1  Pal.  Franc.,  Terr.  Cret.,  vol.  4,  p.  261,  pi.  595,  figs.  1-4. 


MOLLUSCA.  569 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (I267). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  LUCINACEA. 

Family  TJNICARDIIDAE. 

Genus  UNICARDIUM  d'Orbigny. 

Unicardium  umbonata  (Whitfield). 

Plate  LXIL,  Figs.  16-17. 

1886.     Sphariola  umbonata  Whit.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  152,  pi.  19,  figs.  17-18. 
1905.     Sphariola  wmbonata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  14. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  left  valve  are: 
length,  57  mm.;  height,  54  mm.;  convexity,  18.5  mm.  Shell 
very  thin,  subcircular  or  slightly  subquadrangular  in  outline. 
Cardinal  margin  arcuate,  edentulus;  anterior  margin  broadly 
rounded,  its  most  anterior  point  being  at  or  below  the  middle, 
rounding  below  into  the  basal  margin;  basal  margin  curving 
upward  at  each  end,  straighter  in  the  middle;  posterior  margin 
usually  a  little  shorter  than  the  anterior,  regularly  rounded  or 
some  times  a  little  straightened  in  the  middle.  Beaks  strongly 
incurved,  pointing  forward,  situated  at  the  middle  or  a  little  back 
of  the  middle  of  the  cardinal  margin ;  umbones  prominent,  much 
elevated  above  the  hinge-line.  Valves  strongly  convex  or  ventri- 
cose,  the  anterior  slope  somewhat  more  abrupt  than  the  pos- 
terior, slightly  compressed  towards  the  cardinal  extremities. 
Surface  of  the  shell  marked  only  by  concentric  lines  of  growth 
which  are  more  or  less  irregular  in  the  strength  of  their  develop- 
ment. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  described  by  Whitfield  from  a 
very  imperfect  cast  of  the  interior,  and  was  referred  to  the  genus 
Sphaeriola  without  any  knowledge  of  the  hinge  characters.  In 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  specimens  preserving  the 
shell  have  been  secured  from  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  near 


570      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Swedesboro,  and  from  these  it  has  been  learned  that  the  hinge 
is  edentulous,  a  character  which  prohibits  its  reference  to  the 
genus  Sphaeriola.  The  hinge  characters,  as  well  as  the  general 
form  and  characters  of  the  shell,  seem  to  agree  in  all  essential 
respects  with  members  of  the  genus  Unicardium,  and  the  species 
is  therefore  transferred  to  that  genus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (jo82), 
near  New  Egypt  (i474). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  LUOINIDAB. 

Genus  LUCINA  Bruguiere. 

Lucina  cretacea  Whitfield. 

Plate  LXII,  Fig.  18. 

1869.     Conrad,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  pi.  9,  fig.  14. 
1886.     Lucina  cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  129,  pi.  18,  figs.  23-25. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  subcircu- 
lar  in  outline,  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  margins  forming  a 
very  broad  angle  (140°  to  160°)  with  each  other;  'giving  in 
some  instances  a  nearly  straight  hinge-line,  with  the  rather  small, 
pointed  beaks  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  line,  and  a  slight 
excavation  in  front,  formed  by  the  depression  of  the  very  narrow 
lunule ;  while  behind  the  beaks  the  ligament  is  deeply  sunken  be- 
tween the  projecting  shell  margins.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  strong  lamellose  concentric  lines,  which  are  rather  distant, 
and  where  there  has  been  no  wearing  or  abrasion  they  some- 
times roll  backward,  and  form  a  hollow  rounded  concentric 
ridge.  On  the  posterior  side  the  shell  is  marked  by  a  rather 
deep  constriction  passing  from  the  beak  to  the  posterior  margin 
just  behind  the  umbonal  ridge,  or  sometimes  giving  a  sunken 
postero-cardinal  area.  In  the  interior  the  muscular  markings 
are  very  deep  and  strong,  and  the  hinge-plate  narrow,  the  right 


MOLLUSCA.  571 

valve  being  characterized  by  a  single  cardinal  tooth,  which  is 
grooved  on  the  surface,  and  by  an  anterior  pit."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks, — An  illustration  of  this  species  was  published  by 
Conrad  as  indicated  above,  but  without  name  or  description. 
Whitfield  found  specimens  in  the  collections  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Science  labeled  "Cyclas  cretacea"  in  Conrad's  hand- 
writing, and  adopted  Conrad's  specific  name,  but  Whitfield  him- 
self is  the  real  author  of  the  species. 

The  species  attains  a  much  greater  size  at  times,  than  is  indi- 
cated by  Whitfield's  illustration,  the  larger  one  of  the  specimens 
figured  by  that  author  having  a  length  of  16  mm.  and  a  height 
of  15  mm.  The  larger  specimens  from  Lorillard  are  frequently 
over  20  mm.  in  length. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (186)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield 
(164,  165,  183),  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Matawan  (101),  Loril- 
lard (102);  Red  Bank  sand,  Shrewsbury  River  (116),  near 
Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Lucina  swedesboroensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXIL,  Figs.  19-21. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  small  but  nearly  perfect 
individual  are:  height,  13.5  mm.;  length,  14  mm.;  thickness, 
6  mm.  The  dimensions  of  another  left  valve  are:  height,  14.5 
mm.;  length,  16  mm.  The  larger  individuals  sometimes  attain 
a  height  of  20  mm.  Shell  subcircular,  varying  from  a  little 
higher  than  long  to  slightly  longer  than  high.  Beaks  small,  point- 
ing forward.  Valves  depressed  convex  with  a  very  obscure  arcu- 
ate umbonal  prominence  extending  from  the  beak  obliquely  to 
the  postero-basal  margin ;  post-cardinal  margin  sharply  inflected 
to  form  a  narrow  and  deep  escutcheon ;  in  front  of  the  beaks 
the  margin  is  sharply  inflected  to  form  a  small  but  profound 
lunule.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  rather  fine,  more  or  less 
irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth.  Hinge-line  arcuate;  hinge 
of  the  left  valve  with  a  large,  triangular  cardinal  tooth  beneath 


572      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  beak,  and  another  obscure  one  directed  obliquely  backward, 
in  front  of  the  beaks  is  a  single  lateral  tooth  beneath  the  lunule 
and  close  to  the  shell  margin,  back  of  the  beak  and  remote  from 
it,  extending  nearly  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line, 
is  a  low,  elongate,  posterior  cardinal  tooth. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Family  DIPLODONTIDAE. 

Genus  TENEA  Conrad. 

Tenea  parilis  Conrad. 

Plate  LXIIL,  Figs.  1-6. 

1860.     Mysia  (Diplodonta)  parilis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  278,  pi.  46,  fig.  16. 
1870.     Tenea  parilis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  73,  pi.  3, 

fig.  12. 
1875.     Tenea  parilis  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.  p.  8,  pi. 

2,  fig.  25. 
1884.     Tenea  parilis  Tryon,  Syst.  and  Struct.  Conch.,  vol.  3,  p. 

216,  pi.  119,  fig.  72. 
1886.     Dosinia  Gabbi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  161,  pi.  22,  figs.  4-5. 
1886.     Tenea  pmguis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  163,  pi.  22,  figs.  1-2,  not  fig.  3  (not 

T.  pinguis  Con.). 
1905.     Tenea  parilis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

P-  IS- 

Description. — Shell  in  large  examples  attaining  a  length  and 
height  of  38  mm.;  the  depth  of  each  valve  being  13  mm.  The 
valves  more  or  less  strongly  and  evenly  convex,  subcircular,  ob- 
scurely subquadrangular  or  subovate  in  outline,  beaks  prominent, 
directed  forward,  slightly  incurved.  The  post-cardinal  margin 
deeply  inflected.  Each  valve  furnished  with  two  cardinal  teeth 


MOLLUSCA.  573 

and  no  laterals.  Muscular  impressions  rather  large  but  not 
deeply  impressed,  pallial  line  with  a  deep,  narrow,  acutely  sub- 
angular  sinus,  whose  inner  extremity  is  directed  towards  a  point 
between  the  beak  and  the  anterior  muscular  impression.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  nearly  smooth,  marked  only  by  fine  lines  of 
growth. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimens  of  Lucina  pinguis  Con.  and 
Mysia  gibbosa  Gabb,  are  certainly  members  of  the  same  species, 
but  that  of  Mysia  parilis  Con.,  seems  to  be  a  distinct  form,  al- 
though it  has  frequently  been  considered  as  a  synonym  of  the 
others.  Both  species  are  here  referred  to  the  genus  Tenea.  T. 
pinguis  has  not  been  observed  to  grow  as  large  as  T.  parilis;  it 
is  much  more  gibbous,  the  entire  shell  being  almost  globular  in 
form,  and  it  seems  to  have  been  marked  with  stronger  concentric 
lines  of  growth.  The  only  authentic  examples  of  the  species 
seem  to  have  come  from  the  Navesink  marl,  while  T.  parilis  occurs 
in  the  lower  formations,  although  it  has  also  been  observed  in 
the  Red  Bank  sand.  Whitfield's  type  of  Dosinia  gabbi  is  a  good 
typical  example  of  the  form  here  considered  as  T.  parilis,  and 
one  of  the  specimens  he  has  illustrated  as  T.  pinguis  is  also  a 
typical  representative  of  this  species,  although  somewhat  more 
ovate  than  usual.  The  hinge  characters  have  not  been  observed 
in  any  of  the  examples  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey, 
but  the  specimen  upon  which  the  genus  Tenea  was  established 
came  from  the  Woodbury  clay  near  Haddonfield  where  the  fauna 
is  essentially  like  that  at  Lorillard.  The  specimens  of  T.  parilis 
from  Lorillard  are  much  larger  than  the  type  of  the  species,  but 
there  are  specimens  of  the  species  in  the  National  Museum  from 
the  typical  locality  in  Tippah  County,  Mississippi,  which  are  much 
larger  than  the  type.  Considerable  individual  variation  is  ex- 
hibited among  different  examples  of  the  species,  the  more  usual 
form  is  subcircular  or  obscurely  subquadrangular,  but  occasion- 
ally one  is  met  with  which  is  more  nearly  subovate  in  outline. 
Many  of  the  southern  examples  of  the  species  retain  the  shell 
itself,  which  is  very  thin  and  marked  only  by  fine,  concentric  lines 
of  growth. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point, 
(105);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola 


574      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

(163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan  (103), 
near  Haddonfield  (164,  165,  183);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  (i263),  near  Marlboro  (I3O1);  Navesink  marl, 
Crosswicks  Creek  (i473,  195);  Red  Bank  Sand,  Shrewsbury 
River  (119),  Red  Bank  (116);  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut, 
south  of  Keyport  (i295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Mis- 
sissippi, Texas,  Arkansas. 


Tenea  pinguis  Conrad. 
Plate  LXIIL,  Fig.  7. 

1853.     Lucina  pinguis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser., 
vol.  2,  p.  275,  pi.  24,  fig.  1 8. 

1860.  Mysia  gibbosa  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser. 

vol.  4,  p.  302,  pi.  48,  fig.  17  (not  18). 

1 86 1.  Lucina  pinguis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  195 

(138). 
1864.     Lucina  pinguis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  12. 

1868.     Lucina  ?  pinguis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1876.     Tenea  pinguis  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876), 

P-  307- 
1886.     Tenea  pinguis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  163,  pi.  22,  fig.  3   (not  figs.  1-2  = 

Tenea  parilis}. 
1905.     Tenea  pinguis  John.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

P-  15- 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  one  specimen 
being :  height,  7  mm. ;  width,  8  mm. ;  thickness,  6  mm. ;  sub- 
circular  or  obscurely  subquadrangular  in  outline.  Valves  ex- 
tremely ventricose  or  gibbous,  giving  to  the  entire  shell  a  nearly 
globular  form.  Umbones  very  prominent,  the  beaks  incurved 
and  directed  forward.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  somewhat 
prominent  concentric  lines  of  growth. 


MOLLUSCA.  575 

Remarks. — The  relations  of  this  species  to  T.  parilis  have  been 
fully  considered  in  connection  with  the  discussion  of  that  species. 
It  apparently  differs  from  T.  parilis  chiefly  in  its  smaller  size, 
its  greater  gibbosity  and  its  stronger  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford 
(i482). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  CARDIACEA. 

Family  OABDIIDAE. 

Genus  CARDIUM  Linneus. 

Cardium  nucleolus  (WMtfield). 

Plate  LXIIL,  Figs.  8-9. 

1886.     Criocardium  nucleolus  Whitf.,  Pal.  -N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  214,  pi.  28,  figs.  lo-n. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  height, 
10  mm.;  width,  10  mm.;  thickness,  7.5  mm.  Shell  obscurely 
quadrangular  in  outline.  Hinge-line  arcuate;  anterior  and  basal 
margins  forming  a  single  regular  curve;  postero-basal  extremity 
sharply  rounded;  posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate.  Beaks 
nearly  central,  erect,  moderately  incurved  and  closely  approxi- 
mate. Valves  ventricose  with  a  subangular  umbonal  ridge  from 
the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  margin ;  posterior  slope  narrow 
and  abrupt;  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge  the  surface  is  regu- 
larly curved  to  the  anterior  margin.  Muscular  impressions  dis- 
tinct and  rather  large  on  the  casts;  inner  free  margins  of  the 
valves  crenate.  Surface  characters  and  hinge  unknown. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  peculiar,  small,  rotund  form  which  is  the 
only  representative  of  the  genus  yet  observed  from  the  Manasquan 
marl.  Whitfield  referred  the  species  to  the  subgenus  Criocardium, 
but  in  the  absence  of  any  knowledge  of  the  surface  features  of 
the  shell  this  reference  can  only  be  considered  as  tentative.  It 
seems  to  be  a  rare  form  as  it  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey. 


5;6  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation     and     locality. — Manasquan     marl,     Farmingdale 
(Whitfield). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  wenonah  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXIIL,  Figs.  10-16. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  right  valve  are: 
height,  12  mm.;  width,  12  mm.;  convexity,  4  mm.  Large  in- 
dividuals rarely  attain  a  height  of  nearly  20  mm.  Shell,  exclu- 
sive of  the  projecting  beaks,  subrhomboidal  in  outline.  Hinge- 
line  nearly  straight ;  anterior  margin  rounded,  most  convex  above 
the  middle,  curving  rather  abruptly  below  into  the  gently  convex 
basal  margin  which  is  subparallel  with  the  hinge-margin;  pos- 
tero-basal  margin  abruptly  rounded;  posterior  margin  gently 
convex,  slightly  oblique,  straighter  than  the  anterior  margin. 
Beaks  small,  pointed,  incurved,  situated  at  about  the  middle  of  the 
hinge-line  and  but  little  elevated  above  it.  Along  a  line  extend- 
ing from  the  beak  obliquely  backward  to  the  postero-basal  ex- 
tremity, is  a  rounded  umbonal  prominence,  but  the  most  promi- 
nent portion  of  the  valve  is  usually  in  front  of  this  line  near  the 
center  of  the  shell ;  the  posterior  slope  from  the  umbonal  promi- 
nence is  rather  abrupt,  nearly  flat  or  slightly  concave,  the  valves 
becoming  somewhat  compressed  towards  the  cardinal  extremity ; 
in  front  the  surface  curves  gently  upward  to  the  center  of  the 
valve,  then  downward,  becoming  a  little  more  abrupt  as  it  ap- 
proaches the  anterior  margin.  Muscular  impressions  inconspicu- 
ous. Lateral  teeth  of  the  hinge  strong,  nearly  horizontal  in 
position,  the  anterior  one  sloping  downward  a  little  more  than 
the  posterior;  cardinal  teeth  not  clear  in  the  specimens.  Free 
margins  of  the  valves  crenate.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by 
about  30  squarish,  flat-topped,  radiating  costae,  about  as  wide 
or  a  little  wider  than  the  interspaces.  In  the  condition  in  which 
the  type  specimens  are  preserved,  these  costae  are  impressed  upon 
the  surface  of  the  casts  from  the  margins  to  the  beaks,  but  are 
rounder  on  top  than  on  the  outside  of  the  shell. 

Remarks. — At  its  typical  locality  in  the  top  of  the  Wenonah 
sand  near  Marlboro,  this  species  occurs  in  great  abundance.  The 


MOUAJSCA.  577 

shells  themselves  have  been  removed  by  solution  and  the  soft 
material  in  which  they  were  buried,  has  been  compressed  so  it 
is  possible  that  the  radiating  costse  of  the  outside  of  the  shell 
have  been  impressed  more  strongly  upon  the  surface  of  the  casts 
than  they  would  be  under  other  conditions.  A  large  proportion 
of  the  specimens  in  this  locality  have  been  more  or  less  distorted, 
but  there  is  little  difficulty  in  recognizing  the  species  by  reason  of 
its  small  size  and  its  smooth  costse  which  are  always  about  30 
in  number.  In  the  undistorted  specimens  the  subrhomboidal  out- 
line is  always  quite  noticeable. 

This  species  occurs  abundantly  at  Corsicana,  Texas,  with  the 
shell  itself  perfectly  preserved.  In  the  central  portion  of  the  in- 
side of  the  shell  in  the  Texas  examples,  there  are  radial  rows  of 
rather  large  pits  occupying  the  position  of  the  interspaces  between 
the  ribs  on  the  outside.  These  pits  pierce  the  inner  layers  of  the 
shell  only,  but  when  the  outside  is  slightly  exfoliated  they  appear 
as  perforations  through  the  shell.  The  surface  is  marked  by 
concentric,  sublamellose  lines  of  growth  which  are  frequently 
eroded.  The  species  should  be  compared  with  C.  choctawensis 
Shum.,1  but  that  species  possesses  much  more  conspicuous  con- 
centric markings  which  give  to  the  ribs  a  crenulated  appearance. 

Formation  and  locality.- — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(130)  ;  ?  Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

Cardium  eufaulensis  Conrad. 

Plate  LXIIL.  Figs.  17-20. 

1860.  Cardium  Eufaulensis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  282,  pi.  46,  fig.  12. 

1 86 1.  Cardium  Hufalensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

162  (106). 
1864.     Cardium  eufalense  Meek,  Check  List.  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  12. 
1868.     Cardium  (Trachycardiutn)  Eufalense  Con.,  Cook's  Geol. 

N.  J.,  p.  726. 


1  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  I,  p.  599;  also  White's  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  2, 
pi.  18,  figs.  7  a-c. 

37  PAL 


578      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1876.     Cardium  (Trachycardium)  Huf dense  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat  Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  310. 
Not  1886.     Cardium   Eufaulensis   Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,   vol.    I 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  132,  pi.  20,  figs.  17-19. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  internal  cast  of  a  left 
valve  are :  height,  26.5  mm. ;  width,  21.5  mm. ;  convexity,  9  mm. 
Shell  obliquely  ovate  in  outline.  Hinge-line  arcuate;  anterior 
and  basal  margins  rounding  regularly  with  slightly  decreasing 
curvature  from  the  anterior  cardinal  extremity  to  the  postero- 
basal  extremity;  postero-basal  margin  rounded;  posterior  mar- 
gin gently  convex  or  nearly  straight,  always  straighter  than  the 
anterior  margin.  Beaks  small,  acute,  incurved,  only  a  little 
elevated  above  the  hinge-line.  Valves  strongly  convex,  with  a 
rounded  umbonal  prominence  passing  obliquely  backward  from 
the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity;  posterior  slope  short, 
abrupt,  nearly  flat  or  sometimes  slightly  concave;  anterior  slope 
much  longer,  convex,  becoming  a  little  more  abrupt  anteriorly. 
Muscular  impressions  inconspicuous  on  the  casts,  the  inner 
free  margins  of  the  valves  crenate,  surface  of  the  casts  some- 
times smooth,  sometimes  showing  impressions  of  the  radiating 
ribs  half  way  to  the  beak  from  the  margin.  Outer  surface 
of  the  valves  marked  by  from  35  to  40  angular,  radiating 
costse,  where  the  shell  is  exfoliated  these  ribs  appear  to  be  hol- 
low or  tubular  and  their  position  is  indicated  by  depressed  fur- 
rows instead  of  elevations. 

Remarks. — The  specimens  which  were  referred  to  this  species 
by  Whitfield  really  belong  to  two  different  species,  neither  one 
of  them  being  the  true  C.  eufmilensis.  The  specimens  which  have 
been  identified  as  C.  eufaulensis  in  the  present  report,  agree  closely 
with  Conrad's  original  description  and  illustration,  and  agree 
with  authentic  specimens  from  the  South.  They  have  been  recog- 
nized only  in  the  Wenonah  sand,  where  they  are  associated  with 
C.  longstreeti,  but  differ  from  that  species  in  being  more  elongate 
and  relatively  narrower,  and  more  regularly  oval  in  outline  with- 
out the  subangular  postero-basal  extremity.  The  radiating  ribs 
of  the  two  species  are  also  very  different,  those  of  C.  eufaulensis 


MOLLUSCA.  579 

being  broader,  less  abruptly  elevated  from  the  interspaces,  and 
lacking  the  small  nodes  upon  their  summits.  The  specimens  ob- 
served vary  somewhat  in  outline,  some  individuals  being  rela- 
tively lower  and  broader  than  the  one  whose  dimensions  are 
given. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (I263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi,  Arkansas. 

Cardium  longstreeti  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXIIL,  Figs.  21-22. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  internal  cast  of  a  left 
valve  are:  height,  33  mm.;  width,  31  mm.;  convexity,  10  mm. 
Shell  obliquely  subovate  in  outline.  Hinge-line  arcuate;  antero- 
cardinal  margin  nearly  straight,  sloping  downward  from  the 
beak  to  the  anterior  hinge  extremity,  curving  below  without 
break  into'  the  anterior  margin;  anterior  and  basal  margins 
rounding  with  a  regular,  slightly  decreasing  curvature  from  the 
anterior  hinge-extremity  to-  the  postero-basal  extremity;  postero- 
basal  extremity  subangular,  situated  considerably  above  the  base 
of  the  shell ;  posterior  margin  obliquely  truncate,  rounding  above 
to  the  posterior  hinge-extremity.  Beaks  small,  acute,  incurved, 
moderately  elevated  above  the  hinge-line,  pointing  slightly  back- 
ward at  their  tips.  Valves  with  an  umbonal  prominence  passing 
obliquely  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity,  in  the 
casts  it  is  subangular,  but  in  the  shell  itself  more  rounded;  the 
most  prominent  portion  of  the  shell  lies  in  front  of  this  umbonal 
ridge;  posterior  slope  narrow,  somewhat  flattened  or  concave; 
anterior  slope  gently  convex  across  the  middle  of  the  shell,  be- 
coming more  abrupt  towards  the  anterior  margin.  The  inner 
free  margins  of  the  shell  strongly  crenate,  and  the  radiating  ribs 
present  upon  the  internal  casts  half  way  or  more  to  the  beaks. 
Muscular  impressions  inconspicuous  upon  the  casts.  Surface 
of  the  shell  marked  by  about  38  rather  high,  angular  ribs  with 
small,  more  or  less  distant  nodes  along  their  summits;  these 


580      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

ribs  grow  regularly  larger  in  passing  from  the  anterior  cardinal 
extremity  to  the  postero-basal  angle,  those  upon  the  posterior 
slope  are  notably  thinner  and  more  sharply  angular  than  those 
upon  the  central  and  anterior  portion  of  the  shell,  and  one,  about 
the  second  or  third  from  the  postero-cardinal  extremity,  is  much 
higher  and  more  conspicuous  than  the  others. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (l263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXIV.,  Fig.  8. 

1886.  Cardium  eufaulensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog, 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  132,  pi.  20,  fig.  17  (not  figs. 
18-19).  (Not  C.  eufaulensis  Conrad.) 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are:  height, 
58  mm.;  width,  55  mm.;  thickness,  38  mm.  Shell  subcircular 
in  outline ;  hinge-line  nearly  straight ;  anterior  and  basal  margins 
curving  with  a  regular,  slightly  decreasing  curvature  from  the 
anterior  hinge  extremity  to  the  postero-basal  region;  postero- 
basal  extremity  a  little  more  sharply  rounded;  posterior  margin 
convex,  a  little  straighter  than  the  anterior.  Beaks,  in  the  cast, 
rather  small,  nearly  erect,  acute,  incurved,  but  little  elevated  above 
the  hinge-line.  Valves  moderately  convex,  their  greatest  promi- 
nence along  an  oblique  line  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal 
extremity,  the  umbonal  prominence  not  at  all  angular;  anterior 
slope  long  and  gently  convex,  becoming  somewhat  compressed 
towards  the  cardinal  extremity;  posterior  slope  shorter  and  more 
abrupt,  compressed  towards  the  cardinal  extremity,  but  less  so 
than  the  anterior.  Muscular  impressions  on  the  cast  incon- 
spicuous, the  posterior  one  much  the  larger.  Lateral  hinge-teeth 
large  and  strong,  horizontal  in  position,  the  anterior  and  pos- 
terior ones  about  equidistant  from  the  beaks;  cardinal  hinge- 
teeth  moderately  strong.  Inner  free  margins  of  the  valves 
strongly  crenate  all  around.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by 


MOLLUSCA.  581 

about  60  to  64  radiating  ribs  which  are  impressed  upon  the  casts- 
tip  to  the  umbonal  region. 

Remarks. — Whitfield's  figure  17  of  his  Cardium  eufaulensis  is 
possibly  a  representative  of  this  species,  but  it  is  proportionately 
somewhat  narrower  than  any  of  the  specimens  which  have  been 
observed.  The  species  differs  from  C.  eufaulensis  in  its  more 
nearly  circular  form,  its  straighter  and  practically  horizontal 
hinge-line,  and  its  much  larger  number  of  costae.  It  is  also  much 
larger  than  the  original  illustration  of  that  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXIV.,  Figs.  1-4. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  internal  casts  of  two 
valves,  the  larger  a  right  and  the  smaller  a  left  valve,  are : 
height,  25  mm.  and  18  mm.;  width,  25  mm.  and  18  mm.;  con- 
vexity, 7  mm.  and  6  mm.  Shell  obliquely  subovate  in  outline; 
hinge-line  arcuate;  the  anterior  and  basal  margins  from  the  an- 
terior cardinal  extremity  to  the  postero-basal  extremity,  describe 
a  nearly  regular  semicircle;  postero-basal  margin  more  sharply 
rounded;  posterior  margin  gently  convex,  straighter  than  the 
anterior  margin.  Beaks  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  hinge- 
line,  small,  acute,  slightly  elevated  above  the  hinge-line  in  the 
internal  casts.  Valves  only  moderately  convex;  anterior  slope 
long  and  regularly  convex;  posterior  slope  much  shorter,  more 
abrupt,  slightly  flattened.  Muscular  impressions  on  the  casts 
inconspicuous.  Lateral  hinge-teeth  strong,  sloping  slightly 
downward  from  the  beak  on  each  side ;  characters  of  the  cardinal 
teeth  not  clear  in  the  casts.  Inner  free  margin  of  the  shell 
strongly  crenate.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  about  35  or 
40,  squarish,  flat-topped,  radiating  costae,  slightly  wider  than  the 
interspaces,  and  by  fine  concentric  lines  which  are  stronger  upon 
the  tops  of  the  radiating  costae. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(185),  near  Matawan  (107). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


582      .CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Cardium   lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXIV.,  Figs.  5-6- 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  internal  cast  of  a  left 
valve  are:  height,  30  mm.;  width,  25  mm.;  convexity,  10  mm. 
Shell  oblique,  subovate  to  subrhomboidal  in  outline.  Hinge-line 
nearly  straight;  anterior  and  basal  margins  curving  with  a 
gradually  decreasing  curvature  from  the  anterior  cardinal  ex- 
tremity nearly  to  the  postero-basal  extremity;  postero-basal  ex- 
tremity more  sharply  rounded;  posterior  margin  obliquely  trun- 
cate, a  little  convex  above  and  below,  straight  or  nearly  straight 
in  the  middle.  Beaks  situated  at  about  the  middle  of  the  hinge- 
line,  prominent,  elevated  above  the  hinge-line,  acute,  incurved, 
pointing  anteriorly.  Valves  with  a  subangular  umbonal  promi- 
nence or  ridge  extending  from  the  beak  obliquely  backward  to 
the  postero-basal  extremity ;  anterior  slope  long  and  nearly  regu- 
larly convex,  posterior  slope  abrupt,  usually  a  little  concave. 
Surface  of  shell  marked  by  about  40  or  45  angular  radiating 
costae  a  little  narrower  than  the  intervening  furrows,  and  by  very 
fine,  concentric,  sublamello.se  lines  which  are  much  more  con- 
spicuous upon  the  anterior  faces  of  the  radiating  costse. 

Remarks. — This  species  can'  be  easily  distinguished  from  any 
other  member  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  faunas, 
by  reason  of  its  subangular  umbonal  ridge,  its  obliquely  truncate 
posterior  margin,  and  by  the  peculiarity  of  the  fine,  concentric, 
sublamellose  lines  upon  the  surface  being  much  more  conspicuous 
upon  the  anterior  faces  of  the  costae. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  ripleyanum  Conrad. 
Plate  LXV.,  Figs.  4-6. 

1869.     Cardium  ripleyanum  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 

96,  pi.  9,  fig.  6. 
1886.     Cardium  ripleyanum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9,)  p.  132,  pi.  20,  fig.  14. 


MOLLUSCA.  583 

1905.     Cardium  ripleyanum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  15. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are :  height, 
4.5  mm. ;  width,  4  mm. ;  thickness,  3  mm.  The  height  of  one  of 
the  largest  individuals  observed  is  5.3  mm.  Shell  subcircular  in 
outline,  slightly  higher  than  wide,  cordate  in  end  view.  Hinge- 
line  relatively  long,  a  little  arched;  anterior,  basal,  and  posterior 
margins  rounded.  Beaks  rather  prominent,  elevated  above  the 
hinge-line,  incurved.  Umbones  prominent,  the  surface  sloping 
rather  abruptly  both  in  front  and  behind;  shell  compressed  to- 
wards the  cardinal  extremities,  more  so  behind  than  in  front. 
Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  about  22  subangular,  radiating 
ribs,  slightly  narrower  than  the  interspaces,  also  by  fine,  con- 
centric, sublamellose  lines. 

Remarks. — This  little  species  is  not  an  uncommon  member  of 
the  Woodbury  clay  fauna,  being  less  common  in  the  Cliffwood 
and  Merchantville.  It  was  originally  described  from. the  Wood- 
bury  clay  formation  near  Haddonfield. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (189);  Merchantville  clay,  near  James- 
burg  (139,  140,  141),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard 
(102),  near  Matawan  (103),  near  Haddonfield  (183,  168,  165, 
164). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  spillmani  Conrad. 
Plate  LXIV.,  Figs.  9-11. 

1858.     Cardium  spillmani  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  326,  pi.  34,  fig.  3. 
1864.     Cardium  (Liocardium)  spillmani  Meek,  Check  List  Inr. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  13. 
1886.     Cardium  (Protocardium)  perelongatum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N. 

J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  136,  pi.  20, 

figs.  202 1,  pi.  21,  figs.  4-5. 


584      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1886.     Pachycardium  burlingtonense  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  138,  pi.  21,  figs.  6-7. 
1905.     Cardium    (L&vicardium)    perelongatum   Johns.,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905),  p.  15. 
1905.     Cardium    (Lavicardium}    burlingtonense   Johns.,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905),  p.  15. 
.   1905.     Cardium  (Lcevicardium)   spillmani  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905),  p.  15. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  internal  cast 
are:  height,  87  mm.;  width,  55  mm.;  thickness,  60  mm.  Shell 
more  or  less  narrowly  subovate  in  lateral  view,  and  cordate  in 
end  view.  Hinge-line  rather  short,  arched,  extending  further 
downward  in  front  than  behind;  anterior  margin  convex,  the 
curvature  becoming  greater  below;  basal  margin  regularly 
rounded;  posterior  margin  longer  and  straighter  than  the  an- 
terior, usually  slightly  convex,  sometimes  straight  or  slightly 
sinuate  in  the  casts  a  little  above  the  middle.  Beaks  situated 
back  of  the  middle  of  the  hinge-line,  strongly  elevated  above  it 
in  the  casts,  pointed,  incurved,  and  distinctly  curved  forward. 
Umbones  prominent,  the  most  prominent  portion  of  the  shell 
being  in  an  oblique  line  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero-basal 
margin,  this  umbonal  prominence  being  not  at  all  angular.  The 
posterior  slope  much  more  abrupt  than  the  anterior,  its  surface 
conspicuously  impressed  above  the  middle  of  the  shell  about  half 
way  between  the  top  of  the  umbonal  prominence  and  the  pos- 
terior cardinal  extremity.  Muscular  impressions  large,  the  an- 
terior ones  deeply  impressed,  the  posterior  ones  scarcely  or  not 
at  all  differentiated  from  the  surface  of  the  casts.  The  left  valve 
with  two  strong  cardinal  teeth  beneath  the  beak  with  a  pit  be- 
tween, right  valve  with  a  single  cardinal  tooth;  anterior  lateral 
teeth  more  remote  from  the  cardinal  teeth  than  the  posterior 
ones,  and  also  apparently  much  stronger.  Inner  free  margin 
of  the  valves  crenate  along  the  posterior  margin,  smooth  along 
the  basal  and  anterior  margins.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  radiating  ribs  upon  the  posterior  slope, 'which,  in  the  internal 
casts  at  least,  continue  only  from  the  margin  up  to  the  umbonal 


MOLLUSCA.  585 

prominence;  central  and  anterior  portions  of  the  shell  marked 
by  concentric  lines  of  growth  only. 

Remarks. — Both  of  the  species  described  by  Whitfield  from 
New  Jersey  as  Cardium  perelongatumi  and  Pachycardium  bur- 
lingtonense,  are  certainly  internal  casts  of  the  shell  described  by 
Conrad  from  Mississippi  as  Cafdium  spillmani,  the  example  to 
which  the  last  of  the  two  names  was  applied  being  an  exception- 
ally broad  specimen.  The  species  is  for  the  most  part  restricted 
to  the  Navesink  marl,  where  it  attains  its  maximum  size.  The 
specimens  which  have  been  rarely  noticed  in  the  Merchantville 
clay  are  usually  small,  although  Whitfield's  P.  burlingtonense  is 
a  very  large  example.  The  internal  casts,  in  which  condition  the 
species  usually  occurs,  have  some  resemblance  to  those  of  the 
species  described  in  this  report  as  C.  kummeli,  but  they  are 
usually  larger  than  that  species,  the  beaks  have  more  of  a  for- 
ward curvature,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  hinge-line  is  longer 
and  extends  further  down  towards  the  base  of  the  shell,  the 
anterior  muscular  impressions  are  lower  in  position,  and  the  shell 
is  radiately  ribbed  posteriorly.  When  the  shell  itself,  with  its 
external  markings  is  preserved,  it  is  not  possible  to  confuse  the 
two  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl  (rare),  near 
Matawan  (ioo4,  101);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  near  Walnford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek  (i473,  147*, 
195),  near  Jacobstown  (150). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas,  Oklahoma. 

Cardium  kummeli  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXVL,  Figs.  1-3. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  rather  small  internal  cast 
of  a  right  valve  are :  height,  45  mm. ;  width,  34  mm. ;  convexity, 
17.5  mm.  Large  individuals  sometimes  attain  a  height  of  70 
mm.  or  more.  Shell  subovate  in  lateral  view,  cordate  in  end  view. 
Beaks  of  the  internal  casts  greatly  elevated  above  the  hinge-line, 
pointed  and  incurved.  Hinge-line  arcuate;  anterior  margin 
regularly  rounded  from  the  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  to  the 


586      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

middle  of  the  basal  margin;  postero-basal  margin  a  little  more 
sharply  rounded;  posterior  margin  convex,  a  little  straighter 
than  the  anterior.  Valves  strongly  convex  or  gibbous,  most 
prominent,  but  not  at  all  angular,  along  an  oblique  line  from  the 
beaks  to  the  postero-basal  extremity,  the  posterior  slope  more 
abrupt  than  the  anterior.  Muscular  impressions  large,  the  an- 
terior ones  deeply  impressed  above,  the  posterior  ones  scarcely 
differentiated  from  the  general  surface  of  the  casts.  Hinge  char- 
acters not  seen.  Inner  free  margins  of  the  valves  apparently 
not  crenate.  Shell  substance  thick,  rugose  externally.  The  sur- 
face markings  consist  of  strongly  elevated,  rounded,  radiating 
costse,  narrower  than  the  interspaces ;  on  a  specimen  about  55  mm. 
in  length,  the  distance  between  these  ribs  from  center  to  center 
at  the  middle  portion  of  the  shell  margin,  is  about  2  mm.  or  a 
little  less.  Each  third  interspace  is  occupied  by  a  row  of  strong 
and  thick  spines  rising  one  or  two  millimeters  above  the  tops  of 
the  costae  when  complete,  subcircular  in  cross-section,  their  bases 
occupying  the  entire  width  of  the  furrow,  the  space  between  suc- 
cessive spines  being  about  equal  to  the  thickness  of  the  spines 
themselves;  in  some  cases  the  bases  of  the  spines  are  thickened 
longitudinally  so  that  they  occupy  essentially  the  entire  furrow, 
in  which  case  the  two  bounding  costae  with  the  row  of  spines 
rising  from  the  intervening  furrow,  appear  to  form  altogether, 
one  broad  rib  supporting  a  row  of  strong  spines.  The  two  fur- 
rows intervening  between  the  rows  of  strong  spines  are  each 
occupied  by  a  row  of  very  much  smaller,  laterally  compressed 
spines  whose  bases  are  more  or  less  connected. 

Remarks. — There  is  considerable  variation  shown  in  the  sur- 
face markings  of  different  individuals  of  this  species,  and  the 
extremes  might  be  taken  as  the  representatives  of  distinct  species 
or  even  of  distinct  subgenera.  In  its  typical  form  as  seen  in  the 
Tinton  beds,  the  species  exhibits  clearly  the  characteristics  of  the 
subgenus  Criocardium,  the  rows  of  spines  rising  from  the  inter- 
spaces between  the  radiating  costse  of  the  shell.  In  some  speci- 
mens the  bases  of  the  larger  spines  or  nodes  are  confluent  and 
appear  to  entirely  fill  the  interspace  occupied  by  them,  so  that 
the  two  bounding  costae  with  the  row  of  spines  together  seem  to 


MOLLUSCA.  587 

constitute  a  single  broad  rib  crowned  with  a  row  of  strong  nodes. 
At  the  same  time  the  rows  of  secondary  nodes  are  sometimes 
confluent  at  their  bases  and  form  a  continuous  secondary  rib, 
perhaps  nodose  on  top,  and  about  equaling  in  height  and  size 
the  primary  costse,  so  that  there  seem  to  be  three  costse  of  nearly 
equal  size  in  the  broad  interspace  between  the  rows  of  large  nodes 
and  their  included  bounding  costae.  In  the  extreme  development 
of  the  rows  of  secondary  nodes  their  bases  are  confluent  and  they 
increase  in  size  and  height  so  as  to  occupy  the  whole  of  the  in- 
terspaces, obliterating  entirely  the  primary  costse,  so  that  the 
surface  of  the  shell  is  apparently  marked  by  radiating  rows  of 
tubercles  which  apparently  do  not  rise  from  interspaces  between 
costae,  but  directly  from  the  surface,  each  third  row  being  much 
larger  and  stronger  than  the  two  intervening  ones. 

It  is  possible  that  larger  collections  of  more  perfectly  preserved 
material  than  is  now  available,  would  show  that  more  than  one 
species  has  been  included  under  this  head,  but  so  far  as  can  be 
determined  from  present  collections,  all  these  forms  seem  to 
run  together.  The  typical  form  of  the  species,  however,  is  that 
in  which  the  nodes  rise  distinctly  from  the  interspaces,  showing 
the  characters  clearly  of  the  subgenus  Criocardium,  and  which 
has  been  recognized  only  in  the  Tinton  beds. 

In  its  somewhat  elongate  and  slender  form,  the  species  in  the 
form  O'f  internal  casts  somewhat  resembles  the  casts  of  C. 
spillmani  and  they  have  sometimes  been  so  identified.  It  does 
not  grow  so  large  as  that  species,  however,  it  lacks  the  radiating 
ribs  usually  impressed  upon  the  posterior  slope  of  C.  perelon- 
gatnm,  and  the  anterior  muscular  scar  is  not  so  low  in  position. 

In  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washington  this 
species  is  represented  by  numerous  examples  from  the  South  which 
have  usually  been  referred  to  Cardium  dumosum.  These  south- 
ern specimens  are  perfectly  preserved  shells  which  are  smaller 
than  the  usual  examples  from  the  Tinton  Beds  in  New  Jersey, 
but  their  surface  markings  are  identical  with  those  of  the  type 
specimen.  The  species  differs  from  C.  dumosum  in  its  more 
elongate  form  and  in  the  much  coarser  surface  markings.  C. 
tippana  is  another  allied  form  in  which  the  surface  markings 


588      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

are  fully  as  coarse  as  in  C.  kummeli,  but  there  is  only  a  single 
row  of  smaller  tubercles  between  the  larger  ones  in  that  species, 
instead  of  two  as  in  C.  kummeli. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Navesink  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169)  ; 
Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown  (112);  Tinton  beds,  Beers 
Hill  cut,  south  of  Keyport  (I2Q5,  I297,  129°),  near  Freehold 


Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

Cardium  uniformis  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXV.,  Figs.  1-3. 

Description.  —  The  dimensions  of  a  perfect  internal  cast  are: 
height,  42  mm.;  width,  35.5  mm.;  thickness,  28  mm.  Shell 
irregularly  subovate  in  lateral  view  and  narrowly  cordate  in  end 
view.  Beaks  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  hinge-line  and  ele- 
vated above  it,  pointed  and  incurved.  Hinge-line  arcuate; 
anterior  margin  from  the  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  to  the 
middle  of.  the  basal  margin  almost  regularly  arcuate;  postero- 
basal  margin  more  sharply  rounded  into  the  posterior  margin, 
which  is  gently  convex,  being  much  straighter  than  the  anterior 
margin.  Muscular  impressions  moderately  large,  not  strongly 
impressed.  Inner  free  margins  of  the  shell  crenate,  the  corruga- 
tions of  the  external  surface  of  the  shell  recognizable  upon  the 
internal  casts  to  the  urnbonal  region,  and  in  small  individuals  to 
the  beaks.  The  most  prominent  portion  of  the  shell  is  in  a  line 
extending  obliquely  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity, 
this  umbonal  prominence  is  not  at  all  angular,  but  the  posterior 
slope  is  more  abrupt  than  the  anterior,  becoming  slightly  con- 
cave as  it  approaches  the  cardinal  extremity.  The  hinge-teeth,  so 
far  as  can  be  recognized  from  the  internal  cast,  are  in  every  way 
similar  to  those  of  C.  tenuistriatum.  The  surface  markings,  as 
indicated  by  impressions  of  the  outside,  consist  of  rather  broad, 
flattened,  radiating  co<stse,  with  much  narrower  interspaces. 
From  the  bottoms  of  the  interspaces  arise  rows  of  spinules,  very 
strongly  compressed  laterally,  which  are  nearly  uniform  in  size 
over  the  main  central  portion  of  the  shell,  there  being  only  a 
slight  suggestion  of  each  third  row  being  slightly  larger;  upon 


MOLLUSCA.  589 

the  anterior  slope  of  the  shell,  however,  each  third  row  of 
spinules,  and  near  the  cardinal  extremity  every  other  row,  are 
materially  stronger;  the  same  condition  is  probably  true  for  the 
posterior  slope,  but  this  has  not  been  observed. 

Remarks. — The  closest  ally  of  this  species  is  the  common  shell 
referred  to  C.  tenuistriatum  in  this  report,  but  the  two  species 
differ  in  several  respects.  The  radiating  rows  of  spinules  are 
much  more  uniform  in  size  on  C.  uniformis  than  on  C.  tenuis- 
triatum, although  upon  the  anterior  and  probably  upon  the  pos- 
terior lateral  slope  there  are  rows  of  larger  and  smaller  spines. 
The  valves  also1  of  C.  uniformis  are  less  strongly  convex  than 
those  of  C.  tenuistriatum,  and  they  are  slightly  compressed 
towards  the  posterior  cardinal  extremity  and  the  corrugations 
o>f  the  exterior  are  more  strongly  impressed  upon  the  surface  of 
the  internal  casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  trillineatum  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXV,  Fig.  20. 

Description. — Form  and  dimensions  of  the  shell  not  known, 
but  probably  similar  to  C.  tenuisfriatum.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  with  flattened  radiating  costse,  with  interspaces  about 
equal  to  or  a  little  narrower  than  the  costse.  From  each  fourth 
interspace,  on  the  central  portion  of  the  shell,  arises  a  row  of 
laterally  compressed  spinules  at  intervals  apart  about  equaling 
the  width  of  three  costse  and  their  two  intervening  interspaces; 
in  each  of  the  three  intervening  interspaces  is  a  row  of  minute 
tubercles  much  smaller  and  much  closer  together  than  the 
spinules,  about  three  or  three  and  one-half  occupying  the  space 
of  two  spinules.  On  the  lateral  slope  of  the  type  specimen  one 
space  between  the  rows  of  spinules  is  occupied  by  but  two  rows 
of  tubercles. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  established  upon  a  single  speci- 
men, an  incomplete  impression  of  the  exterior  of  a  shell.  This 
fragment  is  about  17  mm.  in  length,  but  the  specimen  of  which 


590      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

it  was  a  part  could  not  have  been  less  than  30  mm.  in  length. 
The  surface  markings  of  the  shell  resemble  those  of  both  C. 
dumosum  and  C.  tenuistriatu-m,  but  differ  from  both  of  these 
species  in  having  three  lines  of  tubercles  or  smaller  spinules 
between  the  rows  of  larger  ones  instead  of  two  only,  the  num- 
ber of  rows  of  smaller  spinules  upon  the  lateral  slopes  of  the 
shell  being  sometimes  reduced  to  two  instead  of  to  one  only 
as  in  both  the  other  species.  Because  of  our  limited  knowledge 
of  this  species,  it  is  possible  that  some  of  the  internal  casts  from 
the  Navesink  marl  referred  to  C.  tenuistriatum  may  belong  here, 
but  that  can  be  determined  only  by  means  of  more  complete 
collections. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Cardium  dumosum  Conrad. 
Plate  LXV.,  7-10. 

1870.     Cardium   (  Criocardium)    dumosum    Con.,    Am.    Jour. 

Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  75. 
1886.     Cardium  (Cricocardium)  dumosum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 

vol.  i   (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  133,  pi.  20, 

figs.  9  and  ?  13  (not  figs.  10-12). 

1905.     Cardium  dumosum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
P-  15- 


Description.  —  The  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  are: 
height,  1  8  mm.;  width,  18  mm.;  convexity  of  one  valve,  6  mm. 
Shell  subcircular  in  outline,  but  slightly  inequilateral,  moderately 
convex.  Beaks  situated  at  about  the  middle  of  the  hinge-line, 
rather  small  and  incurved;  umbones  prominent,  the  anterior 
and  posterior  cardinal  slopes  about  equally  steep;  shell  slightly 
compressed  at  both  cardinal  extremities.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  with  about  54  rounded  radiating  costae,  with  interspaces 
of  about  equal  width  ;  from  the  bottom  of  every  third  interspace 
on  the  central  portion  of  the  shell,  there  arises  a  row  of  laterally 


MOLLUSCA.  591 

flattened  spines  one  to  two  millimeters  in  length,  their  distance 
apart  being  about  equal  to  the  space  occupied  by  two  costee ;  the 
two  intervening  interspaces  are  occupied  by  rows  of  much  smaller 
tubercles  a  little  compressed  laterally,  situated  at  intervals  about 
one-third  the  distance  between  the  spines  in  each  row.  On  the 
anterior  and  posterior  slopes  of  the  shell  several  rows  of  spines 
alternate  with  single  rows  of  tubercles.  The  longest  spines  occur 
upon  the  posterior  cardinal  slope. 

Remarks. — Because  of  their  condition  of  preservation,  much 
confusion  exists  among  the  species  of  Cardium  in  the  New  Jersey 
Cretaceous  faunas,  and  several  forms  having  the  characters  of 
the  subgenus  Criocardium  have  been  confused.  The  type  of  this 
subgenus  is  C.  dumosum,  a  species  which  was  first  described 
from  the  Woodbury  clay  near  Haddonfield.  The  specimen  illus- 
trated by  Whitfield  in  his  figure  9  may  be  considered  as  typical 
of  the  species,  all  his  other  figures,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  figure  13,  probably  representing  other  species.  The  species 
is  a  rather  small  form  and  may  be  recognized  by  its  nearly  equi- 
lateral, subcircular  form,  and  by  its  straighter  hinge-line  than 
usual.  From  other  species  having  similar  surface  markings,  it 
may  be  distinguished  by  its  narrower  and  rounder  radiating 
costse.  Whitfield's  figure  12,  showing  the  surface  markings 
enlarged,  is  of  another  species  upon  which  the  spines  in  each 
third  interspace  are  more  compressed  laterally. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield 
(183),  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan  (103);  Wenonah  sand, 
near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263)  ;  Red  Bank  Sand,  near  Middle- 
town  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Cardium  tenuistriatum  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LXV.,  Figs.  13-19. 

1886.  Cardium  eufaulensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  132,  pi.  20,  figs.  18-19,  not  %• 
17.  (Not  C.  eufaulensis  Conrad.) 


592      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1886.  Cardium  (Criocardium}  dumosum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 
vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  133,  pi.  20, 
figs.  10-12,  not  figs.  9  and  ?  13.  (Not  C.  dumosum 
Conrad.) 

1886.  Cardium  {Criocardium)  multiradiatum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N. 
N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol  9),  p.  135,  pi. 
21,  figs.  1-3.  (Not  C.  multiradiatum  Gabb.) 

1886.  Fragum  tenuistriatum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  i  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  139,  pi.  20,  figs.  15-16. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are :  height, 
44  mm. ;  width,  37  mm. ;  thickness,  35  mm.  Large  examples 
sometimes  attain  a  height  of  over  60  mm.  Shell  irregularly 
subovate  in  lateral  view  and  cordate  in  end  view.  Hinge-line 
arcuate;  anterior  and  basal  margins,  from  the  extremity  of  the 
hinge-line  to  the  middle  of  the  basal  margin,  describing  a  nearly 
regular,  arcuate  curve;  posten>basal  margin  curving  more 
sharply  around  the  postero-basal  extremity  of  the  shell  into  the 
posterior  margin;  posterior  margin  much  straighter  than  the 
anterior,  usually  gently  convex  but  sometimes  nearly  or  quite 
straight.  Beaks  situated  at  about  the  middle  of  the  hinge-line, 
rather  prominent,  elevated,  pointed  and  incurved,  considerably 
more  prominent  in  the  casts  than  in  the  specimens  with  the  shell 
preserved.  Valves  gibbous,  most  prominent,  but  not  angular, 
along  a  line  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero-basal  extremity,  the 
posterior  slope  more  abrupt  than  the  anterior.  Muscular  im- 
pressions rather  large,  the  posterior  ones  scarcely  impressed  and 
often  scarcely  distinguishable  upon  the  casts;  the  anterior  ones 
more  strongly  impressed.  Each  valve  with  a  strong,  somewhat 
curved  cardinal  tooth  beneath  the  beak,  with  a  pit  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  tooth  of  the  opposite  valve;  in  each  valve  is  a 
single  anterior  and  posterior,  rather  strong,  lateral  tooth,  some- 
what remote  but  nearly  equidistant  from  the  cardinal  tooth. 
The  inner  free  margin  of  the  valves  is  crenate.  Externally  the 
shell  is  marked  by  flat,  radiating  costse  wider  than  the  inter- 
spaces; from  the  interspaces  rise  rows  of  laterally  compressed 
spinules  or  tubercles  which  are  longer  and  stronger  upon  the 


MOLLUSCA.  593 

anterior  and  posterior  slopes  towards  the  hinge  extremities;  on 
the  central  portion  of  the  shell  each  third  row  of  processes  is 
more  conspicuous  than  the  two  intervening  rows,  the  spines 
being^  longer  and  larger,  one  of  them  occupying  the  space  of 
two  or  three  of  the  smaller  ones  of  the  intervening  rows,  the 
smaller  ones  sometimes  being  scarcely  more  than  tubercles  but 
little  elevated  above  the  surface  of  the  ribs  of  the  shell ;  upon  the 
anterior  and  posterior  slopes  o<f  the  shell  the  rows  of  larger 
and  smaller  spines  alternate,  there  being  but  a  single  row  of 
smaller  spines  between  the  larger  ones. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  by  far  the  commonest  and  most 
widely  distributed  Cardiwm  in  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New 
Jersey.  It  exhibits  considerable  variation,  especially  in  the 
straightness  of  the  posterior  margin  of  the  shell  and  in  the  prom- 
inence of  the  postero-basal  extremity,  but  the  casts  can  almost 
always  be  easily  recognized  by  the  strong  convexity  or  gibbosity 
of  the  valves,  and  the  abrupt  posterior  slope  as  compared  with 
the  anterior.  The  surface  markings  of  the  shell  most  closely 
resemble  those  of  C.  duwiosum,  but  the  radiating  costae  are  com- 
paratively broader  and  flatter  with  narrower  interspaces,  and 
consequently  the  spines  upon  the  surface  are  more  compressed 
laterally.  C.  dumoswm  is  also  more  nearly  equilateral,  with  less 
convex  valves  than  this  species,  and  does  not  attain  so  large  a 
size. 

It  has  been  a  matter  o>f  much  difficulty  to  determine  to  what 
species  this  common  shell  should  be  referred.  Previous  to  the 
publication  of  Whitfield's  monograph,  it  seems  usually  to  have 
been  referred  to*  C.  muJtiradiatum  or  to  C.  ewfcmlensi-s.  Whit- 
field  has  apparently  illustrated  different  individual  internal  casts 
of  the  species  under  four  different  specific  heads.  His  figures 
1 8  and  19  of  C.  eufawlensis  represent  a  more  than  usually  gib- 
bous cast  O'f  this  species,  the  true  C.  eufaulensis  being  a  funda- 
mentally different  shell  without  the  spines  rising  from  the  inter- 
spaces between  the  ribs  and  consequently  not  even  a  member  of 
the  sub-genus  Criocardium.  Whitfield's  figures  10  and  n  of 
C.  dumosum  represent  a  more  than  usually  rounded  form  of  the 
species  under  discussion,  the  specimen  is  larger,  more  convex  and 
38  PAI, 


594      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

has  a  steeper  posterior  slope  than  the  true  C.  dumosum.  Figure 
12  of  the  same  author,  an  enlargement  to  illustrate  the  surface 
characters  of  C.  dumosum,  also  proves  upon  examination  of  the 
specimen,  to  be  taken  from  a  member  of  the  species  under  con- 
sideration; the  illustration  is  not  an  accurate  representation  of 
the  characters  of  the  specimen,  the  costae  being  too  narrow,  the 
interspaces  too  wide,  and  the  spines  not  enough  compressed 
laterally.  The  internal  cast  used  by  Whitfield  as  the  orginal 
for  his  figures  i  and  2  of  C.  multiradiatum  seems  to  be  a  mem- 
ber of  this  species  also;  a  specimen  in  the  recent  collections  of 
the  Survey  from  the  Navesink  marl  near  Crawfords  Corner 
agrees  almost  exactly  with  this  illustration  and  it  is  undoubtedly 
a  member  of  the  species  under  discussion.  The  enlarged  illus- 
tration, figure  3,  given  to  represent  the  surface  characters  of 
this  same  species,  is  much  overdrawn,  the  original  mould  from 
which  the  gutta-percha  impression  was  taken  being  altogether 
too  imperfect  to  show  to  what  species  it  belongs. 

This  common  New  Jersey  form  apparently  cannot  be  referred 
to  any  one  of  the  three  species  already  mentioned,  but  the  speci- 
men Whitfield  has  illustrated  as  the  type  of  C.  (Fragum)  tenui- 
striatum  is  apparently  a  member  of  this  species,  although  an 
undersized  and  rather  abnormal  one,  and  the  name  tenmstriatum 
is  therefore  taken  for  the  species  although  it  has  to  be  trans- 
ferred from  the  sub-genus  Fragum  to  Criocwdium. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101,  ioo4),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  140,  141),  Lenola 
(163),  Merchantville  (162);  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177,  180),  Marshalltown  (190);  Wenonah  sand, 
near  Marlboro  (130)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108), 
Middletown  (113),  near  Red  Bank  (120),  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i283,  I285,  127),  Marlboro  .(131) , 
Cross  wicks  Creek  (149,  195),  near  Mount  Laurel  (166). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  pilsbryi  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXV.,  Figs.  11-12. 

Description.' — Shell  rather  small,  highest  posteriorly,  usually 
a  little  wider  than  high,  the  dimensions  of  one  of  the  type  speci- 


MOLLUSCA.  595 

mens  being:  height,  19  mm.;  width,  21  mm.;  convexity  of  one 
valve,  9.5  mm.  Anterior  margin  broadly  rounded,  passing  regu- 
larly into  the  moderately  convex  basal  margin;  postero-basal 
extremity  subangular;  posterior  margin  obliquely  subtruncate 
or  gently  convex.  Valves  gibbous,  most  prominent  along  the 
rounded  or  subangular  umbonal  ridge,  the  post-umbonal  slope 
abrupt,  the  anterior  slope  from  the  umbonal  ridge  convex ;  beaks 
rather  small,  incurved,  directed  anteriorly.  Surface  of  the  modi- 
fied casts  marked  by  rather  fine  radiating  ribs. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  the  somewhat 
modified  internal  casts  upon  which  the  actual  surface  features 
of  the  shell  are  not  preserved.  The  species  can  be  distinguished 
from  all  other  members  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas 
by  its  comparatively  small  size,  its  low  and  broad  form,  and  its 
strongly  ventricose  or  gibbous  valves. 

Formation    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

(163). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cardium  knappi  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXVL,  Figs.  4-7. 

Description. — Shell  wider  than  high,  the  dimensions  of  the 
type  specimen,  an  internal  cast  of  a  right  valve,  are:  width,  37 
mm.;  height,  31  mm.;  convexity,  12  mm.;  length  of  hinge-line, 
26  mm.  Anterior  margin  broadly  rounded,  passing  without 
interruption  into  the  still  more  broadly  rounded  basal  margin; 
postero-basal  margin  obtusely  subangular,  situated  below  the 
mid-height  of  the  valve;  posterior  margin  obliquely  subtruncate. 
Umbo1  prominent,  beaks  rather  broad,  the  anterior  and  posterior 
umbonal  slopes  subequal,  muscular  impressions  of  moderate 
strength  as  seen  in  the  casts.  Surface  markings  not  observed, 
but  the  free  margins  of  the  cast  are  marked  by  crenulations 
which  are  broadest  along  the  posterior  subtruncate  margin,  in- 
dicating that  the  post-umbonal  slope  of  the  shell  itself  was 
marked  by  moderately  fine  radial  ribs,  the  central  and  anterior 
portion  of  the  surface  being  marked  with  still  finer  ribs. 


596      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  only  known  from  the  internal  casts, 
It  apparently  resembled  in  its  general  form  and  markings,  the 
species  described  from  the  Shark  River  Eocene  by  Conrad  as 
Protocardia  curtal,  but  it  has  more  rounded  outlines  and  is  less 
erect  than  that  species.  Both  of  these  species  were  marked  with 
fine  radiating  ribs  over  the  entire  surface  of  the  shell,  and  can 
therefore  scarcely  be  included  in  the  genus  Protocardia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  near  Juliustown 
(160);  Vincentown  sand,  near  Deal  (122);  Vincentown  lime- 
sand,  New  Egypt  (143). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PROTOCARDIUM  Beyrich. 

Protocardium  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXV.,  Fig.  21. 

Description. — Shell  subglobular  in  form,  small,  the  dimensions 
of  the  type  specimen  being :  height,  8  mm. ;  width,  8.7  mm. ;  con- 
vexity of  one  valve,'  3.5  mm.  Valves  obscurely  subquadrangular 
in  outline,  the  anterior  margin  rounding  from  beneath  the  beaks 
into  the  basal  margin,  ventral  margin  rounded,  becoming  a  little 
straighter  posteriorly  and  curving  rather  abruptly  into  the  nearly 
vertically  subtruncate  posterior  margin,  post-dorsal  margin  nearly 
straight  and  horizontal  near  the  beaks,  bending  regularly  down- 
ward into  the  posterior  margin  behind.  Valves  regularly  and 
strongly  convex,  slightly  flattened  in  the  internal  casts  on  the  post- 
umbonal  slope.  Beaks  erect,  nearly  central  in  position.  Surface 
of  the  shell  marked  by  very  fine,  regular,  concentric,  depressed 
lines  or  grooves  which  become  nearly  or  quite  obsolete  on  the 
post-umbonal  slope,  also  by  very  fine,  regular,  radiating  costse, 
which  are  conspicuous  upon  the  post-umbonal  slope,  becoming 
obscure  or  entirely  obsolete  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  characterized  by  its  small  size,  the 
specimen  whose  dimensions  have  been  given  being  one  of  the 

1  See  Whitfield,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  i),  p.  236,  pi.  30,. 
figs.  5-7. 


MOLLUSCA.  597 

largest  observed.  The  character  of  the  surface  markings  is  shown 
in  several  natural  impressions  of  the  exterior. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (ioo4),  near  Jamesburg  (140). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Genus  FULVIA  Gray. 

Fulvia  tenuis  Whitfield. 

Plate  LXVL,  Fig.  8. 

1886.     Fulvia  tenuis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  139,  pi.  20,  fig.  8. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  small,  but  little  exceeding  an  inch 
in  length  by  about  half  that  height ;  transversely  elliptical  in  out- 
line, and  but  moderately  convex.  Beaks  very  small,  appressed, 
and  but  very  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  hinge  margin.  An- 
terior end  of  the  shell  the  shortest,  obtusely  pointed,  or  sharply 
rounded  at  its  extremity,  which  is  situated  much  above  the  middle 
of  the  height;  posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded;  basal  line 
strongly  arcuate  and  rapidly  ascending  toward  the  anterior  part. 
Hinge-line  but  little  declining  on  either  side  of  the  beak.  Surface 
of  the  valve  marked  by  radiating  plications  which  are  very  fine  at 
the  anterior  end,  and  gradually  increase  in  strength  to  the  extreme 
posterior  margin,  where  they  must  have  been  fully  one-sixteenth 
of  an  inch  wide  (the  shell  being  broken  at  this  point).  Plications 
flattened  obliquely,  so  as  to  give  the  anterior  side  a  much  greater 
abruptness  and  only  about  one-third  the  width  of  the  posterior 
side.  A  few  concentric  undulations  mark  the  surface,  and  very 
fine  concentric  striae  cover  the  entire  shell."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  was  established  by  Whitfield  upon  a 
single,  rather  imperfect  cast  of  a  right  valve,  and  no  additional 
specimens  have  been  met  with  in  the  more  recent  collections  of 
the  Survey. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


598      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Super-family  ISOCARDIACEA. 

Family  ISOOABDIIDAE. 

Genus  ISOCARDIA  Lamark. 

Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  Weller. 

Plate  LXVL,  Figs.  10-12. 

1905.     Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  Weller,  Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13,  p. 

326,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Isocardia  cliffwfiodensis  Weller,  Ann.  Rep.  State  Geol.  N. 

J.,  for  1904,  p.  135,  pi.  15,  figs.  1-3. 

Description. — Shell  subovate  in  outline,  the  dimensions  of  two 
type  specimens  being1:  length,  18.5  mm.  and  15.5  mm.;  height, 
14.5  mm.  and  14  mm.;  convexity  of  one  valve,  6.5  mm.  and  6.5 
mm.  Anterior  margin  rounding  regularly  from  beneath  the  beak 
into  the  ventral  margin  or  sometimes  a  little  more  sharply 
rounded  in  the  middle;  ventral  margin  broadly  rounded ;  posterior 
margin  rather  sharply  rounded  below,  sloping  forward  above  to 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line  with  a  gently  convex 
curvature.  Valves  ventricose  on.  the  umbo,  the  most  prominent 
portion  situated  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  shell,  the  beaks 
small,  situated  anteriorly,  strongly  incurved  and  directed  for- 
ward; the  antero-umbonal  slope  abrupt,  the  posterior  slope  con- 
vex, becoming  more  abrupt  as  it  approaches  the  posterior  margin. 
Surface  of  the  shell  smooth. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  been  observed  in  the  New  Jersey 
collections  only  in  the  form  of  internal  casts.  Examples  of  the 
same  species,  however,  are  in  the  collection  of  the  National 
Museum  at  Washington,  from  Corsicana,  Texas,  with  the  shell 
preserved.  The  shell  substance  of  these  specimens  is  very  thin 
and  the  surface  is  marked  only  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth. 
The  species  exhibits  some  individual  variation,  especially  in  the 
length  of  the  shell,  as  is  indicated  by  the  measurements  given 
above  of  two  of  the  type  specimens,  but  in  all  other  respects  the 
characters  are  quite  constant. 


MOLLUSCA.  599 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105,  185),  near  Matawan  (186,  107,  189);  Woodbury  clay, 
near  Matawan  (103)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

.  Isocardia  tintonensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXVL,  Fig.  9. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  length, 
28  mm. ;  height,  23  mm. ;  convexity  of  one  valve,  9.5  mm.  Valves 
subtriangular  in  outline,  with  prominent  umbo  and  strongly 
incurved  beaks  situated  about  three-sevenths  of  the  length  of 
the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  The  anterior  margin 
rounding  from  beneath  the  beak  into  the  ventral  margin,  the 
curvature  sharpest  at  the  most  anterior  point,  basal  margin  gently 
convex,  curving  upward  in  front  and  behind,  the  postero-basal 
extremity  rather  abruptly  rounded  into  the  posterior  margin, 
which  is  obliquely  subtruncate  below  and  curving  forward  above 
to  the  post-cardinal  margin.  Valves  most  prominent  on  and  just 
below  the  umbo,  the  anterior  slope  abruptly  convex ;  the  posterior 
slope  convex  and  rather  gentle  to  the  rounded  umbonal  ridge, 
beyond  which  it  becomes  very  abrupt  and  a  little  concave, 
especially  above.  Surface  of  the  internal  cast  smooth,  the  shell 
itself  probably  marked  by  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut  (i295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Isocardia  conradi  Gabb. 
Plate  LXVL,  Figs.  13-14. 

1860!     Isocardia  conradi  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  393,  pi.  68,  figs.  2 1-21  a. 
1861.     Glossus  conradi  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  186 

(130). 
1864.     Glossus  conradi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  12. 


6oo      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1868.     Buchardia  conradi  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  726. 
1886.     Isocardia  conradi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  200,  pi.  26,  figs.  3-4. 
1905.     Isocardia  conradi  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  15. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  length, 
35  mm. ;  height,  30  mm. ;  thickness,  26.5  mm.  Shell  subtriangular 
in  lateral  view  and  cordate  in  front  view.  Beaks  much  elevated 
and  enrolled,  situated  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  shell.  Antero- 
cardinal  margin  long  and  concave,  sloping  steeply;  anterior 
margin  short,  sharply  rounded ;  basal  margin  long,  rather  strongly 
convex  through  the  greater  part  of  its  length,  becoming  concave 
near  its  posterior  extremity;  postero-basal  extremity  acutely 
subangular ;  posterior  and  post-cardinal  margins  continuous,  very 
long,  gently  convex,  sloping  steeply  from  the  beaks  to  the 
postero-basal  angle.  Valves  strongly  ventricose,  with  an  angular 
umbonal  ridge  subparallel  with  the  post-cardinal  margin;  post- 
cardinal  slope  steep;  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge  is  a  slight 
sinus  becoming  more  conspicuous  towards  the  ventral  margin,  in 
front  of  the  sinus  the  surface  is  somewhat  regularly  convex 
through  the  central  part  of  the  valve,  with  the  anterior  slope 
abrupt  and  somewhat  inflected  to  the  antero-cardinal  margin. 
Surface  of  cast  marked  by  concentric  lines. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent  col- 
lections of  the  Survey,  but  it  was  reported  from  Timber  Creek 
by  Gabb,  at  the  time  of  his  original  description  of  the  species. 
The  type  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Science  is  labeled  as  coming  from  Alabama,  but  its  lithologic 
characters  resemble  the  Timber  Creek  fossils,  rather  than  those 
from  any  of  the  Alabama  localities,  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
lable  is  incorrect. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey  ? 


MOLLUSCA.  601 

Super-family  VENERACEA. 
Family  VENEBIDAE. 

Genus  CYPRIMERIA  Conrad. 

Cyprimeria  densata   (Conrad). 
Plate  LXVIIL,  Fig.  14.    Plate  LXIX.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1853.     Tellina  densata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.     Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  275,  pi.  24,  fig.  14. 
1861.     Dosinia  densata  Gabb.,    Synop.   Moll.   Cret.   Form.,   p. 

176  (120). 
1864.     Dosinia  densata  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.   Foss.   N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  13. 
1866.     Cyprimeria  densata  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  2,  p. 

102. 
1886.     Cyprimeria  densata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  157,  pi.  22,  figs.  202 1  (not 

fig.  19). 
1886.     Lucina  smockana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  130,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  21-22. 
1886.     Cyprimeria >'keilprini ' Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  I   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  1 60,  pi.  22,  figs.  14-15. 
1905.     Cyprimeria  densata  John.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  16. 
(Not  Dosinia  densata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser., 

vol.  3,  p.  725,  pi.  34,  fig.  i3,=Cyprimeria  alta  Con., 

Kerr's  Geol.   N.   Car.,  App,  p.  2^,=Cyprimeria  ex- 

caivata  Mort.) 

Description. — Shell  attaining  a  length  of  81  mm.,  a  height 
of  66  mm.,  and  a  thickness  of  25  mm.  in  the  type  specimen,  the 
proportion  of  height  to  length  being  as  I  :  1.23  in  the  internal 
cast,  were  the  actual  shell  preserved  the  height  would  be  some- 
what greater.  Beaks  situated  about  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the 
shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  Anterior  and  basal  margins 
rounded,  posterior  margin  broadly  truncate  at  nearly  right  angles 
to  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  shell,  posterior  cardinal  margin 
nearly  straight  or  slightly  arcuate. 


602      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  especially  characterized  by  the 
broad,  vertical,  posterior  truncation  of  the  shell.  It  also  attains 
a  larger  size  than  other  species  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  al- 
though Conrad's  type  specimen,  whose  dimensions  are  given, 
is  probably  above  the  average  size. 

The  shells  described  by  Whitfield  as  Cyprimeria  heilprini  and 
Lucina  smockana  have  the  same  broad  posterior  truncation  as 
the  type  of  C.  densata;  the  types  have  been  carefully  examined 
and  they  do  not  differ  in  any  essential  respect  from  C.  densata 
and  are  certainly  only  smaller  individuals  of  the  same  species. 

This  species  should  be  compared  with  C.  cretacea  from  the 
Woodbury  clay,  but  it  is  proportionally  a  somewhat  higher  and 
shorter  species  and  the  posterior  truncation  of  the  shell  is  much 
broader. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163),  Burlington  County  (Conrad),  Crosswicks  (Whitfield); 
Navesink  marl,  Holmdel. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cyprimeria  excavata   (Morton). 
Plate  LXVIL,  Figs.  1-6. 

1833.  Cythere  excavata  Morton,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol, 

23,  p.  292,  pi.  5,  fig.  i. 

1834.  Cythere  excavata  Morton,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S,  p.  67,  pi.  5,  %.  i. 
1853.     Artemis   excavata   Con.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(I853),  P-  320- 
1858.     Dosinia  densata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  325,  pi.  34,  fig.  13  (not  Tellina  densata 

Con,,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  2,  p. 

275,  pi.  24,  fig.  14). 
1861.     Dosinia  excavata  Gabb,   Synop.  Moll.   Cret.   Form.,  p. 

176  (120). 
1864.     Cyprimeria  excavata  Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1864),  p.  212,  fig.  in  text. 


MOLLUSCA.  603 

• 
1864.     Dosinia  excavata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  13. 
1866.     Cyprimeria'  excavata  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  2,  p. 

102. 

1868.     Cyprimeria  excavata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1875.     Cyprimeria  alia  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.  p.  27. 
1886.     Cyprimeria  excavata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  159,  pi.  22,  figs.  16-17. 
1886.     Cyprimeria  spissa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  1  60,  pi.  22,  fig.  18. 

1905.     Cyprimeria  excavata  John.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
P-  T5 


Description.  —  Shell,  in  the  largest  specimen  observed,  attain- 
ing a  height  of  55  mm.,  and  a  length  of  60  mm.  The  propor- 
tions of  height  to  length  in  ten  individuals  vary  from  i  :  1.08  to 
i  :  i.  20.  The  average  proportions  of  the  ten  individuals  being 
i  :  1.14-.  The  varying  proportions  of  height  to  length  is  in 
no  way  correlated  with  the  growth  or  size  of  the  individuals. 
The  position  of  the  beaks  varies  in  the  same  ten  individuals 
from  .32  to  .47  of  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  ex- 
tremity, the  average  position  being  .38+. 

The  anterior  margin  of  the  shell  is  broadly  rounded,  passing 
into  the  rounded  basal  margin,  posteriorly  the  margin  is  usually 
obtusely  subangular  as  it  passes  from  the  basal  to  the  posterior 
region,  the  posterior  margin  being  subtruncate  below  and  di- 
rected posteriorly  backward  from  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
basal  margin  ;  at  about  the  middle  of  the  height  of  the  shell,  above 
the  truncate  region,  the  margin  bends  somewhat  abruptly  for- 
ward and  passes  to  the  beak  in  a  long  gentle  curve,  the  curva- 
ture somewhat  increasing  as  it  approaches  the  beak.  In  sdme 
individuals  the  post  cardinal  slope  is  slightly  humped  towards 
the  beak  by  reason  of  a  rather  abrupt  change  in  the  curvature. 
Behind  the  beaks  the  margins  of  the  valves  are  strongly  and 
abruptly  inflected  to  form  a  deeply  excavated  escutcheon.  Valves 
depressed  convex,  the  left  valve  less  convex  than  the  right. 
Beaks  of  the  two  valves  nearly  in  contact,  lunule  obsolete. 


604      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

The  surface  of  each  valve  towards  the  umbo  is  marked  by  fine, 
regular,  concentric  costse  for  a  distance  of  from  five  to  ten  milli- 
meters from  the  beak,  from  five  to  eight  of  the  costse  occupying 
the  space  of  one  millimeter.  Beyond  the  umbonal  region  the 
surface  is  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular  concentric  lines  of 
growth,  which  increase  in  number  and  become  stronger  toward 
the  outer  margin  of  adult  individuals.  On  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  valves  an  arcuate,  subtriangular  area  extending  from  the 
beak  to  the  sub-truncate  posterior  margin,  is  more  or  less  sharply 
differentiated  from  the  remaining  surface  of  the  valve  by  reason 
of  the  greater  roughness  of  the  concentric  lines  of  growth,  this 
region  usually  being  more  sharply  differentiated  in  the  left  than 
in  the  right  valve. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  well  represented  in  the  collection 
by  specimens  from  near  Swesdesboro1  preserving  the  shell  sub- 
stance. It  differs  from  C.  densata  in  the  lower,  narrower,  and 
oblique  posterior  truncation  of  the  shell,  and  from  C.  cretacea 
in  its  relatively  shorter  and  higher  form,  in  its  larger  size  and 
its  rougher  concentric  lines  of  growth  and  its  finer  concentric 
umbonal  costse.  Besides  the  Swedesboro  specimens  the  species  is 
known  from  New  Jersey  in  the  form  of  internal  casts  from  the 
Navesink  marl.  The  specimen  from  the  Navesink  marl  at 
Holmdel,  referred  to  C.  spissa  by  Whitfield,  must  also  be  included 
in  this  species.  The  type  of  C.  s'pissa  has  apparently  been  lost  or 
destroyed,  but  it  probably  came  from  the  Navesink  marl  of  the 
Crosswick  Creek  section  and  was  probably  also  a  member  of  this 
species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Navesink  marl,  Arneytown  (Morton  and 
Conrad),  Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas,  Arkansas. 

Cyprim-eria  cretacea  Conrad. 
Plate  LXVIL,  Figs.  7-8- 

1860.     Sanguinolaria  cretacea  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ' 
2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  277,  pi.  46,  fig.  n. 


MOLLUSCA.  605 

1 86 1.     Dosinia  haddonfieldensis  Lea,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  149. 
1867.     Cyprimeria  cretacensis  Con..,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  3, 

p.  9. 
1869.     Cyprimeria  cretacea  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 

98,  pi.  9,  fig.  12. 

Description. — Shell  in  the  larger  specimens  attains  a  length 
of  over  50  mm.,  and  a  height  of  over  40  mm.  The  proportion 
of  height  to  length  in  eight  individuals  varies  from  I  :  1.24 
(1.18)  to  i  :  1.39  (1.31),  the  average  proportion  of  the  eight 
individuals  being  i  :  1.29-)-  (1.22-)-).  The  specimens  being 
internal  casts  the  height  is  less  than  that  of  the  actual  shells, 
and  the  numbers  given  in  parenthesis  above  indicate  the  pro- 
portions when  allowance  has  been  made  for  this  increased  height 
of  the  actual  shells.  The  proportions  in  parenthesis,  therefore,  in- 
dicate more  nearly  the  actual  proportions  of  the  species.  A 
plaster  cast  taken  from  a  natural  mould  and  therefore  showing 
the  actual  form  of  the  shell,  has  a  length  of  46  mm.,  with  a 
height  of  37.5  mm.,  the  proportions  of  height  to  length  being" 
as  i  :  1.23-.  The  position  of  the  beak  in  the  same  eight  indi- 
viduals vary  from  .32  to  .45  of  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the 
anterior  extremity,  the  average  position  being  .36+- 

The  anterior  margin  of  the  shell  is  broadly  rounded,  passing 
into  the  broadly  rounded  basal  margin;  posteriorly  the  basal 
margin  curves  upward  and  passes  into  the  subtruncate  pos- 
terior margin  with  an  obtusely  subangular  bend;  the  middle  of 
the  subtruncate  posterior  margin  is  at  about  the  mid-height  of 
the  shell,  and  its  direction  is  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  greatest 
length  of  the  shell.  Above  the  subtruncate  posterior  margin  is 
an  obtusely  subangular  bend  beyond  which  the  post-cardinal 
margin  describes  a  steadily  increasing  curve  to  the  beaks.  Valves 
depressed  convex. 

The  surface  of  the  valves  towards  the  umbo  is  marked  by 
fine,  regular,  rounded,  concentric  costse,  for  a  distance  of  10 
millimeters,  more  or  less  from  the  beak,  four  or  five  of  these 
costae  occupying  the  space  of  one  millimeter.  Beyond  the  um- 


6o6      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

bonal  region  the  surface  is  nearly  smooth,  being  marked  only 
by  more  or  less  remote  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  C.  excauata-  in  its  pro- 
portionally greater  length,  the  average  proportion  of  length  to 
height  in  the  two  species  being  i  :  1.22-  and  i  :  1.14-.  On  the 
average  the  beaks  of  the  Lorillard  species  are  slightly  further 
forward,  although  this  difference  is  only  slight.  The  subtrun- 
cate  posterior  margin  of  the  Lorillard  specimens  is  higher  than 
in  C.  excavata,  its  middle  point  being  at  about  the  mid-height 
of  the  shell,  while  in  C.  excauata  it  is  entirely  below  the  mid- 
height  of  the  shell;  the  direction  of  this  portion  of  the  margin 
is  also  different  in  the  two  species,  it  being  nearly  vertical  in 
the  Lorillard  shells  and  sloping  backward  from  below  in  the 
other.  The  surface  markings  of  the  two  species  also  differ,  the 
umbonal  costae  being  coarser  on  the  Lorillard  specimens  and 
the  body  of  the  shell  being  smoother. 

This  Lorillard  species  differs  from  C.  depress®  Con.  (Whit- 
field,  Figs,  ii  and  12)  in  the  higher  position  of  the  post-mar- 
ginal truncation,  and  its  different  direction,  it  being  nearly  ver- 
tical instead  of  sloping  backward  from  below,  and  in  the  absence 
of  the  conspicuous  hump  on  the  post-cardinal  margin.  The 
species  more  closely  resembles  C.  densata,  but  it  does  not  grow 
so  large  as  that  species  and  the  posterior  truncation  is  narrower 
although  it  has  the  same  nearly  vertical  position  in  the  two 
species.  It  is  also  a  proportionally  lower  and  longer  shell.  The 
specimen  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  C.  depressa  and  said  to  have 
been  collected  at  Haddonfield  is  quite  certainly  not  a  New  Jer- 
sey specimen  at  all,  but  came  from  Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina. 
The  only  species  which  has  certainly  come  from  the  Haddon- 
field locality  is  like  the  Lorillard  shell  only  smaller,  and  must 
be  called  C.  cretacea. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(107)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan  (103), 
Cross  wicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (183,  165)  ;  Wenonah  sand, 
near  Marlboro  (I3O1). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  607 

Genus  MERETRIX  Lamark. 
Meretrix  tippana  Conrad. 
Plate  LXVIIL,  Figs.  1-3. 

1858.     Meretrix  Tippana  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.;  vol.  3,  p.  326,  pi.  34,  fig.  18. 
1861.     Meretrix  Tippana  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

198  (142). 
1864.     Dione  tippana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A,,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  13. 
1868.     Aphrodin-a  Tippana  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p. 

246,  pi.  1 8,  fig.  5. 

1868.     Aphrodina  Tippana  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1886.     Aphrodina  Tippana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  154,  pi.  22,  figs.  6-7. 
1905.     Aphrodina  tippana  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  16. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  specimen  from  Ripley  Mis- 
sissippi, preserving  the  shell  are:  height,  28  mm.;  length,  35 
mm. ;  convexity,  8  mm.  Shell  subovate  in  outline.  Antero- 
cardinal  margin  concave  in  front  of  the  beak,  from  in  front  of 
this  concave  portion  entirely  around  the  shell  to  the  posterior 
side  of  the  beak,  the  margin  is  convex.  Beaks  nearly  central  or 
in  front  of  the  center  of  the  shell,  directed  forward,  scarcely  in- 
curved. Valves  regularly  convex,  the  surface  curving  more 
abruptly  to  the  cardinal  margin,  with  a  rather  broad,  scarcely 
impressed  lunule  in  front  of  the  beak.  Hinge  of  the  left  valve 
with  three  cardinal  teeth  diverging  from  beneath  the  beak,  the 
anterior  one  curving  forward  and  becoming  thickened  below, 
the  posterior  one  much  more  oblique  than  the  others  and  more 
elongate.  In  front  of  the  cardinal  teeth  is  a  single  weak  lateral 
beneath  the  lunule,  parallel  with  the  shell  margin.  In  the  right 
valve  are  two  divergent,  cardinal  teeth,  the  posterior  one  be- 
coming thickened  below  with  a  longitudinal  sinus,  beneath  the 
lunule  is  a  pit  for  the  reception  of  the  anterior  lateral  tooth  of 
the  opposite  valve.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine,  more 
or  less  regular,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 


6o8      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — The  preceding  description  has  been  drawn  up  from 
Tippah  County,  Mississippi  specimens.  In  New  Jersey  it  has  only 
been  observed  in  the  condition  of  poor  internal  casts.  These 
casts  are  similar  in  form  and  size,  however,  to  the  southern 
examples,  and  but  little  doubt  can  be  entertained  as  to  their  spe- 
cific identity.  The  species  resembles  M.  cretacea,  but  it  is  a 
much  larger  shell  and  the  hinge  structure  is  different. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(107);  Merchantville  clay-marl;  near  Matawan  (101),  near 
Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  ( 1 263  ) . 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Texas, 
Arkansas. 

Meretrix  cretacea  (Conrad). 
Plate  LXVIIL,  Figs.  4-7. 

1870.     Mora  cretacea  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  72,  pi. 

3,  ng.  8. 
1886.     Mora  cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  167,  pi.  23,  figs.  16-17. 
1905.     Mora    cretacea    Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil, 

(1905),  p.  16. 

Description. — Shell  below  medium  size,  the  dimensions  of  an 
average  example  are:  height,  16.5  mm.;  approximate  length,  23 
mm. ;  convexity  of  one  valve,  5  mm. ;  somewhat  triangularly 
subelliptical  in  outline.  Valves  moderately  convex,  beaks  small, 
situated  anterior  to  the  middle;  antero-cardinal  margin  con- 
cave; anterior  margin  rather  sharply  rounded  above,  curving 
more  gently  below  and  passing  without  interruption  into  the 
broadly  rounded  ventral  margin;  posterior  margin  rather  short, 
obscurely  subtruncate;  post-cardinal  margin  long,  gently  con- 
vex, meeting  the  antero-cardinal  margin  at  the  beak  in  an 
angle  of  about  120°.  Postero-cardinal  margin  somewhat  in- 
flected, especially  towards  the  beak;  antero-cardinal  margin 
inflected  in  front  of  the  beak  to  form  a  shallow  lunule  of 
moderate  width.  Surface  of  shell  marked  by  more  or  less 


MOLLUSCA.  609 

irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth  only.  Hinge  of  the  left 
valve  with  three  cardinal  teeth  diverging  from  beneath  the  beak,, 
the  two  anterior  ones  of  about  equal  length,  extending  directly 
beneath  the  beak  with  a  triangular  pit  between  them,  the  pos- 
terior one  much  more  oblique  and  more  elongate.  In  front  of 
the  cardinal  teeth  is  a  single  low  lateral  beneath  the  lunule  and 
parallel  with  the  shell  margin.  In  the  right  valve  there  are  two 
divergent,  bifid  cardinal  teeth  with  a  pit  beneath  the  lunule  for 
the  reception  of  the  anterior  lateral  tooth  of  the  opposite  valve. 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  somewhat  commonly  in  the 
Marshalltown  clay-marl  near  Swedesboro  with  the  shell  substance 
preserved.  These  specimens  have  been  compared  with  the  types 
of  the  species  and  their  identification  is  certainly  correct.  The 
species  is  much  like  M.  tippana.  It  attains  but  little  more  than 
one-half  the  size  of  that  species,  however,  and  the  hinge-teeth  are 
different,  the  bifid  anterior  cardinal  tooth  of  the  right  valve  (not 
the  left  valve  as  stated  by  Conrad)  being  quite  different  from 
the  same  tooth  in  M.  tippana.  The  species  is  a  member  of  the 
family  Veneridae  rather  than  Tellinidae,  and  there  seems  to  be  no 
essential  reason  for  recognizing  Mora  as  a  genus  distinct  from 
Meretrix. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield 
(183) ;  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Meretrix  eufaulensis   (Conrad). 

( 
Plate  LXVIIL,  Figs.  8-10. 

1860.  Callista  Eufaulensis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  282,  pi.  46,  fig.  24. 

1861.  Callista  Enfalensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

161  (105). 
1864.     Dione  eitfalensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  13. 
1886.     Callista  delawarensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  153,  pi.  22,  fig.  10  (not  figs. 

8-9). 

39  PAI, 


6io      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  very  perfect  left  valve  are : 
height,  1 6  mm.;  length,  19  mm.;  convexity,  4  mm.  Shell  sub- 
ovate  in  outline;  the  beaks  at  about  the  anterior  third,  rather 
small,  directed  anteriorly,  scarcely  incurved.  Antero-cardinal 
margin  concave  just  in  front  of  the  beak ;  anterior,  ventral,  pos- 
tero-cardinal  margins  convex ;  the  posterior  margin  broader  than 
the  anterior.  Valves  regularly  convex,  the  surface  sloping  more 
abruptly  to  the  cardinal  margins;  in  front  of  the  beaks  is  a  nar- 
row, scarcely  impressed  lunule.  Hinge  of  the  left  valve  with  two 
cardinal  teeth  diverging  from  beneath  the  beak,  leaving  a  tri- 
angular pit  between,  and  a  much  thinner,  more  elongate  tooth 
directed  obliquely  backward  close  up  to  the  ligamental  area;  in 
front  of  the  cardinal  teeth  is  a  single  strong  lateral  tooth  beneath 
the  lunule,  parallel  with  the  shell  margin.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  fine,  concentric  striae  of  growth,  those  covering  the 
area  from  the  beak  downward  about  10  or  12  millimeters  are 
very  regular,  the  interspaces  gradually  increasing  until  the 
outer  ones  are  about  one-half  millimeter  apart.  Beyond  this  regu- 
larly marked  area  the  lines  of  growth  are  less  conspicuous  and 
not  so  regular. 

Remarks. — The  specimens  which  have  been  taken  as  typical 
representatives  of  this  species  are  from  the  Marshalltown  clay- 
marl  near  Swedesboro,  and  have  the  shells  perfectly  preserved. 
They  agree  closely  with  Whitfield's  figure  10,  a  specimen  from 
Holmdel  retaining  the  shell,  but  referred  by  that  author  to  Cal- 
lista  delawarensis.  It  is  not  certain,  however,  that  these  are 
identical  with  Gabb's  original  type  specimen,  which  was  an 
internal  cast.  No  internal  casts  have  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey  which  seem  certainly  to  belong  to  this 
species;  in  fact,  it  would  probably  be  impossible  to  distinguish 
between  the  casts  of  this  species  and  those  of  some  other  members 
of  the  genus.  In  the  regular  concentric  markings  of  the  area 
about  the  beak,  these  little  shells  from  Swedesboro  resemble  small 
individuals  of  Cyprimeria,  but  they  do  not  possess  the  bent  valves 
of  that  genus,  and  the  hinge  characters  are  different. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  marl,  near  Swedes- 
boro (177);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263); 


MOLLUSCA.  6n 

JSTavesink    marl,    near    Wain  ford     (i482),     Crosswicks    Creek 

(I474)- 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Genus  CARYATIS  Roemer. 

Caryatis  veta  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXVIIL,  Figs.  11-12. 

1869.     Caryatis  delawarensis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 

41,  pi.  i,  fig.  6.     (Not  Dione  delawarensis  Gabb.) 
1886.     Caryatis  veta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  218,  pi.  28,  figs.  16-19. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  rather  large  individual  are: 
length,  24  mm.;  height,  20  mm.;  thickness,  15  mm.  Shell  sub- 
ovate  in  outline;  the  beaks  large,  prominent,  slightly  incurved, 
situated  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior 
extremity.  Hinge-line  arcuate ;  anterior  margin  rather  narrowly 
rounded;  basal  margin  convex,  curving  upward  more  rapidly 
in  front  than  behind;  posterior  margin  rounded  or  sometimes 
obscurely  subtruncate;  post-cardinal  margin  convex,  sloping 
rather  steeply  from  the  beaks.  Valves  ventricose,  the  surface 
curving  most  abruptly  to  the  antero-cardinal  margin,  and  slightly 
inflected  to  the  lunular  depression  in  front  of  the  beaks;  post- 
umbonal  surface  rather  abrupt,  but  without  a  distinct  umbonal 
ridge.  Surface  of  the  casts  nearly  smooth  the  muscular  impres- 
sions inconspicuous,  the  pallial  line  faint,  but  the  deep,  broad 
and  pointed  sinus,  directed  obliquely  upward  towards  the  lunular 
depression  can  frequently  be  detected.  External  surface  of  the, 
shell  rarely  seen,  marked  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  one  of  the  common  members  of  the 
Manasquan  marl  fauna,  and  it  usually  occurs  wherever  fossils 
are  found  in  this  formation.  Its  characters  are  sufficiently  dis- 
tinct so  that  it  need  not  be  confused  with  any  other  shell  associated 
with  it  in  the  same  fauna. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  near  New  Egypt 
(I421);  Vincentown  limestone,  near  New  Egypt  (143),  near 


612      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Alloway  (196)  ;  Manasquan  marl,  near  Farmingdale  (138),  near 
New  Egypt  (155),  Squankum  and  Shark  River  (Whitfield). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  LEGUMEN  Conrad. 

Legumen  planulatum   (Conrad). 
Plate  LXIX.,  Figs.  3-7. 

1853.     Solcmya  planulata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d' 

ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  274,  pi.  24,  fig.  n. 
1858.     Legumen  ellipticus  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  325,  pi.  34,  fig.  19. 
1858.     Legumen  appressus  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  325. 
1 86 1.     Legumen  appressus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

189  (133). 
1 86 1.     Legumen  ellipticus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

189  (133). 
1861.     Legumen  planulata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

189  (133). 
1864.     Legumen  appressa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 
1864.     Legumen  elliptica  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 
1864.     Legumen  planata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,. 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 

1868.  Legumen  ellipticus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1868.  Legumen  appressus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1876.  Legumen  planulatus  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  304. 
1886.     Legumen  planulatum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  184,  pi.  25,  figs.  3-4. 
1886.     Legumen  appressum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  185,  pi.  25,  figs.  6-8. 
1886.     Legumen  ellipticum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  pi.  25,  fig.  5. 
1905.     Legumen  planulatum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  17. 


MOLLUSCA.  613 

1905.     Legumen  appressum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 
1905.     Legumen  ellipticum  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  two  specimens  are:  length, 
74  mm.  and  34  mm. ;  height,  35  mm.  and  15  mm.  Shell  subellip- 
tical  in  outline,  the  beaks  small,  appressed,  scarcely  projecting 
above  the  hinge-line,  situated  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the 
shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  Hinge-line  slightly  arcuate; 
anterior  margin  more  or  less  sharply  rounded,  the  greatest  exten- 
sion at  the  mid-height  of  the  shell;  basal  margin  gently  convex; 
posterior  margin  a  little  more  broadly  rounded  than  the  anterior, 
the  greatest  extension  usually  a  little  above  the  middle.  Valves 
depressed  convex,  without  an  umbonal  ridge ;  the  surface  curving 
-a  little  more  abruptly  to  the  cardinal  margin.  In  internal  casts 
the  anterior  muscular  impression  is  usually  well  defined  and  is 
bounded  posteriorly  by  a  shallow  furrow-like  depression  which 
curves  forward  below ;  the  posterior  muscular  impression  incon- 
spicuous. Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  more  or  less  regular, 
concentric  lines  of  growth  which  become  stronger  upon  the  pos- 
terior slope.  These  markings  are  usually  impressed  upon  the 
surface  of  the  internal  casts. 

Remarks. — Three  species  of  this  igenus  have  been  recognized 
In  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New  Jersey  and  the  South,  and  two>  of 
these  have  been  recognized  by  Whitfield  in  New  Jersey.  These 
three  species,  all  of  them  described  by  Conrad,  have  been  based 
upon  very  slight  differences  in  the  details  of  outline,  and  a 
careful  study  of  numerous  examples  in  the  recent  collections  of 
the  Survey,  from  several  different  horizons,  besides  the  speci- 
mens in  the  collections  at  Washington  and  Philadelphia,  has  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  all  of  these  forms  represent  a  single  some- 
what variable  species.  No  two  specimens  examined  agree  exactly 
in  the  outline  of  the  shell,  and  there  seem  to  be  intermediate 
variations  between  all  the  different  species  which  have  been 
described.  The  differences  in  the  surface  markings  is  doubtless 
due  to  different  degrees  of  erosion.  Gabb  arrived  at  this  same 
conclusion  regarding  the  three  species  in  1876.  The  hinge  of 


614      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

this  species,  as  shown  by  material  in  the  collection  of  the  National 
Museum  at  Washington,  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  of  Baroda, 
and  the  two  names  are  undoubtedly  synonymous.  Legumen, 
however,  has  priority  over  Baroda  and  must  be  adopted  for  the 
genus,  but  it  must  be  transferred  from  the  family  Solenidae 
where  it  has  usually  been  placed,  and  placed  with  the  Veneridae, 
among  the  excessively  elongate  forms  of  that  family. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury 
clay,  Lorillard  (102),  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield 
(183);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130);  Navesink  marl, 
Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  195);  Red 
Bank  sand,  near  Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas,  Arkansas. 

Family  PETBIOOLIDAE. 
Genus  PETRICOLA  Lamark. 

Petricola  nova-aegyptica  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXVIIL,  Fig.  13. 

1886.     Petricola  Novar&gyptica  Whitf.,    Pal.    N.   J.,   vol.    r 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  216,  pi.  28,  fig.  22. 
Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  length, 
34  mm.;  height,  17.5  mm.;  thickness,  10  mm.  Shell  subelliptical 
in  outline;  the  beaks  rather  broad  but  little  elevated  above  the 
hinge-line,  situated  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell  from 
the  anterior  extremity.  Anterior  margin  broadly  rounded ;  basal 
margin  gently  convex,  curving  upward  more  abruptly  in  front; 
posterior  margin  more  narrowly  rounded  than  the  anterior,  the 
greatest  posterior  extension  apparently  below  the  middle.  Valves 
moderately  convex  with  no  distinct  umbonal  ridge  in  the  cast; 
the  only  surface  markings  indicated  on  the  cast  being  a  few  con- 
centric undulations.  The  posterior  muscular  impression  of 
moderate  size  and  sharply  defined ;  the  anterior  scar  inconspicu- 
ous ;  pallial  line  with  a,  deep  rounded  pallial  sinus  extending  be- 
yond the  middle  of  the  shell. 


MOLLUSCA.  615 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  is  the  only  member  of  this 
species  which  has  been  observed.  It  is  an  imperfect  internal  cast, 
the  right  valve  being  well  preserved  but  with  the  left  valve  much 
injured. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  New  Egypt 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  TELLINACEA. 
Family  TBLLINIDAE. 

Genus  TEWJNA  Linneus. 

Tellina  georgiana  Gabb. 

Plate  LXX.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1876.     Tellina   (Telinella)   Georgiana  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  (1876),  p.  307. 
1905.     Tellina  georgiana  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  16. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  two  specimens  are:  length, 
32  mm.  and  46  mm.;  height,  16  mm.  and  23  mm.  Shell  very 
broadly  subtriangular  in  outline,  the  beaks  nearly  central,  and 
pointing  a  little  backward,  the  greatest  anterior  extension  at 
about  the  mid-height  of  the  shell,  the  greatest  posterior  extension 
considerably  below  the  middle.  The  anterior  and  posterior  car- 
dinal margins  meeting  at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  140° 
to  150°,  curving  gently  downwar'd  in  front  and  behind;  anterior 
margin  rather  sharply  rounded;  ventral  margin  very  long  and 
gently  convex;  postero-basal  extremity  sharply  rounded  or  sub- 
angular;  posterior  margin  nearly  vertically  subtruncate  below, 
curving  forward  above  and  passing  into  the  cardinal  margin. 
Valves  depressed  convex,  with  a  subangular  umbonal  ridge  ex- 
tending from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity,  the  surface 
sloping  with  a  very  gentle  convex  curve  to  the  anterior,  posterior 
and  ventral  margins ;  curving  much  more  abruptly  to  the  car- 
dinal margins,  but  just  before  reaching  the  margin  the  surface 


6i6      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

is  deflected  in  the  casts  so  as  to  form  a  rather  narrow  flattened 
area  extending  from  the  beak  in  each  direction  and  gradually 
dying  out  before  reaching  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities 
of  the  shell;  just  beneath  the  beak  this  flattened  area  bears  the 
impressions  of  the  hinge-teeth.  Surface  of  the  casts  smooth^ 
except  for  a  few  very  faint  and  indistinct  radiating  costae  just 
above  the  postero-cardinal  slope  of  the  valves.  Pallial  sinus  ver)j 
deep,  extending  beyond  the  middle  of  the  shell.  Hinge-teeth 
small  and  weak,  situated  just  beneath  the  beak,  a  single  one  in 
the  left  valve  with  a  socket  on  either  side,  and  two  in  the  right 
valve  with  a  deep  socket  between. 

Remarks. — Besides  several  fragments,  two  good  internal  casts 
of  this  species  are  present  in  the  collection.  The  larger  of  these, 
a  left  valve,  has  lost  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell,  and  the 
smaller  one,  a  right  valve,  is  injured  at  its  posterior  extremity. 
Between  the  two,  however,  all  the  characters  of  the  shell  can  be 
seen.  Because  of  the  imperfection  of  the  specimen,  the  longi- 
tudinal dimension  of  the  larger  specimen,  given  above,  is  subject 
to  slight  error,  but  the  smaller  one  is  complete  enough  for  accu- 
rate measurement.  In  the  Wenonah  sand  near  Marlboro  several 
fragments  of  a  large  Tellina-like  shell  have  been  collected  which 
resemble  this  one,  the  largest  of  which  must  have  been  about  60 
mm.  in  length  when  complete.  These  specimens  from  near  Marl- 
boro, however,  although  internal  casts,  have  had  the  external 
markings  of  the  shell  impressed  upon  them  by  the  compression 
of  the  soft  imbedding  material  after  the  solution  of  the  shell  itself. 
These  markings  are  regular  concentric  lines  from  one-half  to 
one  millimeter  apart.  It  is  not- possible  to  determine  whether  or 
not  the  type  of  the  species  was  marked  in  a  similar  manner. 
These  specimens  have  been  compared  with  Gabb's  types  of  the 
species  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  there  can  be  no  question  as  to  their  specific  identity. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
Corner  (i263),  ?  near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia. 


MOLLUSCA.  617 

Genus  PE'RONAEODERMA  Poli. 

Peronaeoderma  georgiana  Gabb. 

Plate  LXX.,  Figs.  4-6. 

1876.     Peronccoderma  Georgiana  Gabb.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1876),  p.  308. 
1905.     Peronceodernm  georgiana  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  1 6. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  small  specimen  are :  length, 
24  mm.;  height,  14.5  mm.  Shell  broadly  subtriangular  in  out- 
line, nearly  equilateral,  the  beak  nearly  central  in  position.  An- 
terior and  posterior  cardinal  margins  sloping  nearly  symmetri- 
cally, meeting  at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  133°;  anterior 
and  posterior  margins  both  sharply  rounded  and  nearly  sym- 
metrical, the  greatest  extension  considerably  below  the  middle  of 
the  shell;  the  posterior  margin  sometimes  appearing  to  be  ob- 
liquely subtruncate  above;  basal  margin  gently  convex  through- 
out, curving  upward  a  little  more  strongly  in  front  and  behind. 
Valves  depressed  convex,  most  prominent  between  the  beaks  and 
the  center  of  the  shell,  the  surface  curving  somewhat  abruptly  to 
the  cardinal  margins,  very  gently  to  the  anterior,  posterior  and 
ventral  margins.  Upon  the  post-cardinal  slope  just  within  the 
cardinal  margin  and  subparallel  with  it,  is  a  narrow  and  shallow 
sinus  which  has  a  slight  downward  curvature  posteriorly  and 
becomes  extinct  before  reaching  the  posterior  margin.  Surface 
of  the  shell  marked  by  regular,  concentric  lines,  two  or  three  of 
which  occupy  the  space  of  one  millimeter. 

Remarks. — This  species  occurs  abundantly  in  the  Wenonah 
sand  near  Marlboro,  and  these  specimens  have  been  compared 
carefully  with  Gabb's  types  of  the  species  in  the  collection  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science.  The  specimens  from  the  two 
regions  agree  as  closely  as  can  be  expected  in  the  case  of  speci- 
mens so  differently  preserved,  and  the  specific  identity  of  the 
northern  and  southern  forms  can  be  assumed  with  certainty. 
There  seems  to  be  no  essential  generic  difference  between  this 
species  and  the  one  which  has  been  referred  to  Tellin-a  georgiana, 


618      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

and  if  both  the  species  had  not  been  given  the  same  specific  name, 
both  would  have  been  referred  to  the  genus  Tellina  in  the  present 
report. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan 
(103);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130);  Red  Bank 
Sand?  Shrewsbury  River  (119). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Texas. 

Genus  LINEARIA  Conrad. 

Linearia  metastriata  Conrad. 

Plate  LXX,  Figs.  8-9. 

1860.  Linearia  metastriata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  279,  pi.  46,  fig.  7. 

1 86 1.  Linearia  metastriata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p» 

193  (137). 
1864.     Linearia  metastriata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.,  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  14. 
1870.     Linearia  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  pp.  73-74,  pi.  3r 

fig.  n. 
1886.     Linearia  metastriata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  165,  pi.  23,  figs.  6-7. 
1905.     Linearia  metastriata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  16. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  are: 
length,  25  mm. ;  height,  16  mm.  Shell  subelliptical  in  outline, 
depressed  convex.  Beaks  small,  appressed,  but  little  elevated 
above  the  hinge-line,  situated  nearly  centrally.  Hinge-line  a 
little  arcuate;  anterior  and  posterior  cardinal  margins  meeting 
at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  145°;  anterior  and  posterior 
margins  both  rounded,  the  anterior  a  little  higher  than  the  pos- 
terior; basal  margin  broadly  convex.  Valves  nearly  regularly 
convex,  the  surface  sloping  more  abruptly  to  the  cardinal  margin. 
Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  concentric  ribs  increasing 
regularly  in  size  and  separated  by  sharply  depressed  furrows 
about  equaling  the  ribs  in  width;  also  by  radiating  furrows 
which  cut  through  the  concentric  ridges,  giving  them  more  or 


MOLLUSCA.  619 

less  the  appearance  of  rows  of  discontinuous  nodes,  the  radiating 
furrows  are  much  stronger  and  more  conspicuous  upon  the 
anterior  and  posterior  portions  of  the  shell,  becoming  fainter  or 
sometimes  almost  obsolete  upon  the  central  portion,  the  furrows 
on  the  anterior  part  are  further  apart  than  upon  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  shell. 

Remarks. — The  characteristic  features  of  the  surface  markings, 
of  this  shell  make  it  very  easily  recognizable.  It  occurs  most 
commonly  in  the  form  of  casts  of  the  interior  and  impressions 
of  the  external  surface,  but  these  latter  specimens  almost  always 
retain  the  peculiar  surface  markings. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(107);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Matawan  (101),  near 
Jamesburg  (140),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury  clay,  near  Mata- 
wan (103),  near  Haddonfield  (183);  Marshalltown  clay-marl, 
near  Swedesboro  (177)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130)  ; 
Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Arkansas. 

Linearia  ornatissima  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXX.,  Figs.  10-12. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  dimensions  of  the  type  speci- 
men being:  length,  6  mm.;  height,  4.3  mm.;  nearly  equilateral, 
broadly  subtriangular  in  outline  with  the  basal  angles  rounded; 
beak  central;  the  cardinal  margins  meeting  at  the  beak  in  an 
angle  of  about  120°,  anterior  and  posterior  margins  subequally 
rounded,  their  greatest  extension  below  the  mid-height  of  the 
shell;  ventral  margin  gently  convex.  Valves  depressed  convex, 
most  prominent  on  the  umbo',  the  surface  sloping  abruptly  to 
the  cardinal  margins  and  gently  to  the  lateral  and  basal  margins. 
Surface  marked  by  strong  radiating  ribs  anteriorly  and  pos- 
teriorly, which  gradually  become  fainter  towards  the  median 
portion  of  the  ventral  margin;  on  the  umbo  and  on  an  area  ex- 
tending ventrally  from  the  umbo  nearly  to  the  basal  margin,  the 
shell  is  smooth;  the  anterior  and  posterior  ribs  do  not  continue 
to  the  beak  but  disappear  along  the  margins  of  the  central  smooth 


620      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

area;  all  the  ribbed  portion  of  the  shell  is  also  marked  by  strong, 
regular,  concentric  costae,  somewhat  stronger  in  the  depressions 
between  the  ribs  than  upon  the  ribs  themselves. 

Remarks. — But  two  specimens  of  this  beautiful  little  species 
have  been  observed,  casts  of  the  interior  of  the  shell  and  impres- 
sions of  the  exterior.  It  is  possible  that  other  specimens  may 
have  attained  a  larger  size.  The  species  may  be  recognized 
by  its  beautifully  cancellated  anterior  and  posterior  regions  sep- 
arated by  the  smooth  median  area.  These  markings  are  pro- 
portionally much  stronger  than  in  L,.  metastrldta,  with  the  con- 
trast between  the  extremities  and  the  median  portion  of  the 
shell  much  greater ;  besides  its  smaller  size  the  species  also  differs 
from  L.  metastriata  in  the  greater  slope  of  the  cardinal  margins, 
and  the  lower  position  of  the  greatest  anterior  and  posterior  ex- 
tremities of  the  shell.  The  hinge  characters  of  the  shell  have  not 
been  observed,  the  generic  identification  being  based  solely  upon 
its  general  form  and  ornamentation. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Matawan  (103). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Linearia  contracta  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXX.,  Fig.  13. 

1886.     Linearia  contracta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  167,  pi.  23,  fig.  5. 

Description. — "Shell  small  and  moderately  convex,  transversely 
ovate  in  outline,  broad  in  front  and  abruptly  contracted  behind 
the  beaks,  the  anterior  end  forming  about  three-fifths  of  the 
shell's  length.  Beaks  small  and  inconspicuous.  Anterior  end 
broadly  rounded  and  the  posterior  more  narrowly  rounded. 
Basal  line  broadly  curved.  Surface  of  the  shell  as  seen  in  a 
matrix,  marked  by  fine  radiating  striae  which  extend  over  the 
entire  surface,  but  are  less  strongly  developed  on  the  middle  of 
the  valve.  Also  marked  by  fine  concentric  grooves  parallel  to 
the  margin  of  the  shell."  (Whitfield.) 


MOLLUSCA.  621 

Remarks. — "This  species  differs  from  L.  metastriata  in  being 
proportionally  longer,  in  the  abrupt  contraction  of  the  posterior 
end,  in  its  ovate  instead  of  oval  form,  greater  convexity,  and  in 
being  marked  by  radiating  striae  throughout  instead  of  having 
the  central  part  of  the  valve  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  this 
marking."  (Whitfield.) 

This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  any  of  the  recent  col- 
lections of  the  Survey,  and  Whitfield's  type  specimen  seems  to 
have  been  lost  or  destroyed.  It  is  altogether  probable  that  the 
specimen  was  an  abnormal  or  perhaps  distorted  individual  of  L. 
nietastriata. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl  ?,  Holmdel  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  TELLINIMERA  Conrad. 

Tellinimera  eborea  Conrad. 
Plate  LXX.,  Figs.  14-23. 

1860.  Tellina  (Tellinimera)  eborea  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  278,  pi.  46,  fig.   14. 

1861.  Tellina  eborea  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  229 

(173). 
1864.     Tellina    (Tellinimera)    eborea   Meek,    Check    List   Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  14. 

1868.     Tellinomera  eborea  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1870.     Tellimera  eborea  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  73. 
1884.     Tellinimera  eborea  Tryon,  Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  vol. 

3,  p.  169,  pi.  112,  fig.  100. 
1886.     Tellimera  eborea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  164,  pi.  23,  figs.  12-13. 
1905.     Tellinimera  eborea  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  1 6. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen  are: 
length,  13.5  mm.;  height,  9  mm.;  convexity,  2  mm.  Shell  tri- 


622      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

angularly  subovate  or  very  broadly  subtriangular,  depressed 
convex.  Beaks  small,  appressed,  situated  considerably  back  of 
the  middle  of  the  shell.  Anterior  and  posterior  cardinal  slopes 
meeting  at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  140° ;  anterior  margin 
rounded;  basal  margin  broadly  convex;  posterior  margin  sub- 
truncate  below.  A  rounded  ill-defined  umbonal  ridge  extends 
from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity;  the  posterior  slope 
short,  more  or  less  abrupt,  often  somewhat  flattened ;  the  anterior 
slope  very  long  and  gently  convex,  becoming  somewhat  abrupt 
towards  the  antero-cardinal  margin.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
by  fine,  concentric,  impressed  lines  at  regularly  increasing  dis- 
tances apart,  which  are  bent  abruptly  upward  in  crossing  the 
umbonal  ridge. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  been  observed  most  commonly  in 
the  Wenonah  sand  near  Marlboro,  in  the  form  of  internal  casts. 
These  casts  rarely  retain  the  surface  markings  of  the  shell,  but 
these  characters  can  be  clearly  seen  on  the  Haddonfield  speci- 
mens. In  its  general  form  and  size  this  species  closely  resembles 
the  shells  described  as  Aenona  eufaulensis,  but  when  the  shell 
substance  is  preserved  the  two  species  may  be  distinguished  by 
the  presence  of  the  fine,  regular,  concentric  markings  on  T. 
eborea.  Kellia  cretacea  Con.1  is  another  similar  species  which 
should  be  compared,  but  no  authentic  specimens  have  been  avail- 
able for  study  during  the  preparation  of  the  present  report.  Be- 
cause of  the  condition  of  preservation  of  the  Wenonah  sand  speci- 
mens referred  to  this  species,  it  is  not  possible  to  determine 
certainly  in  most  cases  what  the  characters  of  the  surface  mark- 
ings originally  were,  but  the  outlines  of  the  shell  seem  to  agree 
more  closely  with  T.  eborea  than  with  A.  eufaulensis. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139,  140,  141)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield  (183)  ; 
Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130),  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i263)  ;  Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


1  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  280,  pi.  46,  fig.  19. 


MOLLUSCA.  623 

Genus  AENONA  Conrad. 

Aenona  eufaulensis  Conrad. 
Plate  LXX.,  Figs.  24-25. 

1860.  Tellina  Eufaulensis  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  277,  pi.  46,  fig.  15. 

1 86 1.  Tellina  Eufalensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

229  (173). 
1864.     Tellina  eufalensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  14. 

1870.     ^Enona  eufaulensis  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  74. 
1886.     JEnona  Eufaulensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  168,  pi.  23,  figs.  2-3. 
1905.     JEnona  eufaulensis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  1 6. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  triangularly  ovate  in  outline,  three- 
fourths  as  high  as  long,  with  the  small  beaks  situated  a  little  more 
than  one-third  of  the  length  from  the  anterior  end.  Cardinal 
margins  rapidly  sloping  from  the  beaks,  the  anterior  most  rapidly, 
and  the  anterior  end  sharply  rounding  just  above  the  basal  line; 
posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded,  but  still  narrowed;  basal 
line  broadly  curved.  Surface  of  the  valve  smooth  and  semipol- 
ished,  the  disk  rather  highly  convex  for  a  Tellina-\ike  shell,  with 
very  small  pointed  beaks,  a  slight  angularity  of  the  umbonal 
region  just  in  front  of  it,  and  a  very  narrow  but  distinctly  cir- 
cumscribed lunule.  In  the  interior  the  hinge-plate  is  very  narrow, 
with  a  single  small  cardinal  tooth  in  the  right  valve  and  very 
small  and  narrow  lateral  teeth.  Muscular  markings  unknown." 
(Whitfield). 

Remarks. — This  species  is  authentically  recognized  in  the  Cre- 
taceous faunas  of  New  Jersey  only  from  Haddonfield.  There 
are  some  internal  casts  from  the  Wenonah  sand  near  Marlboro 
(locality  130),  which  more  or  less  resemble  Whitfield's  illustra- 
tion of  this  species,  but  they  are  probably  all  of  them  Tellinimera 
eborea,  whose  outline  is  similar  to  this  species,  but  is  proportion- 
ally higher. 


624      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183), 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas. 

Aenona   papyria   Conrad. 
Plate  LXX.,  Fig.  26. 

1870.     Mnona  papyria  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  74. 
1886.     Mnona  papyria  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  169,  pi.  23,  fig.  4. 
1905.     ^Enona   papyria   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  16. 

Description. — "Subelliptical,  inequilateral,  extremely  thin  in 
substance,  convex,  anterior  side  narrowed ;  posterior  end  ob- 
liquely truncated ;  ventral  margin  regularly  curved ;  surface 
marked  by  microscopic  concentric  close  lines.  Length,  ^  inch." 
(Conrad.) 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  of  this  species  in  the  collection 
of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science  has  been  much  injured,, 
in  fact  almost  entirely  destroyed,  and  in  its  present  condition  does 
not  show  the  characters  of  the  shell  at  all.  The  species  has  not 
been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections,  and  it  apparently  rests 
upon  the  single  type  specimen.  The  species  seems  to  differ  from 
A.  eufaulensis  in  the  absence  of  the  polished  surface  of  the  shell, 
in  the  presence  of  the  uneven,  strong,  concentric  lines,  in  the 
flattening  of  the  shell  at  the  anterior  end,  and  in  the  shell  sub- 
stance being  much  thinner. 

Formation  and  locally. — Woodbury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  SOLENACEA. 

Family  SOLENIDAB. 

Genus  LEPTOSOLEN  Conrad. 

Leptosolen  biplicata  Conrad. 

Plate  LXX.,  Figs.  30-31. 

1858.     Siliquaria  biplicata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  2nd 
ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  324,  pi.  34,  fig.  17. 


MOLLUSCA.  625 

1861.     Siliquaria  biplicata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

226  (170'). 
1864.     Siliquaria  biplicata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.r 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 

1867.  Leptosolen  biplicata  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  3,  pp. 

15  and  1 88. 

1868.  Leptosolen  biplicata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1876.     Leptosolen  biplicata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.   PhiL 

(1876),  p.  304. 
1886.     Leptosolen  biplicata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  183,  pi.  25,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Leptosolen  biplicata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen  are: 
length,  35  mm.;  height,  n  mm.;  convexity,  3  mm.  The  largest 
example  observed  is"  nearly  60  mm.  in  length.  Shell  elongate, 
with  straight,  subparallel  dorsal  and  ventral  margins,  the  anterior 
and  posterior  margins  rounded,  the  anterior  usually  a  little  more 
sharply  rounded  than  the  posterior,  the  greatest  anterior  exten- 
sion at  or  above  the  mid-height  of  the  shell.  Gaping  at  both  ends, 
more  widely  so  posteriorly.  Beaks  small,  scarcely  elevated  above 
the  hinge-line,  situated  a  little  more  than  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  Valves  nearly  regularly 
convex  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  margin,  the  slope  to  the 
cardinal  margin  usually  a  little  more  abrupt ;  the  anterior  extrem- 
ity of  the  shell  compressed,  with  two  obscure,  sometimes  obsolete 
plications  extending  obliquely  forward  and  downward  from  the 
beak.  In  the  casts  a  strong  furrow  passes  from  the  beak  down- 
ward towards  the  ventral  margin,  with  a  slight  posterior  ob- 
liquity, growing  shallower  below  and  becoming  obsolete  at  a  point 
about  three-fourths  the  height  of  the  shell  from  the  dorsal  mar- 
gin. Surface  of  the  casts  marked  by  more  or  less  inconspicuous 
concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  strongly  marked  species  which  cannot,  be 
mistaken  for  any  other  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  faunas. 
The  strong  furrow  extending  downward  from  the  beak  in  the 
casts  represents  a  thickened  rib  upon  the  inner  surface  of  the 

4O      PAIy 


626      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

valve,  and  would  not  be  recognized  upon  the  external  surface  of 
the  shells.  The  species  has  a  long  geologic  range  in  New  Jersey, 
but  it  has  been  observed  as  a  common  species  only  in  one  locality, 
in  the  Wenonah  sand  near  Marlboro,  where  is  is  one  of  the  com- 
monest members  of  the  fauna. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(107);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Matawan  (101),  near 
Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddon- 
neld  (183);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130),  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  (i263)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108), 
Crosswicks  Creek  (195),  near  Jacobstown  (150);  Red  Bank 
sand,  Shrewsbury  River  (116,  119),  near  Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Arkansas, 
Texas. 

Leptosolen  ?  terminalis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXX.,  Fig.  29. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
length,  19.5  mm. ;  height  10  mm. ;  convexity,  4  mm.  Shell  sub- 
quadrangular  in  outline,  broadest  a  little  back  of  the  middle; 
beaks  low  and  small,  terminal.  Hinge-line  straight,  about  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  shell;  anterior  margin  gently  convex, 
nearly  vertically  subtruncate;  basal  margin  nearly  straight, 
curving  a  little  upward  in  'front;  posterior  margin  broadly 
rounded  below,  its  greatest  extension  above  the  mid-height, 
above  it  curves  far  forward  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
hinge-line.  Valves  rather  strongly  convex,  divided  nearly  in 
half  by  a  subangular  umbonal  ridge  extending  from  the  beak 
diagonally  across  the  shell  to  the  postero-basal  angle;  both  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  slopes  gently  convex.  In  the  internal  cast  a 
strong  and  deep,  sharply  defined  furrow  passes  almost  directly 
downward  from  the  beak  towards  the  ventral  margin  of  the  shell, 
becoming  shallower  below  and  bending  abruptly  backward  for 
a  short  distance  just  before  reaching  the  margin;  another  simi- 
lar, but  narrower,  furrow  originates  beneath  the  beak  with  the 
first  one,  and  extends  backward,  just  below  the  hinge-line,  to  a 
point  somewhat  back  of  the  middle  of  the  hinge-line;  just  within 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  shell  and  parallel  with  it,  a  very  nar- 


MOLLUSCA.  627 

row  impressed  line  seems  to  have  been  formed  by  a  fold  of  the 
shell  from  its  inner  surface.  Surface  of  the  cast  marked  by 
more  or  less  irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  established  upon  an  internal  cast 
which  resembles  the  casts  of  Leptosolen  biplicata  in  the  presence 
of  the  strong  furrow  extending  towards  the  ventral  margin  from 
beneath  the  beak,  but  it  differs  in  several  fundamental  respects 
from  that  species,  and  the  two  can  hardly  be  cogeneric.  In  L. 
biplicata  the  shell  is  gaping  at  both  ends,  while  in  this  one  it  is 
apparently  closed ;  the  beak  in  this  shell  is  situated  at  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  hinge-line,  the  furrow  is  very  near  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  shell  instead  of  about  one-fourth  of  the  length 
back,  and  it  has  a  distinct  backward  turn  near  the  margin.  The 
shape  of  the  two  shells  is  also  different,  the  dorsal  and  ventral 
margins  of  L.  ?  terminalis  diverging  posteriorly. 

There  seems  to  be  no  genus  in  which  this  shell  can  be  properly 
placed,  and  eventually  it  will  probably  be  necessary  to  construct 
.a  new  one  for  its  reception. 

Formation  and  locality. — Mierchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139)- 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Leptosolen   ?  elongata  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXX.,  Figs.  27-28. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen,  a  cast  of 
a  left  valve,  are:  length,  24  mm.;  height,  8  mm.;  convexity, 
2.5  mm.  Shell  elongate,  .dorsal  and  ventral  margins  subparallel; 
anterior  margin  rounded,  its  greatest  extension  above  the  mid- 
height  ;  posterior  margin  probably  rounded  or  truncate,  not  com- 
pletely preserved.  Beaks  small,  terminal,  but  little  elevated  above 
the  hinge-line.  Valves  closed  in  front,  apparently  gaping  behind ; 
the  surface  regularly  convex  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  mar- 
gin, curving  a  little  more  abruptly  above  and  inflected  to  the 
hinge-line  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  shell;  curving  abruptly  to 
the  anterior  margin  in  front.  In  the  cast  a  strong,  deep,  sharply 
defined  furrow  extends  downward  from  the  beak  towards  the 
ventral  margin,  and  a  little  obliquely  backward,  curving  a  little 


628      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

posteriorly  near  its  lower  extremity ;  another  much  less  conspicu- 
ous furrow  originates  beneath  the  beak  with  the  first  one,  and 
extends  backward,  parallel  with  the  hinge-line,  becoming  obso- 
lete near  the  center  of  the  shell.  Surface  of  the  cast  apparently 
smooth. 

Remarks. — This  shell  is  not  a  true  Leptosolen,  but  seems  to  be 
cogeneric  with  the  shell  which  has  been  described  as  Leptosolen  ? 
terminates.  It  differs  from  that  species  in  the  nearly  or  quite 
parallel  dorsal  and  ventral  margins,  in  its  greater  proportional 
length,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  diagonal  umbonal  ridge. 

Formation  and  locality. — Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown 
(112),  Red  Bank  (116). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  SIUQUA  Muhlfeldt. 
Siliqua  cretacea  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1860.  Cultellus  cretacea  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd: 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  303,  pi.  48,  figs.  24  a-b. 

1861.  Siliqua  Cretaceous  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

226  (170). 
1864.     Siliqua  cretacea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret, 

and  Jur.,  p.  15. 

1868.     Ospirasolen  cretaceus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1886.     Siliqua  Cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  186,  pi.  25,  figs.  9-10. 
1905.     Siliqua-   cretacea   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size,  the  internal  cast,  and 
the  only  one  known,  being  nearly  one  and  three-fourth  inches 
long,  and  for  the  genus  very  convex,  rather  strongly  curved,  and 
widely  gaping  at  each  extremity,  the  valves  only  coming  in  con- 
tact in  the  middle  of  the  basal  margin ;  posterior  end  most  widely 
gaping.  Beaks  distinct,  but  not  elevated,  situated  a  little  within 
the  anterior  third  of  the  shell's  length.  On  the  cast  they  slightly- 


MOLLUSCA.  629 

project  above  the  general  line  of  the  hinge.  Hinge  slightly  con- 
cave posterior  to  the  beaks,  and  the  margin  considerably  thick- 
ened, as  indicated  by  the  form  of  the  cast.  Anterior  to  the  beaks 
the  cardinal  line  declines  at  a  low  angle  from  the  direction  of  the 
posterior  side.  Basal  line  very  strongly  curved;  extremities 
rounded,  the  anterior  the  most  sharply  so.  Anterior  muscular 
scar  moderately  large,  triangularly  ovate,  bordered  by  a  rounded 
furrow  on  the  posterior  side,  indicating  a  slightly  thickened  rib 
on  the  interior  of  the  shell.  Posterior  scar  larger,  triangular,  and 
faintly  marked.  Pajlial  sinus  deep  and  extending  to  near  the 
middle  of  the  shell's  length.  Hinge  features  unknown.  Indica- 
tions exist  on  the  cast  of  a  divided  tooth-like  projection  on  the  left 
valve,  with  a  socket-like  plate  on  the  right."  (Whitfield). 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  and  the  type  specimen  described  by 
Cabb  seems  to  be  the  only  example  which  has  ever  been  recog- 
nized. In  Whitfield's  illustration  of  this  type  specimen,  the  fur- 
row behind  the  anterior  muscular  scar  is  represented  somewhat 
deeper  than  it  actually  is  upon  the  specimen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Burlington  county 
(Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  SOLYMA  Conrad. 

Solyma  lineolata  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXL,  Figs.  3-6. 

1870.     Solyma  lineolatus  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  col.  6,  p.  75, 

fig.  9. 
1876.     Solyma  lineolatus  Gabb,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  305. 
1884.     Solyma  lineolatus  Tryon,  Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  vol. 

3,  p.  134,  pi.  105,  fig.  89. 
1886.     Solyma  lineolata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  182,  pi.  25,  figs.  11-13. 
1905.     Solymya  lineolata  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 


630      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are : 
length,  26  mm. ;  height,  15.5  mm.  Shell  subquadrangular  in  out- 
line, a  little  broader  behind  than  in  front;  beaks  broad,  rather 
strongly  elevated  above  the  hinge-line,  nearly  central  in  position 
and  directed  anteriorly.  Hinge-line  nearly  straight,  the  anterior 
and  posterior  portions  sloping  very  gently  on  each  side  of  the 
beak;  antero-cardinal  margin  concave;  anterior  margin  rounding 
from  the  cardinal  into  the  basal  margin;  basal  margin  nearly 
straight  or  slightly  convex  in  the  middle,  curving  upward  a  little 
more  abruptly  in  front  than  behind;  postero-basal  extremity 
rounded ;  posterior  margin  nearly  vertically  truncate ;  post-cardi- 
nal extremity  obtusely  subangular ;  post-cardinal  margin  straight. 
Valves  moderately  convex,  with  an  obscure,  rounded,  umbonal 
ridge  along  both  the  anterior  and  posterior  umbonal  slopes ;  the 
cardinal  margins  inflected  both  in  front  and  behind  the  beaks. 
Surface  of  both  valves  in  the  casts  marked  by  rather  fine,  more 
or  less  irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  shell,  in  its  general  outline,  somewhat 
resembles  Pcriplomya  elliptica,  but  with  the  extremities  of  the 
shell  reversed,  the  anterior  extremity  of  that  species  being  the 
broader  and  the  beak  being  directed  backward.  In  Solynna  lin- 
eolata,  however,  the  posterior  margin  is  truncate  while  the  ante- 
rior margin  of  P.  elliptica  is  rounded,  and  the  anterior  extremity 
is  much  broader  than  the  posterior  extremity  of  that  shell.  The 
two  more  or  less  obscure  umbonal  ridges  are  also  a  distinguish- 
ing mark  of  this  species,  but  these  ridges  have  been  made  too 
conspicuous  in  Whitfield's  illustration  of  the  species.  Upon  one 
of  the  internal  casts  of  this  species  which  has  come  under  obser- 
vation, there  seems  to  be  an  impression  of  a  very  deep  pallial 
sinus  extending  forward  to  the  center  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(186);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Miatawan  (101),  near 
Jamesburg  (139),  Linola  (163);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard 
(102),  near  Matawan  (103),  near  Haddonfield  (183);  Weno- 
nah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130);  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank 
(116). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia. 


MOLLUSCA.  631 

Super-family  MACTRACEA. 

Family  MAOTBIDAE. 
Genus  MACTRA  Linneus. 

Mactra  pentangularis  n.  sp. 
•    Plate  LXXL.  Figs.  7-8. 

Description. — Shell  subpentagonal  in  outline,  the  dimensions 
of  the  best  type  specimen  being:  height,  17  mm. ;  length,  18  mm. ; 
convexity,  5  mm. ;  another  somewhat  distorted  example  is  pro- 
portionally longer.  Beaks  subcentral,  the  cardinal  margins 
sloping  away  on  either  side  at  an  angle  of  about  122°  ;  anterior 
and  posterior  margins  both  nearly  vertically  subtruncate,  the 
anterior  margin  being  slightly  more  convex,  and  both  rounding 
below  into  the  gently  convex  basal  margin;  greatest  convexity 
of  the  valves  on  the  median  line  above  the  middle,  the  surface 
sloping  almost  equally  to  the  anterior  and  posterior  margins, 
with  a  very  slight  posterior  umbonal  ridge.  Surface  marked 
only  by  fine,  concentric  lines  of  growth  which  become  some- 
what stronger  and  more  crowded  towards  the  margin. 

Remarks. — The  hinge  characters  of  this  species  are  not  clearly 
shown  in  the  casts  from  which  it  has  been  described,  but  there  is 
an  elongate  lateral  tooth  in  front  of  the  beaks  certainly,  and  ap- 
parently also  behind;  the  characters  beneath  the  beak  have  not 
been  seen  at  all.  The  species  differs  from  other  Mactridae  in  the 
New  Jersey  faunas  in  the  proportionally  greater  height  of  the 
shell  and  its  more  nearly  equal  height  and  length.  The  species 
resembles  M.  nitidula  Meek1. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


*Rep.  on  Cret.  and  Ter.  Inv.  Foss,  of  Up.  Mo.,  p.  21  r,  pi.  30,  figs.  6  a. 


632  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  CYMBOPHORA  Gabb. 
Cymbophora  lintea  (Conrad). 
Plate  LXXL,  Figs.  9-13. 

1860.  Cardium  (Protocardium)  linteum  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

•  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  278,  pi.  46,  fig-.  17. 

1861.  Cardium  lintea  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  163 

(107). 
1870.     Veleda  lintea  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  74. 

1875.  Veleda  lintea  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.,  p.  9,  pi. 

i,  fig.  26. 

1876.  Cymbophora  lintea  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1876),  p.  306. 
1886.     Veleda  lintea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  172,  pi.  23,  figs.  18-21. 
1905.     Cymbophora  lintea  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  two  separate  valves  of  this 
species,  the  larger  specimen  a  right  and  the  smaller  a  left  valve, 
are:  length,  18.5  mm.  and  16  mm.;  height,  15  mm.  and  13  mm.; 
convexity,  5  mm.  and  3.5  mm.  Shell  ovate-subtriangular  in  out- 
line. The  anterior  and  posterior  cardinal  margins  meeting  at 
the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  110°,  curving  regularly  into  the 
anterior  and  posterior  margins  below;  anterior  margin  rather 
sharply  rounded,  its  greatest  extent  below  the  mid-height  of  the 
shell;  ventral  margin  broadly  convex;  posterior  margin  more 
or  less  sharply  rounded  or  somewhat  pointed  below,  oblique 
above,  subtruncate  or  gently  convex.  Beaks  a  little  in  front  of 
the  middle  of  the  shell  or  sometimes  nearly  central  in  position, 
slightly  incurved,  pointing  forward,  elevated  a  little  above  the 
hinge-line.  Valves  moderately  convex,  with  a  more  or  less  ob- 
scure umbonal  ridge  extending  obliquely  from  the  beak  to  the 
postero-basal  extremity;  post-umbonal  slope  rather  abrupt,  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  valve  gently  convex,  the  anterior  and  posterior 
cardinal  slopes  about  equally  abrupt.  In  the  casts  the  umbonal 


MOLLUSCA.  633 

ridge  is  usually  rounded,  while  in  the  shell  itself  it  is  often  slightly 
angular.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  regular  concentric 
lines,  which  are  very  fine  in  the  young  shells,  becoming  much 
stronger  with  the  increased  size  of  the  shell.  In  the  larger  shells 
the  surface  markings  seem  sometimes  to  have  been  nearly  or 
quite  eroded,  leaving  the  shell  nearly  smooth. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  common  species  in  certain  localities  in 
New  Jersey,  especially  in  the  Cliffwood  clay  and  the  Wenonah 
sand.  Specimens  from  different  localities  exhibit  considerable 
variation,  especially  ii\  the  distinctness  of  the  concentric  surface 
markings.  The  smaller  and  younger  individuals  possess  these 
markings  most  clearly,  but  in  the  larger  examples  they  seem 
usually  to  have  been  more  or  less  eroded. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105,  185),  near  Matawan  (107,  186,  189) ;  Merchantville  clay- 
marl,  near  Matawan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  141)  ;  Wood- 
bury  clay,  near  Matawan  (103),  near  Haddonfield  (164,  165, 
183)  ;  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177)  ;  Weno- 
nah sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (126),  near  Marlboro  (130)  ; 
Red  bank  sand,  Shrewsbury  River  (119),  Red  Bank  (116),  near 
M!iddletown  (112)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Key- 
port  (l295). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Texas.' 

Cymbophora  tellinoides  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LXXL,  Fig.  22. 

1886.     Veleda  Tellinoides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i    (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  173,  pi.  23,  fig.  23. 

Description.- — "Shell  large  for  the  genus,  the  cast,  the  only 
form  under  which  it  is  known,  being  fully  one  and  a  quarter 
inches  in  length;  form  transversely  ovate,  largest  at  the  anterior 
end,  and  two-thirds  as  high  as  long.  Valves  depressed  convex 
with  small  appressed  beaks  and  a  slight  angulation  passing  from 
the  beak  to  the  posterior  extremity,  forming  a  narrow  posterior 
cardinal  slope.  Surface,  as  shown  on  the  cast,  marked  by  fine 


634      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

concentric  lines  of  growth.  Muscular  scars  proportionally  large 
and  moderately  distinct,  and  an  indication  of  a  rather  deep  sinus 
in  the  pallial  line."  ( Whitfield) . 

Remarks. — "This  species  differs  from  C.  lintca  in  the  more 
transverse  form,  less  angular  umbonal  ridge,  which  is  also  situ- 
ated nearer  to  the  cardinal  border ;  in  the  less  elevated  form  and 
more  arcuate  basal  margin,  and  also  conspicuously  in  want  of 
the  coarse,  regular,  concentric  markings  of  the  surface  seen  on 
that  one.  In  regard  to  its  generic  affinities  there  may  be  a  little 
doubt,  as  the  hinge  has  been  much  less  thickened  and  consequently 
the  impressions  of  the  teeth  are  less  conspicuous  and  consequently 
less  certain."  (Whitfield). 

Formation,  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  SCHIZODESMA  Gray. 

Schizodesma  appressa  Gabb. 

Plate  LXXL,  Figs.  14-21. 

1876.     Schizodesma  ?  appressa  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  306. 
1886.     Veleda,  transvcrsa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  174,  pi.  23,  fig.  22. 
1905.     Schizodesma.  appressa  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  average  right  valve  are: 
length,  23  mm.;  height,  15.5  mm.,  convexity,  4  mm.  Shell 
inequilateral,  subovate  or  ovate-subcuneate  in  outline.  Anterior 
and  posterior  cardinal  margins  meeting  at  the  beak  at  an  angle 
of  about  125°;  anterior  margin  regularly  rounding  from  the 
antero-cardinal  margin  above  into  the  basal  margin  below ;  basal 
margin  gently  convex  throughout,  becoming  a  little  straighter 
posteriorly ;  postero-basal  extremity  subangular ;  posterior  margin 
shorter  than  the  anterior,  obliquely  truncate;  posterior  cardinal 
extremity  obtusely  subangular.  Beaks  prominent,  nearly  erect, 
slightly  incurved,  situated  a  little  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the 
shell.  Valves  most  prominent  on  the  umbo,  sloping  rather  ab- 


MOLLUSCA.  635 

ruptly  to  the  cardinal  margins,  the  most  gentle  slope  being  to  the 
postero-basal  extremity;  a  more  or  less  obscure  rounded  or  sub- 
angular  umbonal  ridge  passes  from  the  beak  obliquely  backward 
to  the  postero-basal  extremity.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by 
regular,  fine,  concentric  lines,  which  become  regularly  stronger 
in  passing  from  the  beak  to  the  shell  margin,  and  becoming  nearly 
obsolete  upon  the  post-umbonal  slope. 

Remarks. — Gabb's  type  of  this  species  has  never  been  illus- 
trated, but  the  New  Jersey  examples  have  been  compared  with  the 
original  specimen  and  their  specific  identity  can  be  safely  assumed. 
Veleda  transverse,  was  described  by  Whitfield  from  "dark  mica- 
ceous clays  below  the  Lower  Marls  at  Marlborough,"  and  the 
horizon  indicated  can  be  no  other  than  the  summit  of  the  Weno- 
nah  sand  as  seen  near  Marlboro.  Whitfield's  type  specimen  has 
been  compared  with  various  specimens  in  the  recent  rollections 
of  the  Survey,  from  the  same  horizon  at  a  neighboring  locality. 
These  show  the  characters  of  his  species  and  demonstrate 
its  specific  identity  with  Gabb's  species  from  Georgia.  The 
specimens  from  the  Cliffwood  clay  which  have  been  referred  to 
the  species,  usually  differ  form  the  Wenonah  sand  examples  in 
their  somewhat  higher  and  more  vertically  truncated  posterior 
margin,  these  specimens  also  seem  usually  to  have  suffered  a 
greater  degree  of  erosion  of  the  shell,  which  has  more  or  less 
destroyed  their  surface  markings. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (107);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(130),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Texas. 

Genus  RANGTA  Desmoulins. 

Rangia   ?  tenuidens  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LXXIIL,  Figs.  6-8. 

1886.     Gnathodon  ?  tenuidens  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  27,  pi.  2,  figs.  7-10. 

Description.— "Shell  of  moderate  size,  very  ventricose,  very 
broadly  ovate  or  subtriangular,  with  strong  and  rather  tumid, 


636      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

enrolled  beaks,  which  are  directed  forward  and  project  consider- 
ably beyond  the  line  of  the  hinge.  Posterior  hinge  border  gently 
arcuate,  extending  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the 
beak  toward  the  basal  margin  of  the  shell.  Postero-basal  angle 
sharply  rounded,  and  the  basal  margin  broadly  arched ;  anterior 
end  less  sharply  and  more  regularly  rounded  than  the  postero- 
basal.  Surface  of  the  shell,  as  indicated  on  the  partial  casts  and 
imprints  left  in  the  hardened  clay,  smooth  or  marked  by  fine  lines 
of  growth  only.  On  the  cast  of  a  right  valve  there  are  indications 
of  two  principal  cardinal  teeth  beneath  the  beak,  and  a  long, 
rather  slender,  lateral  tooth.  The  muscular  impressions  are  not 
visible  on  the  posterior  side,  but  on  one  specimen  the  anterior 
scars  seem  to  have  been  large  and  deep;  but  this  feature  is  not 
very  satisfactorily  determined."  (Whitfield.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Raritan  clay,  Sayreville  and  near 
Woodbridge  (Whitfield).- 

Super-family  MYACEA. 

Family  COBBULIDAE 

Genus  CORBULA  Lamark. 

Corbula  manleyi  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXXIL,  Figs.  1-8. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  perfect  specimen  are: 
length,  15  mm.;  height,  10.3  mm.;  thickness,  7.8  mm.  Shell 
inequivalvate,  subcuneate,  subtrigonal  in  outline;  beaks  promi- 
nent, incurved,  nearly  in  contact,  situated  at  or  a  little  in  front  of 
the  anterior  third  of  the  shell.  Anterior  and  posterior  cardinal 
margins  meeting  at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  100°,  anterior 
slope  much  shorter  than  the  posterior ;  anterior  margin  rounding 
regularly  from  the  cardinal  into  the  basal  margin;  basal  margin 
slightly  convex  in  front,  becoming  straight  behind ;  postero-basal 
extremity  angular;  posterior  margin  very  short,  curving  almost 
immediately  into  the  post-cardinal  margin  above;  post-cardinal 
margin  long,  nearly  straight.  Valves  ventricose  in  the  umbonal 
region,  the  surface  curving  abruptly  and  inflected  to  the  antero- 
cardinal  margin;  sloping  rather  steeply  with  a  slightly  convex 


MOLLUSCA.  637 

curve  to  the  anterior  and  ventral  margins,  and  more  gently  to  the 
postero-basal  extremity;  each  valve  with  an  angular  umbonal 
ridge,  that  of  the  left  valve  much  the  more  conspicuous;  post- 
umbonal  slope  of  the  right  valve  narrow,  slightly  concave,  in- 
flected to  the  hinge-line  towards  the  beak;  that  of  the  left  valve 
much  broader,  concave,  sloping  much  more  abruptly,  not  in- 
flected. Surface  of  the  right  valve  marked  by  rather  regular, 
moderately  fine,  rounded,  concentric  costae,  which  seem  to  ter- 
minate at  the  umbonal  ridge ;  the  left  valve  marked  by  more  or 
less  irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth  which  are  not  raised 
into  distinct,  rounded  ribs,  and  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
valve  by  a  few  indistinct  radiating  costse. 

On  the  internal  casts  the  surface  is  smooth,  the  muscular  im- 
pressions are  indistinct,  and  the  beaks  are  widely  separated  and 
erect.  The  general  form  and  contour  of  the  valves  is  the  same. 

Remarks. — The  specimens  which  have  been  used  in  the  de- 
scription of  this  species  were  collected  by  Mr.  John  M.  Manley, 
of  New  Brunswick,  at  Furman's  clay  pits,  Sayreville,  New  Jer- 
sey. They  are  of  special  interest  because  they  were  collected 
from  near  the  base  of  the  Raritan  formation,  at  a  horizon  which 
has  rarely  yielded  invertebrate  fossils.  The  species  is  a  very 
peculiar  and  distinct  one,  and  is  quite  different  from  any  other 
Corbula  in  the  faunas  of  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  beds. 

Formation  and  locality. — Raritan  formation,  Sayreville. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Corbula  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIL,  Figs.  9-14. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are:  length, 
10.5  mm.;  height,  5.5  mm;  thickness,  4  mm.  Shell  elongate 
subovate  in  outline,  broader  in  front  than  behind ;  the  beaks 
central  or  a  little  in  front  of  the  center,  broadly  obtuse,  a  little 
incurved ;  right  valve  overlapping  the  left  along  the  ventral  mar- 
gin. Anterior  and  posterior  cardinal  margins  sloping  downward 
in  front  and  behind  the  beak,  meeting  at  an  angle  of  about  142°  ; 
anterior  margin  regularly  rounding  from  the  cardinal  into  the 
basal  margin;  basal  margin  long,  gently  convex;  postero-basal 


638      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

extremity  angular;  posterior  margin  nearly  vertically  truncate, 
sometimes  slightly  oblique;  the  post-cardinal  extremity  angular 
or  subangular.  Surface  of  the  valves  strongly  convex  from  the 
dorsal  to  the  ventral  margins,  slightly  convex  longitudinally 
across  the  greater  portion  of  the  central  part  of  the  shell,  and 
curving  rather  abruptly  to  the  anterior  margin ;  an  angular  um- 
bonal  ridge  passes  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity ; 
the  post-umbonal  slope  abrupt,  usually  a  little  concave;  the  pos- 
terior extremity  of  the  right  valve  compressed  and  a  little  pro- 
duced. Surface  of  the  shell,  as  seen  in  impressions  of  the  exterior, 
marked  by  rather  fine,  more  or  less  irregular,  concentric  lines  of 
growth,  which  become  more  conspicuous  near  the  ventral  margin 
and  upon  the  post-umbonal  slope.  In  the  casts  the  surface  is 
smoother,  the  umbonal  ridge  is  less  angular  and  the  muscular 
impressions  are  inconspicuous. 

Remarks. — This  is  the  commonest  member  of  the  genus  in  the 
nodules  at  Lorillard,  and  can  be  recognized  from  all  other 
species  in  New  Jersey,  by  its  elongate  form,  with  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  margins  more  or  less  subparallel. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Haddonfield  (164). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Corbula  bisulcata  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXIL,  Figs.  15-22. 

1875.     Corbula  bisulcata  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.,  p.  n, 

pi.  2,  figs.  13-14. 
1886.     Corbula  Foulkei  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i   (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  1 80,  pi.  23,  figs.  27-29.     (Not  C. 

foulkei  Lea.) 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  partially  restored  speci- 
men, a  plaster  cast  taken  from  a  natural  mould,  are:  length, 
13.5  mm.;  height,  8  mm.;  thickness,  6.5  mm.  Shell  subcuneate 
behind,  full  and  rounded  in  front.  Beaks  small,  incurved,  situ- 
ated back  of  the  middle,  pointing  posteriorly.  Antero-cardinal 


MOLLUSCA.  639 

margin  long,  straight  near  the  beaks  and  curving  gently  down- 
ward in  front,  subparallel  with  the  basal  margin;  anterior  mar- 
gin regularly  rounded;  basal  margin  nearly  straight,  curving 
upward  in  front;  postero-basal  extremity  angular;  post-cardinal 
margin  concave.  Valves  strongly  ventricose  in  front,  com- 
pressed behind,  the  ventral  margin  of  the  right  valve  overlap- 
ping that  of  the  left  and  its  posterior  extremity  more  produced, 
beaks  of  the  two  valves  subequal;  an  angular  umbonal  ridge  is 
present  on  the  right  valve,  with  a  narrow  slightly  concave  post- 
umbonal  slope;  on  trie  left  valve  the  umbonal  ridge  is  obsolete. 
Surface  of  the  valves  marked  by  rather  fine,  concentric  lines  of 
growth. 

Perfect  internal  casts  are  subcuneate,  but  not  so  greatly  pro- 
duced posteriorly  as  the  shells,  the  muscular  impressions  are  con- 
spicuous the  whole  area  of  the  casts  between  the  muscular  impres- 
sions and  the  pallial  line  being  strongly  inflated. 

Remarks.* — Johnson  states  that  the  specimens  from  Haddon- 
field  which  were  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  C.  fowlkei,  are  not  that 
species  but  C.  bisulcata  Con.  An  examination  of  the  type  speci- 
mens in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sciences 
has  confirmed  the  statement  of  Johnson.  The  species  occurs  in 
abundance  in  the  Clifrwood  clays,  and  it  seems  to  be  one  of  the 
most  characteristic  species  in  the  fauna  of  that  horizon.  They 
occur  usually  in  the  form  of  internal  casts,  some  of  which  are  very 
perfect,  and  some  good  moulds  of  the  exterior  have  been  found. 
From  one  of  these  moulds,  which  is  complete  in  its  more  essen- 
tial parts,  the  cast  used  in  the  description  of  the  shell  was  taken ; 
the  antero-basal  region  of  the  mould  is  lacking,  but  this  portion 
of  the  shell  has  been  easily  restored  from  the  form  of  the  internal 
casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — Oliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(185),  near  Matawan  (107,  189)  ;  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near 
Matawan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163);  Wood- 
bury  clay,  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Mis- 
sissippi, Arkansas. 


640      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Corbula  foulkei  Lea. 

Plate  LXXIL.  Figs.  23-26. 

1861.     Corbula  foulkei  Lea,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1861), 

p.   149. 
1864.     Corbula  foulkei  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  15. 

1868.     Corbula  foulkii  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1886.     Corbula  subcompressa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  1 80,  pi.  23,  fig.  26. 
1905.     Corbula  foulkei   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  17. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  individual, 
a  planter  cast  taken  from  a  natural  mould,  are  :  length,  12.5  mm. ; 
height,  9  mm. ;  thickness,  6  mm.  The  dimensions  of  the  perfect 
internal  cast  of  the  same  individual  are :  length,  1 1  mm. ;  height, 
8  mm.;  thickness,  5.5  mm.  Shell  subtriangular  in  outline;  the 
beaks  slightly  in  front  of  the  center,  moderately  incurved,  point- 
ing a  little  forward.  Hinge-line  arcuate;  anterior  and  posterior 
cardinal  margins  sloping  symmetrically  on  either  side  of  the 
beak,  and  meeting  at  an  angle  of  about  122° ;  anterior  margin 
rounding  from  the  cardinal  into'  the  basal  margin;  basal  margin 
moderately  convex,  curving  upward  more  abruptly  in  front  than 
behind;  postero-basal  extremity  angular;  posterior  margin 
obliquely  truncate,  meeting  the  post-cardinal  margin  in  a  broadly 
obtuse  angle.  Valves  moderately  and  subequally  convex,  with 
an  angular  umbonal  ridge;  middle  portion  of  the  valve  gently 
convex,  the  surface  curving  somewhat  abruptly  to  the  antero- 
cardinal  margin;  post-umbonal  slope  narrow,  concave,  rather 
abrupt.  Surface  of  shell  marked  by  inconspicuous  lines  of 
growth.  In  the  internal  cast  the  beaks  are  broader  and  blunter, 
and  the  left  valve  seems  to  be  slightly  more  convex  than  the 
right;  the  muscular  impressions  are  strongly  impressed,  indi- 
cating a  thickening  of  the  shell  at  these  points,  and  giving  to 
the  area  between  them  and  the  pallial  line  a  somewhat  inflated 
appearance. 


MOLLUSCA.  641 

Remarks. — The  specimen  which  has  been  used  as  the  basis  for 
the  preceding1  description  is  a  very  perfect  internal  cast  with  the 
accompanying  natural  mould  of  the  exterior  from  which  a  cast 
has  been  taken  to  show  the  external  features  of  the  shell.  This 
cast  has  the  right  valve  complete  except  for  a  slight  restoration 
along  the  vent-ral  margin,  the  left  valve  being  less  complete.  This 
specimen  has  been  compared  with  the  type  of  the  species,  which 
has  never  been  illustrated,  and  the  agreement  is  close  except  that 
the  specimen  here  illustrated  is  larger.  The  casts  of  this  species 
somewhat  resemble  those  of  C.  bisulcata,  but  the  central  portion 
of  that  species  is  much  more  inflated,  with  more  deeply  impressed 
muscular  impressions.  Whitfield's  illustration  of  C.  siibcom- 
pr.essa,  on  comparison  with  the  type  of  that  species,  proves  to  be 
entirely  different,  and  the  specimen  from  which  it  was  drawn  is 
believed  to  be  an  example  of  C.  foulkei. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan 
(103),  near  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXII.,  Figs.  27-28. 

1860.  Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

sen,  vol.  4,  p.  394,  pi.  68,  fig.  25. 

1861.  Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

1 66  (no). 
1864.     Corbida  crassiplicata  M'eek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 

1868.     Corbula  crassiplicata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1875.     Corbula  perbrevis  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.,  p.  nr 

pi.  2,  fig.  5. 
1886.     Corbula  crassiplica  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i    (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  178,  pi.  23,  fig.  30. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  right  valve  are:  length,  6 
mm. ;  height,  5  mm.     Shell  subtriangular  in  form.     Beaks  large, 
inflated  and  enrolled,  situated  a  little  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the 
41  PAI, 


642      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

shell.  Hinge-line  arcuate ;  antero-cardinal  margin  sloping  rather 
abruptly  forward  to  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell  below  the 
middle ;  basal  margin  convex  anteriorly  through  the  greater  por- 
tion of  its  length,  becoming  concave  behind;  posten>basal  ex- 
tremity angular ;  posterior  margin  short,  vertically  truncate,  curv- 
ing rather  abruptly  above  into  the  long  sloping  postero-cardinal 
margin.  Right  valve  strongly  ventricose,  with  an  angular  um- 
bonal  ridge  which  is  faint  or  obsolete  towards  the  beak,  becom- 
ing conspicuous  as  it  approaches  the  postero-basal  angle  of  the 
shell ;  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge  in  the  lower  half  of  the  shell 
is  a  rather  narrow  but  distinct  sinus  which  forms  the  posterior 
sinuosity  in  the  basal  margin;  the  post-umbonal  slope  concave. 
Surface  of  the  valve  marked  with  nine  or  ten  strong,  rounded, 
elevated,  concentric  costae,  which  continue  from  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  shell  to  the  sinus  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge, 
the  interspaces  about  equaling  the  ribs  in  width.  On  the  umbo  the 
concentric  markings  are  reduced  rather  abruptly  from  the  strong 
costae  to  fine  concentric  lines ;  passing  over  the  umbonal  ridge 
and  down  the  posterior  slope,  are  rather  fine,  sublamellose,  con- 
centric lines  of  growth.  Left  valve  much  less  ventricose  than  the 
right  and  the  beak  much  less  produced,  the  surface  marked  only 
with  more  or  less  irregular  concentric  lines  without  the  strong 
costae. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  a  long  range  in  the  Cretaceous 
beds  of  New  Jersey,  and  can  always  be  easily  recognized  by  the 
peculiar  markings  of  the  right  valve  which  can  frequently  be 
seen  as  impressions  in  the  matrix.  The  species  is  quite  charac- 
teristic of  the  Woodbury  clay,  in  which  formation  it  sometimes 
occurs  in  great  numbers.  In  most  of  the  other  formations,  how- 
ever, it  is  comparatively  rare.  The  only  other  New  Jersey 
species  with  which  it  is  in  danger  of  being  confused  is  C.  cliff- 
woodensis  which  is  much  larger  and  lacks  the  sinus  in  front  of 
the  umbonal  ridge.  The  species  is  very  similar  to  C.  murchisonia 
Lea  from  the  Claiborne  Eocene. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Ma- 
tawan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  .140,  141),  Lenola  (163); 
Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Haddonfield  (164,  165, 
1 68,  183);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (130),  near  Craw- 


MOLLUSCA.  643 

fords  Corner   (i263);  Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford   (i482); 
Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116),  near  Middletown  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Texas, 
Arkansas. 

Corbula  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIL,  Figs.  29-30. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  of  a  right 
valve  are:  length,  9.5  mm.;  height,  8  mm.;  convexity,  3.5  mm. 
Shell  subtriangular  in  outline;  the  beak  large  and  broad,  in- 
curved. Hinge-line  arcuate;  antero-cardinal  margin  sloping 
abruptly  downward  to  below  the  middle  of  the  valve;  anterior 
margin  rounding  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line 
into  the  basal  margin ;  basal  margin  convex ;  postero-basal  ex- 
tremity sharply  rounded;  post-cardinal  margin  concave.  Right 
valve  strongly  ventricose  in  the  middle,  rounding  abruptly  to  the 
anterior  and  antero-cardinal  margin,  with  an  angular  umbonal 
ridge  extending  obliquely  backward  from  behind  the  beak  in  a 
concavely  curved  line  to  the  postero-basal  extremity;  post- 
umbonal  slope  abrupt,  concave;  the  valve  compressed  towards 
the  posterior  extremity.  Surface  of  the  right  valve  marked  by 
strong,  rounded,  concentric  ribs,  which  originate  at  the  antero- 
cardinal  margin,  grow  stronger  in  the  middle  of  the  shell  and 
become  obsolete  just  before  reaching  the  umbonal  ridge;  about 
26  of  these  ribs  are  recognizable  on  a  shell  8  mm.  in  height,  which 
regularly  increase  in  strength  from  the  umbo  to  the  ventral 
margin ;  post-umbonal  slope  marked  only  by  concentric  lines  of 
growth. 

Remarks. — Only  the  right  valve  of  this  species  has  been  ob- 
served. It  is  a  close  ally  of  C.  crassiplica,  but  grows  much 
larger,  with  comparatively  finer  concentric  ribs,  and  it  lacks  the 
distinct  sulcus  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge.  The  species  is  a 
close  analog  of  C.  bicarinata  Con.  from  the  Eocene  of  Mississippi, 
having  about  the  same  relation  to  that  species  that  C.  crassiplica 
has  to  C.  murchisoni  Lea.  The  specimens  observed  are  all  inter- 
nal casts  and  impressions  of  the  exterior. 

Formation    and    locality. — Cliffwood    clay,    Cliffwood    Point 

(185). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


644      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Corbula  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXXIL,  Figs.  37-38. 

Description.  —  The  dimensions  of  a  perfect  internal  cast  are: 
length,  6  mm.  ;  height,  4  mm.  ;  thickness,  3  mm.  The  dimen- 
sions of  a  larger  left  valve  are  :  length,  9  mm.  ;  height,  6  mm. 
Shell  ovate-subcuneate  in  outline,  the  ventral  margin  of  the  right 
valve  overlapping  the  left;  beaks  subcentral,  pointing  slightly 
forward,  that  of  the  right  valve  a  little  more  elevated  and  sharper 
in  the  cast  than  that  of  the  left.  Hinge-line  arcuate  ;  anterior 
and  posterior  cardinal  margins  sloping  symmetrically  from  the 
beak,  where  they  meet  in  an  angle  of  about  120°  ;  anterior  mar- 
gin regularly  rounded;  ventral  margin  gently  convex;  postero- 
basal  extremity  angular;  posterior  margin  truncate  below,  sub- 
angular  above  or  curving  into  the  postero-cardinal  margin. 
Valves  gently  convex  in  their  central  portion,  the  surface  curving" 
abruptly  to  the  antero-cardinal  border;  posteriorly  an  angular 
umbonal  ridge  separates  the  body  of  the  shell  from  the  post- 
umbonal  slope;  post-umbonal  slope  short,  abrupt,  concave.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  nearly  smooth,  marked  only  by  fine,  inconspicu- 
ous lines  of  growth  which  become  a  little  more  prominent  on  the 
post-umbonal  slope.  In  the  cast  the  angular  umbonal  ridge  of 
the  exterior  of  the  shell  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete,  and  the.  mus- 
cular impressions  are  inconspicuous. 

Formation    and    locality.  —  Cliffwood    clay,    Cliffwood    Point 


Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey. 

Corbula  swedesboroensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIL,  Figs.  33-36. 

Description.  —  The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  right  valve 
are:  length,  12.5  mm.;  height,  9  mm.;  convexity,  3.5  mm.;  a 
larger  imperfect  valve  is  15  mm.  in  length.  Shell  subovate  in 
outline;  the  beak  in  front  of  the  middle,  rather  small,  a  little 
incurved,  pointing  forward.  Anterior  and  posterior  cardinal 
margins  meeting  at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  133°  ;  anterior 


MOLLUSCA.  645 

margin  regularly  rounded  from  the  cardinal  to  the  basal  margin ; 
ventral  margin  gently  convex,  with  a  slight  sinuosity  just  in  front 
of  the  posterior  extremity ;  postero-basal  extremity  angular ; 
posterior  margin  short,  truncate,  slightly  oblique;  postero-car- 
dinal  extremity  obtusely  angular;  posten>cardinal  margin 
nearly  straight.  Right  valve  with  a  low,  angular,  slightly 
sigmoidal  umbonal  ridge;  the  most  prominent  portion  of  the 
valve  below  the  beak,  the  surface  curving  somewhat  abruptly 
to  the  antero-cardinal  margin  and  more  gently  towards  the 
umbonal  ridge,  just  in  front  of  which,  in  the  lower  half  of 
the  shell,  is  a  shallow  and  inconspicuous  sinus;  post-umbonal 
slope  rather  gentle,  concave.  Surface  of  the  valve  marked  by 
iine,  concentric  costae,  which  become  more  pronounced  towards 
the  ventral  margin  and  upon  the  post-umbonal  slope.  Left  valve 
not  known. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  described  from  a  nearly  perfect 
right  valve,  from  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  near  Swedesboro. 
The  shell  substance  is  preserved  and  all  the  external  characters 
are  clearly  visible.  The  shell  resembles  C.  subgibbosa  Con.,  in 
general  form,  but  has  the  beaks  pointing  forward  instead  of  pos- 
teriorly, as  in  that  species.  It  also  resembles  the  original  illus- 
tration of  C.  subcompressa  Gabb,  but  it  has  the  beak  further 
forward  and  the  posterior  margin  less  oblique. 

A  single  internal  cast  of  a  Corbula  from  the  Cliffwood  clay  has 
been  referred  to  this  species ;  the  beak  is  somewhat  more  obtuse* 
the  umbonal  ridge  less  angular,  and  the  posterior  margin  some- 
what narrower  than  in  the  specimen  preserving  the  shell,  but 
these  are  all  differences  which  might  be  expected  in  a  cast  of  the 
interior  of  the  shell.  Another  somewhat  distorted  internal  cast 
from  the  Woodbury  clay  near  Haddonfield,  is  also  placed  in  this 
same  species.  Both  of  these  internal  casts  retain  traces  of  the 
concentric  surface  markings,  which  agree  closely  with  those  of 
the  shell  itself. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(189);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Matawan  (101);  Wood- 
bury  clay,  near  Haddonfield  (165);  Marshalltown  clay-marl, 
near  Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


646      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  SAXICAVIDAB. 

Genus  PANOPEA  Menard. 

Panopea  decisa  Conrad. 

Plate  LXXIII,  Figs.  3-5. 

1853.     Panopaa  decisa  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  275,  pi.  24,  fig".  19. 
1861.     Glycimeris  decisa  Gabb,  Synop.   Moll.   Cret.  Form.,  p. 

181  (125). 
1864.     Panopaa  decisa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  15. 

1868.     Glycimeris  decisa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1868.     Panjopea  decisa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  181,  pi.  24,  figs.  5-8. 
1905.     Panopea   decisa   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  18. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  specimen  are :  length, 
about  80  mm.;  height,  51  mm.;  thickness,  35  mm.  Shell  more 
or  less  subelliptical  in  outline,  widely  gaping  behind  and  closed  in 
front.  Beaks  central  or  a  little  in  front  of  the  center  of  the  shell, 
moderately  large  and  incurved.  Hinge-line  nearly  straight;  an- 
terior margin  rounded,  its  greatest  extension  below  the  middle; 
basal  margin  nearly  straight  or  gently  convex;  usually  subpar- 
allel  with  the  hinge-line;  posterior  margin  curving  more  or 
less  abruptly  upward  and  backward  from  the  basal  margin, 
obliquely  truncate  below,  rounding  into  the  cardinal  margin 
above.  Valves  rather  ventricose,  with  a  rounded,  oblique,  an- 
terior, umbonal  ridge  becoming  broader  and  more  or  less  obso- 
lete below ;  from  the  umbo  the  surface  slopes  rather  abruptly  in 
front  and  gently  behind;  from  the  posterior  side  of  the  beak  a 
rather  broad,  shallow,  indefinite  sinus  extends  obliquely  back- 
wards towards  the  postero-basal  angle,  usually  becoming  obsolete 
in  the  outer  portion  of  large  individuals.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  by  strong,  more  or  less  irregular,  concentric  undulations. 


MOLLUSCA.  647 

Remarks. — This  species  has  a  rather  long  range  in  the  New 
Jersey  Cretaceous  beds,  but  it  is  most  characteristically  a  member 
of  the  Merchantville  fauna.  It  reaches  its  largest  size  at  this 
horizon,  those  of  the  higher  formations  rarely  exceeding  50  mm. 
in  length,  and  usually  being  even  smaller  than  this. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (ioo4,  101),  near  Jamesburg  (140),  Lenola  (163)  ;  Wood- 
bury  clay,  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (164)  ;  Wenonah 
sand,  near  Marlboro  (130) ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (195)  ; 
Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas. 

Panopea  elliptica  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXIIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1886.     Panopea  elliptica.  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  219,  pi.  28,  figs.  24-25. 

Description. — The  type  specimen  of  this  species  is  too  imperfect 
to  allow  accurate  measurements,  but  the  dimensions  of  the  best 
preserved  specimen  which  has  been  observed  are:  length,  62.5 
mm.;  height,  38  mm.;  thickness,  27.5  mm.  Shell  subelliptical  in 
outline.  Hinge-line  long  and  nearly  straight;  anterior  margin 
rounded,  the  greatest  extension  at  or  above  the  mid-height  of  the 
shell ;  basal  margin  convex,  curving  upward  in  front  and  behind 
into  the  anterior  and  posterior  margins ;  posterior  margin  more 
broadly  rounded  than  the  anterior,  the  greatest  extension  at  the 
middle.  Beaks  broad  and  moderately  prominent,  pointed  for- 
ward ;  the  anterior  umbonal  slope  more  abrupt  than  the  posterior. 
Valves  rather  strongly  convex,  with  an  indefinite,  rounded,  an- 
terior umbonal  ridge ;  posterior  umbonal  ridge  obsolete.  Surface 
of  the  cast  marked  by  rather  strong,  more  or  less  irregular,  con- 
centric undulations. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  very  imperfect  in- 
ternal casts,  the  most  perfect  of  which  was  selected  by  Whitfield 
as  the  type.  In  his  interpretation  of  it,  the  author  of  the  species 


648      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

evidently  reversed  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  of  the 
shell.  It  is  not  possible  to  determine  from  the  specimen  to  what 
extent  the  shell  was  gaping,  but  it  appears  to  have  been  nearly 
or  quite  closed  in  front  and  gaping  behind.  The  species  differs 
from  P.  decisa  of  the  lower  beds,  in  its  more  slender  form  and 
more  rounded  extremities,  especially  the  posterior,  which  lacks 
entirely  the  oblique  truncation. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  New  Egypt 
(Whitfield),  Medford. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  GASTROCHAENIDAB. 

Genus  GASTROCHAENA  Spengler. 

Gastrochaena  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXXIIL,  Figs.  10-12. 

Description. — Diameter  of  the  tube  14.5  mm.  at  its  larger, 
closed  extremity,  decreasing  to  n  mm.  in  a  distance  of  22  mm. 
Shell  broadly  gaping  ventrally  and  posteriorly,  the  beaks  anterior ; 
the  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  length,  16  mm. ;  height, 
8.5  mm.  Valves  somewhat  twisted,  subtriangular  in  outline, 
truncated  behind  and  pointed  in  front,  but  with  the  anterior, 
pointed  extremity  inflected  almost  at  a  right  angle  so  that  in 
lateral  view  the  valves  appear  to  be  quadrangular,  the  dorsal 
margin  gently  convex  posteriorly.  A  low,  obtusely  angular,  very 
oblique  umbonal  ridge  extends  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal 
angle,  below  this  ridge  the  surface  is  slightly  concave  to  the  ven- 
tral margin,  above  it  is  convex  nearly  to  the  dorsal  margin  where 
it  becomes  a  little  concave.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine, 
concentric  lines  of  growth  which  bend  upward  abruptly  at  the 
oblique  umbonal  ridge;  upon  the  ventral  region  and  especially 
upon  the  inflected  anterior  extremities  of  the  valves,  the  markings 
become  somewhat  sublamellose. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  based  upon  a  single  very  perfect 
cast  of  a  complete  shell,  with  a  partial  impression  of  the  external 
surface  showing  the  surface  markings.  A  cast  of  the  inner  por- 


MOLLUSCA.  649 

tion  of  the  tube  was  also  originally  preserved,  but  this  has  been 
partially  destroyed  in  removing  the  shell.  The  tube  differs  from 
those  in  the  Vincentown  limesand  which  have  been  described  as 
G.  americana,  and  of  which  the  shell  has  never  been  observed, 
in  its  less  slender  form  and  in  the  absence  of  the  conspicuous, 
irregular  annulations. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Bruere's  pits,  near 
Walnford  (195). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Gastrochaena  linguiformis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIIL,  Fig.  9. 

Description. — Tube  of  the  type  specimen  with  a  diameter  of 
1 1  mm.  Dimensions  of  the  right  valve :  height  7.3,  mm. ;  length, 
about  19  mm.  Valves  of  the  shell  linguiform,  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  margins  nearly  •  straight  and  subparallel,  the  posterior 
margin  regularly  rounded,  the  anterior  margin  not  preserved  in 
the  type.  Right  valve  gently  convex  throughout,  the  left  valve 
a  little  more  convex  and  somewhat  twisted.  Valves  marked  by 
concentric  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  G. 
whitfieldi  by  its  more  elongate  and  linguiform  valves  and  the 
rounded  posterior  margin. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (140). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Gastrochaena  americana  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXIIL,  Fig.  13. 

1860.  Gastroch&na  Americana   Gabb,   Jour.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  393,  pi.  68,  fig.  20. 

1861.  Gastroch&na  Americana  Gabb,  Synop.  Mbll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  180  (124). 

1 86 1.     Polorthus  Americana  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
.  367. 


650      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Gastrochana.  americana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  15. 
1864.     Polarthus  americanus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss  N.  A.r 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  16. 
1872.     Polorthus  Americanus  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1872),  p.  259,  pi.  8,  fig.  8. 
1886.     Gastrochcuna   Americana    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  203,  pi.  figs.  17-18. 
1905.     Gastrockena  americana  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci, 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  18. 

Description. — Tubes  solitary,  elongate-conical,  the  larger  ex- 
tremity rounded;  attaining  a  length  in  the  largest  examples  of 
75  mm.,  and  a  maximum  diameter  of  about  12  mm.;  the  minor 
diameter  is  usually  about  5  or  6  mm. ;  diameter  increasing  gradu- 
ally and  more  or  less  irregularly,  usually  being  i  mm.  in  a  length 
of  from  6  mm.  to  16  mm.  Surface  irregularly  marked  by  annular 
wrinkles  and  constrictions  arising  from  what  have  been  the 
rounded;  extremity  of  the  tube  at  different  stages  of  its  growth. 
Some  specimens  have  almost  the  appearance  of  worn  specimens 
of  Orikoceras,  but  with  the  septa  convex  towards  the  larger 
instead  of  the  smaller  extremity.  No  remains  of  a  bivalve  shell 
have  ever  been  observed. 

Remarks. — This  species,  with  Morton's  Teredo  tibialis  were 
placed  by  Gabb  in  his  genus  Polorthus.  The  two  species  agree  in 
being  the  tubes  of  some  form  of  boring  mollusk  of  which  no- 
bivalve  shell  is  known,  and  apparently  in  having  the  tube  septate. 
In  the  details  of  their  structure  the  two  forms  are  very  different, 
and  it  can  be  hardly  possible  that  they  are  really  cogeneric.  Inas- 
much, however,  as  it  is  not  possible  to  determine  the  exact  generic 
relations  of  these  tubes  at  the  present  time,  it  seems  best  to  con- 
tinue them  under  the  name  G 'astro chaena,  the  genus  to  which  they 
were  first  ascribed  and  to  which  they  have  been  most  commonly 
referred. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  New  Egypt 
(143),  Timber  Creek  (Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  651 

< 

Super-family  ADESMACEA. 
Family  PHOLADIDAE. 

Genus  PHOLAS  Linneus. 
Pholas  cithara  Morton. 
Plate  LXXIV.,  Fig.  7. 

1834.     Pholas  cithara  Morton,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  68,  pi.  9,  fig.  10. 
1852.     Pholas  pectrosa  Con.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1852- 

53),  p.  200. 
1854.     Pholas  pectrosa  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

sen,  vol.  2,  p.  299,  pi.  27,  fig.  9. 
1861.     Pholas  cithara  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  222 

(166). 
1864.     Pholas  cithara  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  16. 

1868.     Clavipholas  cithara  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1876.     Martesia    cithara    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  304. 
1886.     Pholas  cithara  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  187,  pi.  25,  figs.  14-16. 
1905.     Pholas   pectrosa   John.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  18. 

Description. — Shell  subovate  in  outline,  sometimes  more  or 
less  pointed  posteriorly  and  subtruncate  anteriorly,  giving  to  it 
a  subtriangular  outline.  Hinge-line  straight,  one-half  or  more 
than  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell;  anterior  margin  rounded, 
basal  margin  gently  convex,  straight  or  sometimes  slightly  sin- 
uate; postero-ventral  extremity  more  or  less  sharply  rounded, 
postero-dorsal  margin  oblique,  gently  convex  to  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  hinge-line.  Beaks  situated  about  one-sixth  of 
the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity,  rather  broad, 
enrolled  and  approximate.  Valves  most  prominent  along  a  line 
extending  almost  vertically  from  the  anterior  side  of  the  beak  to 
the  ventral  margin  of  the  shell;  from  this  rounded  umbonal 
prominence  the  surface  slopes  abruptly  to  the  anterior  margin 


652      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

and  gently  to  the  posterior,  giving  to  the  shell  a  strongly  cuneate 
outline  when  viewed  from  the  ventral  or  dorsal  aspect.  In  the 
casts  a  slit-like  groove  or  shallow  incision  passes  from  the  pos- 
terior side  of  the  beak  obliquely  backward  to  about  the  middle 
of  the  ventral  margin.  In  front  of  this  incision,  between  it  and 
•the  umbonal  prominence,  the  surface  of  the  valve  is  depressed  in 
a  shallow,  ill-defined  sinus  which  is  sometimes  nearly  or  quite 
obsolete.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  distinct,  concentric, 
band-like  ridges  which  become  fainter  posteriorly,  becoming 
nearly  or  quite  obsolete  before  reaching  the  postero-dorsal  mar- 
gin. Marked  also  by  radiating  ribs  which  are  strong  and  some- 
what distant  in  front,  becoming  fainter  and  closer  together  back 
of  the  umbonal  prominence,  and  again  stronger  and  more  dis- 
tinct back  of  the  oblique  incision;  upon  the  postero-dorsal  slope 
they  become  obsolete.  At  the  junction  of  the  concentric  and 
radiating  ribs  flattened  nodes  are  formed. 

The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  right  valve  are :  length, 
27.5  mm. ;  height,  16  mm. ;  convexity,  8  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  seems  to  have  a  long  range  in  the  Cre- 
taceous beds  of  New  Jersey,  but  it  is  always  rare.  The  individual 
illustrated  by  Whitfield  from  Tinton  Falls  is  narrower  behind 
and  more  triangular  in  outline  than  is  usual. 

Formation  and  Locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Ma- 
tawan  (101);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  Crosswicks 
(168);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263),  near 
Marlboro  (Whitfield);  Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls  (Conrad); 
?  Vincentown  limesand  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Genus  TURNUS  Gabb. 

Turnus  kiimmeli  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIV.,  Figs.  4-6. 

Description. — Tubes  penetrating  masses  of  wood,  exceedingly 
tortuous  and  contorted,  gradually  increasing  in  size  from  their 
point  of  origin  and  so  far  as  observed,  reaching  a  maximum 


MOLLUSCA.  653 

diameter  of  9  mm.  The  dimensions  of  a  large  shell  are :  length, 
10  mm. ;  height,  9  mm. ;  depth  of  one  valve,  5.5  mm.  The  hinge- 
line  is  about  .7  of  the  total  length  of  the  shell.  In  anterior  view 
the  shell  is  cordate  in  outline,  each  valve  being  irregularly  sub- 
ovate  in  lateral  view.  Beaks  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  shell, 
pointed  and  strongly  incurved,  umbones  very  prominent,  the 
valves  compressed  posteriorly  and  not  gaping.  The  antero-basal 
hiatus  rectangular,  large  and  deep,  occupying  nearly  the  entire 
anterior  side  of  the  shell,  its  upper  margin  two-thirds  the  total 
height  of  the  shell  from  the  ventral  margin.  Ventral  and  pos- 
terior margins  rounded.  Umbonal  sulcus  deep  and  narrow  and 
slightly  oblique,  on  each  side  the  surface  of  the  valve  is  raised  in 
a  slight  rib  which  becomes  stronger,  especially  the  posterior  one, 
towards  the  ventral  margin  of  the  valve.  In  the  internal  cast 
a  shallow  ill-defined  furrow  originates  on  the  posterior  side  of 
the  beak  and  extends  obliquely  backward  towards  the  postero- 
ventral  margin,  becoming  almost  obsolete  as  it  approaches  the 
margin.  On  the  anterior  side  of  the  beak  a  narrower  and  shal- 
lower, but  more  sharply  defined  furrow  originates  and  continues 
to  the  inner  angle  of  the  anterior  hiatus  of  the  valve.  The  finer 
surface  markings  are  not  well  shown  upon  the  internal  cast,  but 
they  apparently  consist  of  fine  and  inconspicuous  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  member  of  Meek's  subgenus 
Goniochasma.  The  type  specimens  are  from  the  same  fragment 
of  fossil  wood  which  has  furnished  the  examples  of  Martesia 
cretacea.  The  largest  one  has  occupied  a  burrow,  now  filled  with 
sand  and  pyrite,  9  mm.  in  diameter,  whose  direction  is  with  the 
grain  of  the  wood  nearly  in  the  center  of  the  specimen.  The 
tubes  of  this  species  are  essentially  identical  with  those  of  Teredo 
irregularis,  and  without  knowledge  of  the  shells  themselves  the 
two  forms  cannot  be  distinguished.  The  burrows  of  Martesia  cre- 
tacea, however,  are  all  normal  to  the  surface  of  the  wood  which 
they  penetrate  only  a  short  distance  deeper  than  the  length  of 
the  shells. 

A  single  example  of  the  species  has  been  observed  from  the 
Merchantville  formation  at  Lenola.  This  specimen  is  a  smaller 
one,  only  6.5  mm.  in  length,  and  is  a  very  imperfect  internal  cast. 
So  far  as  can  be  determined  it  has  essentially  the  same  form  and 


654      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

proportions  as  the  type,  but  the  two  furrows  originating  upon 
the  anterior  and  posterior  sides  of  the  beak  can  not  be  detected, 
and  seem  to  have  been  absent.  This  may  be  due  to  the  smaller 
and  possibly  younger  shell. 

A  little  shell  from  Corsicana,  Texas,  in  the  collection  of  the 
National  Museum  at  Washington,  is  apparently  identical  with 
the  New  Jersey  specimens. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  Reeves'  clay  pit, 
Lenola  (163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

Genus  MARTESIA  Leach. 

Martesia  cretacea  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXIV.,  Figs.  8-n. 

1860.  Pholas  cretacea  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  393,  pi.  68,  fig.  18. 

1 86 1.  Pholas  cretacea    ?   Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p,  324. 
1864.     Pholas  cretacea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  16. 

1868.     Pholas  ?  cretacea  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1876.     Martesia  cretacea  Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  304. 
1886.     Martesia  (Pholas}   cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.   i 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  190,  pi.  25,  figs.  20- 

23- 
1905.     Pholas    cretacea   John.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p..  18. 
1905.     Martesia  cretacea  John.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  18. 

Description. — Shell  small,  subhemispherical  in  front,  cuneate 
behind,  the  beaks  strongly  incurved,  umbones  prominent.  The 
anterior  margin  rounding  regularly  from  the  anterior  extremity 


MOLLUSCA.  655 

of  the  hinge-line  into  the  straight  basal  margin,  posterior  margin 
subtruncate,  post-cardinal  margin  sloping  backward  from  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge-line.  Surface  of  each  valve 
marked  by  a  deep,  narrow  groove,  extending  from  the  beak 
obliquely  backward  to  the  ventral  margin  which  it  meets  in 
front  of  the  middle  of  the  shell;  in  most  individuals  a  second 
groove  close  to  and  parallel  with  the  first,  but  a  little  wider  and 
shallower,  is  introduced  a  short  distance  below  the  beak  and 
continues  to  the  margin.  The  anterior  region  of  the  shell  is 
marked  by  fine  costse  which  bend  abruptly  upward  in  front  of  the 
oblique  grooves,  continuing  to  above  the  middle  of  the  shell, 
where  they  make  a  nearly  rectangular  turn  and  continue  in  a 
horizontal  direction  to  the  anterior  margin,  surrounding  two 
sides  of,  and  sharply  differentiating,  a  smooth,  triangular,  slightly 
raised  area  in  the  antero-ventral  region  of  each  valve.  The  pos- 
terior region  of  the  shell  is  marked  by  broader,  rounded  costse, 
parallel  with  the  margin  of  the  valves. 

The  dimensions  of  a  specimen  of  average  size  are :  length,  7 
mm. ;  height,  4.5  mm. ;  greatest  thickness,  4.8  mm. 

Reinarks. — The  name  Pholas  cretucea  was  originally  applied 
to  a  group  of  casts  of  the  tubes  of  one  of  the  Pholadidae,  without 
any  knowledge  of  the  shell  characters.  At  a  later  date  the  orig- 
inal author  of  the  species  described  a  single  individual  of  a  shell 
and  referred  it  to  the  same  species  as  the  previously  described 
tubes  "because  it  is  of  about  the  proper  size  to  form  such  tubes." 
In  themselves,  the  tubes  of  this  group  of  pelecypods  possess  no 
characters  which  can  be  used  for  specific  determination,  and  con- 
sequently the  species  Pholas  cretacea,  afterwards  referred  to  the 
genus  Martesia,  may  be  considered  as  founded  upon  the  shell 
described  by  Gabb.  Whitfield  has  illustrated  Gabb's  specimen 
and  redescribed  it,  but  he  saw  no  additional  specimens.  In  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey  50  or  more  individuals  of  this 
species  have  been  observed  in  a  fragment  of  fossil  wood  from 
i  to  il/2  inches  in  diameter  and  8  inches  long.  The  entire  sur- 
face of  this  wood  is  filled  with  the  burrows  of  this  species,  and 
in  each  burrow  is  a  well  preserved  shell  or  the  internal  cast  of  a 
shell.  These  specimens  show  some  variation  in  several  charac- 


656      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

ters,  but  a  comparison  with  Gabb's  type  of  M.  cretacea  has  shown 
them  to  be  not  essentially  different  from  that  species.  Some  of 
the  examples  are  shorter  than  usual  and  consequently  taper  more 
abruptly  to  the  posterior  extremity  than  the  average  form,  but 
the  most  important  variation  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  the 
supplementary  oblique  furrow  in  front  of  the  primary  one  ex- 
tending from  the  beak  to  the  ventral  margin.  In  the  majority 
of  individuals  this  furrow  is  present  and  its  absence  is  more  apt 
to  be  a  feature  of  the  smaller  and  presumably  younger  shells.  In 
a  few  specimens  of  nearly  maximum  size  this  furrow  is  nearly 
obsolete,  being  noticeable  only  near  the  ventral  margin,  and  in 
one  specimen  it  is  absent  from  one  valve  although  faintly  indi- 
cated on  the  other. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey.    • 

Family  TEBEDINIDAE. 

Genus  TEREDO  Linneus. 
Teredo  irregularis  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXIV.,  Figs.  1-3. 

1834.     Teredo  tibidis  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 
p.  68  (in  part). 

1860.  Teredo  irregularis  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  393,  pi.  68,  fig.  19. 

1861.  Teredo    contorta    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p.  323. 
1 86 1.     Teredo  irregularis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

230  (174). 
1864.     Teredo  contorta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  16. 
1864.     Teredo  irregularis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  16. 

1868.     Teredo  contorta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1868.     Teredo  irregularis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 


MOLLUSCA.  657 

1886.     Teredo  irregularis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  $.,  vol.  9),  p.  191,  pi.  25,  figs.  18-19. 
1905.     Teredo  irregularis  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  18. 
1905.     Teredo   contorta  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  18. 

Description. — Tubes  as  shown  by  their  casts  gregarious,  ex- 
ceedingly tortuous  and  contorted,  sometimes  annulated,  increas- 
ing gradually  in  size  from  their  point  of  origin,  the  larger  ones 
reaching  a  diameter  of  10  mm.  or  more.  Shell  subglobular, 
cordate  in  outline  from  in  front,  the  beaks  a  little  in  front  of  the 
middle  of  the  hinge-line,  widely  gaping  behind  and  open  in  front; 
the  postero-cardinal  extremity  somewhat  produced  in  a  rounded 
lobe.  Anterior  margin  rounding  from  the  hinge-line  above  into 
the  upper  margin  of  the  large,  deep,  subrectangular,  antero- 
basal  hiatus  which  reaches  above  the  mid-height  of  the  shell  j 
basal  margin  short ;  posterior  margin  obliquely  subtruncate  below, 
bent  abruptly  backward  near  the  hinge-line,  and  continuing 
around  the  postero-cardinal  lobe  of  the  shell.  Valves  ventricose,. 
the  beaks  prominent,  much  elevated  above  the  hinge-line  and 
strongly  incurved  or  enrolled ;  the  surface  curving  steeply  towards 
the  antero-cardinal  extremity  and  then  deflected  shortly  before 
reaching  the  margin,  curving  less  abruptly  to  the  postero-car- 
dinal extremity.  In  the  casts  a  very  deep  and  prominent  furrow 
passes  from  the  hinge-line  just  back  of  the  beaks  to  the  posterior 
margin  just  below  the  post-cardinal  lobe  of  the  shell;  another 
faint  groove  which  is  less  conspicuous  upon  the  larger  indi- 
viduals, crosses  the  post-umbonal  slope  in  a  nearly  vertical  di- 
rection from  the  lower  margin  of  the  deep  groove  already  de- 
scribed behind  the  beaks  to'  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  basal 
margin ;  surface  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  shell,  as  shown  in  im- 
pressions of  the  exterior,  marked  by  exceedingly  fine,  regular, 
concentric  striae,  parallel  with  the  shell  margin,  20  or  more  of 
which  occupy  the  space  of  i  millimeter.  These  striae  towards  the 
antero-cardinal  extremity,  are  crossed  by  finer  radiating  striae, 
which  produce  an  exceedingly  fine  reticulate  pattern  upon  the 

42  PAI, 


658      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

shell  surface.  Markings  of  the  posterior  half  of  the  shell  un- 
known. 

Remarks. — Casts  of  the  irregular  burrows  of  this  species  are 
sometimes  of  common  occurrence  in  the  Merchantville  clay,  pen- 
etrating masses  of  fossil  wood,  and  on  tracing  these  burrows 
to  their  termination  casts  of  the  shell  can  usually  be  found,  some- 
times in  excellent  condition.  Some  masses  of  the  tubes  are  all 
much  smaller  than  those  in  other  masses,  but  all  the  tubes  in 
one  group  are  usually  of  approximately  the  same  dimensions. 
It  was  at  first  thought  possible  that  the  different  sized  tubes  indi- 
cated different  species,  but  the  shells  are  all  essentially  the  same, 
whether  from  large  or  small  tubes,  in  all  masses  observed  in  the 
Merchantville  clay-marl.  A  mass  of  essentially  identical  tubes 
has  been  found  in  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  however,  asso- 
ciated with  many  individuals  of  Martesia  bisulcata,  which  have 
a  very  different  shell,  described  in  this  report  as  Turnus  kiimmeli. 
Other  similar  tubes  occur  sometimes  in  the  Navesink  marl,  but 
the  accompanying  shells  have  not  been  observed,  these  tubes, 
however,  seem  to  be  straighter,  and  they  probably  belong  to  an- 
other species. 

The  type  specimen  of  T.  irregularis  is  without  data  as  to  local- 
ity or  horizon,  and  the  description  of  the  shell  itself  is  too  meagre 
to  be  of  any  use  in  identification.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the 
Merchantville  clay-marl  is  the  horizon  where  burrows  of  this 
sort  most  frequently  occur,  and  as  Gabb  described  numerous 
fossils  from  this  horizon  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  it 
is  altogether  probable  that  the  type  specimen  is  specifically  iden- 
tical with  the  shell  here  described. 

Morton  evidently  applied  the  name  Teredo  tibialis  to  all  the 
Teredo-like  tubes  he  found  in  New  Jersey,  but  the  name  is  still 
retained  for  the  tubes  like  those  which  he  illustrated,  which  are 
found  only  in  the  Vincentown  limesand.  The  specimens  which 
he  referred  to  from  "the  friable  marls"  which  are  preserved  as 
"casts  in  lignite"  were  in  all  probability  representatives  of  the 
species  T.  irregularis. 

The  type  of  Teredo  contorta  Gabb,  which  is  preserved  in  the 
collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  has  been  care- 


MOLLUSCA.  659 

fully  compared  with  the  recently  collected  examples  which  are 
here  referred  to  T.  irregularis,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to 
their  specific  identity;  it  also  is  without  doubt  a  Merchantville 
clay-marl  specimen,  and  it  is  safe  to  conclude  that  it  is  a  synonym 
of  T.  irregularis. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Ma- 
tawan  (101),  Lenola  (163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Arkansas. 

Teredo  species  undertermined. 

At  Mullica  Hill  some  Teredo-likt  borings  in  a  fragment  of 
wood  have  been  observed,  which  strongly  resemble  T.  irregu- 
laris, and  from  the  tubes  alone  might  be  so  identified.  They 
seem  to  be  somewhat  straighter,  however,  than  the  typical  forms 
of  T.  irregularis  from  the  Merchantville  clay-marl,  and  in  the 
absence  of  any  knowledge  of  the  shell  which  inhabits  them,  it 
is  not  possible  to  identify  them  with  certainty.  In  the  Marshall- 
town  clay-marl  Teredo-like  burrows  have  been  observed  which 
are  even  more  like  those  of  T.  irregularis,  but  the  shell  inhabiting 
them  is  quite  different  from  that  species,  and  it  is  therefore  more 
than  probable  that  these  Navesink  specimens  belong  to  another 
.species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution.    New  Jersey. 

Genus  POLORTHUS  Gabb. 

Polorthus  tibialis   (Morton). 
Plate  LXXIV.,  Figs.  12-15. 

1834.     Teredo  tibialis  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  $., 

p.  68,  pi.  9,  fig.  2. 
1 86 1.     Teredo  tibialis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  230 

(174). 

1861.     Polorthus   tibialis   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 
(1861),  p.  366. 


660      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1864.     Teredo  tibialis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  16. 

1868.     Teredo  tibialis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  727. 
1872.     Polorthus   tibialis   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(1872),  p.  259,  pi.  8,  figs.  1-7. 
1886.     Teredo  tibialis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  i  (Mbnog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  9),  p.  201,  pi.  26,  figs.  19-22. 
1905.     Teredo  tibialis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905),, 

p.  18. 

Description. — Tubes  usually  compactly  massed  together  in 
layers  which  are  sometimes  as  much  as  6  inches  in  depth  and  of 
considerable  lateral  extent,  apparently  penetrating  sand  alone. 
Tubes  calcareous,  gradually  increasing  in  size  from  a  diameter 
of  less  than  i  mm.,  to  a  maximum  diameter  of  about  6  mm. ; 
usually  more  or  less  irregularly  constricted  at  intervals ;  straight 
or  more  or  less  wavy  throughout  the  greater  part  of  their  length, 
sometimes  throughout,  but  often  becoming  bent  and  contorted 
towards  their  larger  extremity,  which  is  always  rounded.  In  the 
smaller  extremity  of  the  tube,  in  the  terminal  5  or  6  mm.,  is  a 
series  of  six  to  eight  transverse  septa,  convex  towards  the  smaller 
extremity  of  the  tube,  perforated  centrally  by  an  elliptical  slit  of 
greater  or  less  size;  the  smaller  extremity  of  the  tube  often 
constricted  longitudinally  so  as  to  form  a  double  opening;  just 
below  the  terminal  series  of  septa  the  casts  exhibit  a  continuous 
annular  muscular  scar  with  two  long  inverted  U-shaped  pro- 
longations towards  the  aperture  on  opposite  sides,  and  similar 
U-shaped  backward  extensions  between.  Towards  the  larger  ex- 
tremity of  the  tubes  there  are  from  one  to  three,  more  or  less 
remote,  transverse  septa,  convex  towards  the  larger  extremity 
of  the  tube. 

Remarks. — This  species  sometimes  forms  large  masses  in  the 
Vincentown  limesand,  and  differs  from  the  Teredo-like  tubes 
found  in  the  lower  formations  of  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New 
Jersey  in  apparently  having  the  habit  of  boring  into  the  sand  of 
the  sea  bottom  instead  of  into  masses  of  wood.  The  tubes  also- 
differ  from  those  of  the  lower  beds  in  the  presence  of  transverse 
septa  of  two  sorts,  and  in  the  entire  absence  of  any  bivalve  shelL 


MOLLUSCA.  66 1 

Because  of  these  peculiar  characters,  Gabb  proposed  the  generic 
name  Polorthus  for  these  tubes,  and  expressed  the  belief  that  they 
were  allied  to  the  gastropod  genus  Vermetus;  later,  however,  the 
same  author  considered  the  genus  Polorthiis  to  be  a  very  peculiar 
type  of  Cephalopod.  Both  these  interpretations  of  the  tubes, 
however,  are  certainly  erroneous,  and  there  can  be  no  question  as 
to  their  relationship  with  the  burrowing  pelecypods  Teredo. 
They  are  certainly  distinct  generically,  however,  from  the  casts 
of  tubes  with  contained  bivalve  shells  in  the  lower  beds,  and 
Gabb's  generic  name  Polorthus  may  be  retained  for  them. 
Among  the  living  Teredidae  there  are  forms  with  septate  tubes 
similar  to  those  of  this  Cretaceous  form;  some  do  not  possess 
calcareous  valves,  and  some  burrow  in  the  sand  as  these  seem  to 
have  done,  instead  of  in  wood  or  stone. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  near  Hurff- 
ville  (170,  171),  Timber  Creek  and  near  New  Egypt  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Class  SCAPHOPODA. 
Family  DENTALIIDAE. 

Genus  DENTALIUM  Linneus. 

Dentalium  subarcuatum  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXV,  Figs.  1-2. 

1853.     Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
2nd  sen,  vol.  2,  p.  276,  pi.  24,  fig.  13. 

1860.  Dentalium  Ripleyanum  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

2nd  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  393,  pi.  69,  fig.  48. 

1861.  Dentalium  subarcuatum  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  105  (49). 
1864.     Dentalium  subarcuatum  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  17. 

1868.  Dentalium  subarcuatum  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.  Dentalium  subarcuatum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  166,  pi.  20,  figs. 

19-24. 


662      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Dentalium  subarcuatum  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   ScL 

Phil.  (1905),?.  18. 
1905.     Dentalium   ripleyanum  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    ScL 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  1 8. 

Description. — Shell  small,  usually  preserved  in  the  form  of 
casts,  in  which  condition  it  is  circular  in  cross  section,  gradually 
tapering,  slender,  and  gently  arcuate;  a  large  individual  47  mm. 
in  length  has  a  maximum  diameter  of  5  mm.,  and  a  minimum 
diameter  of  2  mm.  Surface  of  the  casts  smooth  or  with  faint, 
longitudinal  ridges;  when  perfectly  preserved  they  are  marked 
along  the  median  line  of  the  dorsal  or  concave  side  by  a  slightly 
elevated,  rounded  ridge  with  a  flattened  area  on  each  side,  and 
upon  the  ventral  side  by  a  pair  of  depressed  lines.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  externally,  as  shown  by  impressions  of  the  out- 
side, by  about  12  angular,  longitudinal  ribs,  and  by  fine  annular 
striae. 

Remarks. — In  the  recent  collections  this  species  has  been  seen 
most  commonly  in  the  Woodbury  clay  at  Lorillard,  where  it 
occurs  in  the  condition  of  internal  casts  with  the  external  im- 
pressions of  the  shell  preserved  in  the  matrix.  These  specimens 
are  certainly  identical  specifically  with  the  example  having  the 
shell  partially  preserved  which  has  been  figured  by  Whitfield. 
The  type  of  the  species  is  an  internal  cast,  apparently  from  the 
Merchantville  clay-marl,  whieh  shows  faint  indications  of  the 
external  longitudinal  ribs.  The  Woodbury  clay  specimens  agree 
with  the  type  in  curvature  and  in  dimensions,  and  their  identi- 
fication with  D.  subarcwat®  is  doubtless  correct,  since  the  same 
form  is  certainly  known  to  be  present  in  the  Merchantville  faunas. 
The  example  described  by  Gabb  from  Alabama  as  D.  ripleyana 
seems  not  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  the  New  Jersey  shells. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163)-,  Merchant- 
ville (162);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan 
(103),  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


MOLLUSCA.  663 

Family  SIPHONODENTALIIDAE. 

4:,  ' .  Genus  CADULUS  Philippi. 

Cadulus  obnutus  (Conrad). 
Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  3-4. 

1869.     Gadus  obnutus  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  101, 

pi.  9,  fig".  1 8. 
1905.     Cadulus   obrutus  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  18. 

Description. — Shell  small,  the  length  of  an  average  specimen 
being  4  mm.,  and  its  maximum  diameter  i  mm. ;  slightly  arcuate, 
contracted  at  each  end,  somewhat  inflated  in  the  central  region. 
Surface  smooth. 

Remarks. — This  shell  is  so  small  that  it  is  easily  overlooked. 
In  the  Lorillard  locality  it  is  preserved  in  the  form  of  internal 
casts,  but  at  Haddonfield,  the  locality  from  which  it  was  origi- 
nally described,  the  shell  itself  is  preserved. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Class  GASTROPODA, 

Sub-Class  STREPTONEURA. 

Order  ASPIDOBRANCHIA. 
Sub-order  DOCOGLOSSA. 

Family  PATELLIDAE. 

Genus  PATELLA  Linneus. 

Patella  tentorium   Morton. 
.      Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  5-6. 

1834.     Patella  tentorium  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 
S.,  p.  50,  pi.  i,  fig.  ii. 


664      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1841.     Hipponyx  tentorium  Mort,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

ist  ser.,  vol.  8,  p.  210. 
1850.     Helcion  tentorium  D'Orb.,  Prod,  de  Paleont.,  vol.  2,  p. 

232. 
1 86 1.     Helcion  tentorium  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  113 

(57)- 
1864.     Helcion  (  ?)  tentorium  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss:  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  17. 

1868.     Halcyon  ?  tentorium,  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.     Helcion  ?  tentorium  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  153,  pi.  19,  figs.  6-8. 
1905.     Patella  tentorium  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  19. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  orbicular  or  subcircular  in  outline, 
being  slightly  longer  than  wide,  and  measuring  about  half  an 
inch  in  length ;  very  depressed  conical  with  a  slightly  anterior  but 
nearly  subcentral  apex  which  is  elevated  above  the  margin  equal 
to  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell ;  sides  and  anterior  end 
of  the  shell  slightly  concave  between  the  apex  and  margin,  and 
slightly  convex  along  the  posterior  side.  Surface  marked  by 
elevated,  rounded,  radiating  costse,  which  are  rather  wider  than 
the  interspaces  and  gradually  increasing  in  size  toward  the  margin 
of  the  shell,  but  are  constantly  increased  in  number,  both  by 
bifurcation  and  by  implantation.  The  radii  are  crossed  by  very 
fine  concentric  lines,  but  toward  the  margin  of  the  shell. these 
increase  in  strength  so  as  to  become  distinct  crenulations  on  the 
top  of  the  radii,  and  are  nearly  or  quite  one-half  as  strong  as  the 
radii  themselves."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  shell  has  much  the  aspect  of  one  of  the  in- 
articulate brachiopods,  such  as  Discina,  and  according  to  Whit- 
field  the  shell  substance  seems  to  be  phosphatic,  which  would  seem 
further  to  suggest  its  brachiopod  affinities.  If  it  is  one  of  the 
gastropods,  it  belongs  to  the  Patellidae,  and  would  seem  to  belong 
in  the  genus  Patella,  where  it  was  originally  placed  by  Morton, 
rather  than  in  the  genus  Helcion,  where  it  has  usually  been  placed 
by  later  authors.  The  shell  agrees  with  Patella  in  having  a  nearly 
central  axis,  instead  of  a  marginal  one,  as  in  Helcion. 


*•    'o, 

MOLLUSCA.  665 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Arneytown 
(Morton). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-order  RHIPIDOGLOSSA. 

Family  PLEUROTOMARIIDAE. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMARIA  Defrance. 

Pleurotomaria  crotaloides  (Morton). 
Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  7-9. 

1834.     Cirrus  crotaloides  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  49>  P1-  !9,  %•  5- 
1 86 1.     Pleurotomaria,    crotaloides    Gabb,    Synop.    Moll.    Cret. 

Form.,  p.  125  (69). 
1861.     Architectonica  Abbottii  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  321.     (In  part.) 
1864.     Pleurotomaria   (?)    crotaloides  Meek,   Check  List  Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  18. 
1864.     Margaritella  Abbotti  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  18. 

1868.     Margaritella  Abbottii  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.     Margaritella  Abbotti  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  134,  pi.  17,  figs.  12-15. 
1896.     Pleurotomaria  crotaloides  Pils.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.  (1896),  p.  10,  pi.  i,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Pleurotbwiaria  crotaloides  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  19. 
1905.     Margaritella<  abbotti  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  20. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  subdiscoid  with  a  very 
low,  depressed-convex  spire  and  nearly  flat  base;  volutions  four 
or  five,  rather  slender,  coiled  one  below  the  other,  their  upper  sur- 
faces rounded,  with  deep  suture  line,  keeled  on  the  periphery  in 
the  cast,  and  very  depressed  convex  on  the  lower  side  between  the 


666      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

abrupt,  moderate  sized  umbilicus  and  the  outer  angle;  margin 
of  the  umbilicus  abruptly  rounded  and  the  opening  less  than  one- 
third  of  the  entire  diameter  of  the  shell  at  any  given  point ;  upper 
surface  of  the  volutions  marked  by  closely  arranged,  but  distinctly 
marked  transverse  undulations,  which  extend  from  the  suture 
outward  to  about  one-third  of  the  width  of  the  volution,  and  ap- 
pear to  have  been  directed  slightly  backward  in  their  course ;  sur- 
face texture  of  the  shell  composed  of  fine  spiral  lines  and  finer 
transverse  lines ;  section  of  the  volution  narrow  ovate,  three-fifths 
as  high  as  wide,  rounded  on  the  inner  end  and  acute  on  the  outer 
margin."  (Whitfield.)  The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are : 
height.  1 8  mm. ;  maximum  diameter,  34  mm. 

Remarks. — A  careful  examination  of  all  the  available  New 
Jersey  specimens  representing  Mafgaritella  abboti,  includiing  the 
types,  with  the  Alabama  specimens  of  Pleurotomaria  crotaloides, 
including  the  type  of  this  species  also,  has  led  to  the  conclusion 
that  they  all  represent  a  common  species  for  which  Morton's 
prior  name  must  be  used.  A  single  specimen  has  been  observed 
from  Alabama  which  preserves  the  siphonal  slit.  It  is  very  deep 
and  is  situated  upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  volution,  between 
the  suture  and  the  periphery.  The  presence  of  this  slit  shows 
the  species  certainly  to<  be  a  member  of  the  Pleurotomariidae.  One 
large  example  from  Mullica  Hill  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Science  has  a  maximum  diameter  of  nearly  75 
mm.  The  species  differs  from  P.  solariformis  from  the  Vincen- 
town  limesand  in  its  much  more  depressed  spire.  Gabb  included 
these  two  distinct  forms  under  his  species,  but  the  name  has  been 
restricted  by  Whitfield  to  one  of  them,  which  is  only  found  in  the 
Navesink  marl.  The  species  is  not  a  very  common  one,  and  the 
internal  casts  usually  <lo  not  retain  the  surface  markings  so 
clearly  as  Whitfield  has  figured  them,  some  specimens  even  being 
almost  entirely  smooth. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i267),  Mullica  Hill  (i6g2),  Crosswicks  Creek  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Texas. 


MOLLUSCA.  667 

Pleurotomaria  brittoni  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  10-12. 

1892.     Pleurotomaria    Brittoni    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  188,  pi.  23,  figs.  7-9. 

Description. — "Shell  below  a  medium  size,  broadly  conical  in 
form-,  rising  from  a  flattened  base;  the  apical  angle  being  about 
80°.  Volutions  four,  or  from  four  to  five  in  number,  slightly 
scaliform  in  character;  the  outer  face  being  flattened  or  very 
slightly  convex,  nearly  in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  the  upper 
surface  of  any  individual  volution  being  a  very  little  larger  than 
the  basal  edge  of  the  next  above  it,  and  very  slightly  rounded  on 
the  angle;  suture  lines  distinct  in  the  casts.  Base  flattened  or 
scarcely  convex  for  two-thirds  the  width  from  the  outer  edge, 
which  is  moderately  sharp,  and  then  rapidly  rounding  into  the 
moderately  sized  umbilicus.  Aperture  obliquely  quadrangular, 
the  inner  basal  or  umbilical  angle  rounded.  Slit  of  the  outer  lip 
not  definitely  ascertained  in  any  of  the  specimens,  which  are  all 
internal  casts,  but  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained  has  been  nar- 
row and  placed  at  the  outer  basal  angle,  and  not  extending  back- 
ward for  more  than  one-third  of  the  outer  volution.  Surface 
features  unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — Except  in  size,  and  in  its  proportionally  more 
highly  conical  form,  the  type  specimen  of  this  species  resembles 
Pleurotrema  solariformis  from  the  Vincentown  sand,  the  aper- 
tural  slit,  however,  is  continuous  and  is  placed  at  the  lower  angle 
of  the  volution,  instead  of  being  composed  of  a  series  of  oval 
perforations  at  the  mid-height  of  the  volution. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Farmingdale 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PLEUROTREMA  Whitfield. 

Pleurotrema  solariformis  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  13-14. 

1861.     Architectonica  Abbotti  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1861),  p.  321.     (In  part.) 


668      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1892.  Pleurotrema  solariformis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U..S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  180,  pi.  22,  figs. 
10-14. 

i 

Description. — "Shell  of  more  than  moderate  size,  the  largest 
example  before  me  measuring  almost  2%  inches  in  its  greatest 
diameter,  by  I  ^  inches  in  height,  and  is-  an  internal  cast  with  the 
apical  volutions  absent.  Volutions  as  preserved  in  this  specimen, 
four  in  number,  and  probably  one  and  a  half  or  two  absent; 
spire  low,  conical,  the  sides  forming  an  angle  of  about  90°,  and 
the  volutions  flattened  on  their  upper  surfaces  in  a  line  with  the 
apical  angle ;  sutures  well  marked  but  not  deep,  indicating  a  shell 
of  only  moderate  thickness ;  base  of  the  volutions  flattened-con- 
vex,  leaving  the  peripheral  angle  somewhat  acutely  rounded ;  the 
inner  part  of  the  base  of  the  volution  rapidly  slopes  into  the 
broad,  open  perspective  umbilicus,  forming  a  rounded  funnel- 
shaped  cavity  in  which  all  the  volutions  are  seen,  but  with  a  very 
slightly  marked  suture  line  separating  them.  Section  of  the 
volution  rhombically  elongate-ovate,  the  umbilical  part  being  at- 
tenuated where  it  joins  the  preceding  volution ;  along  the  middle 
of  the  outer  volution  there  occurs  an  elevated  ridge,  which  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  a  series  of  interrupted  nodes  of  an 
elongate-oval  shape,  as  if  the  shell  had  been  provided  with  a  line 
of  oval  openings  occupying  this  position,  but  filling  up  beyond  the 
outer  half  of  the  volution ;  surface  of  the  shell  unknown."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — Members  of  this  species  were  originally  included 
by  Gabb  in  his  Architectonica  abbotti,  now  referred  to  Pleuroto- 
maria  crotaloides,  the  types  of  which  are  from  the  Navesink  marl 
at  Mullica  Hill.  Whitfield  separated  the  Timber  Creek  specimens 
as  a  distinct  species,  and  established  the  new  genus  Pleurotrema 
for  its  reception. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand.  Timber 
Creek  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  669 

Family  DBPHINULIDAE. 
Genus  DEXPHINULA  Lamark. 

Delphinula  navesinkensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  18-19. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
height,  10  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  15  mm.  The  shell  has  a 
low  spire,  with  about  two  full  volutions  shown  in  the  internal 
cast,  with  the  suture  well  defined  and  with  a  broad,  open  um- 
bilical cavity.  The  first  volution  increases  rather  rapidly  in  size 
but  the  enlargement  of  the  outer  volution  is  very  gradual,  its 
outer  portion  appearing,  from  the  cast,  to  be  free  for  a  short  dis- 
tance. In  the.  inner  portion  of  the  shell  the  exposed  surface  of 
the  volutions  is  rounded,  but  in  the  outer  volution,  especially 
towards  the  aperture,  a  strong  revolving  angle  is  developed  a 
little  above  the  mid-height  of  the  volution. 

Remarks. — A  single  nearly  perfect  internal  cast  of  this  species 
has  been  observed,  and  from  the  cast  alone  its  generic  position 
cannot  be  determined  with  entire  satisfaction.  It  is  evidently 
a  low-spired  form  with  a  broad  umbilicus  and  without  columellar 
folds. 

Formation    and    locality. — Navesink    marl,    near    Walnford 

(149). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  TROOHIDAE. 

Genus  MARGARITA  Leach. 

Margarita  abyssina   (Gabb). 

Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  20-22. 

1860.  Solarium  abyssimts  Gabb,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1860),  p.  94,  pi.  2,  fig.  9. 

1 86 1.  Architect onica  abyssinis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

P.  95  (39). 

1864.     Margarita  abyssinus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  18. 


670      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1868.     Margarita  abyssina  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.     Margarita  abyssina  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  133,  pi.  17,  figs.  1-5. 
1905.     Margarita  abyssina  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  20. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  not  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  its 
greatest  diameter;  spire  moderately  elevated,  the  apical  angle 
being  about  70°  or  75°;  volutions  four  to  four  and  a  half,  very 
ventricose,  giving  a  circular  section  when  broken  across;  suture 
deep  and  well  marked,  while  the  whorls  in  the  internal  cast  are 
closely  appressed  and  slightly  imbedded  into  each  other,  showing 
the  shell  to  be  thin;  also  seen  where  the  cast  rests  partially  in 
the  matrix,  the  space  left  by  the  removal  of  the  shell  where  no 
compression  has  occurred  being  barely  perceptible;  umbilicus 
broad  and  open,  showing  several  of  the  volutions  within;  sur- 
face marked  by  very  fine,  even,  spiral  lines  over  the  entire  shell, 
with  an  apparent  stronger  line  on  the  periphery,  and  crossed  by 
finer  lines  of  growth  which  are  bent'  backward  in  crossing  the 
volution,  cancellating  the  surface."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  rather  large  individual  are:  height,  9 
mm. ;  maximum  diameter,  10  mm. 

Remarks. — In  the  recent  collections  this  species  has  been  ob- 
served from  both  the  Merchantville  and  the  Navesink  formations. 
The  internal  casts  from  the  two  horizons  seem  to  be  identical, 
except  that  the  Navesink  individuals  attain  a  somewhat  larger 
average  size.  The  surface  markings  have  been  observed  only 
on  the  Merchantville  specimens.  It  is  not  possible  to  determine 
from  Gabb's  description  from  which  horizon  his  type  specimens 
were  obtained,  the  only  locality  given  by  him  being  Burlington 
County. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Crosswicks  (168)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Mid- 
dletown  (ii32),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  near  Freehold 
(133),  near  Wain  ford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  I473, 
I474,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls 
(no).  " 


MOLLUSCA.  671 

Order  CTENOBRANCHIATA. 

Sub-order  PLATYPODA. 
Super-family  GYMNOGLOSSA. 

Family  BULIMIDAB. 
Genus  LEIOSTRACA  H.  and  A.  Adams. 

Leiostraca  cretacea  (Conrad). 

Plate  LXXV.,  Figs.  15-17. 
1869.     Eulima  cretacea  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  100, 

pi.  9,  fig.  15. 
1892.     Leiostreca  cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  150,  pi.  19,  figs.  2-5. 
1905.     Hulima  cretacea   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  20. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  slender,  subulate,  spire  very  much 
elevated,  smooth  and  polished;  volutions  nine  or  more  (eleven, 
Conrad),  flattened  between  the  sutures,  the  upper  edge  of  any 
volution  slightly  smaller  than  the  lower  edge  of  the  one  imme- 
diately above  it,  making  the  sutures  remarkably  distinct  for  a 
shell  of  this  group;  body  volution  rounded  subangular  in  the 
lower  part  and  rather  rapidly  contracted  below  to  the  short 
columella;  aperture  ovate-elliptical,  acute  above  and  rounded 
below ;  outer  lip  thin  and  sharp,  inner  lip  smooth,  without  callus 
or  ridges;  surface  polished,  entirely  destitute  of  lines  or  other 
markings.  On  one  individual,  on  which  the  lip  is  broken  away 
for  one-third  of  the  volution,  there  occurs  a  distinct  spiral  ridge 
above  the  columella  proper  and  just  below  the  junction  of  the 
outer  lip  with  the  body  of  the  volution,  within  the  aperture." 
(Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  one  of  the  type  specimens  are:  height,  5.6 
mm.;  greatest  diameter,  1.6  mm. ;  apical  angle,  16°. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  the  specimens  col- 
lected near  Haddonfield  many  years  ago. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield 

(183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


672      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  PYRAMIDELLIDAE. 

Genus  OBEUSCUS  Humphrey. 

Obeliscus  conellus  Whitfield. 

Plate  LXXVL,  Fig.  i. 

1892.     Obeliscus  conellus  Whiti,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  151,  pi.  19,  fig.  i. 
1905.     Pyramidella  conellus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  20. 

Description.— "Shell  minute,  the  extreme  length  of  the  only 
specimen  known  being  only  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch.  Apical 
angle  38°  or  40°,  giving  a  sharply  conical  spire;  volutions  five  in 
number,  very  slightly  scaliform,  with  channeled  sutures,  but  with 
the  surface  of  the  volution  flattened  in  the  direction  of  the  spire ; 
apex  apparently  rounded;  body  volution  subangular  at  the  line 
of  contact  with  the  lip;  aperture  acute-ovate,  sharp  at  the  upper 
margin,  and  possibly  pointed  below  (the  specimen  is  imperfect 
at  the  base)  ;  columella  slender,  rounded,  slightly  prolonged; 
marked  by  a  proportionally  very  strong1,  tooth-like  ridge  just 
below  the  swell  of  the  volution ;  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  sharp ; 
axis  imperf orate;  surface  smooth,  but  not  polished  on  the  speci- 
men, though  the  dullness  present  may  be  the  effect  of  solution. " 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  from  a  single  specimen  less 
than  5  mm.  in  height,  which  is  possibly  an  immature  shell. 

Formation  and  locality.-, — Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield 

(183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  PTENOGLOSSA. 

Family  SOALIDAB. 
Genus  SCALA  Humphrey. 

Scala  sillmani   (Morton). 
Plate  LXXVL,  Figs.  2-3. 

1834.     Scalaria  Sillmani  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 
S.,  p.  47,  PL  13,  fig-  9- 


MOLLUSC  A.  673 

1861.     Scala  Sillmani  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret,  Form.,  p.  135 

(79)- 
1864.     Scala  Sillmani  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  20. 
1892.     Scalaria  Sillmani  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  138,  pi.  1 8,  fig.  2. 
1905.     Scala  sillmani  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  20. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  measuring  nearly  one 
inch  in  length  and  rapidly  tapering,  the  apical  angle  being  about 
30°  or  35°;  volutions  five  or  more,  very  round  and  full,  but 
closely  compacted;  the  suture  line  deep  and  sharp,  but  close; 
aperture  (as  shown  on  the  only  specimen  in  hand,  which  is  a 
matrix  containing  the  shell  of  one  side  of  the  specimen  in  place 
and  from1  which  a  gutta-percha  cast  is  taken  for  description  and 
figure),  is  round,  but  the  margin  is  not  preserved;  surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  oblique  varices,  which  have  a  slightly  backward 
direction  in  crossing  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  side  of  the  volu- 
tion ;  the  varices  are  thin  and  recurved,  and  number  eight  on  one- 
half  of  the  circumference  of  the  last  volution,  but  decrease  some- 
what in  number  toward  the  apex  of  the  spire;  axis  imperforate, 
the  base  of  the  last  volution  bordered  by  a  raised  carina,  below 
which  the  varices  do  not  appear  to  extend.  So  far  as  can  be 
ascertained  from  the  specimen,  I  should  judge  that  the  varices 
were  slightly  produced  in  the  upper  part  to  form  subspines  around 
the  base  of  the  preceding  volution.  The  minute  surface  character 
of  the  shell  can  not  be  ascertained  from  the  specimen  in  use,  as 
only  the  inside  of  the  substance  is  revealed,  but  Dr.  Morton 
describes  it  as  marked  by  'very  minute  spiral  striae/  which  one 
would  suppose  would  naturally  be  the  case.  Mr.  Gabb  also 
speaks  of  it  having  'much  finer'  revolving  striae  than  his  Scala 
(OpaUa~)  Thomasi,  which  is  also  a  New  Jersey  species,  and  says 
that  'each  rib  is  reflected  back  into  a  little  lip  or  notch  at  the 
angle  of  the  basal  varina.'  "  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  specimen  are:  height,  31  mm. ;  max- 
imum diameter,  18  mm. 

43  PAI, 


674      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  is  the  species  of  Scala  which  has  been  most 
commonly  met  with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  but  it 
is  always  a  rare  shell.  The  specimens  are  either  internal  casts, 
or  the  shell  substance  is  very  imperfectly  preserved,  the  vertical 
folds  of  the  shell  usually  adhering  closely  to  the  matrix. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177); 
Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263),  near  Marlboro 
(130);  Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Corner  ( 1 267 );  Red 
Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116)  ;  Tinton  beds,  near  Freehold  (132), 
•  Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Scala  thomasi  Gabb   ? 
Plate  LXXVL,  Fig.  4. 

1876.     Scala   (O polio)    Thomasi  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   ScL 

Phil.  (1876),  p.  296. 
1892.     Scalaria  (0 polio-)  Thomasi  ?  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 

Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  137,  pi.  18,  fig.  i. 
1905.     Scala  thomasi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905),. 

p.  20. 

Description. — "Shell  slender,  turreted,  whorls  numerous,, 
closely  coiled  and  very  ventricose,  with  rather  close  sutures,  num- 
bering seven  or  more  in  a  specimen  of  less  than  seven-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  length ;  apical  angle  less  than  30°,  probably  not  more 
than  25°,  the  specimen  being  too  imperfect  to  allow  of  positive 
measurement;  aperture  apparently  round  and  the  base  of  the 
volution  slightly  carinate,  and  the  axis  imperforate;  surface 
marked  by  numerous  slender,  longitudinal  ribs  or  varices,  which 
are  erect,  closely  arranged,  and  directed  obliquely  backward  in 
passing  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  side  of  the  volutions ;  minute 
surface  structure  not  visible  on  the  specimen  in  hand."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  and  the  original  reference  of  the  species 
is  too  indefinite  to  allow  its  proper  geologic  horizon  to  be  cor- 


MOLLUSCA.  675 

rectly  determined ;  neither  are  the  lithologic  characters  sufficiently 
clear  to  determine  its  horizon  with  certainty,  although  it  appar- 
ently came  from  one  of  the  marl  beds. 

Formation  and  locality. — Unknown. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Scala  ?  hercules   (Whitfleld). 
Plate  LXXVL,  Fig.  8. 

1892.  Scalaria  hercules  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  140,  pi.  1 8,  fig.  12. 

Description. — "Shell  of  large  size,  robust  in  proportions,  num- 
ber of  volutions  unknown  but  compact,  comparatively  short,  not 
-very  ventricose  and  closely  united  at  the  suture  lines ;  apical  angle 
20°  to  25°,  giving  a  rather  elongated  spire;  volutions  crossed 
by  from  12  to  14  very  strong  vertical  varices,  which  form 
thick  rounded  ribs,  rather  closely  arranged,  and  each  marked  by 
two  rounded  tubercles,  one  just  below  the  upper  suture  line  and 
the  other  near  the  lower  suture  line;  also  a  central  line  of  smaller 
ridge-like  nodes  intermediate  between  the  other  two,  apparent  on 
the  last  volution,  marking  the  position  of  a  spiral  carina  on  the 
center  of  the  volution,  while  other  spiral  carinae  cross  the  upper 
and  lower  lines  of  nodes,  and  on  the  base  of  the  last  volution  the 
usual  carina  surrounding  the  umbilicus  is  also  marked  by  a  thick- 
ening of  the  vertical  ribs,  but  without  forming  distinct  ribs ;  form 
of  aperture  and  intermediate  surface  structure  undetermined." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections,  and  the  original  specimens  used  by  Whitfield  are  very 
incomplete.  The  species  is  a  large  one  and  the  larger  specimen 
used  by  Whitfield  must  have  been  100  mm.  or  more  in  height 
and  30  mm.  or  more  in  maximum  diameter.  The  vertical  ribs 
upon  the  volutions  of  this  species  are  somewhat  different  than  is 
usual  in  the  genus,  they  being  rounded,  thickened  ribs  and  not 
simply  varical  lips,  the  varix  having  been  filled  to  a  solid  rib 
before  the  growth  of  the  shell  had  progressed  beyond  it.  The 
number  of  varices  varies  somewhat  in  the  different  volutions. 
The  finer  markings  of  the  shell  are  not  well  preserved  in  the 


676      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

specimens,  but  on  one  specimen  they  seem  to  consist  of  closely- 
arranged  spiral  lines.  The  generic  relations  of  the  species  have 
not  been  satisfactorily  determined. 

Formation  and  locality. —  ?  Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey.' 

Genus  CAVOSCAI^A  Whitfield. 

Cavoscala  annulata  (Morton). 
Plate  LXXVL,  Figs.  5-7. 

1834.     Scalaria  annulata  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Retru  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  47,  PL  3,  %•  10. 
1 86 1.     Scala  annulata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  135 

(79). 
1864.     Scala  annulata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  20. 

1868.     Scala  annulata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1876.     Scala   (O  polio)    annulata  Gabb,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.  (1876),  p.  298. 
1892.     Cavoscala  annulata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  177,  pi.  22,  figs.  1-5. 
1905.     Scala    annulata   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  20. 

Description. — "Shell  above  a  medium  size  for  shells  of  this 
group,  the  largest  individual,  if  perfect  at  the  apex,  would  meas- 
ure fully  i  j^j  inches  in  length,  with  the  aperture  probably  yet  im- 
perfect. Volutions  about  seven  in  number  in  the  largest  speci- 
men, v*ery  ventricose  and  very  slightly  angular  in  the  middle, 
closely  coiled  or  in  close  contact ;  sutures  deeply  marked  and 
characterized  by  a  slightly  beaded  band  at  the  bottom,  formed 
by  the  edge  of  a  broad,  flattened,  raised,  or  thickened  space,  which 
marks  the  base  of  the  volutions  and  borders  the  umbilicus. 
Umbilicus  very  large,  angular  on  the  margin  and  rapidly  slop- 
ing within,  showing  the  preceding  volutions  in  the  cavity.  Aper- 


MOLLUSCA.  677 

ture  broadly  ovate  or  subcircular,  the  inner  margin  straightened 
somewhat,  conforming  to  the  slope  of  the  umbilicus.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  a  series  of  moderately  close,  elevated,  lamel- 
lose,  transverse  ridges  or  varices,  which  are  directed  rather 
strongly  backward  in  their  passage  from  above  to  the  lower  mar- 
gin, and  are  less  conspicuous  on  the  flattened  space  bordering 
the  umbilicus,  within  the  umbilicus  they  are  faintly  shown.  There 
are  also  fine  transverse  rigid  lines  parallel  to  the  varices,  occupy- 
ing the  ridges  and  intervening-  spaces,  also  rather  strong, 
rounded,  wiry  spiral  lines  covering  the  entire  surface  of  the  shell, 
which  are  perceptibly  directed  upward  in  crossing  the  varices. 
This  gives  the  surface  of  the  shell  a  very  beautifully  cancellated 
structure,  easily  perceptible  to  the  unaided  eye."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey.  Whitfield  described  the  genus  Cavos- 
cala  with  this  species  as  the  type  and  only  representative,  it  being 
characterized  especially  by  the  wide  umbilicus  and  the  carinated 
suture  with  the  under  side  of  the  outer  volution  flat  and  smooth, 
the  smooth  area  being  bounded  by  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus 
within  and  the  sutural  carina  without. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  TAENIOGLOSSA. 
Family  NATICIDAE. 

Genus  LUNATIA  Gray. 

Lunatia  halli  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXVL,  Figs.  9-19. 

1860.     Lunatia  Halli  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser., 

vol.  4,  p.  391,  pi.  68,  fig.  ii. 
1864.     Lunatia  Halli  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  20. 
1868.     Lunatia  Halli  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 


678      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1892.     Gyrodes  altispira  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  128,  pi.  1 6,  figs.,  7-8. 
1892.  Lunatia  Halli  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  130,  pi.  15,  figs.  13-16. 
1905.  Lunatia  halli  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  21. 

Compare : 
1856.     Natica  obliquata  H.  &  M.,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and 

Sci.,  n.  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  389,  pi.  3,  figs,  i  a-b. 
1856.     Natica  condnna  H.  &  M.,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci., 

n.  sen,  vol.  5,  p.  389,  pi.  3,  figs.  2  a-d. 
1856.     Natica  Moreauensis  M.  &  H.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1856),  p.  282. 
1858.     Natica  (Lunatia)  rectilabrum  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  334,  pi.  35,  fig.  28. 

1860.  Natica  acutispira  Shiim.,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol. 

i,  P-  597- 

1861.  Lunatia  Moreauensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

114  (58). 
1861.     Natica  condnna  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  116 

(60). 
1861.     Natica  obliquata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  117 

(61). 
1864.     Lunatia  condnna  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  20. 
1864.     Lunatia  moreauensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 
1864.     Lunatia  obliquata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 
1876.     Lunatia  condnna  Meek,  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss.  Up. 

Mo.,  p.  314,  pi.  32,  figs,  ii  a-c. 
1876.     Lunatia  obliquata   Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  296. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size,  with  an  elevated  spire 
composed  of  about  four  or  four  and  a  half  volutions  in  entire 
specimen,  and  much  resembling  a  Paludina  in  general  appearance ; 


MOLLUSCA.  679 

elevation  about  once  and  a  half  as  great  as  the  diameter  of  the 
last  volution,  and  the  last  volution  when  measured  on  the  aper- 
tural  side  forms  about  three- fourths  oi  the  entire  height;  volu- 
tions convex,  not  inflated,  but  regularly  rounded,  with  a  well 
marked  suture  in  the  casts,  the  only  condition  in  which  they  are 
known  from.  New  Jersey,  but  which  does  not  indicate  a  flattening 
at  the  top  in  the  perfect  shell ;  aperture  elongate-ovate,  acutely 
rounded  below  and  somewhat  sharper  above  than  below,  the 
greatest  breadth  being  below  the  middle;  base  of  the  last  volution 
sharply  rounding  into  the  umbilical  cavity;  umbilical  opening  in 
the  cast  small,  not  extending  above  the  lowest  volution,  and  show- 
ing no  evidence  of  any  thickening  or  callus  of  any  kind ;  surface 
unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  common  one  in  the  faunas  of  the 
Navesink  marl,  where  it  usually  occurs  in  the  form  of  internal 
casts.  These  casts  are  certainly  identical  with  similar  specimens 
from  Alabama,  and  with  Mississippi  specimens  which  retain  the 
shell.  These  southern  examples,  however,  have  never  been  identi- 
fied with  the  New  Jersey  species,  but  have  usually  been  referred  to 
L.  rectilabrum  Con.,  or  L.  obliquata  H.  &.  M.  Gabb  has  dis- 
cussed the  relations  of  these  two  species,1  and  considers  them  to 
be  identical,  but  he  makes  no  mention  of  L.  halli  in  that  connec- 
tion. It  is  not  improbable  that  all  these  shells  belong  to  a  com- 
mon species,  which  ranges  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Gulf  border, 
and  then  into  the  northwestern  interior  region,  in  which  case  the 
name  L.  obliquata  would  take  precedence  and  all  the  other  names 
be  dropped  as  synonyms. 

Some  examples  of  the  casts  of  this  species  apparently  have  a 
distinctly  flattened  band  on  the  upper  side  of  the  volutions 
adjacent  to  the  suture,  and  it  is  apparently  such  specimens  as  this 
that  Whitfield  has  incorrectly  referred  to  Gyrodes  altispira; 
among  a  large  number  of  casts  from  Mullica  Hill,  however,  all 
gradations  between  specimens  with  such  a  flattened  border  and 
those  which  are  rounded  may  be  selected,  and  all  are  apparently 
members  of  a  single  species. 


'Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  296. 


68o      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

The  specimens  from  the  Vincentown  limesand  which  Whitfield 
has  referred  to  L.  halli  are  too  imperfectly  preserved  to  allow  of 
certain  identification,  but  they  are  probably  distinct  from  the 
Navesink  examples. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263),  near 
Marlboro  (I3O1);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (io8)r 
Middletown  (ii32),  near  Red  Bank  (120),  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i285),  near  Freehold  (133),  near 
Walnford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  147*,  147*,  195),  near 
Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount  Laurel  (166),  Mullica  Hill 
(i6c,2). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

Lunatia  ?  pauperata  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LXXVL,  Figs.  20-23. 

1892.     Scalaria  ?  pauperata  Whitf.,    Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  141,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  3-7. 

Description. — Shell  of  medium  size,  the  dimensions  of  the 
larger  of  the  two  type  specimens  being :  height,  24  mm. ;  maxi- 
mum diameter,  19  mm.;  height  of  aperture,  14.2  mm.;  width 
of  aperture,  10  mm.  Volutions  rounded,  about  four  in  number, 
separated  in  the  casts  by  distinct  and  deeply  marked  sutures; 
spire  elevated,  the  apical  angle  70°-  80°,  the  last  volution  form- 
ing one-half  or  more  than  one-half  the  entire  height  of  the  shell. 
Aperture  subovate,  rounded  below,  slightly  more  pointed  above, 
the  inner  margin  straighter  than  the  outer.  External  surface 
characters  of  the  shell  not  known. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  has  included  two  distinct  forms  among 
the  types  of  this  species,  the  specimen  imperfectly  showing  the 
surface  characters  being  quite  distinct  from  the  one  which  is  en- 
tirely a  cast.  Neither  of  the  shells  can  be  referred  to  the  genus 
Scala.  The  cast,  represented  by  Whitfield's  figures  5  and  6, 
is  taken  as  the  type  of  the  species  pauperata,  as  the  original  de- 
scription was  largely  made  from  that  specimen,  but  it  is  here 


MOLLUSCA.  681 

referred  to  the  genus  Lunatia  instead  of  Scala  although  the 
generic  reference  cannot  be  assured  from  the  cast  alone.  The 
species  differs  from  other  members  of  the  genus  Lunatia  in  the 
New  Jersey  faunas,  in  the  much  broader  columellar  cavity  in 
the  casts.  The  specimen  which  partially  preserves  the  shell  dif- 
fers from  the  other  in  being  somewhat  canaliculate  in  front,  but 
the  length  of  the  canal  cannot  be  determined,  and  the  columella 
bears  a  single,  strong,  revolving  rib,  shown  as  a  groove  in  the 
cast,  and  the  shell  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  Faciolaridae  or 
Volutidae.  Whitfield's  illustration  of  the  surface  characters  is 
much  overdrawn.  , » 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  AMAUROPSIS  Morch/ 

Amauropsis  meekana  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXVII,  Figs.  1-3. 

1876.     Amauropsis   paludin&formis    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  296.     (Not  A.  paludinaeformis 

M.  &  H.) 
1892.     Amauropsis  Meekana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  131,  pi.  16,  figs.  22-25. 
1905.     Amauropsis  meekana  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate-subovate ;  spire 
moderately  elevated,  only  about  two-thirds  as  high  above  the 
aperture  as  the  length  of  the  aperture;  volutions  five  or  five  and 
a  half  in  the  largest  specimen;  ventricose,  with  distinct,  well 
marked  sutures,  which  are  very  slightly  channeled;  body  volu- 
tion more  distinctly  ventricose  than  the  others;  axis  solid;  aper- 
ture ovate,  acute  at  the  upper  end,  rounded  and  slightly  effuse 
below ;  outer  lip  thin  and  sharp ;  columella  somewhat  thick- 
ened by  the  deposit  of  the  lip,  and  grooved  below  the  margin  of 


682      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  deposit,  but  not  umbilicate;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by 
proportionately  strong,  transverse  lines  of  growth,  which  are 
exceedingly  irregular;  and  also  by  fine,  even,  corrugated  spiral 
lines  crossing  them."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  one  of  the  type  specimens  are:  height,  24 
mm.;  maximum  diameter,  14.5  mm.;  height  of  aperture,  14.5 
mm.  The  largest  individual  observed  has  a  height  of  27  mm., 
and  many  specimens  are  much  smaller  than  the  dimensions  of  the 
type  given. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  close  ally  of  the  western  A.  palu- 
dinaeformis,  with  which  it  has  sometimes  been  identified,  but 
it  is  a  more  robust  shell  with  shorter  spire  and  proportionally 
larger  body  volution,  which  gives  it  a  larger  aperture.  The  sur- 
face characters  of  the  two  species  are  almost  identical,  but  the 
New  Jersey  shell  has  the  revolving  lines  a  little  more  closely 
arranged. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan 
(103),  near  Haddonfield  (164,  183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Amauropsis  punctata  (Gabb). 
Plate  LXXVIL,  Figs.  4-6. 

1860.  Phasianella  punctata  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  299,  pi.  48,  fig.  3. 

1861.  Phasianella  punctata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

123  (67). 
1864.     Hutropia  (?)  punctata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  18. 

1868.  Hutropia  punctata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1868.  Littorina  punctata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1892.  Amauropsis  punctata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  132,  pi.  1 6,  figs.  17-21. 
1905.     Amauropsis  punctata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 


MOLLUSCA.  683 

Description. — "Shell  small  or  of  medium  size,  with  an  elevated 
spire  which  has  an  apical  angle  of  from  40°  to  45°;  volutions 
four  to  five  in  number,  very  ventricose,  with  deep,  well  marked 
sutures,  which  are  slightly  channeled  on  some  of  the  specimens; 
aperture  round  ovate,  slightly  pointed  above  and  rounded  below ; 
rather  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell  in  casts  or  partially 
exfoliated  individuals;  columella  slender  and  solid,  and  in 
the  cast  showing  only  a  slight  perforation  from  the  removal  of 
the  substance  of  the  axis ;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  im- 
pressed spiral  lines  of  punctations  on  the  type  specimen,  but  on 
casts  or  partially  exfoliated  individuals  this  feature  is  not  visible." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks.: — The  generic  reference  of  this  species  is  by  no  means 
certain.  Pour  specimens,  including  the  type,  are  so  labeled  in 
the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  all  of 
which  are  from  Mullica  Hill,  and  all  have  the  aperture  incomplete. 
The  species  somewhat  resembles  Lunatia  halli,  but  it  has  a  more 
acute  apical  angle.  The  umbilical  margin  is  rounded,  as  in  the 
casts  of  Lunatia  halli,  and  the  species  should  possibly  be  referred 
to  that  genus.  On  the  type  specimen  the  shell  is  partially  pre- 
served, but  the  characteristic  surface  marking  can  be  seen  at 
present  only  upon  an  area  about  i  mm.  wide  by  3  mm.  long. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  GYRODES  Conrad. 

Gyrodes  abyssina   (Morton). 

Plate  LXXVIL,  Figs.  7-9. 
1834.     Natica  abyssina  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  49,  pl-   i3»  fig-  I3- 
1861.     Gyrodes  abyssina  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  115 

(S9)> 

1 86 1.     Gyrodes   Abbotti   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p.  320. 

1864.     Gyrodes  Abbotti  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.  Foss.   N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 


684      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1868.     Gyrodes  Abbottii  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 

1876.     Gyrodes  abyssinis   Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(1876),  p.  295. 
1892.     Natica  abyssina  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  123,  pi.  15,  figs.  9-12. 
1892.     Gyrodes  Abbottii  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  124,  pi.  15,  fig.  17. 
1905.     Natica  abyssina  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 
1905.     Gyrodes   abbottii  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — "Shell  large,  globose,  with  a  flattened  spire,  the 
inner  volutions  of  which  scarcely  rise  above  the  outer  ones,  and 
are  only  two  and  a  half  to  three  in  number ;  volutions  rather 
ventricose  and  erect,  ovate  in  a  transverse  section ;  umbilicus  large 
and  open  to  near  the  apex  of  the  shell ;  aperture  ovate,  two-thirds 
as  wide  as  long,  and  a  little  more  convex  on  the  outside  than  on 
the  inner  margin,  nearly  equally  rounded  above  and  below ;  suture 
well  marked  and  deeply  impressed."  (Whitfield.)  The  dimen- 
sions of  a  large  individual  are :  height,  57  mm. ;  greatest  diameter, 
63  mm. ;  height  of  aperture,  45  mm. ;  width  of  aperture,  36  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  strongly  resembles  Gyrodes  crenata 
in  general  form,  but,  as  the  two  species  occur  in  New  Jersey,  it  is 
usually  larger  than  that  species.  The  casts  of  the  two  species  can 
be  easily  distinguished,  however,  by  the  contour  of  the  lower  side 
of  the  volutions  on  the  edge  of  the  wide  umbilicus,  this  portion 
of  the  shell  in  N.  abyssina  being  rounded,  while  in  G.  crenata  it 
is  more  or  less  angular  or  subcarinate.  In  the  recent  collections 
of  the  Survey  the  two  species  have  been  observed,  in  general,  to 
be  characteristic  of  different  geologic  horizons,  N.  abyssina 
usually  being  a  Navesink  species,  while  G.  crenata  has  not  been 
observed  in  that  formation,  being  most  commonly  found  in  the 
Merchantville  clay-marl.  In  the  collections  of  the  National 
Museum  at  Washington  this  species  occurs  abundantly  from 
Texas,  with  the  shell  more  or  less  perfectly  preserved.  These 
specimens  show  that  the  suture  is  canaliculate,  the  groove  being 
narrow  and  of  moderate  depth,  with  a  sharp,  subcarinate  margin. 


MOLLUSCA.  685 

The  umbilical  shoulder  is  rounded,  but  just  below  the  umbilical 
margin,  upon  the  slope  into  the  umbilicus,  the  surface  is  abruptly 
impressed,  the  outer  thickened  rim  so  formed  being  transversely 
wrinkled  or  crenate.  The  single  example  described  by  Gabb  as  G. 
abbotti  is  certainly  not  of  specific  value,  and  that  species  must  be 
considered  as  a  synonym  of  G.  abyssina.  The  specimen  from  the 
Vincentown  formation  at  Timber  Creek,  which  has  been  identified 
as  Natica  abyssina  by  Whitfield,  is  doubtless  a  distinct  species, 
although,  the  single  specimen,  an  imperfect  internal  cast,  is  not 
sufficient  to  show  its  specific  characters  fully.  .  • 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (147*), 
MullicaHill  (i6o.2). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Texas. 

Gyrodes  crenata  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXVIL,  Figs.  10-12. 

1860.  Natica  (Gyrodes)  crenata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  289. 

1 86 1.  Gyrodes  crenata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  116 

(60). 
1861.     Natica  infracarinata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  319. 
1861.     Gyrodes  Spillniani  Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1861),  p.  320. 
1864.     Gyrodes  crenata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  21. 
1864.     Gyrodes  Spillniani  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Gyrodes  infracarinata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1892.     Gyrodes  infracarinta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  125,  pi.  15,  figs.  13-16. 
1892.     Gyrodes  crenata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  126,  pi.  1 6,  figs.  5-6. 
1905.     Gyrodes  crenata  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 


686      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Gyrodes  crenata  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 
1905.     Gyrodes  spillmani  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — Shell  of  medium  size,  the  dimensions  of  a  rather 
large  internal  cast  being:  maximum  width,  30  mm.,  height,  23 
mm.;  height  of  aperture,  20  mm.;  width  of  aperture,  13.5. 
Depressed  globular  above  with  a  depressed  spire,  broadly  umbm- 
,cate  below.  Volutions  about  four  in  number,  the  outer  one  of 
which  forms  fully  two-thirds  of  the  bulk  of  the  entire  shell, 
largest  below  the  middle,  the  casts  slightly  flattened  on  top  adja- 
cent to  the  suture,  strongly  angular  on  the  base  bordering  the 
umbilicus.  Aperture  large,  oblique;  widest  below  the  middle.  In 
specimens  preserving  the  shell,  or  in  impressions  of  the  exterior, 
a  distinct  band  of  elevated  crenulations  or  transverse  nodes  marks 
the  top  of  the  volutions  just  below  the  suture,  and  forms  a 
decided  ridge  around  the  spiral  portion  of  the  shell.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  fine  lines  of  growth  parallel  with  the  margin 
of  the  aperture,  and  passing  over  the  line  of  nodes  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  volution. 

Remarks. — Casts  of  this  species  in  the  Merchantville  clay-marl 
are  sometimes  modified  by  the  compression  of  the  matrix  so  as 
to  preserve  most  of  the  external  features  of  the  shell.  The  upper 
portion  of  the  volutions  is  distinctly  flattened  so  as  to  form  a  dis- 
tinct revolving  angulation  at  a  little  distance  from  the  suture, 
but  the  crenulations  are  not  often  seen  on  these  modified  casts. 
The  shell  surface  is  marked  by  distinct  transverse  lines  of 
growth,  which  are  directed  rather  strongly  backward  below  the 
revolving  angulation,  so  that  the  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  is 
strongly  oblique  in  lateral  view.  The  casts  resemble  those  of 
Gyrodes  dbyssina,  but  in  the  New  Jersey  collections  they  are 
always  smaller  than  the  larger  individuals  of  that  species,  and 
they  may  be  distinguished  by  the  angular  or  subcarinate  margin 
of  the  broad  umbilicus,  which  is  notable  even  in  the  casts.  The 
two  species  also  have  a  different  geologic  range  in  the  New  Jer- 
sey beds.  In  the  southern  localities  the  species  often  grows  to  a 
larger  size  than  any  of  the  specimens  observed  in  New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  687 

An  examination  of  numerous  examples  from  southern  localities 
in  the  collection  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washington  has 
shown  that  G.  infracarinata  is  not  distinct  from  G.  crenata,  one 
species  having  been  described  from  internal  casts  and  the  other 
from  examples  with  the  shell  preserved.  The  type  of  G.  spillmani 
Gabb,  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Science,  is  also  not  distinct  from  G.  crenata. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (ioo4,  101),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163)  ;  Wood- 
bury  clay,  near  Haddonfield  (183)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  ( I263  ) . 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

Gyrodes  altispira  (Gabb). 
Plate  LXXVIL,  Figs.  19-21. 

1861.      ?  Lunatia  altispira  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  320. 
1 86 1      ?  Gyrodes  obtusivolva  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  320. 
1864.     Lunatia  ?  altispira  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  20. 
1864.     Gyrodes  ?  obtusivolva  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 
1868.     Lunatia  altispira  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 

1868.  Gyrodes  obtusivolva  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 

1869.  Lunatia  obtusivolva  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 

45,  P1-  *,  %•  II- 
1892.     Gyrodes  obtusivolva  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  129,  pi.  1 6,  figs.  9-12. 
1905.     Gyrodes  altispira  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 
1905.     Gyrodes  obtusivolva  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — "Shell,  as  known  from  internal  casts,  of  mod- 
erate size,  somewhat  erect,  obliquely  subglobose  with  a  moder- 


688      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

ately  elevated  spire,  whorls  three  or  three  and  a  half,  the  outer 
ones  flatly  truncate  on  the  top  adjacent  to  the  suture  line,  the 
truncation  being  strongly  marked  and  angular  at  the  margin. 
On  fully  grown  specimens  it  is  nearly  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in 
width  on  the  outer  half  of  the  last  volution;  aperture  oblique, 
ovate,  widest  below  and  truncated  above  by  the  flattening  of  the 
upper  surface  of  the  volution;  umbilicus,  as  seen  in  the  casts, 
small,  indicating  a  slender,  almost  if  not  entirely  solid  columella ; 
margin  of  the  umbilical  depression  not  angular;  surface  of  the 
shell,  as  seen  on  fragments  remaining  attached  to  the  casts, 
marked  by  fine  tranverse  lines  of  growth."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  are :  maximum  diameter, 
23  mm.;  height,  20  mm.;  height  of  aperture,  17  mm.;  width  of 
aperture,  13  mm. 

Remarks. — The  original  type  of  G.  altispira  has  apparently  been 
lost  or  destroyed,  but  there  are  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Science,  several  specimens  labeled  "duplicate 
types"  in  G  abb's  own  handwriting,  which  must  be  taken  as 
authentic  representatives  of  the  species.  These  specimens  are 
certainly  specifically  identical  with  the  type  of  G.  obtusivolva, 
preserved  in  the  same  collection.  These  two  species  were  de- 
scribed at  the  same  time  by  Gabb,  but  the  species  altispira  precedes 
obtusivolva,  and  consequently  that  name  takes  precedence.  The 
specimen  which  Whitfield  has  illustrated  as  an  example  of  G*. 
altispira  is  apparently  only  a  member  of  the  species.  Lunatia  halli. 

As  observed  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  this  species 
is  restricted  to  the  Merchantville  clay-marl,  and,  judging  from 
their  lithologic  characters,  the  types  of  G.  altispira  and  G.  obtusi- 
volva are  apparently  from  this  formation  also.  The  species  differs 
from  the  associated  G.  crenata  in  the  much  smaller  umbilicus  and 
narrower  shell,  in  the  absence  of  the  subcarinate  lower  surface  of 
the  volutions,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  conspicuous  crenate  band 
above.  The  species  differs  from  Lunatia  halli  in  the  lower  spire 
and  in  the  truncate  upper  surface  of  the  volutions  adjacent  to  the 
suture.  The  species  differs  from  G.  petrosa  in  its  proportionately 
greater  height,  the  less  spreading  or  patulose  outer  volution,  the 
more  elevated  spire  and  the  smaller  umbilicus. 


MOLLUSCA.  689 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (101),  Lenola  (163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Gyrodes  petrosus  (Morton). 
Plate  LXXVIL,  Figs.  13-18. 

1834.     Natica  petrosa  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 
p.  48,  pi.  19,  fig.  6. 

1860.  Natica  alveata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  4,  p.  289,  pi.  46,  fig.  45. 

1 86 1.  Gyrodes  petrosa  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  117 

(61). 
1864.     Gyrodes  alveata  Meek,  Check  List.  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 
1864.     Gyrodes  petrosa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Gyrodes  petrosus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.,  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1876.     Gyrodes   petrosa    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  295. 
1892.     Gyrodes  petrosus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  127,  pi.  16,  figs.  1-4. 
1905.     Gyrodes  petrosus  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — "Shell  (as  seen  in  casts)  of  medium  size  or 
smaller,  obliquely  oval  or  depressed  and  somewhat  patulose,  with 
a  low  spire ;  the  entire  adult  shell  having  three  to  three  and  a  half 
volutions,  the  last  of  which  forms  the  greatest  bulk  of  the  shell ; 
volutions  obliquely  compressed  from  above,  largest  below  the 
middle,  often  slightly  flattened  on  the  supper  half  and  with  a 
distinct  flattened  space  bordering  the  suture ;  aperture  large,  very 
oblique,  strongly  receding  below  as  seen  in  profile  on  its  edge; 
semilunate  in  outline,  rounded  below  and  slightly  acute  above, 
somewhat  modified  in  the  upper  part  by  the  intrusion  of  the  pre- 
ceding volution;  umbilicus  large,  broadly  patulose  within,  and 
apparently  without  callus;  peristome  thin,  and  the  substance  of 

44  PAI, 


690      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  shell  also  apparently  slight;  surface  of  the  shell  unknown." 
(Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  an  average-sized  adult  specimen  are:  max- 
imum diameter,  25  mm. ;  height,  19  mm. ;  height  of  aperture,  23 
mm.;  width  of  aperture,  12  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  commonest  member  of  the 
genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  and  also  has  the  greatest  ver- 
tical range,  although  the  horizon  where  it  occurs  most  commonly 
is  the  Navesink  marl.  The  species  most  closely  resembles  G. 
abyssina,  but  it  is  always  smaller  than  adult  individuals  of  that 
species,  and  can  be  distinguished  by  the  conspicuous  flattened 
space  at  the  summit  of  the  volutions,  just  outside  the  suture. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  James- 
burg  (139),  Lenola  (163);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263),  near  Marlboro  (130)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic 
Highlands  (108),  Middletown  (ii32),  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i267),  near  Holmdel  (i283),  near  Walnford  (i482),  Cross- 
wicks  Creek  (149,  I474,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  Mullica 
Hill  (i692);  Red  Bank  sand,  Red  Bank  (116),  near  Middle- 
town  (112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas. 

Family  XENOPHOBIDAB. 

Genus  XENOPHORA  Fischer. 

r  ''"•''.•'      '    • 

Xenophora  leprosa  (Morton). 
Plate  LXVIIL,  Fig.  1-3. 

1834.     Trochus  leprosus  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  46,  pi.  15,  fig.  6. 
1861.     Phorus  leprosus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  124 

(85). 
1864.     Phorus  leprosus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  18. 
1868.     Onustus  leprosus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 


MOLLUSCA.  691 

1892.     Xenophora  leprosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  ].,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  135,  pi.  17,  figs.  16-19. 
1905.     Xenophora  leprosa  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — "Shell  small  or  below  a  medium  size,  trochi- 
f orm,  or  broad  conical ;  the  spire  having  an  apical  angle  of  less 
than  90°  ;  base  flat  or  concave,  usually  more  or  less  depressed 
in  the  center,  with  the  margin  of  the  volution  more  or  less 
rounded,  and  in  old  individuals  sometimes  distinctly  rounded; 
casts  showing  a  small  umbilical  perforation,  but  the  axis  prob- 
ably solid  in  the  shell ;  volutions  probably  seven  or  eight,  but  in 
the  casts  the  upper  ones  are  usually  absent  and  seldom  show  more 
than  four  or  four  and  a  half;  one  small  specimen  retaining  the 
upper  whorls,  to  the  number  of  four  and  a  half,  measures  omy 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  one,  if  continued  below 
to  the  size  of  the  larger  one  figured,  would  possess  at  least  eight 
volutions ;  whorls  obliquely  flattened  on  their  surfaces  in  the 
direction  of  the  spire,  with  only  a  small  portion  of  their  edges 
rounded  or  vertical,  and  the  surface  deeply  and  abundantly 
scarred  by  the  cicatrices  of  foreign  substances  which  have  been 
attached  to  the  surface  of  the  shell  during  life;  aperture  com- 
pressed, transversely  ovate  or  trapezoidal,  and  the  outer  margin 
much  prolonged."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are :  height,  28  mm. ;  max- 
imum diameter,  44.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  usually  occurs  in  a  more  or  less  frag- 
mentary condition,  and  in  New  Jersey  it  appears  to  be  character- 
istic of  the  Navesink  marl.  The  only  species  with  which  it  can 
be  confused  is  Hndoptygma  umbilicata,  but  that  is  a  much  smaller 
shell  restricted  to  the  Merchantville  clay-marl,  and  is  furnished 
with  an  internal  revolving  ridge  upon  the  lower  side  of  the  volu- 
tion, which  can  always  be  recognized  as  a  distinct  groove  in  the 
casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (195),  near 
Jacobstown  (150). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


692  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  ENDOPTYGMA  Gabb. 

Endoptygma  umbilicata  (Tuomey). 
Plate  LXXVIII,  Figs.  4-6. 

1855.     Phorus  umbilicatus  Tuom,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

vol.  7,  p.  169. 
1876.     Endoptygma  umbilicata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  302,  pi.  17,  figs.  8-9. 
1892.     Endoptygma.    umbilicata    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  136,  pi.  17,  fig.  20. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  spire  broadly 
conical,  with  an  apical  angle  of  about  80°,  and  composed  of  about 
four  volutions ;  base  flat  or  slightly  concave,  and  in  the  cast  show- 
ing a  small  open  umbilical  perforation,  representing  the  compar- 
atively slender  solid  columella ;  the  base  of  the  cast  is  marked  by 
a  rather  deep,  narrow,  spiral  groove,  about  one-third  to  one- 
fourth  of  the  width  of  the  volution  from  the  umbilical  cavity, 
marking  the  position  of  an  internal  spiral  ridge  at  this  point  uii 
the  inside  of  the  basal  portion  of  the  shell;  volutions  flattened 
in  this  direction  of  the  spire,  with  moderately  distinct  suture  lines 
separating  them  in  the  casts,  their  surfaces  closely  and  deeply 
scarred  by  the  attachment  of  foreign  substances  to  the  outside  of 
the  shell  during  life."  (Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen  are:  height,  about  14 
mm.;  maximum  diameter,  19.5  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  often  occurs  abundantly  in  the  Mer- 
chantville  clay-marl,  but  the  specimens  are  usually  more  or  less 
fragmentary  and  are  always  internal  casts.  In  New  Jersey  it  has 
never  been  found  associated  with  Xenophora  leprosa,  a  species 
which  is  characteristic  of  the  Navesink  marl.  It  may  be  easily 
distinguished  from  X.  leprosa  by  the  revolving  furrow  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  casts  usually  about  one-third  of  the  distance 
from  the  umbilicus  to  the  periphery,  and  usually  by  its  smaller 
size,  although  an  example  from  Mississippi  has  been  observed 


MOLLUSCA.  693 

with  a  diameter  of  nearly  50  mm.  The  ridge  which  produces 
this  furrow  in  the  casts  seems  to  have  increased  in  strength  with 
the  growth  of  the  shell,  as  it  is  less  distinct  in  the  smaller  frag- 
ments. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 
wan  (101),  Lenola  (163),  near  Burlington  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Alabama. 

Family  TURRITELLIDAE. 

Genus  TURRITELLA  Lamark. 

Turritella  vertebroides  Morton. 
Plate  LXXVIII.,  Figs.  14-17. 

1834.     Turritella  vertebroides  M*ort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  47,  pi.  3,  rig.  13. 
1 86 1.     Turritella  vertebroides  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  148  (92). 
1864.     Turritella  vertebroides  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  19. 

1868.  Turritella  vertebroides  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1892.  Turritella  vertebroides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,'vol.  18),  p.  146,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  13-18. 
1905.     Turritella  vertebroides  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — Shell  acutely  angular,  the  apical  angle  about  20°  ; 
the  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  from  Alabama  are :  maxi- 
mum diameter,  20  mm. ;  length  with  the  apex  broken,  64  mm. ; 
number  of  volutions  preserved,  10.  Suture  moderately  impressed, 
situated  a  little  below  the  center  of  a  rounded,  revolving  furrow ; 
surface  of  the  volutions  depressed  convex  from  suture  to  suture. 
Surface  marked  by  four  or  five  subequal,  angular,  revolving 
costae,  with  several  much  finer  ones  occupying  each  of  the  inter- 
spaces, and  by  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth  which  describe  a 
concave  curve  in  passing  downward  from  the  suture.  In  the 
casts  the  volutions  are  moderately  close,  the  surface  is  smooth 


694      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

and  rounded  curving  rather  abruptly  into  the  sutures  above  and 
below. 

Remarks. — The  type  of  this  species  has  the  shell  partially  pre- 
served, and  from  its  lithologic  character  it  apparently  came  from 
the  Navesink  marl.  The  species  occurs  commonly  in  the  Ripley 
formation  of  the  South  in  some  localities,  and  many  specimens  are 
preserved  in  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washing- 
ton, with  the  shell  perfectly  preserved.  The  foregoing  descrip- 
tion has  been  taken  largely  from  southern  examples  and  two  in- 
dividuals have  been  illustrated.  In  New  Jersey  the  species  occurs 
almost  always  in  the  form  of  internal  casts  in  the  Navesink  marl. 
These  casts  may  be  recognized  by  their  rounded  volutions,  being 
different  in  this  respect  from  the  similar  casts  of  T.  encrinoides 
in  which  the  larger  volutions  are  distinctly  quadrangular  in  cross- 
section. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (147*, 
149,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount  Laurel  (166). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Turritella  encrinoides  Morton. 
Plate  LXXVIL,  Figs.  10-13. 

1834.     Turritella  encrinoides  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  47,  pl-  3,  fig-  7- 
1 86 1.     Turritella  encrinoides  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

146  (90). 
1864.     Turritella  encrinoides  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  18. 

1868.     Turritella  encrinoides  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1876.     Turritella  encrinoides  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  301. 
1892.     Turritella  encrinoides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  143,  pl.  1 8,  figs.  19-22. 
1905.     Turritella  encrinoides  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 
1892.     Turritella  pumila  ?  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p,  187,  pl.  23,  figs.  5-6.     (Not 

T.  pumila  Gabb.) 


MOLLUSCA.  695 

Description. — Shell  acutely  angular,  the  angle  of  divergence 
of  the  sides  being  about  20°.  Suture  not  strongly  impressed, 
situated  in  an  angular,  rounded  furrow ;  surface  of  the  volutions 
depressed  convex,  nearly  flat  in  the  central  portion  and  curving 
more  abruptly  to  the  sutures  above  and  below.  Surface  marked 
by  three  major  revolving  costse  which  are  flattened  on  top;  in 
addition  to  the  major  costae  there  are  lower,  angular,  revolving 
ribs  situated  as  follows,  one  between  the  lower  suture  and  the 
first  major  costa,  one  between  the  first  and  second  costae,  two 
between  the  second  and  third  costse,  and  two  between  the  third 
major  costa  and  the  upper  suture.  In  the  casts  the  sutures  are 
rather  close,  especially  between  the  lower  and  .larger  volutions ; 
the  lower  volutions  are  more  or  less  quadrangular  in  cross-section, 
the  upper  ones  being  rounder,  due  undoubtedly  to  the  internal 
thickening  of  the  shell  with  age. 

Remarks. — The  type  of  this  species  is  the  only  one  observed 
which  preserves  any  portion  of  the  shell.  From  its  lithologic 
characters  it  is  apparently  from  the  Navesink  marl.  The  casts 
from  this  formation  which  are  referred  to  the  same  species  are 
somewhat  common  and  can  always  be  distinguished  from  the 
casts  of  the  associated  T.  vertebroides  by  the  quadrangular  cross- 
section  of  their  larger  volutions.  The  example  which  Whitfield 
has  illustrated  as  T.  pumila  ?  from  the  Manasquan  marl  is  cer- 
tainly incorrectly  identified ;  the  specimen  is  preserved  in  the 
collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science  and,  judging 
from  its  lithologic  characters  it  came  originally  from  the  Nave- 
sink  marl,  and  it  seems  to  be  only  a  somewhat  abnormal  ex- 
ample of  T.  encrinoides. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Middletown  (ii32),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267), 
near  Holmdel  (i285,  127),  near  Freehold  (133),  near  Wain- 
ford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  195),  near  Jacobstown 
(150),  Mullica  Hill  (1692). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Turritella  quadrilira  Johnson. 

Plate  LXXVIIL,  Fig.  7. 

1898.     Turritella  quadrilira  Johns.,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J. 
for  1897,  p.  264. 


696      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1898.     Turritella  quadrilira  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1898),  p.  463- 
1905.     Turritella  quadrilira  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — Apical  angle  about  20°  ;  the  figured  specimen  is 
the  apical  portion  of  a  shell  19.5  mm.  in  length,  with  a  maximum 
diameter  of  8  mm.,  showing  nine  volutions.  Suture  situated  a 
little  above  the  middle  line  of  a  broad,  smooth,  depressed,  con- 
cave channel  whose  lower  slope  is  less  abrupt  than  the  upper, 
and  whose  width  is  more  than  one-half  the  width  of  the  elevated 
portion  of  the  volutions.  Surface  of  the  volutions  between  the 
sutural  depression,  a  little  convex  and  marked  by  four  strong, 
angular,  revolving  ribs,  the  uppermost  of  which  is  slightly  smaller 
than  the  others;  the  interspaces  between  the  ribs  are  broader 
than  the  ribs  themselves,  smooth  and  rounded  in  the  bottom. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  a  slight  resemblance  to  T.  tri- 
costata  from  the  Wenonah  sand,  but  so  far  as  known,  it  is  a 
much  smaller  shell  with  a  somewhat  greater  apical  angle.  If  it 
should  be  found,  however,  growing  to  so  large  a  size  as  the 
Wenonah  species,  it  can  be  easily  distinguished  by  its  four  re- 
volving ribs  and  the  convex  surface  of  the  volutions  between 
the  sutural  depressions. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (107)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan 
(103),  deep  well  at  Mount  Laurel  (Johnson). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turritella   ?  granulicosta  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Figs.  15-17. 

1861.     Turritella  granulicosta  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p,  363- 
1864.     Turritella  granulicostata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  18. 

1868.     Turritella  granulicostata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1892.     Turritella    ?  granulicostata  Whitf.,   Pal.   N.   J.,  vol.   2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  144,  pi.  18,  figs. 

10-11. 


MOLLUSCA.  697 

1905.     Turritella  granulicosta  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  21. 
1892.     Turritella  compacta  -Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  142,  pi.  18,  figs.  8-9, 
1905.     Turritella  compacta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  with  very  short,  slender,  and 
closely  coiled  but  rapidly  enlarging  whorls,  giving1  a  rapidly  in- 
creasing diameter  to  the  shell  with  increased  growth.  Apical 
angle  about  15°.  Volutions  about  eight  in  number  in  a  speci- 
men which  has  been  not  more  than  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
its  extreme  length;  flattened  convex  on  their  outer  surface,  and 
subangular  at  the  upper  and  lower  margins,  with  a  nearly  flat 
base.  Lower  margin  of  the  volution  proportionally  larger  than 
the  upper.  Suture  lines  between  the  whorls  narrow,  but  very 
distinctly  marked.  Surface  marked  by  about  12  fine,  thread- 
like revolving  ribs,  three  of  which  are  larger  than  the  rest,  are 
placed  at  equal  distances  from  each  other,  and  from  the  upper  and 
lower  edges,  and  are  slightly  undulated  so  as  to  produce  a  series 
of  minute  nodes.  This  character  shows  itself  to  a  much  less 
extent  on  some  of  the  smaller  ribs.  Under  surface  of  the  body 
volution  marked  by  a  few  fine  revolving  ribs,  with  regular  con- 
cavities between  them."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — The  type  of  this  species  has  the  shell  preserved  on 
one  side  only,  the  opposite  side  showing  the  characters  of  the 
internal  cast.  A  comparison  of  this  specimen  with  that  used  by 
Whitfield  as  the  type  of  his  T.  compacta  shows  the  two  to  be 
essentially  the  same,  so  that  T.  compacta  becomes  a  synonym. 
The  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the 
Survey,  so  that  its  proper  horizon  cannot  be  certainly  determined, 
but  from  the  lithologic  characters  of  the  type  the  species  appar- 
ently belongs  in  the  Navesink  fauna,  although  it  is  possibly  from 
the  Merchantville. 

Formation  and  locality. —  ?  Navesink  marl,  Burlington  County 
(Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


698      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Turritella  lippincotti  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Fig.  i. 

1892.     Turritella  Lippincotti  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  145,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  23-24. 

Description*. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  rather  rapidly  tapering, 
the  apical  angle  being  about  20°  or  less.  Volutions  flattened  on 
the  surface  in  the  direction  of  the  spire,  with  scarcely  perceptible 
suture  lines  where  the  shell  is  preserved,  and  only  very  moderate 
ones  in  the  cast;  their  form  in  a  section  being  trapezoidal,  the 
upper  and  lower  outer  angles  being  rather  sharply  angular,  even 
in  an  internal  cast;  basal  face  scarcely  convex;  volutions  numer- 
ous, a  fragment  measuring  not  quite  2  inches  in  length,  with  a 
diameter  at  the  lower  end  of  five-eighths  of  an  inch,  retaining 
seven,  with  space  at  the  upper  portion  for  about  five  more.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  marked,  in  the  only  specimen  which  preserves  it, 
by  fine  rounded  spiral,  thread-like  lines  over  the  entire  surfaQe." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — Whitfield' s  types  of  this  species  are  casts  from 
natural  moulds  which  show  the  external  features  of  the  shelL 
The  species  is  characterized  by  the  flat  outer  surface  of  the  volu- 
tions, and  the  slightly  impressed  suture.  Whitfield  does  not 
illustrate  the  casts  of  the  species,  although  he  mentions  their 
characters.  In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  this  species 
has  not  been  observed,  at  least  not  in  a  condition  to  exhibit  its 
external  markings. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek, 
Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turritella  lenolensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXVIIL,  Fig.  8. 

Description. — Apical  angle  about  18°.  The  type  specimen  is 
the  apical  portion  of  a  shell  11.5  mm.'  in  length  and  4.5  mm.  in 
maximum  diameter,  and  retains  10  volutions.  The  volutions  are 


MOLLUSCA.  699 

sharply  carinate  at  about  their  mid-height,  the  space  between  the 
carinse  of  adjacent  volutions  being  a  broad,  deep,  concave,  re- 
volving depression,  whose  upper  slope  is  more  abrupt  than  the 
lower,  and  whose  greatest  depth  is  a  little  above  the  middle. 
Suture  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  revolving  depression, 
a  little  below  the  line  of  greatest  depth.  The  entire  surface  of  the 
shell  is  marked  with  very  fine,  elevated,  revolving  lines. 

Formation  and  locality. — This  species  differs  from  all  other 
New  Jersey  Cretaceous  species  of  the  genus,  which  have  been 
observed,  in  the  strongly  carinated  volutions,  the  shell  being  in 
this  respect  a  miniature  example  of  T.  mortoni  var.  postmortem 
Harris,  from  the  Eocene.1  The  species  here  described,  however, 
is  quite  distinct  from  that  Eocene  form  in  other  respects.  The 
type  specimen  is  the  apical  portion  of  a  shell  only,  being  incom- 
plete at  the  opposite  extremity,  so  that  it  may  be  found  to  grow 
much  larger  with  a  greater  number  of  volutions. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turritella  trilira  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Fig.  4-5. 

1860.  Turritella  trilira  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  285. 

1 86 1.  Turritella  Corsicana  Shum.,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  8,  p.  196. 
1 86 1.     Turritella  trilira  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  147 

(90. 
1864.     Turritella  corsicana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret  and  Jur.,  p.  18. 
1864.     Turritella  trilira  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  19. 
1902.     Turritella  trilineata  Hill  and  Vaughan,  U.  S.  G.  $.,  Geol. 

Atlas,  Austin  Folio,  fig.  47. 


'Eocene  Rep.,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  pi.  26,  fig.  5. 


700      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — Shell  with  an  apical  angle  of  about  27° ;  the 
figured  specimen  36  mm.  in  length,  with  a  maximum  diameter  of 
13.5  mm.,  and  showing  seven  volutions.  The  specimen  is  incom- 
plete at  both  ends,  and  when  complete  it  must  have  been  60  mm. 
or  more  in  length,  with  14  or  more  volutions.  Suture  situated 
near  the  middle  of  a  rather  broad,  depressed,  concave  channel 
of  moderate  depth,  the  lower  slope  of  the  channel  being  less 
abrupt  than  the  upper  and  with  a  slight  revolving  rib  midway 
of  the  slope ;  the  greatest  depth  of  the  sutural  furrow  lies  a  little 
above  the  suture  itself.  Surface  of  the  volutions,  between  the 
margins  of  the  sutural  furrow,  flat  and  marked  by  three  strong, 
revolving,  angular  ribs  of  equal  strength,  with  rounded  inter- 
spaces. 

Remarks. — This  shell  has  much  the  aspect  of  T.  gatunensis 
Con.,  as  illustrated  by  Dall1,  from  the  Eocene,  but  the  three  re- 
volving ribs  are  more  nearly  equal  in  height,  consequently 
making  the  surface  of  the  volutions  between  the  sutural  channel 
appear  much  flatter. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i263),  near  Marlboro  (130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas,  Arkansas. 

Turritella  tippana  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Figs.  6-7. 

1858.     Turritella  tippana  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  333,  pi.  35,  fig.  19. 
1 86 1.     Turritella  Tippana  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

147  (91). 
1864.     Turritella  tippana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  19. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  example,  incomplete 
at  the  apex,  are :  height,  69  mm. ;  greatest  diameter,  22  mm. ; 
apical  angle  about  19°  ;  number  of  volutions  shown,  10.  Suture 


1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  310,  pi.  17,  fig.  10. 


MOLLUSCA.  701 

situated  in  the  bottom  of  a  broad,  concave,  revolving  channel. 
Surface  of  the  volutions  between  the  margins  of  the  sutural 
channel,  nearly  flat  or  slightly  convex;  marked  by  four  or  five 
strong,  revolving  costae,  the  three  lower  ones  being  subequidis- 
tant,  the  upper  one  more  remote;  in  the  broader  interspace  be- 
tween the  uppermost  strong  costa  and  the  one  next  below,  is  a 
much  finer  rib,  and  a  similar  one  about  midway  on  the  slope 
from  the  uppermost  strong  costa  to'  the  suture,  although  this  last 
one  is  sometimes  strong  enough,  especially  in  the  larger  shells, 
to  be  counted  as  one  of  the  major  ribs;  in  each  of  the  interspaces 
between  the  three  lowermost  strong  costse  on  the  larger  volu- 
tions, there  is  frequently  a  much  smaller  raised  line;  and  on  the 
slope  of  the  lowermost  one  of  these  costse  to  the  lower  suture, 
another  one  somewhat  stronger  than  those  in  the  interspaces 
above.  The  surface  is  also  marked  by  very  fine  transverse  lines 
of  growth. 

Remarks.} — Conrad's  original  illustration  of  this  species  is  very 
poor  and  from  it  alone  the  species  would  not  be  recognizable. 
A  large  number  of  excellent  examples,  however,  have  been  ex- 
amined in  the  collection  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washington, 
and  the  New  Jersey  specimens  do  not  differ  from  them  specific- 
ally. The  southern  specimens  show  considerable  variation  in  the 
secondary  revolving  ribs,  but  the  three  strong  ribs  below,  fol- 
lowed by  a  broader  interspace  and  then  a  fourth  rib  is  a  constant 
character  of  the  species.  In  New  Jersey  the  species  is  associated 
with  T.  marshalltoumensis  but  is  much  less  common,  and  is  rep- 
resented by  fragments  only.  The  surface  markings  are  suffi- 
ciently peculiar  to  render  the  identification  of  mere  fragments 
of  the  shell  a  comparatively  easy  matter,  but  the  internal  casts 
would  not  be  materially  (different  from  those  of  several  other 
species. 

The  species  should  be  compared  with  T.  winchelli  Shum.1, 
from  Texas,  a  species  which  has  a  similar  interval  between  the 
upper  costa  and  the  three  lower  ones,  but  the  shell  of  that  species 
is  coarser  in  appearance,  the  revolving  lines  broader  and  stronger, 
and  in  some  individuals  only  two  strong  ribs  are  present  below 
the  interval. 


1  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  196. 


702      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  marl,  near  Swedes- 
boro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Turritella  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Figs.  2-3. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen,  a  nearly 
complete  internal  cast,  are :  height,  38  mm. ;  maximum  diameter, 
9  mm.;  apical  angle  about  16° ;  number  of  volutions  present,  9. 
In  the  cast  the  sides  of  the  shell  from  the  apex  to  the  largest 
volution  are  slightly  convex,  the  divergence  of  the  sides  de- 
creasing as  the  shell  increases  in  length.  The  suture  in  the  cast 
is  close  between  the  apical  volutions,  becoming  broader  and  more 
open  as  it  approaches  the  aperture;  the  surface  of  the  volutions 
is  smooth,  flattened  or  slightly  convex  in  the-  central  portion, 
and  curving  more  abruptly  into1  the  suture.  Externally,  as  shown 
by  a  cast  from  the  natural  mould,  the  suture  is  slightly  impressed 
in  a  narrow  angular  groove,  the  surface  of  the  volutions  is  flat 
and  marked  by  about  five  rather  broad,  low,  revolving  ribs,  of 
which  the  lowest  one  is  the  stronger,  two  faint  revolving  ribs 
can  also'  be  detected  near  the  periphery  on  the  lower  surface  of 
the  last  volution. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  established  upon  a  nearly  complete 
internal  cast,  of  which  one  or  two  of  the  small  apical  volutions 
may  be  missing,  with  fragments  of  the  impression  of  the  exterior 
of  the  same  individual.  In  its  flat  volution  and  slightly  im- 
pressed suture  it  resembles  T.  lip  pine  otti  Whitf.,  from  the  Nave- 
sink  marl,  but  it  is  a  smaller  shell,  with  fewer  and  stronger 
revolving  ribs.  The  species  is  more  slender  than  any  other  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  unless  it  be  T.  lippin- 
cotti,  and  the  reduction  of  the  angle  of  divergence  of  the  sides 
is  distinctly  noticeable  in  the  casts. 

Formation   and   locality. — Cliffwood    clay,    Cliffwood    Point 

(185)- 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOIXUSCA.  703 

Turritella  lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Figs.  10-12. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
height,  52  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  19  mm.;  angle  of  diver- 
gence of  the  sides,  27°  ;  number  of  volutions  shown,  10.  Suture 
moderately  impressed,  situated  in  the  bottom  of  an  angular 
groove;  volutions  moderately  convex  from  suture  to  suture, 
the  lower  half  slightly  more  curved  than  the  upper,  and  the 
larger  volutions  flatter  than  those  towards  the  apex  of  the  shell. 
Surface  marked  with  fine  revolving  ribs,  eight  or  nine  of  which 
are  of  nearly  equal  size  and  are  at  equal  distances  apart;  on  the 
lower  half  of  each  larger  volution  the  first  three  or  four  inter- 
spaces between  the  primary  ribs  are  occupied  by  secondary  ribs, 
one  or  two  of  which  in  the  last  volution  of  large  individuals, 
become  nearly  as  strong  as  the  primary  ones;  at  the  upper  and 
lower  margins  of  the  volutions,  on  each  of  the  slopes  into  the 
sutural  depression,  there  are  two  or  three  additional,  smaller, 
revolving  ribs,  those  just  below  the  suture  being  somewhat 
more  conspicuous  than  those  above.  On  one  individual  some- 
what larger  than  the  type,  there  are  upon  the  last  volution,  from 
one  to  four  additional  raised,  revolving  lines  in  each  of  the  inter- 
spaces between  the  larger  ribs.  The  basal  margin  of  the  last 
volution  is  angular,  and  the  lower  side  of  the  volution  is  flat 
and  marked  with  about  eight  or  ten  faint,  raised,  revolving 
lines.  In  the  internal  casts  the  sutural  cavity  is  narrow,  indi- 
cating a  thin  shell,  the  volutions  towards  the  apex  are  convex, 
the  more  mature  volutions  becoming  more  and  more  quad- 
rangular in  cross-section. 

Remarks; — This  is  a  common  species  in  the  Woodbury  clay 
at  Lorillard.  It  resembles  somewhat  closely  the  T.  merchant- 
villensis',  but  has  a  less  acute  apical  angle,  and  it  lacks  the  fine, 
-raised,  revolving  striae  which  cover  the  entire  surface  of  that 
species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Matawan  (103),  Crosswicks  (168). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


704      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Turritella  merchantvillensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Fig.  13. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  specimen  incomplete  at 
each  extremity  are:  height,  60  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  17 
mm. ;  angle  of  divergence  of  the  sides  about  10°  ;  number  of  volu- 
tions shown,  9.  If  the  specimen  were  complete  at  the  apical 
extremity,  it  would  be  75  mm.  or  more  in  length,  with  about  1 5 
volutions.  Suture  moderately  impressed,  situated  in  the  bottom 
of  an  angular  groove;  the  surface  of  the  volutions  moderately 
convex  from  suture  to  suture,  the  greatest  diameter  below  the 
middle  so  that  the  slope  of  the  lower  half  is  more  abrupt  than 
that  of  the  upper.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  10  or  12 
fine,  raised,  revolving  costse,  one  of  which,  near  the  base  of  the 
volutions,  is  slightly  stronger  than  the  others ;  between  the  costae 
the  surface  is  entirely  covered  with  much  finer,  raised,  revolving 
lines.  The  internal  casts  have  a  narrow,  almost  closed  sutural 
cavity,  indicating  a  thin  shell,  and  they  usually  have  a  more  or 
less  indistinct,  narrow,  revolving  band  above  the  middle  of  the 
volutions;  surface  of  the  volutions  moderately  convex,  sometimes 
tending  to  become  more  flattened  in  the  more  mature  portions 
of  the  shell. 

Remarks. — This  is  the  abundant  species  of  the  Merchantville 
clay-marl,  and  usually  occurs  in  the  form  of  internal  casts, 
although  impressions  of  the  exterior  are  frequently  preserved  in 
the  matrix.  The  species  resembles  T.  lorillardensis,  but  it  is 
more  slender,  with  a  more  acute  angle  of  divergence,  and  the 
surface  markings  of  the  two  species  are  different,  the  surface  of 
T.  merchantwllensis  being  entirely  covered  with  extremely  fine, 
raised,  revolving  lines  between  the  stronger  costae. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (ioo4,  101),  near  Jamesburg  (139,  140,  141),  Lenola 
(163),  Merchantville  (162). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  705 

Turritella  marshalltownensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Fig.   14. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  specimen  incomplete  at 
each  extremity  and  slightly  compressed  are :  height,  60  mm. ; 
maximum  diameter,  about  20  mm.;  angle  of  divergence  of  the 
sides,  about  12°,  number  of  volutions  shown,  7.  If  the  speci- 
men were  complete  to  the  apical  extremity  it  would  be  75  mm. 
or  more  in  length,  with  15  or  more  volutions.  Suture  moder- 
ately impressed,  situated  in  the  bottom  of  a  broadly  angular,  re- 
volving groove;  the  surface  of  the  volutions  moderately  convex, 
their  greatest  diameter  at  or  a  little  below  the  mid-height.  Sur- 
face marked  by  about  12  fine,  revolving  costse,  between  which,  in 
the  lower  half  of  the  volution  at  least,  there  are  usually  alternate 
smaller  ones.  Shell  substance  thin. 

Remarks. — This  species  most  closely  resembles  T.  merchant- 
villensis,  but  the  greatest  diameter  of  the  volutions  is  higher 
than  in  that  species,  the  stronger  revolving  costae  are  slightly 
broader  and  flatter,  and  the  entire  surface  is  not  covered  by  the 
very  fine  revolving  lines  of  that  species.  This  species  occurs 
abundantly  in  the  Marshalltown  clay-marl  near  Swedesboro,  with 
the  shell  substance  well  preserved,  but  the  specimens  are  almost 
always  somewhat  compressed,  doubtless  because  of  the  thin- 
ness of  the  shell,  and  they  are  always  incomplete,  neither  the 
apex  nor  the  perfect  aperture  having  been  observed  in  any  speci- 
men. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  VERMETIDAE. 
Genus  SILIQUARIA  Bruguiere. 

Siliquaria  pauperata  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXIX.,  Figs.  18-20. 

1892.     Siliquaria  pauperata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  149,  pi.  1 8,  figs.  26-28. 
45  PA^ 


706      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Siliquaria  pauper  at  a  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  21. 

Description. — "A  few  specimens  only  of  casts  of  tubes  refer- 
able to  this  genus  have  come  under  my  notice.  Two  of  them 
are  coiled  and  retain  the  younger  parts  of  the  specimens,  while 
most  of  them  are  only  fragments  representing  medium  sized  parts 
of  the  tubes,  or  parts  from  the  large  irregularly  coiled  portions. 
The  tube  is  very  gradually  tapering,  and  either  compactly  or 
loosely  coiled  in  the  upper  part,  but  all  show  their  relations  to 
the  genus  Siliquofria,  by  the  narrow  ridge  left  along  the  upper 
side  of  the  tube  by  the  material  which  has  filled  the  slit.  There 
is  no  distinctive  feature  represented  on  the  specimens  by  which 
they  can  be  distinguished  from  casts  of  other  species  of  the  genus ; 
and,  as  no  evidence  of  the  surface  characters  are  preserved,  no 
data  for  comparison  is  left."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  but  the  lithologic  characters  of  the 
type  indicate  that  their  proper  horizon  is  the  Navesink  marl. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  New  Jersey  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  LAXISPIRA  Gabb. 

Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb. 

Plate  LXXXI,  Figs.  1-2. 

1876.     Laxispira.  lumbricalis  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  301. 
1883.     Laxispira    lumbricalis     Tryon,     Struct,     and     System. 

Conch.,  vol.  2,  p.  309,  pi.  79,  fig.  14. 
1892.     Laxispira  lumbricalis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  148,  pi.  1 8,  fig.  25. 
1905.     Laxispira  lumbricalis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  22. 


MOLLUSCA.  707 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  a  large  specimen,  an  internal 
cast,  are:  height,  29  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  12.5  mm.;  apical 
angle,  about  28°  ;  number  of  volutions,  about  4^/2  ;  height  of 
aperture,  8.5  mm.;  width  of  aperture,  6.3  mm.  Shell  forming 
an  open  spiral,  in  which  the  volutions  are  not  in  contact,  the 
suteral  space  in  the  casts  being  nearly  as  wide  as  the  diameter 
of  the  volutions.  Cross  section  of  the  volutions  nearly  circular, 
except  in  the  outer  volution  of  mature  shells,  in  which,  near 
the  aperture,  the  shell  is  slightly  compressed,  making  the  aperture 
higher  than  it  is  wide  and  straighter  on  the  inner  than  on  the 
outer  lip.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  fine,  raised,  revolving 
lines,  from  two  to  four  of  which  occupy  the  space  of  one  mille- 
meter  and  by  transverse  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  peculiar  shell  which  cannot  be 
mistaken  for  any  other  form  in  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New 
Jersey.  It  occurs  commonly  in  both  the  Merchantville  and 
Woodbury  formations  in  the  form  of  internal  casts,  and  the  ex- 
ternal impressions  preserving  the  surface  features  of  the  shell 
are  frequently  met  with.  The  type  specimen  was  from  the 
Woodbury  clay  near  Haddonfield,  and  it  seems  to  have  been  the 
only  individual  previously  observed,  and  even  this  specimen  has 
.apparently  been  destroyed  or  lost  from  the  collection  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science.  The  dimensions  given  above 
.are  those  of  a  specimen  from  Lorillard,  where  the  species  seems 
to  have  grown  to  a  notably  larger  size  than  at  Haddonfield, 
judging  from  the  single  type  specimen,  which  was  not  over  10 
mm.  in  height.  This  difference  in  size  in  the  specimens  from 
the  two  localities  accords  with  a  similar  difference  noted  among 
other  species,  although  it  is  possible  that  the  type  specimen  was  a 
young  individual,  or  only  the  apical  portion  of  a  larger  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101),  near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163)  ;  Woodbury 
clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Haddonfield  (183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Southern  States. 


708      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  OBRITHIIDAE. 

Genus  CERITHIUM  Bruguiere. 
.,,,_.  Cerithium  pilsbryi  Whitfield. 

Plate  LXXXL,  Figs.  3-5. 

1893.     Cerithium  Pilsbryi  Whitf.,  The  Nautilus,  vol.  7,  pp.  38 

and  51,  pi.  2,  fig.  3. 
1905.     Cerithium  pilsbryi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  22. 

Description. — "Shell  elongate  and  slender;  volutions  numer- 
ous, number  not  determined,  very  gradually  expanding  with  ad- 
ditional growth;  apex  and  aperture  unknown.  Volution  slightly 
convex  between  the  sutures,  and  ornamented  by  a  band  of  small 
oblique  riodes  immediately  below  the  suture;  also  by  a  series  of 
larger  vertical  folds  which  extend  across  the  exposed  part  of  the 
volution,  below  the  upper  band  of  nodes,  and  numbering  some- 
thing more  than  half  as  many  to  the  volution  as  the  nodes  above. 
There  are  also  very  fine  spiral  striae  almost  too  fine  to  be  seen 
without  magnifying.  The  lines  of  growth  are  fine  but  distinct, 
and  take  a  broad  sweeping  backward  curve  below  the  sutures." 
(Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  one  of  the  most  complete  individuals  ob- 
served, a  specimen  not  complete  to  the  aperture  and  with  the  apex 
of  the  shell  missing,  are:  height,  27  mm.;  maximum  diameter, 
ii  mm.;  number  of  volutions  showing  9,  apical  angle  23°.  A 
specimen  18  mm.  in  length,  with  the  apex  nearly  complete  has  nine 
volutions. 

Remarks. — This  is  one  of  the  common  species  at  Lenola.  The 
internal  casts  are  rather  loose  coiled,  with  low,  somewhat  indis- 
tinct vertical  nodes,  but  not  retaining  any  indication  of  the  narrow, 
nodose,  revolving  band  seen  at  the  upper  margin  of  the  volution 
on  the  external  surface  of  the  shell.  Good  impressions  of  the 
exterior  of  the  shell  are  sometimes  met  with,  and  it  is  upon  casts 
taken  from  such  natural  moulds  that  the  external  characters  of 


MOLLUSCA.  709 

the  shell  are  best  shown.  The  form  of  the  aperture  of  the  shell 
has  not  been  observed,  so  that  the  generic  relations  of  the;  shell 
cannot  be  determined  with  certainty;  it  seems  likely,  however, 
that  it  is  not  a  true  Cerithium. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163),  Merchantville  (162). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  APOBBHAIDAB. 

Genus  ANCHURA  Conrad. 
Anchura  rostrata  (G-abb). 
Plate  LXXXL,  Figs.  7-9. 

1860.  Rostellaria  rostrata  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  390,  pi.  68,  fig.  7. 

1861.  Gladius  rostratus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  in 

(55)- 
1864.     Anchura  (Drepanochilus}  rostrata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  19. 

1868.     Anchura  rostrata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1875.     Rostellaria  rostrata  Con.,  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.,  p. 

12. 
1892.     Alaria  rostrata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  119,  pi.  14,  figs.  5-6. 
1905.     Alaria   rostrata   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  23.     (Not  Anchura  rostrata  Con.,  Kerr's 

Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.,  p.  12,  pi.  2,  fig.  28.) 

Description. — "Shell  of  only  moderate  size;  spire  elevated, 
forming  an  apical  angle  of  about  35°;  but  somewhat  variable  in 
different  specimens;  whorls  about  six  in  number,  very  slightly 
convex  between  the  sutures,  which  are  not  very  strongly  marked, 
and  are  ornamented  by  rather  closely  arranged  vertical  folds, 
smaller,  more  numerous,  and  more  closely  arranged  on  the  upper 
than  on  the  body  whorl ;  those  on  the  last  whorl  become  smaller, 
shorter,  and  more  indistinct  toward  the  expanded  lip,  on  the  back 


;io  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

of  which  they  become  obsolete;  on  all  the  upper  whorls  the  folds 
extend  from  suture  to  suture,  but  on  the  last  one  they  are  marked 
only  on  the  upper  or  larger  parts ;  outer  lip  expanded,  forming  a 
broad,  wing-like  extension  which  is  prolonged  below  along  the 
moderately  long  rostral  beak,  and  above  is  extended  into  an  ob- 
tusely pointed  hook-like  process  from  its  outer  upper  border.  This 
feature  I  have  seen  entire  only  on  the  type  specimen,,  though 
several  are  before  me  which  show  the  expansion  of  the  lip.  No 
keel-like  ridge  marks  the  back  of  the  lip,  as  in  most  of  the  species 
of  this  group  from  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  the  Upper  Missouri 
region."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  one  of  the  abundant  gastropods  in 
the  Merchantville  clay,  and  it  only  occurs  commonly  else- 
where, so  far  as  it  has  been  observed,  at  one  locality  in  the 
Wenonah  sand.  Whitfield  illustrates  two  specimens,  one  from 
Holmdel  and  one  from  Haddonfield.  The  first  of  these  must  be 
from  the  Navesink  marl,  and  is,  perhaps,  a  small  individual  of 
A.  pennata,  and  the  last  is  from  the  Woodbury  clay  and  is  cor- 
rectly identified.  The  type  specimens  used  by  Gabb  are  certainly 
from  the  Merchantville  clay-marl  near  Burlington.  The  .species 
may  be  distinguished  from  all  other  members  of  the  genus  in 
the  New  Jersey  faunas  by  its  smaller  size,  rarely  attaining  a 
height  of  over  25  mm.  It  is  essentially  a  miniature  form  of 
A.  pennata,  and,  perhaps,  should  not  be  considered  as  distinct 
from  that  species,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  basis  whatever  for 
referring  the  species  to  a  genus  different  from  that  to  which 
other  New  Jersey  shells  of  this  type  are  referred,  as  has  been 
done  by  Whitfield.  The  specimens  from  the  Wenonah  sand 
near  Crawfords  Corner  seem  to  be  essentially  identical  with 
the  Merchantville  specimens  in  form  and  size ;  a  single  individual 
preserves  the  expanded  outer  lip,  but  it  is  smaller  than  the  lip 
of  full  grown  Merchantville  specimens,  and  lacks  the  outer 
posterior  angle.  This  difference  may  be  due,  however,  to  the 
immature  condition  of  the  lip  on  the  specimen,  since  the  growth 
lines  on  some  Merchantville  specimens  indicate  that  the  lip  has 
passed  through  a  similar  form  before  reaching  its  mature  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mata- 


MOLLUSCA.  711 

wan  (101),  Lenola  (163),  Merchantville  (162);  Woodbury 
clay,  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (164,  165,  183); 
Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Texas. 

Anchura  pennata   (Morton). 
Plate  LXXXL,  Figs.  10-17. 

1834.     Rostellaria  pennata  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  48,  pi.  19,  fig.  9. 
1861.     Gladius  pennatus  Gabb,   Synop.   Moll.   Cret.   Form.,  p. 

in  (55)- 
1864.     Rostellaria*  (?)  pennata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  20. 

1868.     Anchura  pennata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1892.     Rostellaria  compacta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  108,  pi.  13,  figs.  18-21. 
1892.     Rostellaria  spirata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  109,  pi.  13,  figs.  16-17. 
1892.     Anchura  pennata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog1.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  115,  pi.  14,  figs.  7-8. 
1892.     Anchura  (Drepanochilus}  compressor  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 

vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  117,  pi.  13, 

figs.  22—25. 
1905.     Anchura  pennata  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  22. 
1905.     Rostellaria  compacta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  23. 
1905.     Rostellaria  spirata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  23. 

Description. — "Shell  elongate,  spire  elevated  and  consisting 
of  from  six  to  seven  volutions,  which  are  only  moderately  con- 
vex between  the  suture  lines,  the  latter  being  well  marked  but 
not  deep;  apical  angle  not  more  than  30°,  but  often  less;  last 
volution  proportionally  large  and  with  a  somewhat  extended 
rostral  beak,  slender  and  straight;  lip  broadly  expanded  and 


712      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

extended  in  a  narrow  border  along  the  side  of  the  beak  to  a 
point  opposite  the  base  or  swell  of  the  volution,  where  it  rapidly 
widens  out  into  the  broad  wing-like  lip,  which  reaches  somewhat 
over  the  next  volution  above  but  apparently  not  forming  a 
posterior  canal.  The  outer  posterior  angle  of  the  expanded  por- 
tion is  prolonged  into  a  narrow,  recurved,  falciform  process  of 
greater  or  less  extent;  volutions  marked  by  oblique  longitudinal 
folds,  which  extend  from  suture  to  suture  on  all  the  upper  volu- 
tions, but  become  obsolete  just  above  the  middle  on  the  body  por- 
tion of  the  last  one,  and  are  entirely  obsolete  on  the  back  of  the 
expanded  lip.  On  the  upper  volutions  the  folds  are  closely 
arranged,  but  on  the  lower  they  are  more  distant  and  more 
strongly  marked,  while  on  the  body  part  of  the  last  one  they  are 
quite  strong  and  almost  node-like,  even  on  many  of  the  internal 
casts."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — Morton's  description  of  this  species  does  not  agree 
well  with  his  illustration  of  the  same,  and  as  there  is  some  doubt 
as  to  the  type  specimen,  it  is  not  quite  clear  just  what  the  species 
is.  It  is  altogether  probable,  however,  that  the  specimens  which 
Whitfield  has  illustrated  under  this  name  are  true  representatives 
of  the  species,  and  it  will  be  so  considered  here.  However,  Whit- 
field has  described  three  other  species  as  new,  from  specimens 
which  are  certainly  specifically  identical  with  his  examples  of  A. 
pennata,  these  species  being  Anchura  compressa,  Rostellaria  com- 
pact® and  Rositellariai  spirata.  This  species  is  represented  by 
numerous  casts  in  the  faunas  of  the  Navesink  marl,  where  it  is 
one  of  the  commonest  species  of  gastropods.  These  casts  are 
usually  incomplete  towards  the  aperture,  so  that  the  expanded 
lip  is  rarely  preserved,  and  they  vary  considerably  in  the  strength 
of  the  vertical  nodes  of  the  shell,  many  of  them  being  essenti- 
ally smooth,  although  in  the  shells  themselves  these  nodes  were, 
doubtless,  uniformly  present.  In  a  large  series  of  specimens 
certain  ones  may  be  selected  which  agree  more  closely  with  one 
of  Whitfield's  supposed  species  than  another,  but  they  all  run 
together  to  such  a  degree  that  it  is  not  possible  to  draw  specific 
lines  between  them.  All  of  Whitfield's  types  have  been  studied 
in  this  connection. 


MOLLUSCA.  713 

It  is  possible  that  this  species  should  also  include  A.  rostrata, 
which  differs  chiefly  in  its  smaller  size. 

Conrad  has  illustrated  a  specimen  from  Snow  Hill,  N.  Car.,1 
under  the  name  Anchura  rostrata  Mort,  which  he  afterwards 
corrected  to  Anchura  pennata.2  This  shell,  however,  is  distinct 
from  the  one  here  referred  to  A.  pennata,  and  probably  represents 
an  undescribed  form. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Middletown  (H31,  H32),  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i267),  near  Holmdel  (i285,  127),  near  Freehold  (133),  near 
Walnford  (148*),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  I473,  147*,  195), 
near  Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount  Laurel  (166),  Mullica  Hill 
(169),  Freehold,  Marlboro,  Cream  Ridge  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution.* — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Anchura  pergracilis  Johnson. 
Plate  LXXXL,  Figs.  18-19. 

1898.     Anchura  ?  pergracilis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1898),  p.  463,  text  fig.  2. 

1905.     Anchura  pergracilis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  22. 

Description. — "Shell  fusiform,  whorls  convex,  the  body  whorl 
with  about  18  and  the  spiral  whorls  with  15  equidistant,  flexuous, 
longitudinal  ribs;  numerous  fine  revolving  lines,  more  prominent 
between  the  ribs  and  somewhat  obsolete  on  the  angles  of  the  ribs, 
cover  the  entire  shell;  suture  deeply  impressed.  The  length 
of  the  largest  specimen  (including  the  two  apical  whorls,  which 
are  wanting),  is  about  20  mill."  (Johnson.) 

Remarks. — This  species  was  based  upon  a  young  individual 
upon  which  the  expanded  lip  of  the  adult  has  not  been  developed. 
It  would  be  impossible  to  identify  the  species  from  internal  casts, 
the  condition  in  which  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  fossils  are 
usually  preserved,  but  it  can  always  be  recognized  from  the 
markings  of  the  shell  itself. 


1  Kerr's  Geol.  N.  Car.,  App.,  p.  12,  pi.  2,  fig.  28. 

2  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  275. 


714      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — ?  Cliff  wood  clay,  Cliff  wood  Point 
(185)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan  (103),  deep  well-boring, 
Mount  Laurel  (Johnson). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Anchura  solitaria  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXL,  Fig.  6. 

1892.     Anchura  solitaria  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  117,  pi.  14,  fig.  9. 
1905.     Anchura  solitaria  Johns.,  Proc.  Accad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  22. 

Description. — Shell  small,  with  an  elevated  spire  of  about  six 
volutions,  the  dimensions  of  a  very  perfect  specimen  being: 
total  height,  from  end  of  anterior  canal  to  tip  of  spire,  32  mm. ; 
height  of  spire,  15  mm.;  diameter  of  outer  volution,  n  mm. 
Outer  volution  produced  anteriorly  into  a  rather  long,  slender 
anterior  canal;  the  outer  lip  produced  postero-laterally  into  a 
long,  slender  slightly  curved,  spine-like  process.  The  volutions 
of  the  spire  moderately  and  regularly  convex,  with  moderately 
impressed  sutures,  marked  by  narrow,  rounded,  vertical  nodes 
which  extend  from  suture  to  suture,  from  16  to  20  being  pres- 
ent on  each  volution ;  upon  the  outer  volution  the  vertical  nodes 
extend  only  about  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  volution  below 
the  suture,  and  at  their  base,  towards  the  aperture,  a  revolving 
angle  is  gradually  developed  which  continues  into  the  spine- 
like  lateral  extension  of  the  aperture. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  originally  described  from  a  very 
imperfect  specimen  in  which  the  anterior  canal  and  the  extension 
of  the  aperture  were  not  preserved.  The  description  here  pub- 
lished has  been  drawn  up  from  a  very  complete  specimen  in  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey.  Some  impressions  of  the  ex- 
terior of  the  shell  show,  in  addition  to  the  characters  enumerated 
above,  that  the  outer  volution  is  nearly  smooth  for  a  distance 
below  the  revolving  angular  ridge,  and  then  below  this  smooth 
area  it  is  marked  by  rather  fine  revolving  costse;  the  entire  sur- 
face of  the  shell  is  marked  by  very  fine  revolving  striae. 


MOLLUSCA.  715 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near 
Jamesburg  (139,  140,  141). 

Anchura  abrupta  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXXIL,  Figs.  1-6;    Plate  LXXXIIL,  Figs.  3-4. 

1860.  Anchura  abrupta  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  284,  pi.  47,  fig.  i. 

1861.  Anchura  abrupta  Gabb,   Synop.   Moll.   Cret.   Form.,  p. 

94  (38). 
1864.     Anchura  abrupta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jtir.,  p.  19. 
1868.     Anchura  abrupta  Gabb,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  pp. 

145,  149.,  pi.  14,  fig.  13. 
1883.     Anchura<  abrupta  Tryon,  Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  vol. 

2,  p.  194,  pi.  60,  fig.  83. 
1892.     Turbinopsis  major  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  103,  pi.  12,  figs.  21-23  (not 

figs.  15-16). 
1892.     Rostellaria  Hebe  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  in,  pi.  14,  figs.  11-14. 
1892.     Anchura  abrupta  ?  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S,  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  113,  pi.  14,  figs.  1-3. 
1892.     Anchura  abrupta  var.  acutispira  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol. 

2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  114,  pi.  14,  fig.  4. 
1892.     Anchura    paigodaformis    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  116,  pi.  14,  figs. 

15-16. 
1892.     Rostellaria  nobtiis  Whitf.,  pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  186,  pi.  23,  figs.  16-17. 
1905.     Anchura  abrupta  var.  acutispira  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.   (1905),  p.  22. 

Description. — Shell  with  a  rather  high  spire  having  an  apical 
angle  of  about  30°,  and  a  comparatively  short  body  volution, 
with  a  slender  rostrate,  anterior  canal;  the  dimensions  of  a 
moderately  large  internal  cast  retaining  a  little  more  than  three 


;i6  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

volutions,  and  incomplete  at  both  the  apex  and  the  anterior 
extremity,  are:  length,  51  mm.;  greatest  diameter,  30  mm.; 
height  of  aperture,  21.5  mm.;  width  of  aperture,  10.5  mm.  If 
this  specimen  were  complete  it  would  have  an  additional  height 
at  the  apex  of  about  20  mm.,  and  an  anterior  beak  about  30  mm. 
in  length.  The  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  is  produced  and  ter- 
minates in  two  unequal  pointed  processes — one  directed  forward 
and  the  other  backward.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  a 
rather  strong,  nodose,  subangular,  revolving  keel  at  a  little  above 
the  mid-height  of  the  outer  volution.  Upon  the  expanded  portion 
of  the  outer  lip  this  keel  curves  upward  to  the  posterior  process 
of  the  lip.  Above  and  below  the  median  keel  the  surface  is 
marked  by  moderately  broad,  rather  depressed  revolving  ribs, 
and  by  less  conspicuous  vertical  markings.  On  the  internal  casts, 
in  which  condition  only  the  species  has  been  seen  in  New  Jersey, 
the  surface  is  marked  in  the  younger  individuals  by  more  or 
less  indistinct  revolving  and  vertical  ribs,  which  evidently  were 
obliterated  by  the  internal  thickening  of  the  shell,  since  the 
larger  individuals  are  all  smooth.  The  aperture  in  the  casts  is 
narrowly  subelliptical  in  outline,  the  outer  side  being  a  little  more 
strongly  curved  than  the  inner.  The  columellar  cavity  left  in 
the  casts  is  rather  broad  and  is  not  marked  by  revolving  folds. 

Remarks. — In  New  Jersey  this  species  is  known  only  in  the 
condition  of  internal  casts,  which  are  all  imperfect,  the  apex  of 
the  spire  and  the  anterior  rostral  extension  and  the  outer  lip  of 
the  aperture  being  lacking  in  every  example  observed.  A  care- 
ful examination  of  the  types  of  Whitfield's  species  Anchura 
pagodaformis,  Rostellaria  nobilis  and  Rostellaria  hebe,  leads  to 
the  conclusion  that  all  of  them  are  members  of  the  same  species, 
and  a  comparison  of  the  specimens  with  numerous  examples  from 
the  South  in  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum  at  Wash- 
ington fails  to  show  any  characters  by  which  they  can  be  sepa- 
rated from  Anchura  abrupta.  A  part  of  the  specimens  described 
by  Whitfield  as  Turbinopsis  major  also  seem  to  belong  here.  The 
casts  which  Whitfield  has  identified  as  A.  abrupta  and  its  variety 
acutispira  are  also  representatives  of  the  same  species.  These 
internal  casts  differ  more  or  less  at  different  stages  in  their 


MOLLUSCA.  717 

growth,  and  the  younger  ones  have  the  external  markings  of 
the  shell  more  strongly  impressed,  as  if  the  shell  were  thinner 
during  its  earlier  growth,  becoming  thickened  internally  later  so 
as  to  abscure  the  external  markings.  Entirely  similar  casts 
occur  at  Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama,  and  elsewhere  in  the  south. 

Whitfield  has  referred  his  species  R.  nobilis  to  the  "Upper," 
or  Manasquan  marl,  with  a  query,  but  there  is  no  data  with  the 
specimen,  and  from  its  lithologic  characters  it  seems  to  be  more 
properly  referred  to  the  Navesink,  the  horizon  to  which  the 
species  seems  to  be  restricted. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i267),  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

Anchura  arenaria  (Morton). 
Plate  LXXXIIL,  Fig.  5. 

1834.     Rostellaria  arenarum  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S,,  p.  48,  pi.  5,  fig-  8. 
1861.     Gladius  arenarum  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

no  (54). 
1864.     Rostellaria  (?)  arenarum  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  20. 

1868.     Anchura  arenarum  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1876.     Anchura  arenarum  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1876),  p.  298. 
1892.     Anchura  arenaria  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  112,  pi.  14,  fig.  10. 
1905.     Anchura  arenaria*  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  22. 

Description,. — Shell  rather  strong  and  robust,  about  50  mm. 
in  length  when  complete  and  24  mm.  in  width.  Volutions  prob- 
ably four  and  one-half  or  five  in  number,  strongly  rounded,  rap- 
idly decreasing  in  size  upward ;  suture  strongly  marked ;  aperture 
narrow,  the  lip  unknown,  the  rostrum  apparently  quite  short. 
Each  volution  marked  by  10  or  12  vertical  plications  or  folds, 


7i8      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

which  are  strongly  marked  upon  the  convex  portion,  but  become 
obsolete  towards  the  sutures  above  and  below,  while  on  the  body 
volution  they  are  not  visible  below  the  upper  two-thirds,  the 
lower  third  being"  destitute  of 'markings.  On  the  outer  half  of  the 
last  volution  the  folds  are  indistinct  or  obsolete ;  the  folds  appear 
to  have  been  somewhat  sigmoidally  curved  in  passing  from  above 
downward,  being  directed  slightly  forward  below. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  Morton's  type 
specimen,  which  is  only  a  fragmentary  cast  scarcely  sufficient 
to  show  its  specific  characters,  although  it  is  probable  that  Mor- 
ton would  have  included  here  some  specimens  which  are  re- 
ferred to  A.  pennata  in  the  present  report,  since  he  states  that 
the  species  is  "common  throughout  the  blue  marls."  The  type 
specimen,  however,  seems  to  be  a  good  species,  distinguished 
from  A.  pennata  by  its  more  strongly  marked  vertical  nodes  and 
its  more  strongly  convex  volutions. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  New  Jersey 
(Morton). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PTERO  CEREAL  A  Meek. 

Pterocerella  tippana   (Conrad). 
Plate  LXXXIIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1858.     Harpago  tippana  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  331,  pi.  35,  fig.  25. 
1861.     Harpago  Tippanaw  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

112    (56). 

1864.     Pterocerella  tippana  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  pp.  20  an.d  36. 
1868.     Pterocerella  Tippana  Gabb,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p. 

146,  pi.  14,  fig.  20. 
1883.     Pterocerella  Tippana  Tryon,  Struct,  .and  Syst.  Conch., 

vol.  2,  p.  195,  pi.  60,  fig.  90. 

Description. — Shell  with  a  spire  of  moderate  height,  with 
about  six  volutions,  having  an  apical  angle  of  about  48°.  The 


MOLLUSCA.  719 

dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  specimen  from  Texas  are:  total 
height,  exclusive  of  the  wing-like  extensions  of  the  aperture,  35 
mm. ;  height  of  spire,  18  mm. ;  maximum  diameter  of  body  volu- 
tion, 23  mm.;  extension  of  the  processes  on  the  border  of  the 
outer  lip  from  18  mm.  to  33  mm.  The  volutions  of  the  spire 
are  marked  by  a  revolving  keel  a  little  below  the  mid-height  of 
each  volution,  the  sutures  not  impressed  below  the  surface  of 
the  spiral,  concave  band  between  the  carinae  of  succeeding  volu- 
tions. Greatest  height  of  the  body  volution,  exclusive  of  its 
wing-like  extensions,  about  equal  to  the  greatest  height  of  the 
spire,  marked  by  a  second  less  sharply  angular  revolving  rib, 
which  is  situated  about  as  far  below  the  upper  carina  as  that  is 
below  the  upper  suture,  and  by  three  other  less  distinctly  marked 
ones  near  the  anterior  margin,  the  two  lower  of  which  are  dis- 
tinctly recurved.  When  the  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  is  com- 
plete it  is  produced  into  six  elongate,  divergent,  conspicuous, 
wing-like  processes,  which  are  strengthened  along  their  median 
lines  by  thickened  ribs  or  carinae,  the  median  carinse  of  five  of 
these  processes  being  continuations  of  the  ribs  upon  the  body 
volution  of  the  shell.  The  most  posterior  of  the  processes  is  a 
branch  from  near  the  base  of  the  one  next  to  it,  and  its  median 
line  is  subparallel  to  the  axis  of  the  spire.  ,  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  only  by  fine,  inconspicuous  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  originally  described  from  a  por- 
tion of  the  body  volution  and  parts  of  the  upper  wing-like  pro- 
cesses of  the  outer  lip,  and  no  figure  or  description  of  a  complete 
example  has  previously  been  given.  The  nearly  perfect  indi- 
vidual which  has  served  as  a  basis  for  the  foregoing  description 
and' the  accompanying  illustration  of  the  species  is  from  Texas, 
and  is  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  National  Museum  at 
Washington.  In  New  Jersey  no  example  preserving  the  wings 
of  the  aperture  has  been  observed,  but  one  small,  although 
nearly  perfect,  internal  cast  exclusive  of  these  processes  has 
been  collected,  which  differs  in  no  essential  respect  from  the 
larger  example  from  Texas. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  Texas. 


720      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  STROMBIDAB. 

Genus  PUGNELI/US  Conrad. 

Puguellus  densatus  Conrad. 
Plate  LXXXIIL,  Fig.  6. 

1858.     S trombus  densatus  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 
Ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  330,  pi.  35,  fig-.  14. 

1860.  Pugnellus  densatus  Con.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  284. 

1861.  Pugnellus  densatus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

128. 

1864.     Pugenellus  densatus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  20. 

Description. — Internal  casts  of  median  size,  subovate  in  form, 
the  diminsions  of  a  nearly  complete  one  being:  height,  35  mm.; 
greatest  diameter,  20  mm. ;  height  of  aperture,  about  22  mm. ; 
width  of  aperture,  7.5  mm.  Volutions  about  four  in  number,  the 
suture  well  denned,  the  height  of  the  spire  less  than  one-half 
the  total  height  of  the  shell.  Volutions  of  the  spire  gently  con- 
vex and  nearly  vertical  for  two-thirds  of  this  height  from  the 
suture  below,  curving  much  more  strongly  above  to  the  upper 
suture.  Surface  of  the  cast  without  well-defined  markings. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  represented  in  the  New  Jersey  col- 
lections only  by  internal  casts,  which  in  no  case  preserve  the 
form  of  the  expanded  and  thickened  outer  lip.  It  is  not  possible 
to  identify  these  casts  with  absolute  certainty,  but  on  comparison 
with  authentic  specimens  of  the  species  in  the  National  Museum 
at  Washington,  the  New  Jersey  examples  seem  to  belong  here. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Craw  fords 
Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 


MOLLUSC  A.  721 

Genus  ROSTEU.ARIA  Lamark. 
Rostellaria  curta  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIIL,  Figs.  9-13. 

1892.     Rostellaria  civrta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  109,  pi.  13,  figs.  9-13. 

Description. — "Shell  small  and  comparatively  short  for  a 
species  of  the  genus;  spire  short,  the  apical  angle  being  about  45° 
in  some  specimens,  and  in  other  individuals  rather  less ;  volutions 
convex,  four  or  five  in  number,  only  four  in  the  casts ;  sutures 
deeply  marked,  indicating  a  comparatively  thick  shell ;  body  volu- 
tion large,  half  as  long  as  the  entire  length  of  the  cast,  or  some- 
times three-fifths  of  the  entire  length ;  base  of  the  body  volution 
extended  in  front;  aperture  equaling  one-half  the  length  of  the 
cast;  elongate  elliptical  in  outline,' acute  at  the  upper  angle  and 
the  margin  extending  above  the  line  of  the  suture  where  the 
lip  has  extended  upon  the  preceding  volution;  lower  margin  of 
the  aperture  prolonged  and  narrow;  outer  margin  more  con- 
vex than  the  inner;  columellar  cavity  rather  large,  indicating  a 
strong  and  thickened  columella,  which  has  been  smooth  and  with- 
out any  indications  of  folds  or  markings;  surface  of  the  volutions 
marked  by  distant  but  not  very  strong  vertical  folds,  which  are 
only  seen  on  the  internal  cast  upon  careful  examination ;  surface 
of  the  shell  and  features  o>f  the  lip  and  posterior  canal  unknown." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — The  broad  columellar  cavity  in  the  casts  of  this 
species  gives  it  a  strong  resemblance  to>  the  casts  which  have 
been  referred  to  the  genus  Turbinopsis  by  Whitfield,  and  so  far 
as  the  characters  of  the  casts  are  concerned  there  seems  to  be  no 
reason  for  placing  this  species  in  a  different  genus  than  Turbi- 
nopsis elevata.  Indeed,  in  many  respects  these  two  species  seem 
to  be  closely  allied,  but  R.  curta  is  smaller,  with  a  shorter  and 
more  pointed  spire.  Whitfield's  illustration  showing  the  revolv- 
ing costse  near  the  aperture  (his  fig.  10),  is  much  overdrawn, 

46  PAI, 


722      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

as  these  markings  are  exceedingly  faint  upon  the  specimen  and 
may  be  easily  overlooked. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks'  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Hostel laria  fusiformis  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIIL,  Figs.  16-17. 

1892.     Rostellaria  fusiformis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog, 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  no,  pi.  13,  figs.  14-15. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  slender  and  fusiform;  spire  ele- 
vated and  slender,  the  apical  angle  being  about  20°  or  25° ;  volu- 
tions slender,  slightly  convex  on  their  exposed  surfaces ;  four 
only  preserved  in  the  cast,  but  there  have  been  four  or  five  more 
above,  making  eight  or  more  in  all;  body  volution  greatly  pro- 
longed in  front,  forming  a  long  slender  beak  with  a  proportion- 
ally strong  axis,  leaving  quite  a  good-sized  axial  cavity  in  the 
cast;  aperture  long  and  narrow,  pointed  above  and  below,  the 
upper  canal  being  extended  upon  the  preceding  volutions  to  an 
unknown  extent;  volutions  marked  by  numerous,  closely-ar- 
ranged, vertical  folds,  12  or  more  to  the  whorl."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  R.  curia 
by  its  more  slender  form.  It  is  known  only  in  the  condition  of 
internal  casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  CYPRAEIDAE. 

Genus  CYPRAEA  Linneus. 

Cypraea   mortoni  Gabb. 

Plate  LXXXIV,  Figs.  1-2. 

1860.     Cypraa  Mortoni  Gabb.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 
ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  391,  pi.  68,  fig.  9. 


MOLLUSCA.  723 

1861.     Cyprcea  Mortoni  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  104 

(48). 
1864.     Cyprcsa  Mortoni  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  19. 

1868.     Cypreea  Mortoni  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1892.     Cypraa   (Aricia)    Mortoni  Whitf.,   Pal.    N.  J.,   vol.   2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  120,  pi.  15,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Cyprcsa  mortoni  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 
P-  23- 


Description.  —  "Ovate;  (casts)  spire  enveloped;  mouth  finely 
crenate  on  both  sides;  shell  widest  about  the  middle;  no  mark- 
ings on  the  cast."  (Gabb.) 

Remarks.  —  Only  two  specimens  of  this  species  from  New  Jer- 
sey have  been  observed,  one  of  them  being  the  specimen  used  by 
Gabb  as  the  type  of  the  species.  This  type  specimen  is  so  im- 
perfect that  only  the  generic  characters  of  the  shell  are  certainly 
retained.  It  gives  evidence,  however,  that  it  is  an  adult  indi- 
vidual, so  that  about  the  only  character  of  any  specific  value  at  all 
is  its  small  size.  The  specimen  is  17  mm.  long  and  13  mm.  wide; 
it  is  broadly  ovate  in  outline;  the  spire  is  flat  and  the  cast  is 
most  ventricose  about  one-third  of  its  length  from  that  end,  with 
a  slight  indication  of  angularity  at  the  point  of  greatest  diameter 
on  the  outer  half  of  the  last  volution.  The  outer  lip  shows  the 
infolding  to>  a  slight  extent,  but  there  are  no  indications  of  the 
fine  crenulations  of  the  lip  nor  of  the  opposite  side  of  the  aper- 
ture mentioned  in  the  original  description.  This  character  was 
probably  seen  only  upon  the  southern  specimen,  which  was  also 
included  among  the  types  of  the  species.  The  exterior  of  the 
cast  is  entirely  smooth.  The  second  specimen  is  also  an  internal 
cast.  It  differs  from  the  type  in  being  a  little  more  slender,  its 
dimensions  being:  length  21  mm.,  and  width,  12.3  mm.  Its  con- 
dition of  preservation  is  similar  as  to  that  of  the  type  and  little 
more  than  its  generic  characters  can  be  detected. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Burlington  County  (Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


724      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  DOLIIDAB 

Genus  PYRULA  Lamark. 

Pyrula   precedens   (Whitfield). 

Plate  LXXXIV.,  Figs.  3-4. 

1892.     Fkus  precedens  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  122,  pi.  15,  figs.  7-8. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  pyriform;  volutions  about  three, 
very  ventricose,  inflated  in  the  upper  part,  rapidly  attenuated 
below  and  contracted  to  form  a  moderately  long,  slender  canal 
and  beak,  which  is  very  slightly  bent;  spire  low,  but  the  inner 
volutions  distinctly  showing  above  the  outer  ones,  with  a  well- 
defined  suture;  aperture  elongate-elliptical,  prolonged  below  to 
the  end  of  the  canal,  which  is  very  narrow;  surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  12  principal  prominent,  spiral  carina,  between 
which  there  is  in  each  space  a  single  subordinate  ridge  showing 
on  the  cast;  toward  the  lower  part  of  the  volution  and  on  the 
beak  they  are  more  equal  in  size,  and  on  the  body  of  the  volu- 
tion the  principal  carina  are  nodose,  or  serrated,  from  the  cross- 
ing of  transverse  ribs  which  pass  across  the  volution  in  a  nearly 
straight  line  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  outer  lip  of  the  aper- 
ture. In  a  fragment  of  the  matrix,  from  near  the  inner  part  of 
the  outer  whorl  the  principal  spiral  ridges  are  seen  to  be  sharply 
carinate,  and  the  transverse  strise  fine  and  numerous;  columella 
without  ridges  or  folds  of  any  kind."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — No  specimens  which  can  be  referred  to  this 
species  have  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Sur- 
vey, and  the  type  seems  to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed.  The 
species  resembles  some  of  those  which  have  been  referred  to 
the  genus  Pyropsis  or  Perrisolax,  especially  P.  retifer.  The 
casts  of  P.  precedens,  however,  do  not  show  so  large  a  columellar 
cavity  and  the  anterior  beak  is  more  slender.  The  spiral  ridges 
are  also  more  numerous  and  more  sharply  elevated  than  in  P. 
retifer,  and  the  decided  alternation  among  them  is  a  distinguish- 
ing character. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  725 

Family  TBITONIDAB. 
Genus  TRITON  Montfort. 

Triton   lorillardensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXXIV.,  Figs.  5-6. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen,  with 
some  restoration,  are:  height,  25  mm.;  height  of  spire,  14  mm; 
greatest  diameter,  15  mm.;  apical  angle,  about  40°.  Shell  with 
probably  five  or  six  volutions,  the  suture  well  defined,  the  outer 
volution  produced  below  into  a  very  short  anterior  canal.  Sur- 
face of  the  volutions  of  the  spire  convex  from  suture  to  suture, 
the  curvature  a  little  flattened  above,  with  about  12  strong 
subangular  vertical  nodes  or  varices  upon  each  volution,  which 
extend  from  suture  to  suture  and  are  separated  by  broad  con- 
cave areas.  Upon  the  outer  volution  the  varices  become  obso- 
lete below,  and  the  surface  becomes  concave  as  it  passes  into  the 
short  anterior  canal.  Aperture  subovate  in  outline,  somewhat 
oblique,  pointed  below,  about  twice  as  high  as  wide;  at  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  columellar  lip  in  the  cast  three  notches  can  be 
detected  which  seem  to  indicate  the  presence  o<f  three  some- 
what obscure  revolving  columellar  folds;  the  outer  lip  is  marked 
by  revolving  ribs  internally.  The  surface  of  the  shell  is  marked 
by  revolving  costse  about  one  millimeter  apart,  with  the  spaces 
between  filled  with  exceedingly  fine  revolving  lines;  the  entire 
surface  is  also  marked  with  exceedingly  fine  transverse  lines  of 
growth. 

Remarks. — The  type  of  this  species  consists  of  an  incomplete 
internal  cast  which  has  been  restored  to  its  normal  form  so  far  as 
possible,  and  a  partial  impression  of  the  exterior,  which  has 
furnished  the  character  of  the  finer  surface  markings.  Upon  the 
casts  the  vertical  nodes  are  well  shown,  but  are  broader  and 
rounder  than  on  the  shell  itself,  and  the  stronger  revolving  costae 
are  present  towards  the  aperture. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


726      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Triton   praecedens  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIV.,  Figs.  7-8. 

1892.     Triton  (Epidromus}  prcecedens  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  58,  pi.  5,  figs.  6-7. 

Description. — "Shell  small  and  moderately  slender,  spire 
elevated,  longer  than,  or  about  equal  to,  the  length  of  the  body 
volution  and  anterior  beak,  as  viewed  from  the  back  of  the  shell ; 
apical  angle  of  the  spire  between  30°  and  35°;  volutions  quite 
ventricose,  with  strongly  marked  sutures ;  principal  varices  occur- 
ing  at  about  every  two- thirds  O'f  a  volution,  but  with  secondary 
varices  between,  visible  on  the  casts  but  not  definitely  enough  to 
give  a  positive  idea  of  their  exact  number,  yet  apparently  three 
on  the  body  volution ;  each  of  the  principal  varices  marked  by 
about  seven  well  defined  depressions  on  the  back,  indicating  that 
number  of  spiral  ridges  on  the  shell  and  protuberances  on  the 
inner  margin  of  the  lip ;  aperture  of  medium  size,  semi-lunate,  the 
outer  lip  only  moderately  expanded ;  columella  slender,  and 
anterior  beak  of  moderate  length ;  number  of  volutions  not 
definitely  ascertained,  as  the  specimens  are  imperfect."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  the  Navesink  marl, 
but  it  is  not  one  of  the  common  members  of  the  fauna  of  that 
formation.  The  species  may  be  recognized  by  the  impressions  of 
the  internal  varices  of  the  shell  upon  the  surface  of  the  internal 
casts. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford 
(149),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  Mullica  Hill  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  TRACHYTRITON  Meek. 

There  is  much  doubt  as  to  the  correct  generic  position  of  the 
species  which  were  described  by  Whitfield  as  members  of  the 
genus  Trachytriton.  They  are  only  known  from  the  internal 
casts,  and  for  want  of  any  definite  knowledge  of  their  true  generic 
characters,  they  will  be  allowed  to  remain  where  Whitfield  has 


MOLLUSCA.  727 

placed  them.  The  species  described  by  Whitfield  as  Triton 
praecedens,  however,  seems  to  more  nearly  fit  the  genus  Trachy- 
triton  than  do  these  species  which  are  placed  in  the  genus. 

Trachytriton    ?  atlanticum  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIV.,  Figs.  11-14. 

1892.     Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  59,  pi.  5,  figs.  8-n. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  the  casts  seldom  reaching  a  length 
of  more  than  an  inch  and  a  quarter;  spire  with  an  apical  angle 
of  about  40°  to  45°  ;  volutions  four  and  a  half  to  five  in  number, 
rather  convex  and  moderately  distinct,  the  sutures  in  the  cast 
being1  distinct  and  the  spaces  left  by  the  removal  of  the  shell  quite 
considerable;  last  volution  large,  forming  more  than  half  the 
entire  length,  and  being  as  long  below  the  point  of  greatest  dia- 
meter as  the  length  of  the  spire  above,  giving  an  equally  biconical 
or  fusiform  feature  to  the  cast,  with  a  moderately  long  and  some- 
Avhat  curved  beak  and  canal ;  aperture  large,  pointed  above  and 
slightly  extended  below;  narrow-elliptical  in  outline,  with  the 
outer  margin  rather  more  convex  than  the  inner  one ;  lip  of  the 
outer  volution  apparently  slightly  deflected;  the  surface  of  the 
volutions  have  been  marked  by  revolving  lines,  at  least  in  the 
lower  part,  as  is  shown  by  their  remains  on  the  surfaces  between 
the  volutions  of  the  cast;  and  by  proportionally  strong,  vertical 
folds,  three  of  which  in  each  volution  have  been  stronger  than  the 
one  or  twTo  intermediate  ones,  and  have  left  their  deeper  impres- 
sion both  on  the  surface  of  the  cast  and  on  the  imprint  of  the 
exterior,  as  seen  between  the  whorls."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — In  his  illustrations  of  this  species,  Whitfield  made 
the  vertical  ribs  of  the  shell  much  more  conspicuous  than  they 
really  are  upon  the  specimens.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  altogether 
certain  that  the  generic  reference  of  the  species  is  correct,  the 
strongly  defined  pitted  furrows  upon  the  internal  casts,  left  by 
the  denticulate  internal  varices,  which  are  said  by  Meek1  to  be 

1  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Tert.  Foss.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  303. 


728      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

so  characteristic  of  the  genus,  are  not  present  at  all  upon  the 
New  Jersey  specimens  of  either  this  species  or  of  the  others 
referred  to  the  genus  by  Whitfield. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  near  Freehold  (133),  near  Walnford  (i482),  Crosswicks 
Creek  (149,  195). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Trachytriton  ?  holmdelense  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIV.,  Figs.  9-10. 

1892.     Trachytriton   ?  Holmdelense  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  60,  pi.  5,  figs.  16-17. 

Description. — '"Shell  of  medium  size;  spire  moderately  ele- 
vated, having  an  apical  angle  of  50°  or  over;  is  composed  of 
about  five  very  rotund  volutions,  and  forms  fully  two-thirds  of 
the  entire  length  of  the  cast  when  viewed  from  the  back  of  the 
specimen;  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  the  cast  is  short 
and  the  beak  only  slightly  extended  beyond  the  general  rotundity 
of  the  body  volution;  suture  lines  between  the  volutions  in  the 
cast  clear,  distinct,  and  deep;  aperture  rather  broadly  elliptical; 
rounded  above;  slightly  pointed  below  and  straightened  on  the 
inner  side  below  the  middle  of  its  height;  columella  moderately 
strong  and  smooth ;  surface  of  the  cast  marked  by  vertical  folds, 
13  or  14  to  the  volution;  these  folds  distinctly  bend  backward  in 
the  middle  in  crossing  the  whorl,  and  are  again  directed  forward 
below,  forming  a  broad  sinuosity  in  crossing  the  whorl ;  no  evi- 
dence of  revolving  lines  discernible  on  any  of  the  specimens." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  and  the  type  specimen  seems  to  have  been  lost  or  de- 
stroyed. The  species  is  certainly  not  a  member  of  the  genus 
Trachytriton,  but  what  its  true  generic  relations  may  be  cannot 
now  be  determined. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  729 

Trachytriton  ?  multivaricosum  Whitfleld. 
Plate  LXXXIV.,  Figs.  15-18. 

1892.  Trachytriton  f  multivaricosum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol. 
2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  61,  pi.  5,'  figs. 
12-13. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size  and  rather  ventricose, 
with  an  elevated  spire,  which  is  composed  of  rounded  and  ventri- 
cose volutions,  and  has  an  apical  angle  of  about  50° ;  volutions 
four  and  a  half  or  five  in  the  cast,  the  number  not  definitely 
known,  the  specimens  being  imperfect  at  the  apex;  sutures  very 
distinct  and  marked;  body  volution  proportionally  large  and 
full,  especially  in  the  upper  part,  and  slightly  extended  below; 
the  beak  rather  long,  slightly  twisted,  and  provided  with  a  rather 
large  canal;  aperture  large,  elongate-elliptical,  acute  above  and 
extended  below,  the  length  about  three  times  the  width;  colu- 
mella,  as  shown  by  the  cavity  left  by  its  removal,  rather  strong 
and  perfectly  smooth;  surface  of  the  cast  showing  remains  of 
numerous  closely  arranged,  vertical  folds,  marking  the  upper 
portion  of  the  volutions,  but  becoming  indistinct  on  the  outer 
half  of  the  last  one;  three  of  these  on  each  volution  slightly 
stronger  than  the  others;  also,  marked  by  spiral  lines  or  ridges, 
which  have  left  deep  grooves  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  volu- 
tions of  the  cast,  and  also  mark  the  outer  half  of  the  body  whorl, 
becoming  quite  distinct  on  the  margin  of  the  lip,  indicating 
crenulations  or  denticulations  on  its  inner  surface."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  T.  atlanticum,  but  it  is  more 
robust  with  rounder  volutions  and  usually  with  somewhat  more 
conspicuous  and  more  numerous  vertical  nodes  upon  the  casts. 
The  illustrations  of  the  species  published  by  Whitfield.  show 
the  vertical  nodes  and  the  revolving  costse  near  the  aperture, 
much  more  clearly  than  they  can  be  seen  on  the  specimen  itself. 
The  revolving  costae  are  so  faint  as  to  be  scarcely  recognizable 
upon  the  specimen  at  all,  and  upon  only  one  of  the  type  speci- 
mens are  the  vertical  nodes  at  all  noticeable. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Cross  wicks  "Creek, 
near  New  Egypt  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


730      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Super-family  RACHIGLOSSA. 
Family  BUOOINIDAE. 

Genus  PERISSOLAX  Gabb. 
Perissolax  dubia  (Gabb). 

Plate  LXXXV.,  Figs.  1-5. 

1860.  Purpuroides  ?  dubia  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1860),  p.  94,  pi.  2,  fig.  ii. 

1861.  Purpuroidea  ?  dubia  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

129  (73). 
1864:    Purpuroidea  ?  dubia  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Purpuroidea  ?  dubia  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Perissolax  dubia  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  47,  pi.  3,  figs.  9-1 1. 
1892.     Tritonida  obesa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  79,  pi.  9,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Perissolax  dubia  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  24. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  conical  above,  abruptly 
contracted  below  the  largest  part  of  the  last  volution,  and  ex- 
tended in  front  into  a  short,  somewhat  slender  beak ;  volutions 
about  four,  strong,  convex  on  the  surface,  with  well-marked 
sutures ;  apical  angle  in  the  vicinity  of  50° ;  aperture  ovate, 
somewhat  acute  at  each  end  but  prolonged  below;  surface 
marked  by  revolving  ridges  and  by  closely  arranged  vertical  folds ; 
of  the  former,  there  are  n,  eight  of  which  may  be  said  to  be 
above  the  middle  of  the  volution,  or  above  the  peripherry,  while 
three  only  are  really  below  this  point,  and  these  more  distant  and 
somewhat  stronger  than  the  others,  with  distinctly  concave  spaces 
between,  while  the  lower  half  of  the  space  between  the  beak  and 
the  periphery  seems  to  be  destitute  of  ridges ;  vertical  folds  low 
and  rounded,  with  concave  interspaces  of  about  an  equal  breadth 
with  the  folds,  or  the  folds  may  be  said  to  unite  at  their  bases, 
occupying  the  entire  space;  12  of  them  can  be  counted  on  the 


MOLLUSCA.  731 

outer  half  of  the  last  volution ;  the  folds  bent  slightly  backwards 
from  the  suture  to  the  center  of  the  volution,  and  again  very 
faintly  forward  at  that  point,  below  which  they  rapidly  become 
obsolete,  not  showing  on  the  under  side  of  the  volution."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Retnarks. — This  species  occurs  in  the  Navesink  marl  in  the  con- 
dition of  internal  casts,  and  as  in  the  case  of  most  of  the  gastro- 
pods known  only  as  casts,  its  generic  relations  cannot  be  deter- 
mined with  certainty.  The  anterior  canal  has  usually  been 
destroyed  upon  the  specimens.  The  shells  which  Whitfield  has 
described  under  the  name  Tritonidea  obesa  prove,  upon  examina- 
tion of  the  types,  to  be  only  small  examples  of  Perissolax  dubia. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (195),  Mullica  Hill  (169),  Holm- 
del  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Perissolax  trivolva  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXXV.,  Fig.  6. 

1860.  JPusus  trivolvus  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  ( 1860), 

p.  94. 

1861.  Perissolax  trivolva  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

122  (67). 
1864.     Perrisolax  trivolva  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  23. 

1868.     Perrisolaa  trivolva  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  ].,  p.  730. 
1892.     Perissolax  trivolva  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  172,  pi.  21,  figs.  1-3. 
1905.     Perissolax  trivolva  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  24. 

Description, — "Shell  of  medium  size,  ventricose,  with  a  long, 
straight  canal,  once  and  a  half  as  long  as  the  length  of  the  inner 
part  of  the  body  whorl  above  it.  Spire  very  low,  broad,  conical ; 
the  apical  angle  being  from  100°  to  110°,  the  top  of  the  volu- 
tions flattened  in  the  direction  of  the  slope  of  the  spire,  and  the 


732      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

inner  volutions  barely  rising  above  the  outer  ones.  Body  whorl 
flattened  on  the  periphery,  forming  a  nearly  vertical,  flattened 
band  of  considerable  depth,  below  which  a  second  obliquely 
flattened  space  of  somewhat  less  width  occurs,  thus  forming  the 
three  angles  on  the  body  of  the  whorl  from  which  the  name  was 
derived.  Below  the  lower  angle  the  surface  slopes  rapidly  to  the 
long,  slender  canal  and  beak.  Aperture  large,  angular  on  the  out- 
side and  contracted  below  at  the  canal,  strongly  modified  on  the 
inner  margin  by  the  preceding  volution.  Volutions  faintly 
marked  by  distant  varices  and  along  the  upper  carina  by  a  series 
of  thin,  rather  closely  arranged  transverse  nodes.  No  fine  sur- 
face markings  or  spiral  lines  are  perceptible  on  any  of  the  speci- 
mens, all  of  which  are  internal  casts  in  a  rather  coarse  yellow 
limesand."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  is  a  well-marked  species,  and  is  one  of  those 
designated  among  the  types  of  the  genus  Perissolax.  Its  char- 
acters are  so  distinct  that  it  cannot  be  easily  mistaken  for  any 
other  shell  in  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New  Jersey.  It  is  known 
only  from  internal  casts,  which  are  preserved  in  a  matrix  which 
does  not  well  preserve  the  surface  characters  of  the  shell,  and  the 
absence  of  spiral  ribs  or  other  marks  upon  the  casts  does  not 
signify  that  they  were  absent  from  the  shell  itself. 

Formation*  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Timber  Creek 
(Gabb  and  Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PYRIFUSUS  Conrad. 
Pyrifusus  meeki  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXV.,  Figs.  7-8. 

1892.     Pyrifusus  meeki  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  55,  pi.  4,  figs.  6-8. 

Description. — "Shell  moderately  large  for  the  genus,  having 
a  diameter  of  nearly  i%  inches  of  the  body  whorl;  subequally 
biconical  in  general  outline;  spire  elevated,  having  an  apical 


MOLLUSCA.  733 

angle,  as  seen  in  the  cast,  of  somewhat  less  than  60°,  with  the 
spire  slightly  longer  than  the  shell  below,  as  viewed  from  the 
back  of  the  last  volution ;  volutions  probably  about  four  in  num- 
ber (the  specimens  being  all  imperfect),  subangular  on  the  peri- 
phery above  the  last  one,  which  is  biangular  and  obliquely  flat- 
tened on  the  periphery,  the  lower  angle  less  strongly  marked 
and  less  prominent  than  the  upper  one,  and  both  crossed  by 
strong,  rounded,  vertical  folds,  which  become  obsolete  just  be- 
low the  lower  angulation,  but  form  node-like  prominences  on 
them ;  base  of  the  last  volution  strongly  and  rapidly  contracted 
from  the  lower  angulation,  forming  a  short  anterior  prolonga- 
tion or  beak;  the  columella  formerly  quite  slender,  judging  from 
the  small  perforation  remaining  in  the  cast,  and  destitute  of 
folds  or  ridges;  aperture  large,  angularly  ovate,  oblique  and 
pointed  below  and  strongly  angular  on  the  outer  side;  surface 
of  the  shell,  except  the  vertical  folds,  unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  seems  to  be  a  well  defined  species  which  can 
be  easily  distinguished  from  any  of  its  associates  by  reason  of 
the  two  revolving  angles  of  the  outer  volution  with  the  distinctly 
flattened  surface  between. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pyrifusus  mullicaensis   (Gabb). 
Plate  LXXXV.,  Figs.  9-15. 

1860.  Pleurotoma  Mullicaensis  Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.  (1860),  p.  95,  pi.  2,  fig.  8. 

1 86 1.  Fusus  Mullicaensis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

108  (52). 
1864.     Fusus  mullicaensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  22. 

1868.     Fusus  ?  Mullicaensis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Pyrifusus  mullicaensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  52,  pi.  4,  figs.  16-19. 
1892.     Neptunella    Mullicaensis    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    ].,    vol.    2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  56,  pi.  4,  figs.  20-21. 


734      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1892.  Eripachya  ?  paulidinaformis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  77,  pi.  3,  figs.  16-17. 

1892.  Pyrifitsus  cuneus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  51,  pi.  4,  figs.  9-11. 

1905.  Pyrifusus  cuneus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  24. 

1905.  Pyrifusus  mwllicaensis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
P-  24- 


Description.  —  Shell  subfusiform,  with  about  five  volutions,  of 
medium  size  or  rather  large,  length  above  and  below  the  point 
of  greatest  diameter  nearly  equal,  spire  obtusely  conical  with  an 
apical  angle  of  about  50°  ;  the  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete 
internal  casts  are:  total  height,  36  mm.;  greatest  diameter,  20.5 
mm.;  height  of  spire,  13  mm.;  height  of  aperture,  23  mm.; 
width  of  aperture,  9.5  mm.  Volutions  ventricose,  with  deep 
sutures,  the  outer  one  subangular  on  the  periphery  with  the  lower 
part  somewhat  attenuated;  aperture  large,  elongate,  subelliptical. 
more  rounded  externally  than  on  the  inner  side;  columellar 
cavity  in  the  casts  broad.  Surface  o<f  the  casts  marked  by  numer- 
ous obliquely  vertical  folds  which  are  strongest  on  the  largest 
portion  of  the  volutions;  other  surface  characters  unknown. 

Remarks.  —  Whitfield  referred  his  specimens  to  this  species 
with  a  query,  but  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  the 
examples  which  he  illustrates  with  Gabb's  type  of  the  species. 
In  addition  to  the  specimens  which  Whitfield  has  identified  as 
members  of  this  species,  the  example  which  he  has  described 
as  Neptunella  mullicaensis  is  only  an  exceptionally  large  indi- 
vidual of  P.  mullicaensis  ',  as  has  been  suggested  by  Johnson. 
Also  the  shells  which  the  same  author  has  described  as  P.  cuneus 
are  only  somewhat  more  immature  individuals  of  P.  mullicaensis, 
and  the  same  can  be  said  of  his  Hripachys  ?  paulidinaformis, 
although  in  this  latter  shell  the  vertical  nodes  are  somewhat  less 
strongly  developed  than  usual.  The  different  individuals  vary 
considerably  in  the  strength  and  size  of  their  vertical  nodes,  but 
no  specific  characters  can  be  drawn  on  these  grounds  since  all 
intergradations  can  be  selected  from  a  large  number  of  indi- 


MOLLUSCA.  735 

viduals.  In  addition  to  the  above,  one  of  the  specimens  figured 
by  Whitfield  among  the  types  of  his  P.  turritis,  the  original  of 
his  figures  i  and  2,  seems  to  be  only  a  small  example  of  this  same 
species. 

Formation  and  locality.. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Middeltown  (H31),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  195),  near 
Mount  Laurel  (166),  Mullica  Hill  (169),  Freehold  (Whitfield)  ; 
Tinton  beds,  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Pyrifusus  macfarlandi  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXV.,  Fig.  17. 

1892.     Pyrifusus  Macfarlandi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  52,  pi.  4,  figs.  14-15. 

Description. — "Shell  below  a  medium  size,  short-conical  or  sub- 
globose,  shorter  below  than  above  the  point  of  greater  diameter, 
the  low  spire  having  an  apical  angle  of  nearly  90°,  with  the  body 
volution  proportionately  large.  Volutions  four  and  a  half  to  five 
in  number,  ventricose,  the  upper  ones  rounded  on  the  exposed 
parts,  even  in  the  cast,  with  distinct,  deeply  marked  sutures; 
body  volution  somewhat  shouldered  on  the  top,  but  not  flattened ; 
below  it  is  short  and  very  rapidly  diminishing,  so  as  to  produce 
nearly  a  straight  line  from  just  below  the  point  of  greatest  dia- 
meter to'  the  margin  of  the  cavity  left  by  the  removal  of  the 
columella  or  axis  of  the  shell ;  aperture  imperfect  in  form,  but  as 
seen  by  the  section  of  the  cast  must  have  been  acutely  ovate, 
sharply  pointed  below  and  gradually  widened  upward  for  about 
two-thirds  of  its  length,  and  rounded  at  the  upper  end ;  columella, 
as  shown  by  the  axial  cavity,  large  and  smooth,  without  folds  or 
ridges ;  surface  marked  by  numerous  vertical  folds,  about  eight  of 
which  may  be  counted  on  the  outer  half  of  the  body  whorl ;  these 
not  seen  on  the  cast  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  indicat- 
ing their  absence  on  the  lower  part  of  the  volution  in  the  living 
shell;  no  remains  of  spiral  lines  preserved  on  the  specimen.'* 
(Whitfield.) 


736      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  distinguished  from  P.  mullica- 
ensis,  with  which  it  is  associated,  by  its  comparatively  shorter 
and  broader  form,  and  by  the  more  numerous  vertical  node-like 
folds  upon  the  shell.  The  surface  markings  of  the  shell  have  hot 
been  observed. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pyrifusus  erraticus  WMtfield. 
Plate  LXXXV.,  Fig.   16. 

1892.     Pyrifusus  erraticus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  50,  pi.  4,  figs.  4-5. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  a  very  fine  specimen  used, 
measuring  i^4  inches  in  length;  nearly  equally  fusiform  or 
biconical  in  general  outline  as  viewed  from  the  back ;  apical  angle 
about  50° ;  volutions,  about  four  in  number,  the  last  one  large, 
subangular  on  the  periphery,  concave  above,  rounded  below  the 
middle,  and  contracted  in  the  lower  part ;  upper  volutions  convex ; 
suture  distinct;  aperture  elongate;  canal  short;  the  volutions 
crossed  by  nine  or  ten  vertical  plications,  which  are  strong, 
prominent,  and  rounded  on  the  larger  part  of  the  volution,  and 
but  faintly  marked  on  the  lower  convexity  of  the  last  one,  becom- 
ing obsolete  before  reaching  the  beak;  the  entire  surface  of  the 
shell  also  marked  by  beautifully  rounded,  spiral  lines,  which  are 
alternately  larger  and  smaller,  and  very  closely  arranged ;  these 
again  crossed  by  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth,  which  make  a 
broad  and  rather  strong  retral  curve  from  the  suture  to  the  most 
prominent  part  of  the  longitudinal  plications,  below  which  point 
they  again  bend  forward  to  the  swell  of  the  volution  below ; 
columella  and  axis  unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  is  a  large, 
but  somewhat  imperfect  internal  cast  of  this  species,  which  must 
have  had  a  total  height  of  43  mm.  when  complete,  which  is  con- 
siderably larger  than  Whitfield's  type,  with  a  height  of  but  31 
mm.  The  species  is  a  well-marked  one  and  cannot  be  easily  con- 
fused with  any  other  in  the  Cretaceous  beds  of  New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  737 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  HERCORHYNCHUS  Conrad. 

Hercorhynchus  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXXV.,  Figs.  18-22. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
height,  29  mm.;  height  of  spire,  7  mm.;  greatest  diameter,  17.5 
mm.;  apical  angle  about  75°.  Shell  pyriform  with  four  or  five 
volutions,  the  outer  volution  produced  below  into  a  rather  short, 
curved  anterior  canal;  suture  moderately  impressed.  The 
volutions  of  the  spire  subangular  about  midway  between  the 
sutures,  the  angulation  marked  with  obscure  nodes,  both  angu- 
lation  and  nodes  being  obsolete  on  the  higher  volutions.  Body 
volution  with  a  rather  finely  nodose  revolving  ridge  or  shoulder 
below  the  suture,  just  below  which  at  the  line  of  greatest  diam- 
eter of  the  volution,  is  a  row  of  rounded  nodes,  about  18  in 
number,  with  the  intervening  spaces  about  equaling  in  width  the 
nodes  themselves,  some  of  the  nodes  are  produced  below  for  a 
short  distance  as  obscure,  rounded  ridges;  between  the  sutural 
ridge  or  shoulder  and  the  row  of  nodes,  the  surface  is  concave; 
below  the  row  of  nodes  the  surface  is  broadly  and  regularly 
convex,  becoming  concave  below  as  it  passes  into  the  anterior 
canal.  Surface  ornamented  by  obscure  lines  of  growth  which 
show  a  broad  but  slight  sinuosity  beneath  the  suture.  Columella 
with  two  faint  revolving  folds. 

Re-marks. — The  best  specimen  of  this  species  which  has  been 
observed  consists  of  a  nearly  complete  internal  cast  with  a  par- 
tial mould  of  the  exterior  from  which  a  plaster  cast  has  been 
taken.  Only  the  larger  nodes,  those  near  the  aperture,  are  visible 
upon  the  cast.  The  species  is  especially  characterized  by  its 
curved  anterior  canals.  The  folds  of  the  columella  are  seen 
only  as  impressions  in  the  cast,  and  are  almost  too  faint  to  be 
detected  except  when  the  specimen  is  held  in  a  certain  position. 
47  PAL 


738      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

This  species  resembles  Strepsidura  tippana  Con.,1  a  species- 
which  was  afterwards  placed  by  the  same  author  in  his  genus 
Hercorhynchus?  The  New  Jersey  shell  differs  from  this  form, 
however,  in  the  absence  of  spiral  markings. 

Formation   and   locality. — Cliffwood    clay,    Cliffwood    Point 

(185). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  NASSA  Lamark. 

Nassa  globosa  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXXVL,  Fig.   i. 

1876.     Nassa  globosa  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil  (1876),. 
p.  282. 

Description. — Shell  subglobose,  with  a  short  anterior  beak, 
spire  moderately  elevated,  volutions  six  or  more  in  number.  The 
dimensions  of  a  large,  somewhat  imperfect  and  distorted  internal 
cast  are:  total  height,  45  mm.;  greatest  width  after  correcting 
for  the  distortion,  about  37  mm.  Volutions  of  the  spire  marked 
by  rather  broad,  vertical  nodes  which  reach  nearly  from  suture 
to  suture,  their  greatest  prominence  being  somewhat  above  the 
mid-height;  body  volution  marked  by  similar  nodes  which  are 
continued  anteriorly,  dying  out  about  two-thirds  of  the  distance 
from  the  suture  to  the  anterior  extremity,  these  nodes  are 
broad,  separated  by  about  equally  broad  depressions,  and  are 
most  prominent  a  little  below  the  suture.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  throughout  by  moderately  coarse,  depressed,  revolving 
ribs,  the  distance  from  center  to  center  of  the  larger  ones  upon 
the  example  whose  dimensions  are  given  above  being  about 
2  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  commonly  in 
the  New  Jersey  collections.  The  specimen  here  illustrated  and 


'  Tour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  286,  pi.  46,  fig.  42. 
1  Am-.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  247. 


MOLLUSCA.  739 

whose  dimensions  are  given  above,  has  been  compared  with  the 
type  of  the  species  and  other  examples  in  the  collections  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science  and  the  National  Museum, 
and  its  specific  identity  is  certain.  The  examples  from  the 
southern  localities  show  that  the  shell  substance  was  thin.  The 
New  Jersey  specimen  is  a  modified  internal  cast  and  shows  most 
of  the  external  surface  markings  of  the  shell. 

Formation    and    locality. — Wenonah    sand,    near    Marlboro 

(130). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Genus  PYROPSIS  Conrad. 

Pyropsis  richardsoni   (Tuomey). 

Plate  LXXXVL,  Figs.  2-5. 

1854.     Pyruiai  \Richardsonii  Tuomey,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  vol.  7,  p.  169. 
1860.     Tudicla  (Pyropsis)  perlata  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  288,  pi.  46,  fig.  39. 

1860.  Rapa  elevata  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.t 

vol.  4,  p.  301,  pi.  48,  fig.  12. 

1 86 1.  Perissolax  Richardsoni  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  123  (67). 
1 86 1.     Tudicla  elevata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  141 

(85)- 
1861.     Tudicla   (Pyropsis)   perlata  Gabb,   Synop.   Moll.   Cret. 

Form.,  p.  141  (85). 
1864.     Tudicla  (Pyropsis)  perlata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  23. 
1864.     Perissolax  (?)  Richardsoni  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  23. 
1864.     Tudicla  elevata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  23. 

1868.  Tudicla  elevata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 

1869.  Rapa  elevata  Con.,  Amer.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  248. 


740      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1876.     Pyropsis   elevata    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1876),  p.  284. 
1876.     Pyropsis  Richa\rdsoni  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  284. 
1883.     Pyropsis  perlata  Tryon,  'Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  vol.  2, 

p.  141,  pi.  51,  fig.  61. 
1892.     Pyropsis  elevata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  35,  pi.  i,  figs.  11-13. 
1905.     Pyropsis  elevata  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  23. 
1905.     Pyropsis  perlata  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  23. 
(Not  P.  richardsoni  or  P.  perlata  Whitfield,  Pal,  N.  J., 

vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  pp.  37  and  39, 

pi.  i,  figs.  8-10,  and  pi.  I,  figs.  14-16.) 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  of  P.  per- 
lata are :  total  height,  restored,  about  50  mm. ;  maximum  diam- 
eter of  body  volution,  35.5  mm.;  approximate  length  of  anterior 
canal  as  restored,  26  mm.  Shell  somewhat  pyriform,  spire  low, 
the  apical  angle  about  135°.  Body  volution  very  wide,  the  upper 
surface  flat  or  slightly  concave  towards  the  periphery ;  periphery 
carinate,  the  keel  uneven,  being  produced  at  intervals  into  low 
somewhat  compressed  tubercle-like  processes;  lower  side  of  the 
volution  convex  above,  becoming  concave  below  where  it  is  pro- 
duced rather  abruptly  into  the  long  anterior  canal.  Surface 
of  the  outer  volution  marked  with  revolving  costae,  about  seven 
or  eight  of  which,  alternating  in  size,  occupy  the  upper  flattened 
surface;  below  the  periphery  and  about  one-third  the  height  of 
the  body  volution,  exclusive  of  the  canal  below  it,  is  a  strong 
revolving,  subcarinate  ridge,  elevated  at  intervals  into  low 
tubercle-like  processes ;  between  this  strong  rib  and  the  periphery 
are  three  costse,  the  middle  one  of  which  is  the  stronger,  all  of 
which  are  more  or  less  crenate;  below  the  strong  subperipheral 
rib  a  series  of  more  or  less  crenate  revolving  costae  continue 
downward  to  the  anterior  canal,  gradually  becoming  smaller 
below.  The  surface  is  also  marked  by  more  or  less  conspicuous, 
transverse  lines  of  growth. 


MOLLUSCA.  741 

Remarks. — Tuomey's  original  description  of  this  species  is  as 
follows:  "Shell  top-shaped;  spire  depressed,  almost  flat;  body 
whorl  angular,  terminating  suddenly  in  a  canal."  In  the  absence 
of  any  illustration  it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  make  any  identi- 
fication from  such  a  meagre  definition  as  this,  and  more  especially 
when  the  specimens  to  be  identified  are  internal  casts  and  the 
definition  a  description  of  the  shell  itself.  Furthermore  the 
whereabouts  of  the  type  specimen  is  not  known.  The  internal 
casts  which  Whitfield  referred  here  cannot  possibly  belong  here, 
however,  because  the  body  volution  is  not  in  the  least  angular, 
although  the  spire  is  nearly  flat.  Judging  from  the  original  de- 
scription, the  shell  would  seem  to  come  very  close  to  the  shell 
described  from  Tippah  County,  Miss.,  by  Conrad  as  P.  perlata, 
the  type  of  the  genus  Pyropsis ;  indeed  Conrad  himself  suggested 
the  identity  of  the  two  forms,1  and  Gabb  has  considered  them  as 
identical  without  any  question.2  Gabb  came  to  this  conclusion 
through  a  study  of  numerous  specimens  of  these  shells  from 
Mississippi  and  Alabama,  among  which  was  the  type  of  P.  per- 
lata, and  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  he  was  correct  in  his 
conclusion,  and  his  interpretation  of  the  two  species  will  be  fol- 
lowed here. 

In  Whitfield's  monograph  both  the  species,  P.  perlata  and  P. 
richardsoni  have  been  given  a  place,  the  specimens  upon  which 
both  identifications  have  been  made  being  internal  casts.  A  crit- 
ical study  of  both  the  forms  recognized  by  Whitfield  leads  to 
the  conclusion  that  neither  of  them  are  really  representatives  of 
the  southern  species  under  consideration.  Indeed,  true  repre- 
sentatives of  P.  richardsoni  seem  to  be  exceedingly  rare  in  the 
New  Jersey  faunas,  a  single  individual  from"  the  Merchantville 
clay-marl  near  Matawan  having  been  observed,  and  a  second 
specimen  from  the  Navesink  marl.  The  former  is  a  very 
incomplete  internal  cast  with  a  portion  of  the  impres- 
sion of  the  exterior.  A  plaster  cast  taken  from  this  natural 
mould  shows  the  external  features  of  the  shell,  so  far  as  they 
go,  of  essentially  the  same  character  as  those  of  the  type  of  P. 


1  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  248. 

2Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  284. 


742      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

perlata.  The  cast  itself  shows  the  very  flat  spire,  flatter  than 
any  other  member  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas,  and  a 
subangular  periphery  upon  which  are  indications  of  irregulari- 
ties which  in  the  shell  itself  are  tubercle-like  processes  of  the 
peripheral  keel.  Conrad1  has  expressed  the  opinion  that  Rapa 
elevata  is  identical  with  Pyropsis  perlata  Con.,  and  that  both 
may  be  the  same  as  P.  richardsoni  Tuomey.  Gabb,2  however, 
says  that  R.  elevata  certainly  is  not  the  same  as  P.  richardsoni, 
although  he  thinks  that  P.  richardsoni  and  P.  perlata  are  the 
same.  Johnson3  says  that  P.  elevata  and  P.  perlata  "will  un- 
doubtedly prove  to  be  the  same  as  P.  richardsonii  Tuomey." 
Whitfield  has  considered  all  three  of  the  species  as  distinct  forms. 
An  examination  of  the  type  of  P-.  elevata  shows  that  it  is  certainly 
identical  with  P.  richardsoni  and  P.  perlata,  as  has  been  previ- 
ously suggested  by  Conrad  and  Johnson;  the  lithologic  charac- 
ters of  the  specimen  also'  indicates  that  it  is  from  the  Merchant- 
ville  clay-marl. 

Formation,  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Georgia, 
Mississippi. 

Pyropsis  pyruloidea  (Gabb). 
Plate  LXXXVL,  Figs.  6-7. 

1860.  Rapa   pyruloidea   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1860),  p.  94,  pi.  2,  fig.  4. 

1861.  Rapa  pyruloidea  Gabb,   Synop.    Moll.   Cret.   Form.,   p. 

13°  (74)- 
1864.     Rapa  pyruloidea  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.  Foss.   N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Rapa  pyruloidea  ?  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Pyrifusus  pyruloides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  53,  pi.  4,  figs.  12-13. 


1  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  4,  p.  248. 

2  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876)),  p.  284. 

3  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905),  P-  23. 


MOLLUSCA.  743 

1905.     Pyrifusus  pyruloidea  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  24. 

Description. — Shell  turbinate,  with  a  very  low  spire  consisting 
•of  little  more  than  three  volutions,  which  increase  rapidly  in 
size  with  the  growth  of  the  shell,  the  outer  volution  comprising 
the  greater  bulk  of  the  shell.  Aperture  very  large,  subovate  in 
outline  except  as  it  is  modified  on  the  inner  side  by  the  previous 
volution,  widest  at  the  upper  third  of  its  height  and  sharply 
pointed  anteriorly.  The  columellar  cavity  in  the  casts  propor- 
tionally broad,  with  no  impressions  of  revolving  folds.  The 
surface  of  the  body  volution  of  the  casts  marked  by  rather 
obscure  vertical  folds  on  its  upper  part,  seven  of  which  may  be 
counted  on  the  outer  half  of  the  volution.  The  fragment  of 
shell  which  remains  on  the  specimen  is  marked  by  strong,  some- 
what irregular  lines  of  growth,  which  are  gathered  in  groups 
on  the  upper  portion  of  the  volution  to  form  the  vertical  folds 
which  are  visible  also  in  the  cast. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  rare  one  and  has  not  been  met 
with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  being  known  only 
from  the  type  specimen.  It  seems  to  be  a  well-marked  species 
and  may  be  recognized  by  its  low  spire  and  large  body  volution 
with  the  greatest  diameter  high  up  and  the  base  pointed.  The 
cast  resembles  in  some  degree  small  individuals  of  P.  trochi- 
formis,  but  it  is  more  elongate.  The  type  specimen  seems  to 
show  an  indefinite  revolving  line  on  the  outside  of  the  shell 
about  two-thirds  of  the  distance  between  the  suture  and  the  an- 
terior extremity,  which  is  also  recognizable  upon  the  cast  as  a 
faint,  impressed  band.  The  characters  of  this  shell  are  scarcely 
consistent  with  those  of  the  genus  Pyrifusus  where  it  has  been 
placed  by  Whitfield,  and  it  is  here  referred  to  Pyropsis  where  it 
seems  to  be  more  properly  placed,  although  this  generic  refer- 
ence may  be  incorrect. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Burlington  County 
(Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


744      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Pyropsis  septemlirata  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXXVL,  Figs.  8-10;   Plate  LXXXVIIL,  Figs.  1-4. 

1860.  Cancellaria  septemlirata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1860),  p.  94,  pi.  2,  fig.  10. 

1861.  Cancellaria  septemlirata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  98  (42). 
1864.     Cancellaria  ?  septemlirata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss. 

N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  19. 
1868.     Cancellaria  (  ?)  sepfemeirata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p. 

729. 
1876.     Pyropsis  septemlirata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  285. 
1892.     Pyropsis  (Rapa  ?)  septemlirata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  44,  pi.  3,  figs.  4-8. 
1905.     Pyropsis  septemlirata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  24. 
1892.     Pyropsis  (Rapa   ?)'  Corrina  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  45,  pi.  3,  figs.  1-3. 

Description*. — The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  internal 
cast  are:  height  of  specimen  as  preserved,  42  mm.;  probable 
total  height,  47  mm. ;  maximum  diameter  of  the  outer  volution, 
33.5  mm.  Shell  with  about  three  volutions,  the  spire  low,  the 
suture  canaliculate  with  a  wide  and  deep,  subrectangular  depres- 
sion. Outer  volution  gibbous  above,  abruptly  contracted  and 
produced  into  a  long  anterior  canal  below,  the  upper  half  of  the 
gibbous  portion  much  more  strongly  convex  than  the  lower  half. 
Surface  marked  by  strong  revolving  costae  or  ridges,  about  eight 
or  ten  in  number,  separated  by  much  broader  depressions,  the 
first  ridge  borders  and  slightly  overhangs  the  deep  sutural  depres- 
sion, the  second  and  perhaps  others  are  somewhat  nodose,  and 
all  are  more  or  less  rugose  because  of  the  rather  coarse  trans- 
verse lines  of  growth.  The  surface  of  the  internal  casts  is  smooth, 
with  four  or  five  rather  obscure  revolving  angles,  and  with  a 
broad,  sutural  cavity. 

Remarks. — Casts  of  this  species  are  not  uncommon  in  the 
Navesink  horizon  at  Mullica  Hill.  The  characters  of  the  outer 


MOLLUSCA.  745 

surface  of  the  shell  have  been  determined  from  plaster  casts  taken 
from  natural  moulds  of  the  shell,  of  which  several  incomplete  ones 
have  been  studied.  The  species  is  especially  characterized  by  the 
strong  and  deep  sutural  furrow  or  fossula,  and  the  strong  revolv- 
ing costae.  A  careful  comparison  of  the  specimens  in  the  recent 
collections  with  Gabb's  original  examples,  the  figured  type  and 
two  others,  has  shown  that  their  identification  is  correct.  Gabb's 
specimens  were  all  internal  casts,  so  that  the  remarkable  sutural 
groove  is  not  shown  upon  them.  The  sharply  defined  collumellar 
fold,  indicated  in  Gabb's  original  illustration  of  the  species,  does 
not  exist  in  the  specimen.  Different  individuals  of  the  species 
vary  somewhat  in  the  height  of  the  volutions,  but  the  abrupt  con- 
traction to  the  anterior  canal  is  characteristic.  The  large 
individual  illustrated  by  Whitfield  is  not  this  species,  and  is  prob- 
ably not  a  New  Jersey  specimen.  The  internal  casts  of  this 
species  seem  to  resemble  the  one  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  P. 
perlata  more  closely  than  any  other,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that 
that  specimen,  which  certainly  is  not  P.  perlata  Con.,  may  belong 
to  P.  septemlirata.  It  differs  from  most  of  the  specimens  chiefly 
in  the  greater  angularity  of  the  periphery.  The  exact  number  of 
revolving  costse  upon  the  surface  of  the  shell  has  not  been  deter- 
mined with  certainty,  indeed  there  is  probably  some  slight  varia- 
tion in  the  number  in  different  individuals,  and  in  all  the  speci- 
mens observed  they  seem  to  have  been  eroded  or  otherwise 
destroyed  except  towards  the  aperture. 

The  type  of  Whitfield's  P.  corrina  seems  to  be  only  a  rather 
smooth  internal  cast  of  this  species,  but  not  smoother  than  is 
frequently  met  with. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  MullicaHill  (169),  Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pyropsis  planimarginata  (Whitfield). 
Plate  LXXXVL,  Figs.  11-14. 

1892.     Tudicla  planimarginata  Whitf.  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  33,  pi.  i,  fig.  1-3. 


746      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — "Shell  small  or  somewhat  below  a  medium  size, 
very  ventricose,  with  a  very  low  spire  composed  of  but  little  more 
than  two  entire  volutions  in  the  cast ;  outer  volution  large,  form- 
ing the  great  bulk  of  the  shell  and  having  a  diameter  considerably 
greater  than  the  entire  height,  including  the  short  beak  and  canal. 
Volutions  marked  on  the  periphery  by  a  flattened,  vertical  band, 
bordered  above  and  below  by  an  angulation ;  a  second  angulation 
also  marking  the  upper  surface  midway  between  the  top  of  the 
vertical  flattening  and  the  suture  line,  and  still  another  on  the 
under  side  of  the  volution  near  the  base  of  the  beak;  columellar 
cavity  only  of  medium  size,  with  aperture  large,  wider  or  about 
as  wide  as  high,  but  little  modified  on  the  inner  side  by  the  preced- 
ing volution;  lip  slightly  expanded;  surface  unknown."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — The  flattened  bands  upon  the  body  of  the  shell  of 
this  species  somewhat  resemble  Perissolax  trivolva  (Gabb),  of  the 
Vincentown  limesand,  but  it  has  a  much  lower  spire  of  fewer 
volutions,  and  it  lacks  the  long  anterior  canal  of  that  species. 
The  species  has  not  been  certainly  met  with  in  the  recent  collec- 
tions of  the  Survey.  The  species  should  possibly  not  be  separated 
from  P.  septemlirata. 

formation  and  locality.. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pyropsis  trochiformis  (Tuomey). 

Plate  LXXXVIL,  Figs.  i-ii. 
1854.     Pyrula  trothiformis  Tuomey,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

vol.  7,  p.  169. 
1 86 1.     Tudicla  (Pyropsis)  trochiformis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret. 

Form.,  p.  141  (85). 
1864.     Tudicla  trochiformis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  22. 
1876.      ?  Pyropsis  trochiformis  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  285. 
1892.     Pyropsis   Richardsonii    ?    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  39,  pi.  i,  figs.  14-16. 

(  Not  P.  richardsoni  Tuomey. ) 


MOLLUSCA.  747 

1892.  Pyropsis  trochiformis  (?)  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  41,  pi.  i,  figs.  4-7. 

1892.  Pyrvpsis  Reileyi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  42,  pi.  2,  figs.  11-20. 

1905.  Pyropsis  trochiformis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil 
(1905),  p.  23. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  an  incomplete  internal  cast 
are :  height,  as  far  as  preserved,  40  mm. ;  probable  total  height, 
about  60  mm. ;  maximum  diameter,  41  mm.  Shell  pyriform,  with 
three  or  four  rapidly  increasing  volutions,  spire  depressed,  the 
first  volution  and  one-half  almost  flat  in  the  casts,  suture  in  the 
cast  widely  open.  Body  volution  very  broad  and  gibbous,  con- 
tracting somewhat  rapidly  below  to  the  anterior  canal,  which  has 
been  broken  and  destroyed  in  most  of  the  specimens  observed. 
Surface  of  the  outer  volution  rounded  from  the  suture  to*  the  base 
of  the  anterior  canal,  that  portion  above  the  line  of  greatest  width 
shorter  and  more  strongly  convex  than  that  below.  Surface  of 
the  casts  smooth,  but  sometimes  with  slight  indications  of  the 
revolving  costse  of  the  exterior.  Columellar  cavity  large  in  the 
casts.  External  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  strong,  more  or 
less  nodose,  revolving  costae,  and  by  somewhat  irregular  lines 
of  growth,  the  revolving  lines  becoming  gradually  more  slender 
towards  the  base. 

Remarks. — The  original  description  of  this  species  is  as  fol- 
lows: "Shell  top-shaped;  body  whorl  large,  inflated,  covered  with 
revolving  raised  lines ;  spire  depressed,  not  flat ;  angle  of  the  body 
whorl  rounded ;.  canal  produced ;  aperture  nearly  circular." 

The  internal  casts  which  Whitfield  has  illustrated  as  representa- 
tives of  this  species  are  probably  correctly  identified,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  his  figure  7,  with  the  strong,  revolving  ribs 
near  the  aperture,  although  these  markings  may  be  due  to  the 
immature  condition  of  this  particular  individual.  It.  is  possible 
that  figure  6  of  the  same  author  is  also  incorrectly  identified.  In 
addition  to  these,  the  specimens  which  Whitfield  has  described  as 
P.  reileyi  apparently  belong  here,  and  also  the  internal  casts  he 
has  identified  as  P.  richardsom,  which  are  totally  different  from 
the  true  P.  richardsoni  of  Tuomey.  This  species,  in  fact,  includes 


748      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

all  those  rotund  examples  of  Pyropsis  which  occur  in  the  Nave- 
sink  marl,  the  species  being  distinguished  from,  the  associated  P. 
septemlirata  by  their  less  abrupt  contraction  below  to  the  anterior 
canal,  and  by  the  absence  of  the  strongly  canaliculate  suture. 
These  casts  of  P.  trochiformis,  however,  vary  somewhat  among 
themselves  in  the  rapidity  of  their  contraction  below,  in  the 
amount  of  elevation  of  the  spire,  and  in  the  strength  of  the  impres- 
sions of  the  revolving  costse  upon  the  internal  casts,  but  a  com- 
parison of  many  individuals  from  New  Jersey  and  from  southern 
localities  has  led  to  the  conclusion  that  they  cannot  be  specifically 
divided,  at  least  not  in  the  condition  of  internal  casts,  the  condi- 
tion in  which  they  almost  invariably  occur. 

Formation  '  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108), 
Middletown  (ii32),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  near  Holm- 
del  (i285,  127),  Mullica  Hill  (i6g2)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Beers  Hill 
cut,  south  of  Keyport  (129®),  Tinton  Falls  (no). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 

Pyropsis  ?  obesa  Whitfleld. 
Plate  LXXXVIIL,  Figs.  5-6- 

1892.     Pyropsis  ?  obessa  Wttitl,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  IL 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  40,  pi.  3,  figs.  12-13. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size,  very  ventricose,  with 
very  round,  full,  short  volutions,  and  short  obtuse  spire,  the  body 
volution  being  produced  below  to  form  a  short  beak  of  almost 
insignificant  proportions,  as  shown  by  the  cast;  apical  angle 
about  80  degrees;  volutions  about  three  in  number,  very  short 
and  compact;  smooth  on  the  surface,  except  on  the  last  one, 
where  spiral  lines  are  shown  to  have  existed  on  the  shell  and 
to  have  left  their  imprint;  only  about  five  or  six  of  these  trace- 
able, and  those  on  the  lower  side;  aperture  moderately  large, 
obliquely  ovate,  rounded  above  and  pointed  below;  columella 
rather  strong,  somewhat  flexuose,  judging  from  the  axial  cavity 
left  in  the  cast,  and  apparently  marked  by  a  single,  rather  promi- 
nent oblique  ridge  in  its  lower  part."  (Whitfield.) 


MOLLUSCA.  749 

Remarks. — :This  species  is  evidently  not  a  true  Pyropsis  be- 
cause of  the  presence  of  the  columellar  fold.  Whitfield  was  not 
able  "to  place  it  satisfactorily  under  any'  known  genus,"  at  the 
time  he  described  it,  and  it  may  be  allowed  to  remain  with  a 
question,  where  it  was  placed  by  the  original  author. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Mullica  Hill  (169), 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pyropsis  retifer  (Gabb). 
Plate  LXXXVIIL,  Figs.  7-13. 

1860.  Fiisu*s  retifer  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  sen, 

vol.  4,  p.  301,  pi.  48,  fig.  ii. 

1 86 1.  Fitsus  retifer  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret  Form.,  p.   108 

(52). 
1864.     Fwsw  (?)  retifer  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  22. 

1868.     Perissolax  retifer  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Pyropsis  retifer  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  38,  pi.  2,  figs.  1-4. 
1892.     Doliu-m  (Doliopsis  ?)  multiliratum  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 

vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  121,  pi.  15, 

figs.  4-6. 
1905.     Pyropsis   retifer   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  24. 

Description. — Shell  small,  pyriform,  or  without  the  anterior 
canal  subglobular  in  form,  the  dimensions  of  a  large  individual 
being :  height,  22  mm.,  or  probably  25  mm.,  if  the  anterior  beak 
were  complete;  maximum  diameter,  18  mm.;  height  of  spire,  6 
mm.  Volutions  about  three,  rounded,  ventricose  and  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  size,  rapidly  contracting  below  to  the  short  anterior 
beak,  spire  low,  conical,  sutures  well  marked  in  the  cast ;  aperture 
large,  subcircular  on  the  outer  margin,  about  two-thirds  as  high 
as  the  total  height  of  the  shell;  columellar  cavity  in  the  cast 
rather  narrow.  Surface  of  the  casts  marked  by  8  or  10 


750      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

spiral  ridges  upon  the  body  volution,  placed  at  nearly  equal 
intervals,  also  by  fainter  vertical  ridges  which  appear  usually 
to  have  been  placed  at  nearly  equal  intervals  to  those  of  the 
spiral  ridges,  though  occasionally  they  are  somewhat  closer. 
Upon  the  external  surface,  as  shown  in  impressions  of  the  out- 
side, the  revolving  and  vertical  ribs  are  much  more  conspicuous 
than  on  the  casts,  their  intersections  being  marked  by  small, 
rounded  nodes. 

Remarks. — This  is  a  well-marked  species  and  can  be  easily 
recognized.  It  most  resembles  P.  octolirata,  but  the  summit  of 
the  outer  volutions  adjacent  to  the  suture  is  less  flattened,  and 
the  outer  volution  is  marked  by  a  larger  number  of  revolving 
costse  which  are  crossed  by  transverse  costae  at  more  frequent 
intervals.  In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  the  species  has 
been  found  to  be  common  in  the  Wenonah  sand  at  one  locality, 
and  one  of  Whitfield's  specimens  came  from  the  same  horizon. 
It  also  occurs  in  the  Navesink  marl. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263),  near  Middletown  (Whitfield) ;  Navesink  marl, 
near  Red  Bank  (120),  Crosswicks  Creek  (i474),  near  Walnford 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Pyropsis  whitfieldi  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXXVIIL,  Figs.  14-16. 

1892.  Pyropsis  octolirata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  36,  pi.  2,  figs.  8-9,  not  fig.  10. 
(Not  P.  octolirata  Conrad.) 

Description. — Shell  small,  subglobular  or  subpyriform  in  form, 
with  about  three,  ventricose,  rapidly  expanding  volutions;  the 
dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  internal  cast  being:  height,  19.5 
mm.,  which  might  be  increased  to  25  mm,  if  the  anterior  canal 
were  complete;  maximum  diameter,  16  mm.;  height  of  spire,  5.5 
mm.  Spire  low-conical,  volutions  distinctly  flattened  adjacent  to 
the  suture,  marked  by  from  six  to  nine  spiral  ridges  or  costse 


MOLLUSCA.  751 

upon  the  casts,  which  are  crossed  by  vertical  ridges  at  about 
equal  intervals  or  slightly  more  distant  than  the  spiral  lines,  the 
two  sets  of  markings  dividing  the  surface  into  a  number  of 
square,  depressed  spaces  ;  anterior  beak  short,  apparently  straight, 
and  rather  pointed  ;  aperture  elongate,  pointed  above  and  below, 
about  half  as  wide  as  long.  In  the  casts  the  suture  is  distinct 
and  often  strongly  marked. 

Remarks.  —  This  species  is  of  about  the  same  size  as  P.  retifer, 
from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  distinctly  flattened 
band  on  the  upper  side  of  the  volutions  adjacent  to  the  suture; 
the  spire  is  also  slightly  more  depressed,  and  the  lower  side  of  the 
outer  volution  contracts  a  little  more  rapidly  to  the  anterior  beak. 
The  species  has  only  been  seen  in  the  condition  of  internal  casts, 
and  by  Whitfield  was  referred  to  P.  octolirata.  It  differs  from 
P.  octolirata,  however,  in  the  presence  of  vertical  ribs,  and  appar- 
ently also  in  the  flattening  of  the  upper  margin  of  the  volutions. 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(195),  near  Walnford  (Coll.  N.  J.  Geol.  Surv.). 

Geographic  distribution.  ^New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


Pyropsis  octolirata  (Conrad). 
Plate  LXXXVIIL,  Figs.  17-18. 

1858.     Ficus  octoliratus  Con.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

sen,  vol.  3,  p.  332,  pi.  35,  fig.  6. 
1861.     Perissolax  octolirata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

123  (67). 
1864.     Perissolax  octolyrata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  23. 
1868.     Perissolax  octolirata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 

Description.  —  Shell  pyriform  or,  exclusive  of  the  anterior  canal, 
subglobular  in  form,  consisting  of  three  or  four  volutions,  the 
outer  one  of  which  is  produced  in  front  in  an  elongate  anterior 
canal  ;  imperforate  ;  suture  slightly  impressed  ;  the  dimensions  of 
a  somewhat  incomplete  internal  cast  are  :  total  height,  20  mm.  ; 
height  of  spire,  4  mm.  ;  maximum  diameter  of  outer  volution, 


752      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

about  14  mm.  Outer  volution  regularly  rounding  from  the  suture 
to  the  base  of  the  anterior  canal,  marked  by  eight  or  nine  spiral 
ribs,  one  of  which  on  the  upper  side,  about  half  way  between  the 
periphery  and  the  suture,  is  slightly  nodose,  the  strongest  costse 
are  those  upon  and  just  below  the  periphery;  on  the  upper  side, 
between  the  nodose  rib  and  the  suture,  is  a  single  faint  rib.  On 
the  internal  cast  the  revolving  ribs  are  much  fainter  than  upon  the 
shell  itself,  and  the  nodes  of  the  uppermost  costa  are  not  shown. 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  P.  iwhitfieldi,  but  it  may  be 
distinguished  from  that  species  by  the  absence  of  the  rather  dis- 
tinct flattening  of  the  volutions  adjacent  to  the  suture,  by  the  total 
absence  of  vertical  ribs,  and  by  the  more  elongate  anterior  beak. 
The  type  of  P.  octolirata  Conrad  has  apparently  been  destroyed  or 
lost.  The  very  meager  description  given  by  the  author  of  the 
species  is  as  follows:  "Pyriform;  spire  conical;  costae  of  body 
volution  about  eight  in  number,  inclined  to  be  square,  distant; 
beak  long  and  slender."  The  illustration  accompanying  the 
original  description  is  poor,  but  it  shows  a  shell  totally  lacking  in 
vertical  ribs  and  without  a  distinct  flattening  of  the  volutions  just 
below  the  suture.  Whitfield  has  referred  certain  examples  to  the 
species  which  have  distinct  vertical  ribs  and  a  flattened  revolving 
band  just  below  the  suture,  which  are  evidently  distinct  and  have 
been  described  in  this  report  as  a  new  species,  P.  utfaitfieldi.  The 
only  specimen  in  the  New  Jersey  collections  which  seems  to  agree 
with  Conrad's  original  definition  of  the  species  is  the  one  here  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  from  the  Woodbury  clay  at  Lorillard. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Pyropsis  lenolensis  n.  sp. 

Plate  LXXXVIII.,  Pigs.  20-24. 

Description. — Shell  small  and,  exclusive  of  the  anterior  beak, 
subglobular  in  form,  with  about  four  volutions;  the  dimensions 
of  a  nearly  complete  individual  are:  height,  13  mm.;  probable 
height,  if  anterior  beak  were  complete,  18  mm.;  maximum  diam- 
eter, 11.5  mm.;  height  of  spire,  4  mm.  The  volutions  distinctly 


MOLLUSCA.  753 

flattened  above  in  a  spiral  band  just  below  the  suture,  the  outer 
margin  of  the  flattened  band  being  elevated  in  a  moderately 
strong  revolving  rib,  below  this  rib  the  outer  volution  is  nearly 
regularly  convex  to  the  base  of  the  anterior  canal  which  is  rather 
elongate  and  slender;  surface  of  the  outer  volution  marked  by 
about  six  or  seven  strong,  revolving  ribs  between  the  outer  mar- 
gin of  the  flattened  band  above  and  the  base  of  the  anterior  beak; 
the  outer  half  of  the  volution  being  also  marked  by  several, 
rather  strong,  vertical  varices  which  are  about  twice  as  far  apart 
as  the  revolving  ribs,  these  varices  do  not  cross  the  flattened 
band  above,  and  at  their  junction  with  the  revolving  ribs  they 
are  elevated  into  rounded  nodes;  entire  surface  of  the  shell  also 
marked  by  somewhat  irregular,  transverse  lines  of  growth.  On 
the  internal  casts  the  transverse  varices  are  well  marked,  but 
the  revolving  ribs  are  faint  except  at  the  junction  with  the 
varices ;  the  columellar  cavity  narrow. 

Remarks. — This  species  most  closely  resembles  P.  zvhitfieldi, 
but,  besides  being  confined  to  an  entirely  different  geologic 
horizon,  the  flattened  upper  margin  is  more  distinct,  the  vertical 
markings  are  more  remote  varices  in  the  outer  half  of  the  last 
volution  of  the  adult  shells  rather  than  regular  ribs  covering 
the  entire  shell  with  a  distance  apart  about  equaling  the  spaces 
between  the  revolving  ribs.  Furthermore,  the  vertical  varices  in 
P.  lenolensis  end  at  the  outer  margin  of  the  upper  flattened 
spiral  band,  while  in  P.  whitfieldi  the  ribs  apparently  continue 
to  the  suture,  judging  from  the  internal  casts  alone. 

Formation    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

O63). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  EUTHRIA  Gray. 

Euthria  ?  fragilis  Whitfleld. 

Plate  LXXXVIIL,  Figs.  25-26. 

1892.     Euthria   ?  fragilis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2   (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  78,  pi.  9,  figs.  n-12. 
1905.     Huthria   ?  Fragilis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  P-  23- 

48    PAL 


754      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  measuring  only  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  length;  form  short  fusiform,  the  point 
of  greatest  diameter  being  nearly  midway  of  the  length;  spire 
short,  the  apical  angle  taken  from  a  crushed  example,  being 
about  70°,  probably  not  more  than  60°  to  65°  in  perfect  speci- 
mens; volutions  ventricose,  six  or  seven  in  number,  the  last  one 
forming  the  great  bulk  'of  the  shell  and  with  the  anterior  beak 
forming  about  five-sevenths  of  the  entire  length  when  meas- 
ured on  the  back  oi  the  volution;  upper  volutions  compact; 
sutures  strongly  marked;  anterior  beak  short,  moderately 
strong;  aperture  not  seen;  substance  of  the  shell  very  thin  and 
fragile,  marked  only  by  fine  lines  of  growth  parallel  to  the 
margin  of  the  aperture,  which  indicate  the  existence  of  a  broad 
and  rather  marked  sinus  in  the  lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  volu- 
tion, formed  by  the  extension  of  the  lip  below  and  on  the  body 
of  the  volution  far  in  advance  of  the  margin  at  and  just  below 
the  suture;  on  the  surface  of  the  beak  the  striae  gently  inclined 
backward  again."  (Whitfield). 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  of  this  species  is  the  only 
example  which  has  been  observed.  It  is  a  very  fragile  shell 
and  is  somewhat  crushed  and  distorted.  Its  generic  characters 
are  not  clearly  shown,  and  it  is  not  with  any  certainty  a  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  in  which  Whitfield  has  placed  it.  However, 
the  species  may  be  allowed  to  remain  where  its  original  author 
placed  it  until  additional  specimens  are  found  which  will  throw 
more  light  upon  its  true  relationships. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  near  Haddonfield 

(183)- 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  PURPTJRIDAE. 
Genus  RAPANA  Schumacher. 

Rapana  stantoni  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXXIX.,  Figs.  1-3. 

Description. — Shell  subpyriform,  with  a  large,  vertically  cor- 
rugated umbilicus ;  the  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are : 


MOLLUSCA.  755 

height  of  shell,  24  mm. ;  maximum  diameter,  25  mm. ;  height 
of  aperture,  12  mm.;  width  of  aperture,  n  mm.  Volutions 
about  three  and  one-half  or  four  in  number,  the  spire  depressed, 
the  suture  ill-defined;  the  anterior  portion  of  the  shell  rather 
abruptly  contracted  from  the  body  of  the  shell.  Aperture  sub- 
circular,  slightly  higher  than  wide,  with  a  very  narrow  anterior 
canal ;  the  outer  lip  with  a  rather  thick,  slightly  undulating  mar- 
gin, inner  lip  rather  thick.  Surface  of  the  outer  volution  marked 
by  seven  strong,  revolving  ribs  separated  by  somewhat  wider, 
rounded  furrows,  with  an  eighth  less  conspicuous  one  upon 
the  anterior,  canaliculate  portion;  the  first  three  of  these  ribs, 
next  to  the  suture,  occupy  the  upper  surface  of  the  volution, 
the  interval  between  the  first  and  second  being  somewhat 
greater  than  between  the  other  ribs;  the  revolving  ribs  are 
crossed  by  strong  vertical  folds  at  somewhat  variable  intervals, 
but  which  are  usually  a  little  more  distant  than  the  revolving 
ribs ;  at  the  points  where  the  vertical  and  revolving  ribs  cross, 
the  surface  of  the  shell  is  elevated  in  conspicuous  nodes;  sur- 
face also  marked  by  fine,  more  or  less  irregular  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — The  type  of  this  species  is  a  nearly  perfect  ex- 
ample from  the  Ripley  formation  at  Chatfield,  Navarro  County, 
Texas,  No.  21070  of  the  invertebrate  paleontological  collection 
of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  In  New  Jersey  a  single  imper- 
fect individual  has  been  observed. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

Family  FTJSIDAE. 
Genus  Fusus  Lamark. 

Fusus  holmesianus  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXXIX.,  Fig.  4. 

1860.     Fusus  Holmesianus  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  389,  pi.  68,  fig.  4. 
1864.     Fusus  Holmesianus  Meek,  Check  List,  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  22. 


756      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  figured  specimen  are : 
height,  15  mm.;  height  of  spire,  4  mm.;  greatest  diameter,  8 
mm.;  apical  angle,  60°.  Shell  fusiform  with  about  three  or 
four  volutions,  spire  conical  and  turrited,  the  outer  volution  pro- 
duced below  into  a  straight  anterior  canal  of  moderate  length. 
Suture  moderately  distinct;  upper  surface  of  the  volutions  flat- 
tened or  a  little  concave,  sloping  downward  from  the  suture  to 
the  line  of  greatest  diameter,  which  is  marked  with  a  row  of 
about  14  or  15  vertically  elongate  nodes  upon  each  volution; 
on  the  volutions  of  the  spire  these  nodes  originate  at  about 
the  middle  and  continue  downward  to  the  suture  below,  which 
Is  flexuose  on  account  of  the  projection  of  the  nodes;  on  the 
body  volution  the  surface  below  the  row  of  nodes  is  gently 
convex  above,  becoming  concave  below  as  it  passes  into  the 
anterior  canal.  Entire  surface  of  the  shell  marked  with  fine 
revolving  lines. 

Remarks. — The  New  Jersey  examples  of  this  species  have 
been  compared  with  Gabb's  type  of  the  species,  and  they  seem 
to  be  identical  in  all  essential  specific  characteristics. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Fusus  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXXIX,  Figs.  6-7. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are: 
height,  18.5  mm.;  height  of  spire,  5.5  mm.;  greatest  diameter, 
10  mm.;  apical  angle,  75°.  Shell  fusiform  with  about  four 
volutions,  suture  fairly  well  defined,  outer  volution  produced 
below  into  a  short,  anterior  canal.  Outer  volution  flattened 
above,  the  upper  surface  short,  sloping  slightly  downward  from 
the  suture  to  the  periphery ;  below  the  periphery  the  slope  is  long 
and  gently  convex,  becoming  concave  below  as  it  passes  into  the 
anterior  canal;  periphery  marked  with  about  12  or  14  strong 
nodes,  which  are  much  elongate  anteriorly,  reaching  about  half 
way  from  the  periphery  to  the  extremity  of  the  anterior  canal. 


MOLLUSCA.  757 

Volutions  of  the  spire  not  well  preserved  in  the  type  specimen, 
but  they  are  apparently  angular  at  about  their  mid-height  and 
are  marked  with  nodes  similar  to  those  on  the  periphery  of 
the  outer  volution.  Aperture  narrowly  subovate,  pointed  below, 
more  than  twice  as  high  as  wide.  Surface  of  the  shell  apparently 
smooth,  or  marked  only  with  inconspicuous  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — This  species  closely  resembles  P.  holme  sianus 
Gabb,  but  the  nodes  upon  the  shoulder  of  the  outer  volution 
are  larger  and  more  elongate,  and  all  spiral  markings  are 
lacking. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  near  Matawan 
(107). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Fusus  holmdelensis  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIX.,  Figs.  11-12. 

1892.     Fusus  ?  HoUndelensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  62,  pi.  6,  figs.  lo-n. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size,  about  il/2  inches  in 
length ;  spire  short,  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  the  body  volu- 
tion and  beak;  volutions  four  or  more,  the  upper  ones  rather 
small  and  the  body  volution  proportionally  large,  ventricose  in 
the  middle  and  extended  in  front  in  a  moderately  long,  slightly 
twisted  canal ;  aperture  large,  more  than  half  the  entire  length  of 
the  shell ;  the  outer  lip  broadly  and  strongly  sinuate  in  the  upper 
part  and  somewhat  extended  forward  below ;  columella  slender, 
twisted ;  surface  of  the  volutions  marked  by  rather  strong,  promi- 
nent, vertical  folds,  which  are  most  distinct  on  the  body  of  the 
lower  whorl,  but  become  obsolete  below,  and  on  the  upper  whorls 
are  extended  from  suture  to  suture,  10  of  these  folds  being 
visible  on  the  large  volution;  strong  lines  of  growth  also  cross 
the  shell  parallel  to  the  border  of  the  aperture;  closely  arranged, 
elevated  spiral  lines  cover  the  entire  shell,  and  are  finest  and  most 
numerous  on  the  upper  part,  more  distant  below  the  middle,  and 
strongly  marked  on  the  anterior  beak,  where  they  are  very  oblique  • 
the  spaces  between  the  lines  apparently  flat."  (Whitfield.) 


758      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  is  the  only  individual  of  this 
species  which  has  been  seen,  and  it  forms  an  exception  to  most  of 
the  gastropods  of  the  Navesink  marl,  in  that  the  form  of  the  shell 
itself  is  preserved.  The  internal  cast  of  the  species  has  not  been 
recognized. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Fusus  lorillardensis  n.   sp. 
Plate  LXXXIX.,  Figs.  9-10. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are :  height, 
53  mm.;  height  of  spire,  23  mm.;  greatest  diameter,  18  mm.; 
apical  angle  about  34°.  Shell  elongate-fusiform,  with  six  or  seven 
volutions,  the  outer  volution  produced  into  an  elongate  anterior 
canal ;  suture  moderately  impressed ;  the  surface  of  the  volutions 
of  the  spire  regularly  convex  from  suture  to  suture.  Surface  of 
the  shell  marked  by  a  revolving  ridge  or  shoulder  of  moderate 
size  just  below  the  suture;  each  volution  marked  by  from  15  to 
1 8,  or  less  upon  the  smaller  volutions,  rather  sharp,  elevated, 
vertical,  slightly  curved  ridges,  the  concave  side  of  the  curve 
towards  the  aperture;  on  the  volutions  of  the  spire  the  ridges 
continue  from  suture  to  suture  but  on  the  outer  volution  they 
become  obsolete  a  little  less  than  half  way  from  the  suture  to 
the  anterior  extremity  of  the  canal;  surface  also  marked  by  fine 
revolving  costse,  three  or  four  of  which  occupy  the  space  of  one 
millimeter,  and  by  distinct  transverse  lines  of  growth  which  have 
,a  broad  but  slight  sinuosity  below  the  suture,  following  the  di- 
rection of  the  transverse  ridges. 

Remarks. — This  shell  somewhat  closely  resembles  F.  (Exili- 
fusus}  kerri  Gabb,  from  North  Carolina,1  but  it  is  less  slender 
with  a  less  extended  anterior  canal,  giving  to  the  spire  a  relatively 
greater  height.  The  type  is  a  partial  internal  cast  with  the  nearly 
complete  external  mould,  from  which  a  plaster  cast  has  been  taken. 
The  transverse  ribs  are  clearly  visible  on  the  internal  cast,  but  they 
are  broadly  rounded  and  much  lower  than  on  the  shell  itself. 


'Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876),  p.  279,  pi.  17,  fig.  i. 


MOLLUSCA.  759 

The  dimensions  given  are  of  the  largest  individual  observed,  but 
numerous  smaller  specimens  have  been  collected. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  CRYPTORHYTIS  Meek. 

Cryptorhytis  obliquicostata  Gabb. 
Plate  LXXXIX.,  Fig.  8. 

1876.     Fasciolaria    (Cryptorhytis)    obliquicostata'   Gabb,    Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1876).  p.  283. 

Description. — The  approximate  dimensions  of  an  imperfect 
specimen  are:  height  of  shell  when  complete,  point  of  spire  re- 
stored, 12.5  mm.;  height  of  spire,  about  4  mm.;  greatest  diam- 
eter, 7  mm.;  apical  angle,  about  52°.  Shell  fusiform  with  about 
three  or  four  volutions,  suture  well  defined,  outer  volution  pro- 
duced below  into  a  rather  short  anterior  canal.  Surface  of  the 
volutions  of  the  spire  convex  from  suture  to  suture,  and  marked 
by  a  series  of  elongate,  slightly  oblique,  rather  sharp  nodes,  about 
ii  or  12  on  each  volution,  which  originate  close  to  the  upper  su- 
ture, become  strongest  at  about  the  mid-height  of  the  volution 
and  grow  fainter  below  to  the  lower  suture.  Upon  the  outer  volu- 
tion the  nodes  resemble  those>  of  the  spire  and  become  obsolete 
below,  about  half  way  between  the  suture  and  the  extremity  of 
the  anterior  canal ;  the  surface  of  the  outer  volution  is  convex  from 
the  suture  to  below  the  middle  where  it  becomes  concave  as  it 
passes  into  the  anterior  canal,  the  periphery  being  without  a  dis- 
tinct angulation.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  throughout  with 
fine  revolving  lines. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  represented  in  the  collections  from 
New  Jersey  by  very  few  imperfect  examples  in  which  the  most 
essential  characters  are  not  shown.  These  examples  have  been 
compared  with  the  type  of  the  species,  however,  and  the  two  seem 
to  agree  in  such  characters  as  are  shown  on  both  specimens,  and 
the  identification  is  probably  correct. 


760      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Haddonfield  (165). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  North  Carolina. 

Genus  SERRIFUSUS  Meek. 

Serrifusus  nodocarinatus  Whitfield. 

Plate  LXXXIX.,  Fig.  13. 

1892.  Serrifusus  (Liroftisus)  nodocarinatus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.r 
vol.  2,  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  64,  pi.  5, 
figs.  22-23. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  abruptly  fusiform  in 
general  outline;  spire  broad  conical,  the  height  from  the  broad- 
est part  of  the  body  volution  being  somewhat  less  than  the  diam- 
eter at  its  periphery;  beak  short,  slender;  volutions  three  or 
four  (the  specimen  being  imperfect),  somewhat  bicarinate  in 
the  middle  where  there  is  a  nearly  vertical,  obliquely  flattened 
area  or  band,  above  which  the  surface  slopes  rapidly  to*  the  suture 
and  is  very  slightly  concave;  below  this  point  the  volution  con- 
tracts very  abruptly  to  the  short,  slender  canal,  leaving  the  body 
volution  somewhat  compressed-discoidal  or  wheel-like  in  form, 
which  in  the  specimen  is  possibly  exaggerated  by  vertical  crush- 
ing; periphery  of  the  volutions  marked  by  rather  strong,  trans- 
verse node-like  vertical  folds,  which  are  also  continued  in  less 
strength  above  and  below,  and  the  entire  surface  is  occupied  by 
spiral  ridges  of  considerable  strength,  but  which  alternate  in 
size  on  the  lower  part  of  the  volution;  four  or  five  of  these 
revolving  ridges  occupy  the  upper  side;  about  three  mark  the 
vertical  space  of  the  periphery,  and  seven  or  more  may  be 
counted  on  the  lower  side  of  the  body  volution,  in  the  poorly 
preserved  specimen  used;  aperture  not  seen."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  is  a  rare  form,  which,  so  far  as  known,  is 
represented  only  by  the  type  specimen  described  by  Whitfield. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Marlboro  (Whit- 
field.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  761 

Serrifusus  crosswickensis  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIX.,  Figs.  14-17. 

1892.     Serrifusus   ?  Crosswickensis  Whitf.,   Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  63,  pi.  5,  figs.  24-25. 

Description. — '"Shell  small  or  of  medium  size,  biturbinate  in 
form,  shorter  below  than  above  the  middle,  exclusive  of  the 
beak,  the  extension  of  which  is  unknown,  casts  only  having  been 
observed;  spire  broadly  conical,  the  apical  angle  measuring 
about  55°;  volutions  about  four  and  a  half  or  five  on  the  inter- 
nal cast;  angularly  ventricose,  vertical  or  concave  on  the 
periphery,  the  latter  character  particularly  a  feature  of  the  body 
volution ;  upper  side  of  the  volutions  obliquely  sloping,  the  slope 
being  somewhat  greater  than  the  angle  of  the  spire,  so  as  to 
reveal  the  vertical  portion  of  each  volution ;  lower  side  rounded ; 
aperture  nearly  as  broad  as  high,  as  seen  in  a  transverse  section, 
the  outer  lip  slightly  biangular,  corresponding  to  the  narrow 
vertical  band  of  the  periphery;  columella  strong,  indicating  a 
rather  robust  beak;  surface  features  unknown."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  an  uncommon  form  in  the  Nave 
sink  marl  fauna,  only  a  single  specimen,  aside  from  the  type, 
having  come  under  the  observation  of  the  writer.  Both  these 
specimens  are  internal  casts,  so  the  external  characters  of  the 
shell  are  wholly  unknown. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Crosswicks  Creek  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  ODONTOFUSUS  Whitfield. 

Odontofusus  medians  Whitfield. 
Plate  XC.,  Figs.  1-6. 

1892.     Odontofusus  medians  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  67,  pi.  5,  figs.  18-21. 
1892.     Pyrifusus  turritus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  54,  pi.  5,  %  4  (not  figs.  1-3). 


762      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Pyrifusus  turrilus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  24  (in  part). 

Description. — Shell  fusiform  with  seven  or  eight  volutions, 
produced  below  into  a  rather  slender,  straight,  anterior  canal, 
spire  slender,  about  four-fifths  as  high  as  the  aperture;  the 
dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  shell  from  the  Ripley  forma- 
tion of  Mississippi  are :  total  height,  36.5  mm. ;  height  of  spire, 
17  mm.;  maximum  diameter  of  shell,  15  mm.;  apical  angle,  48° 
to  50°.  Outer  volution  somewhat  ventricose  above  and  con- 
tracted below  into  the  anterior  canal.  Just  below  the  suture 
the  shell  is  marked  by  a  rather  narrow,  crenulated,  revolving 
band,  below  which  the  volutions  expand  somewhat  abruptly; 
shell  marked  by  strong  vertical  folds,  about  12  of  which  occupy 
the  outer  volution.  These  folds  are  slightly  oblique  and  are 
somewhat  curved,  the  concave  side  being  directed  towards  the 
aperture,  they  become  obsolete  below  the  middle  of  the  outer 
volution,  the  lower  canaliculate  portion  of  the  shell  being  marked 
by  rather  fine  revolving  ribs.  Aperture  elongate,  rounded  above, 
pointed  below;  outer  lip  thin,  columella  marked  by  a  single  re- 
volving fold,  which  is  situated  high  up,  and  so  far  back  that  it  can 
scarcely  be  seen  from  the  aperture  in  complete  examples  of  the 
shell. 

Remarks. — The  above  description  of  the  shell  of  this  species 
has  been  made  from  a  nearly  complete  example  from  the  Ripley 
formation  O'f  'Mississippi,  No.  20490,  of  the  invertebrate  pale- 
ontological  collection  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washington. 
The  New  Jersey  examples,  including  the  type  of  the  species,  are 
all  internal  casts.  They  have  the  same  general  form  as  the 
shell  described,  but  the  volutions  are  not  preserved  to  the  apex 
of  the  spire,  the  vertical  folds  are  not  so  strong,  the  revolving 
ribs  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  outer  volution  are  absent,,  or 
very  faintly  marked,  and  the  columellar  fold  shows  as  a  groove. 
The  species  is  intermediate  in  its  characters  between  O.  typicus 
and  O.  mucronata.  It  differs  from  the  former  in  being  less 
abruptly  contracted  below  to  the  anterior  canal,  and  from  the 
latter  in  being  more  robust  and  less  slender.  The  columellar 


MOLLUSCA.  763 

•cavity  in  the  casts  is  more  slender  in  this  species  than  in  either 
of  the  others.  Sometimes  a  second  faint,  revolving  fold  is  pres- 
ent upon  the  columella,  situated  above  the  primary  one. 

The  three  specimens  which  Whitfield  has  illustrated  as  the 
types  of  his  Pyrifusus  turritus  apparently  belong  to  three  dif- 
ferent species  of  as  many  different  genera.  One  of  the  speci- 
mens, probably  the  best  of  the  three,  preserved  in  the  collection 
of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  has  been  shown,  upon 
cleaning  out  the  columellar  cavity,  to  have  a  distinct  columellar 
fold,  and  the  specimen  differs  in  no  essential  manner  from  the 
type  of  Odontofusus  medians. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (180);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108), 
Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  195). 

Geographic  distribution.' — New  Jersey,  Mississippi. 

Odontofusus  typicus  Whitfield. 
Plate  XC.,  Figs.  7-16. 

1892.     Odontofusus  typicus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  66,  pi.  6,  figs.  1-5. 

Description. — "Shell  when  of  full  size  about  2  inches  long  in 
the  extreme,  so  far  as  yet  known ;  spire  elevated,  forming  about 
one-half  of  the  entire  length  of  the  shell,  which  contains  about 
four  and  one-half  to  five  volutions  in  the  condition  of  internal 
cast ;  volutions  angular,  rather  strongly  so  in  the  principal  one, 
forming  an  angulated  periphery  which  is  crossed  by  10  or  12 
prominent,  vertical  ridges,  which  generally  show  as  transverse 
nodes  on  the  periphery  and  only  extend  a  short  distance  above  or 
below,  apparently  never  reaching  to  the  suture  line ;  lower  portion 
of  the  body  volution  extended  so  as  to  form  a  rather  slender  an- 
terior beak,  about  equaling  in  length  the  vertical  diameter  of  the 
body  volution,  as  seen  from  the  dorsal  side;  aperture  moderately 
large,  angular  at  the  middle  of  the  outer  lip  and  extended  below 
in  a  narrow  canal;  columella  marked  by  a  single,  rather  strong, 
oblique  fold,  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  aperture  proper; 


764      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

very  faint  indications  of  spiral  striae  may  be  imagined  on  the  cast, 
but  can  scarcely  be  said  to  exist."  (  Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — As  this  species  usually  occurs,  the  anterior  beak  is 
more  or  less  injured,  often  being  broken  off  close  up  to  the  body 
of  the  outer  volution.  Even  the  original  specimen  of  Whitfield's 
figure  5,  showing  the  extended  anterior  canal,  no  longer  preserves 
that  portion  of  the  shell,  it  having  been  injured  apparently  since 
the  figure  was  drawn.  The  specimens  observed  vary  somewhat 
in  the  number  of  nodes  present,  Whitfield  gives  the  number  as 
10  or  12,  but  about  nine  seems  to  be  a  commoner  number.  The 
abrupt  contraction  of  the  lower  side  of  the  outer  volution  to  the 
base  of  the  anterior  canal,  and  the  single  rather  strong  revolving 
fold  upon  the  columella  are  characteristic  features  of  the  shell. 
One  internal  cast  preserves  a  series  oi  impressions  of  crenula- 
tions  along  the  lower  half  of  the  aperture  at  distances  of  about 
one  mm.  apart,  which  only  extend  back  from  the  aperture  for  a 
space  of  two  or  three  millimeters.  One  specimen  from  Mullica 
Hill  which  preserves  the  greater  portion  of  the  shell  is  apparently 
a  member  of  this  species.  The  shell  is  rather  thick,  the  nodes  are 
sharper  and  much  more  pronounced  than  on  the  casts,  and  the 
entire  surface  is  marked  by  distinct,  rather  coarse  revolving  costse 
a  little  over  one  millimeter  apart. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Craw  fords  Cor- 
ner (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149,  195),  Mullica  Hill  (i6^2)r 
Cream  Ridge  (\Vhitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Odontofusus  mucronata   (Gabb). 
Plate  XCV.,  Figs.  5-11. 

1861.     Valuta  mucronata  Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   PhiL 

(1861),  p.  323. 
1864.     Voluta  mucronata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Volutilithes  mucronata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1876.     Volutomorpha  mucronata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
.   Phil.  (1876),  p.  293. 


MOLLUSCA.  765 

1892.     Odontofusus  rostellaroides  Whitf.,    Pal.   N.   J.,   vol.    2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol  18),  p.  68,  pi.  6,  figs.  6-7. 
1892.     V  olutomorpka  (Piestochilus}  mucronata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N. 

N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  75,  pi.  6, 

figs.  12-14. 
1905.     Volutomorpha  mucronata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell,  as  exhibited  in  the  casts,  slender,  with  an 
elevated  and  slender  spire  and  prolonged  rostral  beak,  giving  an 
elongate,  fusiform  outline;  volutions  five  or  more,  moderately 
convex  and  with  strongly  marked  suture  lines ;  body  volution,  as 
seen  from  the  front,  forming  considerably  more  than  half  of  the 
length  of  the  entire  shell,  and  the  aperture  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  body  volution;  elliptical  in  outline,  angular  above  and  pro- 
longed below ;  columella  slender,  marked  by  two  very  oblique 
folds,  which  are  situated  somewhat  below  the  middle  of  its  length, 
the  lower  being  much  the  stronger  of  the  two;  surface  features 
unknown.  There  is  the  slightest  evidence  on  two  individuals  of 
distant  longitudinal  folds  on  the  second  volution,  but  not  suffi- 
ciently distinct  to  give  grounds  for  a  positive  assertion  that  such 
characters  existed."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  was  originally  described  by  Gabb  as 
a  member  of  the  genus  Voluta  and  was  later  referred  to  the  genus 
Volutonwrpha  by  the  same  author,  under  which  name,  with  the 
subgeneric  designation  Piestochilus,  it  was  described  by  Whit- 
field.  Whitfield  also  described  in  the  same  report  a  new  species 
Odontofusus  rostellaroides.  A  careful  study  of  the  types  of  both 
these  species,  as  well  as  numerous  other  specimens,  has  led  to  the 
conclusion  that  they  are  all  members  of  a  single  specific  group. 
The  two  genera,  Odontofusus  and  Piestochilus  are  much  alike  in 
their  general  characters  when  seen  only  in  the  condition  of  in- 
ternal casts.  Both  are  more  or  less  fusiform  shells  with  usually 
a  single  rather  strong  columellar  fold,  though  sometimes  one  or 
two  other  and  usually  fainter  folds  are  developed.  The  primary 
difference  between  the  two  genera  seems  to  be  in  the  presence  or 
absence  of  vertical  folds  upon  the  shell.  With  the  shells  them- 


766      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

selves  preserved  this  would  be  an  easy  means  of  identifying  the 
two  genera,  but  in  these  internal  casts  the  folds  are  often  very 
faintly  shown.  All  the  specimens  of  the  species  under  discussion, 
however,  which  have  been  observed,  have  indications  of  these 
vertical  folds,  and  they  were  also  mentioned  in  the  original  de- 
scription of  the  species  by  Gabb.  Consequently  the  species  is  here 
placed  in  the  genus  Odontofusus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i267),  Middletown  (ii32),  Crosswicks  Creek  (195),  Free- 
hold, Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Odontofusus  slack!   (Gabb). 
Plate  XC,  Fig.  17. 

1861.     Fasciolaria  Slackii  Gabb,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   PhiL 

(1861),  p.  322. 
1864.     Fasciolaria  Slackii  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Fasciolaria  Slackii  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1876.     Fasciolaria  Slackii  Gabb,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.   Phil. 

(1876),  p.  282. 
1892.     Odontofusus  Slacki  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  66,  pi.  6,  figs.  8-9. 
1905.     Odontofusus  slackii  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  24. 

Description. — "Shell,  as  shown  by  internal  casts,  slender, 
fusiform,  nearly  of  equal  length  above  and  below  the  point  of 
greatest  diameter  of  the  body  whorl ;  spire  slender,  apical  angle 
about  35°  to  40°;  volutions  five  or  six  (none  of  the  specimens 
are  perfect  to  the  apex)  ;  angular  in  the  middle  and  slightly 
convex  above^and  below,  the  last  one  increasing  more  rapidly 
than  those  above;  sutures  distinct  and  deep;  anterior  end  pro- 
longed into  a  straight,  moderately  slender  canal;  columella 
strong,  marked  by  a  single  oblique,  well  defined  ridge  or  fold 
at  about  the  middle  or  above  the  middle  of  its  length;  aperture 


MOLLUSCA.  767 

pyriform,  largest  above  and  angular  at  the  middle  of  the  outer 
lip  corresponding  to  the  angulation  of  the  body  whorl;  volutions 
marked  by  distant,  angular,  vertical  folds  or  ridges,  seven  to 
nine  o>f  which  may  be  counted  on  a  single  volution;  these  folds 
are  indicated  very  strongly  on  the  center  of  the  volution  in  the 
cast,  but  not  visible  to  any  great  extent  much  above  or  below; 
no  positive  indications  of  spiral  lines  have  been  seen  on  any  of 
the  casts."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks.- — A  careful  examination  of  the  lithologic  characters 
of  the  type  specimen  of  this  species  has  led  to  the  decision  that 
it  is  certainly  from  the  Merchantville  clay-marl,  the  formation 
from  which  alone  the  species  has  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey.  The  -species  is  closely  allied  to  0. 
medians,  the  similarity  being  almost  too  close  to  admit  of  specific 
differentiation,  the  chief  difference  being  the  more  slender  form 
of  0.  slacki. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163),  Merchantville  (162),  Crosswicks  (Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  TURBINEU.A  Lamark. 

Turbinella  intermedia  n.  sp. 
Plate  XC.,  Figs.  18-22. 

Description. — Internal  casts  short  fusiform  to  subglobular 
in  form,  with  about  three  volutions,  the  dimensions  of  two 
nearly  complete  examples  being:  height,  18  mm.  and  13  mm.; 
greatest  diameter,  17  mm.  and  n.8  mm.  Apical  angle  about 
75°,  the  spire  about  one-third  the  total  height  of  the  shell,  the 
volutions  increasing  somewhat  rapidly  in  size,  subangular  on  the 
periphery  and  marked  by  rather  strong  vertical  nodes,  which 
become  obsolete  before  reaching  the  suture  above,  and  also  a 
short  distance  below  the  periphery,  about  12  nodes  occurring 
upon  the  outer  volution;  the  last  volution  rather  rapidly  con- 
tracting below  and  produced  into  a  short  anterior  beak;  columel- 
lar  cavity  of  moderate  width,  bearing  the  impressions  of  three 
rather  faint  revolving  folds. 


768      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — Only  the  internal  casts  of  this  species  have  been 
observed.  These  resemble  similar  casts  of  T.  alabamensis,  but 
they  are  always  shorter,  with  the  volutions  less  regularly  rounded 
over  the  periphery,  and  they  do  not  attain  so  large  a  size.  They 
differ  from  the  casts  of  T.  parva  in  being  somewhat  larger,  in 
having  a  more  elevated  spire  and  in  the  more  nearly  vertical 
position  of  the  nodes.  The  species  is,  in  fact,  somewhat  inter- 
mediate in  its  characters  between  T.  alabamensis  and  T.  parva, 
and  has  been  observed  only  from  the  Merchantville  clay-marl, 
while  these  other  two  species  are  both  Navesink  species. 

Formation,    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

(163). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turbinella  alabamensis  (Gabb). 
Plate  XCI,  Figs.  1-6. 

1860.  Cancellaria  Alabamensis  Gabb,   Jour.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  301,  pi.  48,  fig.  14  (fig.  26  on 
plate). 

1 86 1.  Cancellaria    Alabamensis    Gabb,     Synop.     Moll.     Cret. 

Form.,  p.  98  (42). 
1 86 1.     Turbinopsis  Alabamensis  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.   (1861),  p.  321. 
1864.     Ttirbinopsis    (?)    alabamensis   Meek,    Check   List   Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  19. 
1892.     Turbinella  ?  verticalis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  82,  pi.  3,  figs.  14-15. 
1905.     Pyropsis  alabamiensis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  24. 

Description. — Internal  casts,  exclusive  of  the  anterior  canal, 
subglobose  in  form,  with  a  moderately  elevated  spire,  which  has 
an  apical  angle  of  about  85°,  consisting  of  about  three  and  one- 
half  volutions;  the  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete  internal 
cast  are:  height,  36  mm.;  height  of  spire,  9  mm.;  greatest 
diameter,  26  mm.  Volutions  increasing  rather  rapidly  in 


MOLLUSCA.  769 

size,  the  last  one  ventricose  in  the  upper  part,  rapidly  contracted 
below  and  produced  anteriorly  in  an  elongate  anterior  canal; 
aperture  elliptical  in  form,  pointed  above  and  prolonged  below; 
columellar  cavity  of  moderate  size,  with  three  slender,  oblique 
plications  opposite  the  middle  of  the  aperture;  surface  of  the 
volutions  marked  by  strong,  rounded,  vertical  plications  or  folds, 
which  become  obsolete  a  little  below  the  periphery  and  are  also 
less  distinct  upon  the  outer  half  of  the  last  volution.  About 
ii  of  these  folds  are  present  upon  the  outer  volution  of  an 
average  example.  A  plaster  cast  of  the  upper  half  of  a  shell 
from  a  natural  mould  has  about  five  volutions,  the  spire  is  con- 
ical and  turrited  with  an  apical  angle  of  about  75°;  suture  well 
defined ;  the  volutions  of  the  spire  strongly  angular  a  little  below 
the  middle  of  the  distance  between  the  sutures,  the  upper  sur- 
face flattened  or  slightly  concave,  the  angle  marked  with  strong 
nodes,  of  which  there  are  about  12  on  each  volution.  Upper 
surface  of  the  body  volution  nearly  flat,  sloping  downward  from 
the  suture  to  the  angular  periphery,  which  is  marked  by  strong 
nodes  similar  to  those  of  the  upper  volutions;  below  the 
periphery  the  surface  is  gently  convex  as  far  as  the  specimen  con- 
tinues, Surface  marked  by  fine  revolving  costae,  and  by  lines 
of  growth  which,  just  below  the  suture,  are  as  strong  or  stronger 
than  the  revolving  costse.  The  direction  of  the  lines  of  growth 
indicate  that  the  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  was  broadly  sinuate 
in  its  upper  part. 

Remarks. — The  specimen  used  by  Whitfield  as  the  type  of  his 
Turbinella  verticalis  has  been  carefully  compared  with  the  type 
of  Cancellaria  alabamensis  Gabb,  and  the  two  are  certainly  spe- 
cifically identical.  The  species  is  not  an  uncommon  one  in  the 
Navesink  marl,  where  it  has  been  seen  only  in,  the  form  of 
internal  casts.  The  external  characters  of  the  shell  have  been 
determined,  so  far  as  they  are  known,  from  a  plaster  cast  taken 
from  a  natural  mould. collected  in  the  Wenonah  sand,  the  internal 
cast  of  the  same  example  being  also<  preserved,  although  in  a 
somewhat  imperfect  condition.  This  internal  cast,  however, 
shows  that  the  Wenonah  specimen  is  not  specifically  different 
from  the  Navesink  shells. 
49  PAI, 


770      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i263),  near  Marlboro  (I3O1);  Navesink  marl,  near 
Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Mullica  Hill  (169),  Atlantic  High- 
lands (108),  Crosswicks  Creek  (i474). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 


Turbinella  parva  Gabb. 
Plate  XC.,  Figs.  23-24. 

1860.  Turbinella  parua   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(1860),  p.  94,  pi.  2,  fig.  3. 

1861.  Turbinella  parua  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  142 

(86). 
1864.     Turbinella  parva  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,. 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Turbinella  parva  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Turbinella,  ?  parua  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  80,  pi.  9,  figs.  4-6. 
1905.     Turbinella  parva  Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Phil, 

(1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — Shell  small,  subturbinate  in  form,  the  greatest 
diameter  being  near  the  top  of  the  volution,  rapidly  narrow- 
ing below,  spire  depressed,  but  not  quite  flat;  the  dimensions 
of  an  incomplete  internal  cast  are:  height,  11.5  mm.,  but  if  the 
spire  were  complete  anteriorly  it  would  probably  be  13  mm.  or 
14  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  14  mm.  Volutions  about  three 
in  number,  flattened  above,  rounded  on  the  periphery ;  aperture 
large,  oblique,  higher  than  wide;  columellar  cavity  in  the  casts 
broad,  marked  by  three  distinct  plications  or  folds,  the  two  upper 
ones  a  little  above  the  lower  third  of  the  aperture,  equal  in 
strength  and  near  together,  the  lowest  one  larger  and  more  dis- 
tant, but  not  so  sharply  defined  as  those  above ;  volutions  marked 
by  sinuous  vertical  folds  of  considerable  strength,  indicated  on 
the  top  of  the  volution,  but  more  strongly  marked  on  the  per- 
iphery and  below,  being  strongly  bent  backward  in  crossing  the 
largest  part  of  the  whorl. 


MOLLUSCA.  771 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  internal  casts, 
and,  so  far  as  known,  is  restricted  to  the  fauna  of  the  Nave- 
sink  marl.  It  differs  from  both  T.  alabamensis  and  T.  inter- 
media in  its  much  more  depressed  spire. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Atlantic  High- 
lands (108),  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  near  Holmdel  (127), 
Crosswicks  Creek  (195). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turbinella  subconica  Gabb. 
Plate  XCL,  Figs.  11-12. 

1860.  {Tturbinella  subconica  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1860),  p.  94,  pi.  2,  fig.  6. 

1861.  Turbinella  subconica  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

142  (86). 
1864.     Turbinella  subconica  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Turbinella  ?  subconica  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Turbinella  ?  subconica  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  81,  pi.  9,  figs.  7-8. 
1905.     Turbinella  subconica  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  below  a  medium  size,  the 
cast  measuring  only  about  I  inch  in  height,  with  a 
transverse  diameter  somewhat  less;  form  turbinate,  with 
a  very  low  spire,  consisting  of  not  more  than  three 
volutions  in  the  only  specimen  known;  volutions  ventricose, 
obconical,  scarcely  rounded  on  the  upper  margin,  but  rap- 
idly narrowing  below  and  rounded  on  the  side;  aperture  large, 
almost  semilunate,  or  only  very  slightly  convex  on  the  inner  mar- 
gin ;  columella  strong,  marked  by  two  very  distinct  plications  at 
the  lower  third  of  the  aperture,  the  lower  one  being  distinctly  the 
stronger  of  the  two^;  sutures  between  the  whorls  of  the  cast  very 
large,  indicating  a  thick,  heavy  shell ;  surface  as  shown  on  the  in- 
side of  the  body  whorl  of  the  cast  marked  by  strong  spiral  lines 


772      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

or  ridges,  and  by  remarkably  strong  vertical  folds,  numbering 
12  or  13  on  the  last  volution,  and  transmitting  their  features 
only  very  slightly  to  the  internal  cast  at  the  point  of  greatest 
diameter,  but  showing  on  the  inside  as  above  stated  for  more  than 
half  its  depth."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  and  seems  to  be  known  only  from  the 
single  type  specimen  used  by  both  Gabb  and  Whitfield  in  their  de- 
scriptions. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Monmouth  County 
(Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  CARiCEUvA  Conrad. 

Caricella  plicata  Whitfield. 

Plate  XCL,  Figs.  7-8. 

1892.     Caricella  plicata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  182,  pi.  23,  figs.  1-2. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  turbinate  or  pyriform,  with  a 
short,  broadly  conical  spire  having  an  apical  angle  of  about  85°. 
Volutions  four  or  more,  not  exceeding  five,  the  apical  one  mam- 
millated;  upper  surface  sloping  in  the  direction  of  the  spire, 
slightly  angulated  at  the  point  of  greatest  diameter  and  the 
lower  extremity  slightly  attenuated ;  body  of  the  volution  ventri- 
cose;  aperture  large,  nearly  three- fourths  the  length  of  the  shell, 
oblique  and  somewhat  elliptical  in  general  form,  canaliculate 
below.  Columella  slight,  as  shown  by  the  cavity  left  by  its 
removal,  marked  by  four  very  distinct,  oblique,  equi-distant 
folds,  the  upper  one  of  which  is  situated  nearly  at  the  middle  of 
the  length  of  the  aperture.  Body  volution  marked  in  the  cast 
by  about  12  very  oblique  vertical  folds,  which  are  directed 
very  strongly  forward  in  passing  from  above  downward,  but 
are  confined  entirely  to<  the  region  of  the  angle  near  the  top  of 
the  volution.  No  positive  evidence  of  other  surface  markings 
can  be  detected  on  'the  casts."  (Whitfield.) 


MOLLUSCA.  773 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  but  the  species  is  a  well-marked  one 
and  cannot  be  easily  mistaken.  In  some  respects  the  species  is 
intermediate  in  its  characters  between  Caricella  and  Valuta,  the 
vertical  folds  upon  the  periphery  of  the  shell  being  like  the  lat- 
ter genus,  while  the  character  of  the  folds  of  the  columella  are 
like  the  former  genus. 

Formation  and  locality. — GVlanasquan  marl,  Farmingdale 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  VASUM  Bolten. 

Vasum  conoides  Whitfield. 

' 
Plate  XC.,  Figs.  9-10. 

1892.     Vasum  conoides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
vS.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  83,  pi.  9,  figs.  9-10. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  small,  regularly  conoidal  above 
and  below  the  point  of  greatest  diameter,  which  is  at  the  upper 
edge  of  the  body  volution;  spire  longer  than  the  shell  below, 
as  seen  from  the  back  of  the  volution;  and  very  evenly  and 
gradually  diminishing;  number  of  volutions  unknown  but  appar- 
ently numerous ;  apical  angle  about  35°;  aperture  elongate, 
narrow,  becoming  pointed  below,  the  length  as  given  by  pro- 
jecting the  spire  of  the  shell  to  an  imaginary  apex  is  rather 
less  than  one-third  as  long  as  the  entire  length  of  the  shell; 
columella  moderately  strong,  marked  by  three  proportionally 
strong  folds  and  indications  of  a  smaller  fourth  one  very  near 
the  base ;  surface  of  the  cast  perfectly  smooth,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  broad  sulcus  marking  its  surface  on  the  last  volution, 
at  about  one-third  of  the  distance  below  the  upper  edge,  indi- 
cating either  a  thickening  of  the  inside  of  the  shell  or  a  sinu- 
osity in  the  outer  lip."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  recently  collected,  and 
it  seems  to  be  known  only  from  the  type  specimen.  In  the 


774      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

absence  of  the  external  characters  of  the  shell,  the  generic  posi- 
tion of  the  species  is  somewhat  doubtful,  but  it  may  be  allowed 
to  remain,  for  the  present,  where  originally  placed  by  Whitfield. 
The  shell  has  much  the  appearance  of  the  upper  volutions  of  a 
species  of  Rostellites. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  VOLUTIDAE. 

Genus  VOUJTODERMA  Gabb. 

Volutoderma  woolmani  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCL,  Figs.  18-19. 

1893.     Volutoderma  Woolmani  Whitf.,   The  Nautilus,  vol.   7, 

pp.  37  and  51,  pi.  2,  figs.  4-5. 
1905.     Volutoderma  zvoolmani  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.   (1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell,  as  shown  by  the  internal  cast,  somewhat 
more  than  an  inch  in  length,  and  having  a  diameter  of  the  body 
volution  of  seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  the  cast,  being  more 
slender  than  any  species  yet  described.  Volutions  largest  just 
below  the  suture  and  attenuate  below,  forming  a  moderately 
long  beak;  marked  in  the  upper  part  by  eight  comparatively 
strong  vertical  plications,  which  are  obsolete  below.  Columella 
marked  by  three  very  distinct  folds  or  ridges,  the  lowest  of 
which  is  the  strongest.  These  are  well  marked  on  the  inside 
of  the  upper  volutions."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  a  very  distinct  one,  and  differs  from 
other  members  of  the  genus  in  the  New  Jersey  faunas  in  its 
smaller  size  and  more  slender  form. 

Formation    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

(163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  775 

Volutoderma  biplicata   (Gabb). 
Plate  XCL,  Figs.  13-17. 

1860.  Volutilithes  biplicata  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  sen,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  pi.  48,  fig.  6. 

1861.  Volutilithes  biplicata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

P-  H9  (93)- 
1864.     Rostellites  biplicata  Meek,  Check  List.  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Rostellites  biplicatus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1876.     Volutoderma  biplicata  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  292. 
1892.     Volutoderma  biplicata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  90,  pi.  10,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Volwtoderma   biplicata  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  robust,  pyriform  in  out- 
line, with  a  low  spire  and  very  large  body  volution;  whorls 
three  to  four,  ventricose,  largest  above  the  middle  and  narrowed 
below;  aperture  very  large,  elongate,  two^thirds  the  length  of 
the  shell  and  semielliptical,  straightened  on  the  inner  side  and 
rounded  on  the  outer  margin;  columella  strong,  marked  by  two 
strong  oblique  folds  near  the  middle  of  its  length.;  surface 
unknown,  but  on  the  inner  volution  of  the  type  and  on  a  smaller 
specimen  in  the  collection  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  N.  Y.  City, 
there  are  a  few  distant  vertical  plications,  faintly  indicated,  but 
which  do  not  extend  below  the  most  ventricose  part  of  the 
whorl."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — A  careful  examination  of  the  lithologic  characters 
of  the  type  of  this  species  has  led  to  the  conclusion  that  it  came 
originally  from  the  Merchantville  clay-marl.  In  the  recent  col- 
lections of  the  Survey  it  has  been  observed  most  commonly  in 
the  'Merchantville,  but  it  also  occurs  rarely  in  the  Wenonah 
sand. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Woodbury  clay,  near  Matawan  (103);  Marshalltown 


776      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

clay-marl,  near  Swedesboro  (177)  ;  Wenonah  sand,  near  Craw- 
fords  Corner  (i263). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Volutoderma  ovata  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCL,  Figs.  20-21. 

1892.     Volutoderma  ovata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  91,  pi.  10,  figs.  3-4. 

Description. — "Shell  below  a  medium  size,  subovate  in  gen- 
eral outline,  being  large  above  the  middle  of  the  length  and 
attenuated  toward  the  base;  spire  short;  its  apical  angle  nearly 
90°  on  the  internal  casts,  with  strong,  rounded  volutions  and 
very  deep,  strongly  marked  sutures;  body  volution  proportion- 
ally large,  forming  nearly  the  bulk  of  the  cast ;  greatest  diam- 
eter a  little  below  the  shoulder  and  rapidly  diminishing  below; 
aperture  large,  nearly  straight  on  the  inner  margin,  strongly 
rounded  above  on  the  outer  margin,  and  gently  curved  along  the 
lower  two-thirds  of  the  length;  columella  proportionally  strong, 
leaving  a  large  cavity  on  removal,  as  seen  in  the  cast ;  marked  by 
two  strong,  very  oblique  plications  or  folds  above  the  middle 
of  its  length,  the  upper  one  of  which  is  much  the  smaller ;  volu- 
tions marked  by  distant  vertical  folds  only  faintly  seen  on  the 
cast,  and  only  on  the  upper  portions  when  visible;  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  cast,  between  the  volutions,  the  vertical  plications 
are  strongly  marked,  as  in  all  the  species  of  the  genus  yet 
observed ;  but  I  have  not  seen  any  remains  of  spiral  lines  as 
on  most  of  them,  still,  I  presume  they  have  existed."  (Whit- 
field).  ,  I) 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  V.  biplicata  in  having 
the  greatest  diameter  of  the  outer  volution  higher  up,  so  that 
the  shell  contracts  less  rapidly  below.  The  shell  closely  resem- 
bles Volutomorpha  gabbi  Whitf.,  and  it  seems  scarcely  possible 
that  the  two  should  be  referred  to  different  genera,  as  Whit- 
field  has  done,  although  he  seems  to  have  considered  the  two 
forms  to  be  cogeneric  at  the  time  he  wrote  his  description  of 


MOLLUSCA.  777 

the  species.  The  two  species  differ  in  the  number  of  columellar 
folds,  V.  gabbi  having  only  one,  while  V.  ovata  has  two. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Crosswicks  Creek  (195),  Mullica  Hill  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Volutoderma  jamesburgensis  n.  sp. 
Plate  XCL,  Figs.  22-23. 

Description. — Shell  of  medium  size,  the  dimensions  of  the 
type  specimen  being:  height,  30  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  17 
mm.  Volutions  about  four  in  number,  the  spire  of  moderate 
height,  apical  angle  about  58°.  Suture  well  defined;  just  below 
the  suture  is  a  rounded  ridge  marked  by  conspicuous  oblique 
costse  about  one  millimeter  apart  on  the  outer  volution;  just 
below  this  ridge  is  a  narrow,  concave  band,  outside  of  which, 
upon  the  shoulder  of  the  volution,  is  a  series  of  strong  rounded 
nodes  about  three  mm.  apart  from  center  to  center  on  the  outer 
volution,  which  continue  longitudinally  as  strong,  rounded 
ribs  to  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  shell.  Surface  also  marked 
by  fine,  vertical  lines  of  growth ;  revolving  lines  entirely  absent. 
The  internal  cast  is  similar  in  general  form,  the  suture  is  well 
defined,  the  volutions  are  flattened  above,  or  even  slightly  concave, 
towards  the  aperture,  sloping  downward  to  the  line  of  maximum 
diameter  beneath  the  row  of  strong  nodes  on  the  exterior,  below 
which  the  sides  are  nearly  vertical  to  the  suture  below,  or  in  the 
body  volution  becoming  concave  towards  the  anterior  extremity. 
The  vertical  ribs  are  shown  on  the  internal  casts,  but  are  much 
weaker  than  upon  the  exterior  of  the  shell. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  based  upon  a  natural  mould  of 
the  exterior  of  the  shell  with  the  internal  cast  of  the  same  indi- 
vidual. It  is  one  of  the  few  individuals  of  this  genus  from 
the  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey  whose  external  char- 
acters are  known  to  any  considerable  degree. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near 
Jamesburg  (140). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


778      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Volutoderma  abbotti  (Gabb). 
Plate  XCIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1860.  Volutilithes  Abbotti  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1860),  p.  94,  pi.  2,  fig.  7. 

1861.  Volutilithes  Abbotti  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

149  (93). 
1864.     Volutilithes  (  ?)  Abbotti  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Volutilithes  (  ?)  Abbotti  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J..  p.  729. 
1876.     Volutomorpha  Abbotti  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  293. 
1892.     Volutoderma  Abbotti  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  173,  pi.  21,  figs.  4-9. 
1905.     Volutoderma  abbotti  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  P-  25- 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  elongately  oval  in  gen- 
eral outline,  with  a  very  short  spire  and  large  body  volution 
which  forms  nearly  the  entire  bulk  of  the  shell,  and  which  is 
nearly  evenly  convex  above  and  below  the  middle.  Volutions 
about  four  in  number;  suture  line  not  very  distinct.  Aperture 
long  and  narrow,  rather  more  than  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
shell  and  pointed  above  and  below.  Columella  comparatively 
strong,  marked  by  three  or  four  very  oblique  folds  of  moderate 
strength.  Surface  of  the  shell  unknown,  all  the  specimens  rec- 
ognized being  internal  casts."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — There  seems  to  be  some  doubt  as  to  the  proper 
horizon  of  this  species.  Gabb  described  it  from  "Burlington 
Co.,  N.  J.,"  which  allows  a  very  wide  range  of  horizons  from 
which  it  might  have  come.  Whitfield  states  that  the  lithologic 
character  of  the  specimens  indicate  that  they  are  from  the  Tim- 
ber Creek  beds,  which  would  make  their  horizon  Vincentown. 
The  shell  resembles  V.  biplicata,  but  is  much  more  slender  and 
the  columella  is  furnished  with  a  larger  number  of  folds,  there 
being  only  two  in  V.  biplkata,  while  in  this  species  there  are 
three  or  four. 

Formation  and  locality. — Uncertain. 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  779 

Volutoderma  intermedia  Whitfleld. 
Plate  XCIL,  Fig.  3. 

1892.  Volutoderma  intermedia*  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  184,  pi.  23,  figs. 
14-15. 

1905.  Volutoderma  intermedia  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.  (1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate  ovate  in  out- 
line, with  a  moderately  elevated  spire  and  ventricose  volutions, 
the  last  one  of  which  forms  the  greater  bulk  of  the  shell  and 
is  most  ventricose  above  the  middle.  Volutions  three  to  four 
in  number  and  rapidly  increasing  in  size.  Aperture  semilunate, 
oblique,  nearly  straight  on  the  inner  side,  forming  a  little  more 
than  half  of  the  entire  length  of  the  shell  as  shown  in  the  cast. 
Columella  marked  by  two  or  three  strong,  oblique,  nearly  equi- 
distant plications;  outer  surface  of  the  shell  unknown.  The 
inner  surface  of  the  volutions  in  one  of  the  casts,  which  would 
preserve  the  markings  of  the  volution  within  it  where  any 
existed,  is  entirely  smooth,  indicating  a  smooth  shell ;  but  another 
fragment,  which  appears  to  belong  to  the  species,  has  the  sur- 
face closely  lirated  with  markings  of  numerous  vertical  folds 
which  have  formed  nodes  at  the  junction  of  the  two  sets.  It  also 
shows  three  columellar  folds,  as  does  the  smooth  one.  The  last 
one  has  been  an  old  shell,  much  thickened,  as  indicated  by  the 
great  space  between  the  coils  of  the  cast,  while  the  other  which 
bears  the  markings  has  been  smaller  and  very  much  thinner  in 
substance.  So  we  may  readily  suppose  that  the  shell  possessed 
both  sets  of  markings  in  its  perfect  condition."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey.  It  differs  from  both  V.  biplicata  and 
V.  abbottii  in  the  greater  height  of  its  spire;  in  the  ventricosity 
of  its  outer  volution  it  approaches  more  closely  to  the  former, 
but  in  the  number  of  folds  upon  the  columella  it  resembles  the 
latter. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  Vincentown 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


780      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Genus  VOIVUTOMORPHA  Gabb. 

Volutomorpha  conradi    (Gabb). 
Plate  XCIL,  Figs.  6-7;  Plate  XCIIL,  Figs.  1-3 ;  Plate  XCIV,  Figs.  1-6. 

1860.  Volutilithes  Conradi  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  pi.  48,  fig.  10. 

1 86 1.  Volwtilithes  Conradii  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  149  (93). 
1861.     Fulguraria  Conradi  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1861),  p.  364. 
1864.     Rostellites  Conradi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.r 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Rostellites  Conradi  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1876.     Volutomorpha   Conradi    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci, 

Phil.  (1876),  p.  293. 
1883.     Volutomorpha  Conradi  Tryon,  Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch., 

vol.  2,  p.  1 66,  pi.  54,  fig1.  27. 
1892.     Volutomorpha    conradi    Whitf.,    Pal.     N.    J.,    vol.    2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  71,  pi.  6,  fig.  21; 

pi.  7,  figs.  1-3,  4,  5   ?. 
1892.     Volutomorpha  Gabbi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog, 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  73,  pi.  7,  fig.  6;  pi.  8,  figs.  1-4. 
1905.     Volutomorpha  conradi  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.   (1905),  p.  25. 
1905.     Volutomorpha  gabbi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell  large,  some  specimens  apparently  attain- 
ing a  length  of  4^  inches,  with  a  diameter  of  the  largest  volu- 
tion of  rather  more  than  ij4  inches;  spire  short,  or  only  mod- 
erately elevated,  although  the  general  form  of  the  shell  is  some- 
what slender,  the  body  volution,  as  viewed  on  the  apertural  side, 
forms  fully  four-fifths  of  the  entire  length,  even  in  the  condi- 
tion of  internal  casts ;  upper  volutions  compact,  convex  on  the 
sides,  and  rather  squarish  or  suddenly  rounded  to  the  suture 
on  the  top;  body  volution  very  large  and  very  gracefully  swollen 


MOLLUSCA.  781 

or  convex  in  the  upper  part,  and  prolonged  and  attenuated  below, 
forming  a  long,  gracefully  tapered  anterior  beak  with  the 
columella  slightly  twisted;  top  of  the  volution  rather  suddenly 
contracted  to  the  suture;  aperture  large,  very  elongate-elliptical 
in  outline  and  prolonged  below,  where  it  becomes  narrowed  as 
the  outer  lip  approaches  the  axis;  columella  slightly  twisted  and 
marked  by  from  one  to  three  very  oblique  folds,  the  middle  one 
of  which  is  usually  the  strongest;  surface  of  the  casts  usually 
smooth,  with  the  exception  of,  in  some  cases  only,  a  few  distant 
vertical  folds  on  the  upper  ones,  and  on  the  extreme  upper  part 
of  the  body  volution;  but  where  the  external  features  are  pre- 
served, the  whole  shell  is  marked  by  strong,  rounded,  vertical 
folds,  and  but  little  less  strongly  marked,  rounded,  spiral  ridges; 
the  spiral  ridges  moderately  distant  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
volution,  but  becoming  less  strongly  marked  and  crowded,  and 
finally  almost  obsolete,  toward  the  base."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — More  or  less  imperfect  casts  of  this  species  are  not 
infrequently  met  with  in  collections  from  the  Navesink  marl  of 
New  Jersey.  A  careful  comparison  of  the  types  of  the  two  species 
V .  conradi  and  V .  gabbi,  shows  the  two  forms  to  be  too  closely 
alike  to  be  regarded  as  specifically  different.  The  separation 
of  the  two  supposed  specific  forms  by  Whitfield  was  based 
almost  entirely  upon  the  more  robust  form  and  the  squarer 
shoulder  of  V .  gabbi,  but  an  examination  of  numerous  examples, 
all  from  the  same  horizon,  shows  the  two  forms  to  be  only 
extreme  individual  variations  of  a  common  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(103);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  near  Free- 
hold (133),  near  Walnford  (i482)  Cross  wicks  Creek  (i474), 
near  Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount  Laurel  (166),  Miullica  Hill 
(i692),  Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Volutomorpha  ponderosa  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCV.,  Figs.  1-2. 

1892.  Volutomorpha  ponderosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  72,  pi.  8,  figs.  5-6; 
pi.  9,  figs.  13-15. 


782      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Description. — "Shell  large  and  moderately  ventricose,  attain- 
ing a  length  of  7  or  more  inches,  with  a  transverse  diameter  of 
nearly  or  quite  2%  inches;  spire  moderately  elevated,  with 
depressed  convex  whorls;  volutions  five  or  more,  the  last  one 
forming  nearly  or  quite  three-fifths  of  the  entire  length,  gently 
convex  throughout  the  upper  three-fourths  of  its  length  and 
slightly  narrowed  and  extended  in  front ;  aperture  long  elliptical, 
acute  above  arid  narrowed  in  front;  sutures  between  volutions 
only  moderate;  surface,  as  seen  on  casts,  usually  smooth,  but 
sometimes  showing  both  vertical  and  spiral  ridges,  while  on 
the  surfaces  between  the  volutions  of  the  casts  very  distinct 
vertical  and  spiral  ridges  appear.  On  one  of  the  larger  indi- 
viduals the  columellar  lip  appears  to  have  been  considerably 
thickened,  and  to  have  been  but  very  faintly  marked  by  a  single 
fold,  very  obliquely  placed ;  while  on  the  upper  portion  of  its 
surface  the  ridges  of  the  preceding  volution  have  left  their 
imprint,  appearing  as  nearly  horizontal  folds,  though  in  reality 
being  the  effect  of  external  markings.  The  single  very  oblique 
fold  is  placed  very  near  the  base  of  the  columella,  and  on  some 
specimens  appears  only  as  an  angulation  of  the  columella." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  probably  the  largest  gastropod  in 
the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  New  Jersey.  It  resembles  V.  conradi, 
but  it  is  much  more  ponderous  than  that  species,  with  a  less- 
extended  anterior  beak.  The  volutions  of  the  spire  are  also  pro- 
portionally much  longer  and  less  ventricose  than  in  that  species, 
and  none  of  the  volutions  are  shouldered  at  the  top. 

Formation  and  locality.* — Navesink  marl,  Cream  Ridge, 
Holmdel,  Freehold,  eastern  Monmouth  County  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  PIESTOCHIIAJS  Meek. 

Piestochilus  bella  (Gabb). 
Plate  XCVL,  Figs.  1-4.     Plate  XCIL,  Figs.  4-5. 

1860.     Volutilithes  bella  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 
ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  pi.  48,  fig.  7. 


MOLLUSCA.  783 

1861.     V  olutiliihes  bella  Gabb,    Synop.   Moll.   Cret.   Form.,   p 

149  (93)- 
1861.     Fulguraria    bella    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p.  364. 
1864.     Rostellites  bella  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,   p.   21. 

1868.     Rostellites  bellus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1876.     V ' olutomorpha  bella  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  293. 
1892.     V olutomorpha  (Piestochilus}   bella  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 

vol.  2   (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  74,  pi.  6, 

figs.   15-18. 
1905.     Volutomorpha  bella  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell,  as  shown  by  the  cast,  elongate,  fusiform 
and  slender,  with  moderately  full  volutions  and  distinct  suture 
lines;  spire  short,  the  body  volution  as  viewed  from  the  front 
forming  from  three-fourths  to  four-fifths  of  the  entire  length, 
and  the  narrow,  anteriorly  prolonged  aperture  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  length;  volutions  four  or  more  in  number,  the  last 
one  most  ventricose  above  the  middle  of  its  length  and  narrowed 
and  prolonged  below;  columella  showing  two  strong  oblique 
folds  at  about  the  middle  of  the  aperture;  surface  unknown." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — In  the  original  description  of  this  species  it  was 
said  to  come  from  the  "Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal,"  but 
the  type  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Science  is  labeled  in  Gabb's  handwriting  "Cret.  N.  J."  In  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey  no  specimens  have  been  met  with 
which  can  be  referred  to  this  species.  If  the  type  specimen  came 
from  New  Jersey,  the  lithologic  character  would  indicate  that 
it  was  from  the  Navesink  marl. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  ?  Monmouth  County. 

Geographic  distribution, — New  Jersey. 


784      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Piestochilus  kanei  Gabb. 
Plate  XCVI,  Figs.  5-9. 

1861.     Valuta  Kanei  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1861), 

P-  323- 
1864.     Voluta  Kanei  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Valuta  ?  Kanei  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1876.     Volutomorpha  Kanei  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1876),  p.  293. 
1892.     Volutomorpha  (Piestochilus}  Kanei  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 

vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  76,  pi.  6,  figs. 

19-20. 
1905.     Volutomorpha    kanei    Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.  (1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  short  elliptical  in  outline,  with  a 
short  pointed  spire  and  proportionally  long  body  volution ;  volu- 
tions probably  about  four,  ventricose,  largest  above  the  middle 
and  attenuate  below;  aperture  large,  elongate  elliptical,  widest 
above  the  middle  and  narrow  below.  Columella  moderately 
strong,  marked  by  two  distinct  and  distant  plications  below  the 
middle  of  the  aperture ;  surface  of  the  shell  so  far  as  can  be  seen 
on  the  inside  of  the  cast  of  the  outer  volution  in  one  of  the  type 
specimens,  marked  by  a  few  spiral  ridges  and  by  distant  vertical 
plications  or  folds,  but  which  are  not  transmitted  to  the  internal 
cast  in  any  of  the  individuals  seen."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — Internal  casts  from  several  horizons  have  been 
referred  to  this  species  with  more  or  less  doubt,  and  the  true 
relationships  of  these  various  forms  can  never  be  properly  de- 
termined until  the  external  features  of  the  shells  are  better  un- 
derstood. One  internal  cast  from  the  Cliffwood  clay  (pi.  xcvi. 
fig.  7)  has  the  form  of  this  species  but  with  evidence  of  but  a 
single  columellar  fold.  It  is  accompanied  by  an  impression  of  a 
small  portion  of  the  exterior  of  the  shell  which  shows  that  there 
was  a  slight  thickening  of  the  outer  volution  at  least,  just  be- 
neath the  suture  forming  a  very  narrow  revolving  shoulder  be- 


MOLLUSCA.  785 

low  which  there  was  a  narrow,  revolving  concave  band  and  then 
a  row  of  rather  broad,  low  and  short,  somewhat  obscure  nodes. 
Other  casts  from  the  Wenonah  sand  (pi.  xcvi,  figs.  5-6)  have 
but  a  single  slight  columellar  fold  and  approach  somewhat  in 
their  general  form  the  illustrations  of  P.  bella,  but  differ  from 
that  species  in  their  lower  volutions  and  consequent  shorter  spire. 
All  the  shells  of  this  genus  have  characters  which  seem  to  ally 
them  to  some  of  the  forms  referred  to  Odontofusus,  and  further 
material  in  a  more  satisfactory  condition  of  preservation  than 
has  yet  been  obtained,  is  highly  desirable  and  indeed  absolutely 
necessary,  in  order  to  make  clear  our  understanding  of  these 
forms. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay  ?,  Cliffwood  Point 
(185)  ;  Wenonah  sand  ?,  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i263)  ;  Nave- 
,sink  marl,  Cross  wicks  Creek  (Whitfield). 

Genus  ROSTEXUTES  Conrad. 

Hostel  I  ites  texturatus  Whitfleld. 
Plate  XCVI,  Pigs.   12-13. 

1868.     Rostellites  Texanus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.   N.  J.,  p.  730. 

(Not  R.  texanus  Conrad,  1855.) 
1892.     Rostellites  texturatus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  88,  pi.  n,  figs,  5-6. 

Description. — "Shell  rather  large,  very  elongate,  elliptical  in 
outline,  pointed  at  each  extremity,  spire  very  short,  conical,  with 
scarcely  convex  volutions,  three  to  four  in  number;  body  volu- 
tion large  forming  about  six-sevenths  of  the  entire  length,  very 
gently  convex  throughout  its  entire  length,  except  near  the 
anterior  end,  where  it  becomes  very  slightly  recurved;  aperture 
very  large,  but  narrow,  acute  above  and  below;  columellar  plaits 
unknown;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  spiral  ridges  and  by 
vertical  lines;  the  former  much  the  stronger  and  alternating  in 
size  where  preserved  sufficiently  well  to  show;  the  vertical  lines 
cut  the  spiral  ridges  so  as  to  break  them  into  nodes  on  the  outer 
shell."  (Whitfield.) 

5O    PAL 


786      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  R.  nasiitus  and  R.  angu- 
latus  especially  in  the  proportionally  shorter  spire,  in  the  more 
symmetrical  body  volution,  and  in  the  greater  strength  of  the 
markings  of  the  shell.  In  general  it  seems  to  be  more  character- 
istic of  the  Merchantville  clay,  while  the  others  occur  most  com- 
monly in  the  Navesink  marl. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution, — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb. 

Plate  XCVIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1860.  Volutilithes  nasuta  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  pi.  48,  fig.  9. 

1861.  Volutilithes  nasuta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p, 

ISO  (94)- 
1861.     Fulguraria  nasuta  Gabb,    Proc.   Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p.  364- 
1864.     Rostellites  nasuta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,, 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  21. 

1868.     Rostellites  nasiitus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1876.     Rostellites  nasutus  Gabb,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   PhiL 

(1876),  p.  294. 
1892.     Rostellites  nasutus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  86,  pi.  n,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Rostellites  nasutus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  PhiL 

(1905),  p.  25. 

Description, — "Shell  of  moderately  large  size,  sometimes 
attaining  a  length  of  nearly  or  quite  5  inches.  Form  slender, 
with  a  proportionally  short,  turreted  spire,  varying  from  two- 
thirds  of  the  length  of  the  body  volution  in  the  casts  to  not  more 
than  one-third  in  the  shell  itself ;  number  of  volutions  uncertain, 
the  type  specimen  having  had  about  four ;  body  volution  slender, 
most  ventricose  near  the  upper  part,  marked  by  numerous  spiral 
ridges  with  broader  interspaces  which  have  possibly  been  marked 


MOLLUSCA.  787 

by  smaller  ridges  between  the  large  ones;  the  upper  lines  nearly 
parallel  to  the  suture,  but  below  they  become  more  and  more 
oblique,  so  that  the  lower  ones  become  nearly  parallel  with  the 
columella ;  aperture  comparatively  broad  and  the  lip  thin ; 
columella  marked  by  three  or  four  very  oblique  folds,  situated 
near  the  middle  of  its  length ;  the  upper  three  at  equal  distances 
from  each  other  and  the  lower  one  a  little  more  distant  from  the 
next  above."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  is  the  common  member  of  the  genus  in  the 
fauna  of  the  Navesink  marl  .in  New  Jersey.  The  specimens  are 
almost  always  more  or  less  fragmentary,  so  that  the  complete 
form  of  the  shell  is  rarely  preserved.  It  is  altogether  probable 
that  the  specimen  described  by  Whitfield  as  a  distinct  species 
under  the  name  R.  angulatus,  is  only  a  form  of  the  more  common 
R.  nasufais,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  both  of  them  are  the  same 
as  R.  texanus  Conrad. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163);  Navesink  marl,  Middletown  (ii32),  near  Crawfords 
Corner  (i267),  near  Holmdel  (i285,  127),  Crosswicks  Creek 
(195),  Freehold,  Marlboro  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Rostellites  angulatus  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCVIL,  Figs.  3-4. 

1892.     Rostellites  angulatus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  88,  pi.  n,  figs.  3-4. 
1905.     Rostellites  angulatus  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  25. 

Description. — "Shell  moderately  large  and  proportionally 
slender,  with  an  elevated  spire,  as  shown  by  the  cast,  the  only 
condition  in  which  it  has  been  recognized ;  body  volution  forming 
the  great  bulk  of  the  shell,  and  the  aperture  equaling  more  than 
one-half  of  the  entire  length;  volutions  probably  five  or  more, 
flattened  on  their  surfaces  with  abrupt  scalariform  sutures;  last 
volution  flattened  or  obscurely  concave  below  the  suture  for 


788      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

nearly  one-half  the  length,  and  abruptly  contracted  below,  form- 
ing an  undefined  angle  a  little  above  the  middle  of  the  length  of 
the  volution,  and  extended  below  into  a  more  or  less  slender 
columella;  aperture  narrow  and  pointed  above,  broad  and  some- 
what effuse  below ;  columella  marked  by  four  strong  oblique  folds, 
the  lower  one  of  which  is  more  distant  from  the  next  above  than 
are  the  others  from  each  other;  surface  features  unknown." 
(Whitfield.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Hostel lites  biconicus  Whitfield.  ' 
Plate  XCVIL,  Figs.  5-8. 

1892.     Rostellites  biconicus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  183,  pi.  23,  figs.  ion. 

Description. — "Shell  moderately  elongated,  as  seen  in  the  con- 
ditions of  internal  casts,  the  only  condition  in  which  it  is  at 
present  known.  Spire  elevated,  consisting  of  about  four  or  five 
volutions,  the  aperture,  which  is  narrow,  forming  about  two- 
fifths  of  the  length  of  the  entire  cast.  Volutions  moderately  con- 
vex, largest  at  or  near  the  upper  margin,  indicating  something  of 
a  square,  shoulder-like  upper  surface  for  the  perfect  shell ;  below 
this  angulation  the  upper  volutions  are  slightly  convex,  and  in  the 
casts  leaving  very  deep  and  strong  sutures  between  the  different 
whorls  of  the  spire.  Lower  volution  distinctly  largest  above  and 
cone-like  in  shape,  with  a  short  columellar  projection  below;  the 
lower  half  of  the  volution  being  more  rapidly  tapering  than  the 
upper,  forms  a  slight  angulation  just  below  the  middle.  Colu- 
mella strong  and  marked  by  four  nearly  equidistant  oblique  folds, 
the  lower  one  of  which  is  not  more  than  once  and  a  half  as  far 
from  the  base  as  the  distance  between  each  fold.  Aperture  very 
narrow,  pointed  above  and  below ;  surface,  as  far  as  can  be  seen 
on  the  internal  casts,  showing  no  evidence  of  longitudinal  folds 
or  revolving  lines ;  but  the  shell  having  been  quite  thick  may  not 


MOLLUSCA.  789 

have  preserved  such  features  on  the  interior  surface."  (Whit- 
field.) 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  easily  distinguished  from  R. 
nasutus  by  reason  of  its  proportionally  more  elongate  spire, 
that  portion  of  the  shell  usually  being  about  one-half  its  total 
length,  while  in  R.  nasutus  the  spire  is  much  shorter  than  the 
body  volution.  This  species  is  usually  much  smaller  than  R. 
nasutus,  the  specimen  illustrated  by  Whitfield  being  one  of  the 
largest  examples  seen.  In  the  smaller  shells  the  upper  margin 
of  the  volutions  is  usually  not  so  square  and  shoulder-like  as  in 
Whitfield's  large  individual,  and  the  shell  approaches  Voluto- 
denna  intermedia  in  form,  but  it  is  always  more  slender  than  that 
species,  and.  has  four  strong  columellar  folds. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  near  Farmingdale 
(138),  Squankum  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  TURRICULA  Klein. 

Turricula  scalariformis  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCVIL,  Fig.  11. 

1892.     Turricula    scalariformis    Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  95,  pi.  n,  fig.  9. 

Description. — "Shell  greatly  elongated,  the  spire  being  pro- 
portionally slender  and  composed  of  numerous  volutions,  which 
are  moderately  convex,  and  moderately  increasing  in  height  with 
additional  growth ;  number  unknown ;  the  specimen  consists  only 
of  a  portion  of  the  spire  containing  about  five  volutions,  the 
apex  and  body  volution  being  absent;  surface  marked  by  strong 
vertical  folds  which  are  separated  by  concave,  equally  wide  de- 
pressions, quite  straight  and  ridged  in  their  direction  from  su- 
ture to  suture,  and.  number  about  1 6  to  each  volution ;  folds 
crossed  by  spiral  lines,  about  eight  of  which  can  be  counted  on 
the  exposed  part  of  the  volutions,  and  raised  and  rounded  on 
the  top."  (Whitfield.) 


790      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  T.  reileyi  and  T.  leda  in 
its  more  convex  volutions  and  its  stronger  vertical  folds  which 
are  not  flexuose  between  the  sutures.  The  only  known  speci- 
men is  the  type  which  is  much  crushed  and  imperfect.  In  his 
illustration  of  the  specimen  Whitfield  has  made  the  revolving 
lines  to  appear  much  stronger  than  they  really  are  in  the  speci- 
men. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution*. — New  Jersey. 

Turricula  leda  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCVIL,  Fig.  9. 

1892.     Turricula  leda  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 
G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  93,  pi.  n,  fig.  7. 

Description. — "Shell  fusiform,  with  a  moderately  elevated  and 
turreted  spire,  the  apical  angle  of  which  is  somewhat  less  than 
30°;  volutions  five  or  six  in  number,  flattened  in  the  direction 
of  the  spire,  or  very  little  convex  on  the  surface,  and  bordered 
on  the  lower  margins  in  the  cast  by  a  distinct  band,  which  forms 
about  one-third  of  the  height;  body  volution  proportionally 
rather  more  convex  in  the  middle  than  the  others  and  constricted 
below,  'forming  a  beak  of  moderate  length;  the  height  of  this 
volution  as  seen  from  the  back  of  the  outer  lip  forms,  with  the 
beak,  rather  more  than  one-half  of  the  entire  length  of  the  shell ; 
shell  marked  throughout  by  distinct  vertical  ridges  or  folds, 
more  numerous  and  more  closely  arranged  on  the  body  whorl 
than  on  those  above,  except  perhaps  the  apical  ones,  and  have 
a  slight  backward  curvature  in  the  middle  in  passing  from  su- 
ture to  suture;  the  shell  also  marked  by  spiral  ridges  which,  on 
the  body  volution,  are  of  nearly  equal  strength  with  the  vertical 
folds,  but  are  invisible  on  the  other  volutions  in  the  specimens 
used."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  T.  reileyi  in  its  less 
slender  form  and  its  proportionally  shorter  spire  with  a  smaller 


MOLLUSCA.  791 

number  of  volutions,  and  in  the  coarser  surface  markings.  It 
has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections,  and  like  T.  reileyi 
is  known  only  from  the  single  type  specimen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turricvila  reileyi  Whitfleld. 
Plate  XCVIL,  Fig.  10. 

1892.     Turricula  Reileyi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  92,  pi.  11,  fig.  8. 

Description. — "Shell  slender,  extremely  elongated,  turreted; 
spire  very  much  elevated  and  slender;  whorls  numerous,  slightly 
convex  on  the  surface  and  very  distinctly  banded  on  their  lower 
margin;  body  volution  proportionally  more  convex  than  the 
others,  being  swollen  near  the  middle  of  its  length ;  attenuate 
and  rostrate  below,  and  nearly  or  quite  one-half  the  length  of 
the  shell  as  seen  from  the  outside  of  the  aperture;  sutures  very 
distinct,  bordered  by  a  broad  band  which  is  very  distinctly  sep- 
arated from  the  other  part  of  the  volution  by  an  impressed  line 
nearly  or  quite  as  deep  and  distinctly  marked  as  the  suture  line 
itself;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  numerous  vertical  folds, 
with  slightly  concave  spaces  between;  the  folds  are  narrow  and 
distinct,  and  very  slightly  bent  backward  in  the  middle  of  their 
length  in  their  passage  across  the  volution,  but  not  interrupted 
perceptibly  at  the  line  separating  the  band  from  the  body  of  the 
volution,  and  become  obsolete  on  the  rostrated  part  of  the  last 
one.  Besides  the  vertical  folds,  the  entire  shell  is  marked  by 
sharp,  closely  arranged  spiral  lines,  which  are  finer  and  more 
numerous  on  the  upper  part,  becoming  more  distant  and  stronger 
below,  especially  on  the  lower  part  of  the  last  volution,  where 
they  seem  to  have  alternated  with  finer  intermediate  striae.  This 
latter  feature  may  be  only  apparent,  however,  as  the  condition 
of  the  specimens  is  not  such  as  entirely  to  establish  this  feature 
as  a  character  of  the  shell.  The  crossing  of  the  vertical  folds  by 


792      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  spiral  striae  in  the  upper  volutions  produces  a  very  decided 
and  beautifully  cancellated  structure."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — -This  species  has  not  been  met  with,  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey,  and  in  fact  is  known  only  from  the 
single  type  specimen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Freehold  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution, — New  Jersey. 

Super-family  TOXOGLOSSA. 

Family  CANCELLARIIDAE. 

Genus  CANCEIVLARIA  Lamark. 

Cancellaria  subalta  Conrad. 

Plate  XCVIIL,  Fig.   i. 

1869.     Cancellaria  subalta  Con.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p.  100, 

pi.  9,  fig.  22. 
1892.     Cancellaria  (merica}  subalta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 

(Monog.  U.   S.   G.   S.,  vol.    18),  p.  95,  pi.    12,   figs. 

24-25. 
1905.     Cancellaria  subalta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  slender  or  elongate- fusiform,  with 
an  elevated  spire  composed  of  moderately  convex  volutions, 
which  may  have  been,  as  the  author  says,  six  in  number ;  sutures 
quite  distinct;  body  volution  proportionally  large,  forming  con- 
siderably more  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell ;  aperture  rather 
large,  obliquely  elliptical  with  the  outer  side  more  rounded  than 
the  inner;  acute  above  and  apparently  so  below;  outer  lip 
strongly  crenulate  within;  inner  lip  coated  with  a  deposit,  but 
not  sufficiently  heavy  to  conceal  the  surface  markings  of  the 
shell  beneath  it,  which  show  through  and  present  somewhat  the 
appearance  of  plaits;  axis  apparently  slightly  perforated;  sur- 
face marked  by  strong- and  deep  vertical  and  spiral  grooves  with 


MOLLUSCA.  793 

sharp  ridges  between,  which  produce  aspirate  nodes  by  their 
intersection;  n  or  12  of  the  longitudinal  ridges  may  be 
counted  on  the  inner  half  of  the  last  volution  and  six  of  the 
spiral  ridges  above  the  top  of  the  aperture.  The  upper  two  or 
three  volutions  appear  to  have  been  smooth,  or  nearly  so,  as 
originally  described."  (Whitfield.) 

Columella  marked  by  two  well-defined  revolving  folds  below 
the  mid-height  of  the  aperture. 

Remarks. — -This  is  one  of  the  very  characteristic  species  of 
the  Woodbury  clay,  although  a  single  individual  has  been  found 
in  the  Merchantville  clay.  It  is  a  rather  common  species  at 
Lorillard,  but  like  so  many  of  the  members  of  the  fauna  at  this 
locality,  it  grows  to  a  larger  size  than  at  Haddonfield,  the  locality 
from  which  the  species  was  originally  described.  Whitfield' s 
illustration  of  the  type  specimen  is  about  two  and  one-half  times 
enlarged,  the  specimen  itself  being  about  8.5  mm.  in  height.  The 
Lorillard  specimens  are  frequently  12  mm.  in  height,  and  the 
largest  ones  are  nearly  20  mm.  It  is  a  beautiful  little  shell  and  is 
always  easily  recognized  by  its  reticulate  surface  markings, 
which  are  usually  preserved  in  great  perfection  in  the  moulds 
of  the  exterior  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan 
(103),  Crosswicks  (168),  near  Haddonfield  (164,  183). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cancellaria  smocki  n.  sp. 

Plate  XCVIII.,  Figs.  2-3. 

Description. — Shell  with  about  three  volutions  in  the  cast ;  the 
dimensions  of  two  of  the  type  specimens  are:  height,  18.5  mm. 
and  15.5  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  12  mm.  and  10  mm.;  height 
of  aperture,  12  mm.  and  9.5  mm.  The  upper  surface  of  the 
volutions  is  nearly  horizontal  adjacent  to  the  suture,  but  the 
sides  round  rapidly  downward  becoming  nearly  parallel  with 
the  axis  of  the  shell  at  about  one-fourth  the  distance  from  the 
suture  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  outer  volution,  from  this 


794      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

point  the  surface  is  gently  convex  to  a  point  about  two-thirds 
the  distance  from  the  suture  to  the  anterior  margin,  below  which 
it  contracts  rather  abruptly  to  the  umbilical  margin;  the  shell 
is  not  produced  into  an  anterior  canal.  In  the  casts  the  umbilical 
cavity  is  narrow,  indicating1  an  imperforate  or  a  very  narrowly 
perforate  shell,  columella  marked  by  three  faint  revolving  folds 
situated  below  the  middle  of  the  inner  lip  of  the  aperture.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  as  seen  in  impressions  of  the  exterior,  marked 
by  rather  strong,  regular  transverse  ribs  which  curve  backward 
from  the  suture  until  they  cross  the  somewhat  rounded  shoulder 
of  the  shell,  below  which  they  are  nearly  vertical ;  about  20  to 
22  of  these  ribs  occupy  the  larger  volutions,  but  they  do  not 
cross  the  lower  contracted  portion  of  the  outer  volution;  surface 
also  marked  by  narrow,  raised,  revolving  lines,  six  or  eight  of 
which  occupy  the  nearly  vertical  surface  of  the  outer  volution 
and  the  volutions  of  the  spire,  with  the  vertical  ribs  dividing  that 
surface  of  the  shell  into  depressed,  quadrangular  spaces;  about 
six  similar  revolving  lines  are  also  present  upon  the  lower  con- 
tracting portion  of  the  outer  volution,  continuing  to  the  um- 
bilical margin,  all  the  revolving  lines  exhibit  some  tendency  to 
alternate  in  size. 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  C.  subalta,  with  which  it 
is  associated,  in  its  much  more  robust  form  and  in  its  larger  size. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Mat- 
awan  (101);  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102),  near  Matawan 

(103). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  TURBINOPSIS  Conrad. 

Turbinopsis  depressa  Gabb. 

Plate  XCVIIL,  Figs.  6-11. 

1861.     Turbinopsis  depressa  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1861),  p.  321. 
1864.     Turbinopsis  depressus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  19. 


MOLLUSCA.  795 

1868.     Turbinopsis  depressus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1905.     Turbinopsis  depressa  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 
1892.     Modulus  lapidosa  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  152,  pi.  17,  figs  6-8. 
1905.     Turbinopsis  lapidosa  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  one  of  the  specimens,  an 
internal  cast,  are:  height,  14  mm.;  maximum  diameter  of  the 
outer  volution,  14  mm.  Shell  broadly  umbilicate,  with  two  or 
three  volutions,  spire  depressed,  suture  about  flush  with  the  sur- 
face. Outer  volution  gibbous,  its  greatest  width  above  the  middle, 
periphery  rounded,  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces  both  convex, 
the  slope  of  the  upper  surface  to  the  suture  more  abrupt  than  the 
slope  of  the  lower  surface,  contracted  below  to  a  very  short  an- 
terior canal.  Surface  of  the  outer  volution  marked  with  revolv- 
ing costss,  probably  about  seven  or  eight  in  number,  and  by 
transverse  ribs  of  about  equal  strength,  with  interspaces  about 
equal  to  those  between  the  revolving  costae;  the  points  of  inter- 
section of  the  revolving  and  transverse  ribs  are  elevated  into  low 
nodes.  Internal  casts  smooth  or  marked  by  more  or  less  in- 
distinct revolving  ribs,  the  surface  rounded  from  the  suture  to 
the  angular  umbilical  margin,  the  greatest  thickness  of  the  volu- 
tion about  its  mid-height;  columellar  cavity  very  broad,  marked 
by  a  single  strong  and  sharp  revolving  fold  situated  near  the 
-anterior  margin. 

Remarks. — This  species  usually  occurs  in  the  condition  of 
internal  casts,  but  at  one  locality  in  the  Wenonah  sand  impres- 
sions of  the  exterior  have  been  collected  which  show  the  character 
of  the  external  surface  markings  of  the  shell.  There  seems  to 
be  no  essential  difference  between  the  shell  which  Whitfield 
described  as  Modulus  lapidosus  and  the  type  of  Turbinopsis 
depressus.  Whitfield's  specimen  exhibits  the  revolving  ribs  upon 
the  cast  somewhat  more  clearly,  and  the  spire  is  a  little  more 
depressed  than  Gabb's  type,  but  these  differences  can  be  con- 
sidered as  nothing  greater  than  individual  varieties,  certainly  not 
of  specific  importance. 


796      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i263)  ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford  (i482). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


Turbinopsis  angulata  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCVIIL,  Figs.  12-13. 

1892.     Turbinopsis  angulata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  101,  pi.  12,  figs.  17-18. 
1905.     Turbinopsis  angulata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 

Description, — "Shell  rather  above  the  usual  size,  short  conical, 
and  rather  obese  in  general  form,  oblique  as  seen  from  the  back ; 
composed  of  two  and  a  half  or  three  volutions,  which  increase 
somewhat  rapidly  in  size  with  increased  growth ;  apical  angle 
about  70° ;  volutions  ventricose,  obliquely  flattened  on  the  upper 
side  and  obtusely  round-pointed  below,  with  a  quite  distinct 
angulation  at  the  upper  third,  or  just  above  the  upper  third  of  the 
length,  as  seen  on  the  last  one,  and  a  less  distinct  one  below  the 
middle,  dividing  the  body  volution  into  three  sections,  of  which 
the  middle  one  is  rather  broader  than  the  others  and  imperceptibly 
flattened ;  above  the  body  volution  the  whorls  are  marked  by  about 
eight  vertical  folds,  or  angulations  representing  folds,  which  do 
not  extend  to  the  suture  line  on  the  cast,  the  only  condition  in 
which  it  has  been  observed;  aperture  elongate  ovate,  largest 
below ;  columellar  cavity  in  the  cast  of  medium  size,  marked  at 
the  base  by  a  distinct  groove,  indicating  the  presence  of  a  tooth- 
like  ridge  on  the  shell,  showing  the  generic  position  of  the  species ; 
the  surface  has  also  been  marked  by  spiral  lines  or  ridges,  15  or 
more  in  number,  on  the  last  whorl  near  the  lip,  very  perceptible 
on  the  surface  between  the  whorls  in  the  cast."  (Whitfield.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  797 

Turbinopsis  ?  elevata  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIIL,  Figs.  14-15. 

1902.     Turbinopsis  elevata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  102,  pi.  12,  figs.  13-14  (not 

figs.  10-12). 
1905.     Turbinopsis  elevata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderately  small  size  as  indicated  by 
internal  casts  only;  spire  elevated,  consisting  of  but  few  whorls, 
which  in  the  casts  are  widely  disconnected,  indicating  a  thick 
shell  or  whorls  disconnected  in  the  shell  itself,  which  is  most 
probable ;  volutions  convex,  rounded  above  and  on  the  periphery, 
but  compressed  and  wedge- form  below ;  aperture  elongate-ovate, 
rounded  above,  but  wedge-shaped  below ;  umbilical  opening,  in 
the  cast,  quite  large,  smooth,  not  showing  any  indication  oi  the 
spiral  tooth-like  ridge;  surface  of  the  cast  showing  rather  dis- 
tant vertical  folds,  but  very  little  indication  of  spiral  striae,  the 
shell  being  probably  too  thick  for  them  to  be  transmitted  to  the 
cast"  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  and  the  closely-allied  T.  curta  have 
been  among  the  most  puzzling  of  the  gastropod  shells  in  New 
Jersey  collections,  in  regard  to  their  generic  relations.  The 
species  are  only  known  from  internal  casts,  which,  of  course, 
makes  their  generic  reference  the  more  difficult.  The  essential 
characters  common  to  both  are  the  broad  columellar  cavity  which 
undoubtedly  indicates  an  umbilicate  shell,  the  absence  of  colu- 
mellar folds,  and  the  more  or  less  distinct  vertical  plications  of 
the  shell.  It  seems  impossible  to  refer  them  to  Turbinopsis 
where  they  are  placed  by  Whitfield  on  account  of  the  entire  ab- 
sence of  columellar  folds,  the  members  of  that  genus  being  char- 
acterized by  one  strong  fold  upon  the  columella  situated  very 
low  down.  In  their  essential  characters  these  species  seem  to 
agree  with  some  of  the  shells  referred  to  Pyrifusus  by  Whit- 
field, especially  P.  mutticaensis  and  P.  macfarlandi.  P.  mullicaensis 
does  not  have  quite  so  broad  a  columellar  cavity  relatively  and 


798      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  shell  is  marked  by  stronger  vertical  folds.  The  columellar 
cavity  of  P.  macfarlandi,  however,  is  nearly  as  broad  as  that  of 
T.  elevata.  The  casts  described  by  Whitfield  as  Rostellaria  curta 
also  resemble  those  called  Turbinopsis  elevata  by  the  same  author, 
and  at  least  one  of  the  type  specimens  of  that  species  is  certainly 
identical  with  T.  elevata. 

Although  the  casts  under  consideration  are  certainly  not  mem- 
bers o>f  the  genus  Turbinopsis,  they  will  be  allowed  to  remain 
where  they  were  originally  placed  by  their  author,  because  their 
reference  to  any  other  genus  is  just  as  unsatisfactory.  Not  until 
specimens  preserving  the  external  features  of  the  shell  are  secured 
can  their  relations  be  properly  determined. 

The  species  is  closely  allied  to  T.  curta,  and  three  of  the  figures 
of  T.  elevata,  published  by  Whitfield,  are  said  by  Johnson  to  rep- 
resent the  other  species,  leaving  but  a  single  specimen  as  the  type 
of  the  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149),  Mullica  Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turbinopsis  ?  curta  Whitfleld. 
Plate  XCVIIL,  Figs.  4-5. 

1892.     Turbinopsis  curta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1.8),  p.  102,  pi.  12,  figs.  3-6. 
1905.     Turbinopsis  curta  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  turbinate,  with  a  short  spire,  show- 
ing in  the  cast  only  about  three  volutions  in  all,  the  last  of  which 
forms  the  great  bulk  of  the  shell;  volutions  largest  at  the  top 
and  contracted  below  to  the  sharp  base  bordering  the  umbilical 
cavity ;  this  latter  feature  proportionally  wide,  indicating  a  large 
umbilicus  in  the  shell;  aperture  elliptical,  sharply  angular  below 
and  sharply  rounded  above-;  oblique  and  more  rounded  on  the 
outer  than  on  the  inner  side;  columellar  lip  not  showing  evidence 
of  a  tooth  on  the  cast,  and  probably  destitute  of  such  appendage ; 


MOLLUSCA.  799 

casts  showing  no  indication  of  vertical  folds  or  revolving  lines." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  may  be  recognized  by  its  low  spire, 
as  compared  with  T.  elevata.  The  two  species  are  closely  allied, 
and  it  is  possible  that  this  is  really  only  an  immature  form  of  that 
species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Turbinopsis  ?  major  Whitfield. 
Plate  LXXXIIL,  Figs.  7-8. 

1892.  Turbinopsis  major  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18,  p.  103,  pi.  12,  figs.  15-16.  (Not  figs. 
21-23.) 

Description. — The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  height, 
with  the  spire  incomplete,  27.5 -mm.;  probable  total  height,  32 
mm. ;  maximum  diameter,  23  mm.  Volutions  large,  heavy  and 
massive,  strongly  rounded  on  the  surface,  and  probably  about 
five  in  number;  spire  short,  the  apical  angle  having  been  about 
60°,  making  the  height  of  the  spire  above  the  top  of  the  body 
volution,  when  measured  on  the  back  of  the  shell,  about  equal  to 
the  length  of  the  body  volution  from  that  point  downward ;  aper- 
ture obliquely  elliptical-ovate,  as  in  other  species  of  the  genus; 
columellar  cavity  in  the  cast  very  large,  the  lower  edge  being 
raised  above  the  general  surface,  indicating  a  notch  or  groove  at 
the  base  of  the  aperture  in  the  shell,  with  a  rounded  callosity 
above  it,  forming  or  representing  the  tooth  or  fold  on  the  colu- 
mellar. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  evidently  had  two  different  shells  before 
him  when  he  described  this  species.  The  larger  specimen  which 
he  has  illustrated  resembles  those  large  casts  which  he  described 
under  several  different  names,  and  which  are  all  referred  to 
Anchura  abrupta  in  this  report.  The  smaller  specimen  only  is 
here  considered  as  typical  of  the  species.  It  is  by  no  means  cer- 


8oo      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

tain  that  it  is  a  member  of  the  genus  Turbinopsis,  indeed  it 
probably  does  not  belong  there.  However,  it  cannot  be  placed  in 
any  genus  satisfactorily  and  may  be  allowed  to  stand  for  the 
present  where  it  was  originally  placed,  awaiting  the  discovery  of 
more  perfectly  preserved  specimens. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Navesink  Hills 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  MOREA  Conrad. 
Morea  naticella  Gabb. 

Plate  XCVIIL,  Figs.  14-15. 

1860.  Purpura  (Morea)  naticella  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  301,  pi.  48,  fig.  14. 

1861.  Morea  naticella  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  115 

(59)- 
1864.     Morea  naticella  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  19. 

1868.     Morea  naticella  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  729. 
1892.     Pyropsis  Naticoides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  43,  pi.  2,  figs.  5-7. 
1892.     Morea  naticella  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  97,  pi.  12,  figs.  19-20. 
1905.     Pyropsis  naticoides  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  24. 
1905.     Morea   nnticella   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 

Description. — Shell  of  medium  size,  subglobular  or  subpyri- 
form,  with  three  or  four  ventricose  volutions,  which  are  most 
inflated  on  the  upper  third ;  the  dimensions  of  a  nearly  complete 
internal  cast  are:  height,  19  mm.;  maximum  diameter,  16  mm.; 
height  of  aperture,  17  mm.;  width  of  aperture,  8  mm.  Spire 
rather  low ;  aperture  broadly  elliptical,  pointed  above  and  obtusely 
so  at  the  base;  columellar  cavity  of  medium  size,  with  a  single 
strong  spiral  ridge  near  the  anterior  margin.  Surface  of  the  shell 


MOLLUSCA.  801 

marked  by  from  8  to  n  strong  spiral  ridges,  leaving  a  plain 
space  at  the  base  of  the  shell  equal  in  width  to  that  of  two  of  the 
ridges;  surface  marked  also  by  somewhat  more  distant,  trans- 
verse, broadly  rounded  ridges,  which  are  nodose  at  the  points  of 
junction  with  the  revolving  ridges. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  apparently  restricted  to  the  fauna  of 
the  Merchantville  clay.  It  may  be  easily  recognized  by  its 
low  spire,  its  surface  markings,  and  by  the  strong  columellar  fold 
situated  just  within  the  umbilical  margin.  The  type  of  the  species 
is  a  large  example,  and  has  the  markings  more  strongly, impressed 
upon  the  surface  of  the  cast  than  is  usually  tr^e  case.  The  speci- 
men which  Whitfield  has  described  as  Pyropsis  naticoides  must 
be  referred  to  this  same  species,  and  this  specimen  perhaps  rep- 
resents more  nearly  the  usual  form  of  the  species.  The  shell 
which  has  been  described  as  Turbinopsis  plicata  is  another  closely 
allied  shell,  certainly  congeneric,  although  it  is  probably  a  distinct 
species  characterized  by  a  somewhat  higher  spire  and  a  broader 
umbilicus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay,  Lenola  (163). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Morea  plicata  (Whitfield). 

\ 
Plate  XCVIIL,  Figs.  16-17. 

1892.     Turbinopsis  plicata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  104,  pi.  12,  figs,  1-2. 
1905.     Turbinopsis  plicata  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  26. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  and  known  only  from  internal 
casts;  spire  elevated  and  erect,  composed  of  but  few  volutions, 
probably  not  more  thau  three  in  the  shell;  widely  separated  in 
the  casts  by  the  sutures  and  very  rapidly  increasing  in  size;  um- 
bilical opening  very  large  and  very  distinctly  marked,  near  the 
base  of  the  columella,  by  a  deep,  narrow  groove,  indicating  the 
presence  of  a  rather  strong,  tooth-like  ridge  at  the  base  of  the 
columella;  columella  concave,  giving  an  elliptical  form  to  the 
51  PAI, 


802      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

filling  of  the  aperture  which  nearly  equals  one-half  the  height  of 
the  entire  cast,  and  is  very  oblique  as  seen  in  front,  but  from 
the  back  appears  rather  patulose  and  spreading;  surface  of  the 
cast  marked  by  numerous  vertical  folds  or  plications,  which  are 
quite  distinct  on  the  cast  and  closely  arranged ;  the  outer  half  of 
the  last  volution,  however,  does  not  retain  them  so  distinctly." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  resembles  M.  naticella,  but  it  is  more 
elongate,  with  a  higher  spire,  more  loosely  coiled  volutions  and 
a  much  broader  umbilicus,  as  indicated  by  the  width  of  the  um- 
bilical cavity  in  the  cast. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Crosswicks  Creek  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  PLEUROTOMIDAE. 

Genus  PLEUROTOMA  Lamark. 

Pleurotoma  farmingdalensis  Whitfield. 

Plate  XCVIIL,  Figs.  I&-IQ. 

1892.     Pleurotoma  farmingdalensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  185,  pi.  23,  figs.  3-4. 

Description., — "Shell  of  medium  size,  with  an  elongated,  tur- 
reted  spire,  composed  of  numerous  angularly  ventricose  volu- 
tions, which  ascend  rapidly,  the  entire  number  unknown;  apical 
angle  about  30° ;  body  volutions  proportionally  larger  than  those 
above,  contracted  below  and  rapidly  decreasing  in  diameter, 
terminating  in  a  short  anterior  beak,  the  length  of  which  is  not 
known ;  periphery  biangular  on  the  outer  two-thirds  of  the  body 
whorl,  as  seen  on  the  cast;  columella  slender,  smooth;  aperture 
moderately  large ;  outer  lip  straightened  along  the  middle ;  volu- 
tions marked  on  the  angle  by  short,  oblique,  vertical  plications  or 
elongated  nodes,  which  are  directed  slightly  forward  below,  and 
are  confined  to  the  larger  part  of  the  volution  on  all  above  the 
last  one,  where  they  are  slightly  visible  on  the  lower  angle.  About 


MOLLUSCA.  803 

12  of  the  vertical  nodes  may  be  counted  on  a  single  volution. 
The  upper  side  of  the  last  volution  is  slightly  concave  between 
the  angle  and  the  suture  line,  marking  the  probable  position  of 
the  notch  of  the  outer  lip,  although  on  the  cast  this  feature  itself 
cannot  be  positively  traced."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  is  a  rare  species  and  has  not  been  met  with 
in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey.  All  the  known  examples 
•of  the  species  are  more  or  less  fragmentary,  and  the  characters 
are  not  preserved  in  as  satisfactory  a  manner  as  might  be  desired. 

Formation  and  locality. — Manasquan  marl,  Farmingdale 
<  Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Genus  CITHARA  Gray. 

Cithara  crosswickensis  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCVIII,  Figs.  20-21. 

1892.  Cithara  Crosswickensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  107,  pi.  13,  figs.  7-8. 

1905.  Cithara  crosswickensis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  26. 

Description. — "Shell  of  moderate  size  or  larger,  subfusiform 
or  turriculate,  the  spire  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  length  of  the 
body  volution  and  beak,  only  moderately  slender,  the  apical  angle 
being  about  30°  to  35°,  and  the  number  of  volutions  probably 
about  five;  all  the  specimens  being  imperfect  and  mostly  casts, 
the  exact  number  can  not  be  determined ;  body  volution  large  in 
proportion  to  the  others,  quite  ventricose  in  the  upper  part  and 
contracted  below  to  form  the  short  beak;  upper  volutions  only 
moderately  ventricose;  suture,  in  the  casts,  strongly  marked  and 
the  volutions  rather  abrupt  on  the  upper  margin ;  aperture  large, 
angular  above,  and  more  sharply  so  below;  columella  strong, 
leaving  a  moderately  large  cavity  by  its  removal,  which,  in  the 
most  perfectly  formed  cast,  shows  evidence  of  a  single,  rather 
strong,  oblique  plication  on  the  lower  part ;  volutions  marked  by 


804      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

distant,  strong-  and  angular  vertical  folds,  extending  from  the 
suture  to  near  the  base  of  the  beak  on  the  body  volution,  and  from 
suture  to  suture  on  the  others,  even  on  the  casts;  surface  of  the 
shell  marked  by  very  fine  transverse  striae  parallel  to  the  folds, 
which  are  only  slightly  directed  forward  in  their  lower  part ;  and 
by  extremely  faint  indications  of  faint  thread-like,  raised,  spiral 
lines,  divided  by  broad  flattened  interspaces."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  closely  allied  to  C.  mullicaensis,  but 
according  to  Whitfild  it  is  larger,  with  a  more  elevated  and  more 
slender  spire,  with  the  body  volution  proportionally  larger,  and 
the  suture  much  more  distinct.  The  species  is  apparently  less 
common  than  C.  mullicaensis,  as  it  has  not  been  met  with  in  the 
recent  collections.  The  internal  casts  of  this  species  closely 
resemble  those  of  Odontofu<sus  medians,  but  they  can  be  dis- 
tinguished from  that  species  by  the  absence  of  the  columellar  fold. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Crosswicks  Creek 
(Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Cithara    mullicaensis  Whitfield. 

Plate  XCVIIL,  Figs.  22-28. 

1892.     Cithara  Mullicaensis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 
U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  1 06,  pi.  13,  figs.  2-6. 

Description. — "Shell  moderately  large  and  robust  for  its 
length,  with  a  short,  obtusely  pointed  spire  and  very  large  body 
whorl,  which  constitutes  nearly  the  entire  bulk  of  the  shell ;  the 
spire,  measuring  from  the  swell  of  the  body  volution  when  look- 
ing upon  the  front  of  the  shell,  forming  about  two-fifths  of  the 
entire  height;  volutions  four  and  a  half  to  five  in  number,  short, 
indistinctly  marked  and  the  sutures  obscure ;  the  body  whorl  some- 
what produced  below,  forming  a  short  canal;  aperture  large, 
elliptical,  pointed  above  and  notched  below;  and  about  equaling 
one-half  the  length  of  the  shell ;  surface  of  the  shell  marked  with 
strong,  longitudinal  ribs,  which  are  quite  distant  and  number 
only  about  10  on  the  botfy  whorl;  the  ribs  are  strong,  sharply 


MOLLUSCA.  805 

elevated,  with  concave  interspaces,  and  with  fine  longitudinal 
lines  of  growth  marking  the  surfaces ;  and  the  whole  crossed  by 
elevated  thread-like  raised  lines,  distant  and  distinct,  but  most 
plainly  marked  on  the  ridges ;  on  the  internal'  casts,  the  most  usual 
condition,  the  spire  is  more  elevated  and  the  form  less  robust, 
with  more  distinct  sutures  and  the  volutions  more  ventricose, 
while  their  surfaces  are  less  strongly  marked  by  the  longitudinal 
ribs,  and  no  spiral  lines  are  visible ;  no  evidence  of  markings  can 
be  detected  on  the  columella,  either  on  the  shell  or  on  the  cast. 
The  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  appears  to  have  been  slightly  thick- 
ened, but  no  evidence  of  internal  striae  exists.  The  features  of  the 
notch  in  the  outer  tip  cannot  be  ascertained."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  is  a  well-marked  and  easily  recognizable 
species,  and  at  Mullica  Hill  it  not  infrequently  occurs  with  the 
shell  preserved.  The  internal  casts  are  sometimes  almost  entirely 
smooth,  without  any  indications  of  the  vertical  folds  of  the  shell. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Middletown  (ii32),  near  Red  Bank  (120),  near  Craw- 
fords'  Corner  (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (147*,  195),  Mullica 
Hill  (169). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-class   EUTHYNEURA. 
Order  OPISTHOBRANCHIA. 

Sub-order  TECTIBRANCHIATA. 

Family  AOTAEONIDAB. 
Genus  ACTAEON  Montfort. 

Actaeon  cretacea  Gabb. 

Plate  XCIX.,  Figs.  1-6. 

1845.     Tornatella  Forbes,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  I, 

p.  63,  text  fig.  c. 
1861.     Action   cretacea   Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1861),  p.  318. 


806      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1861.     Actceon    avoided    Gabb,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(i86i),p.  319. 
1864.     Actceon  ovidea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jour.,  p.  17. 
1864^    Action  cretacea  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret, 

and  Jur.,  p.  17. 

1868.     Action  cretacea  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728.  ' 
1868.     Actceon  ovoidea  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.     Actceon  cretacea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  158,  pi.  19,  figs.  9-12. 
1892.     Actceon  ovoidea  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S, 

G.  S.,  vol.  1  8),  p.  162,  pi.  20,  figs.  5-6. 
1892.     Actceon  Forbetiana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog, 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  157,  pi.  19,  figs.  17-22. 
1892.     Actceon  subovoides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  155,  pi.  19,  figs.  14-16. 
1905.     Actceon  cretacea  Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  18. 
1905.     Actceon  forbesiana  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  'Phil. 


1905.     Actceon   ovoidea   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 
(1905),  p.  19. 

Description.  —  Shell  variable  in  size,  subovoid  in  general  form, 
with  a  moderately  elevated  spire;  the  dimensions  of  two  indi- 
viduals are  :  height,  39  mm.  and  20  mm.  ;  maximum  diameter,  25 
mm.  and  11.5  mm.;  height  of  spire,  10  mm.  and  7  mm.;  height 
of  aperture,  29  mm.  and  13  mm.  Volutions  four  or  five,  with 
distinctly  marked  sutures  in  the  cast;  body  volution  large,  form- 
ing the  greater  bulk  of  the  shell,  moderately  convex  in  the  middle 
and  slightly  pointed  below;  aperture  large,  about  two-thirds  of 
the  total  height  of  the  shell,  pointed  at  the  upper  end,  and  mod- 
erately increasing  in  width  anteriorly,  its  greatest  width  consid- 
erably below  the  middle,  obtusely  pointed  below.  The  columellar 
cavity  in  the  casts  rather  wide  and  furnished  with  a  single  mod- 
erately strong  tooth  at  about  the  broadest  part  of  the  aperture, 
which  is  often  but  weakly  developed;  surface  of  the  shell 


MOLLUSCA.  807 

obscurely  marked  on  the  cast  by  a  few  rather  broad  spiral  lines, 
which  externally,  as  indicated  by  impressions,  are  narrow  im- 
pressed lines. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimens  of  A.  cretacea,  A.  ovoidea  and 
A.  forbesiana;  are  all  from  the  Navesink  marl,  and  a  careful  con- 
sideration of  all  these  specimens,  as  well  as  numerous  others, 
has  led  to  the  conclusion  that  they  all  represent  a  single  species, 
for  which  the  prior  name  A.  cretacea  must  be  adopted.  Whit- 
field's  type  of  A.  subovoides  is  also  the  type  of  Gabb's  A.  ovoidea. 
The  several  specimens  which  have  been  studied  are  somewhat 
variable  as  regards  the  proportional  height  of  the  spire,  the 
diameter  of  the  shell  and  in  the  strength  of  the  columellar  fold, 
but  none  of  these  variations  appear  to  be  constant  enough  or 
strongly  marked  enough  to>  be  considered  as  of  specific  value. 
The  species  sometimes  attains  a  large  size,  as  indicated  by  the 
dimensions  of  the  large  individual  given  above,  but  the  more 
usual  size  of  the  species  is  that  of  the  smaller  individual  whose 
dimensions  are  given.  Besides  occurring  in  the  Navesink  marl, 
the  species  has  been  recognized  in  the  recent  collections  of  the 
Survey,  only  in  the  Wenonah  sand. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i263);  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands  (108),  Cross- 
wicks  Creek  (149). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Actaeon   gabbana  Whitfield. 
Plate  XCIX.,  Figs.  7-8. 

1860,  Actceonina  biplicata  Gabb,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1860),  p.  93,  pi.  2,  fig.  13.     (Not  Actaeon  biplicata 
D'Orbigny.) 

1861.  Actaeonina  biblicata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

94  (38). 
1864.     Solidula  biplicata  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  17. 

1868.     Solidula  biplicata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1876.     Action  biplicata  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Tert.  Foss. 

Up.  Mo.,  pp.  281  and  282. 


8o8      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1892.     Action  Gabbana  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  176,  pi.  19,  figs.  23-25. 
1905.     Actceon  gabbana  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  19. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  elongate  ovate  or  sub- 
cylindrical  in  outline,  spire  moderately  elevated,  entire  length 
and  number  of  volutions  unknown.  Body  volution  cylindrical  in 
the  upper  half,  obtusely  rounded  below.  Aperture  narrow, 
pointed  and  very  contracted  above  and  rounded  below,  about 
four-fifths  as  long  as  the  length  of  the  body  volution,  measured 
on  the  same  side.  Columella  slightly  twisted  below  and  marked 
by  a  single  tooth  near  the  base,  as  determined  by  the  groove 
showing  on  the  cast.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  spiral 
lines,  the  number  undeterminable  from  the  specimens  examined." 
(Whitfield.) 

The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  incomplete  at  the  apex  are : 
height,  25.5  mm.;  if  complete,  it  would  doubtless  be  at  least  30 
mm.;  maximum  diameter,  11.5  mm.;  height  of  aperture,  18.5 
mm. 

Remarks. — In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  this  species 
has  been  observed  only  from  the  Woodbury  clay,  although  the 
types  of  the  species  are  apparently  from  the  Navesink  marl. 
The  species  differs  from  A.  cretacea  in  its  much  more  elongate 
and  cylindrical  form.  It  apparently  resembles  the  shell  described 
from  Mississippi  by  Conrad  as  Solidulus  linteus1,  but  no  exam- 
ples of  that  species  have  been  available  for  comparison,  so  that 
it  cannot  be  determined  whether  the  two  are  identical  or  not. 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102), 
near  Matawan  (103) ;  Navesink  marl  (Coll.  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  BINGHCULIDAE. 

Genus  AVEIJ<ANA  d'Orbigny. 

Avellana  bullata  (Morton). 

Plate  XCIX.,  Figs.  9-1 1. 

1834.     Tornitella  ?  bullata  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 
U.  S.,  p.  48,  pi.  5,  %.  3- 


r.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2nd  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  334,  pi.  35,  fig.  10. 


MOLLUSCA.  809 

1861.     Solidula  bullata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  137 

(81). 
1864.     Solidula   (?)    bullata  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  17. 

1868.     Solidula  bullata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.     Avellana  bullata  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  $.,  vol.  18),  p.  163,  pi.  20,  figs.  1-4. 
1905.     Avellana   bullata   Johns.,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  P-  19- 

Description. — "Shell  large  for  the  genus,  attaining  fully  an 
inch  in  length ;  very  globose,  the  diameter  being  nearly  as  great 
as  the  height,  at  least  equaling  seven-eighths  of  the  height.  Spire 
low  and  rounded,  and  the  base  only  slightly  more  pointed.  Volu- 
tions between  three  and  four  in  number,  the  outer  half  of  the 
last  one  more  abruptly  deflected  downward  at  the  suture  than 
the  preceding  ones,  but  again  elevated  near  the  aperture. 
Aperture  narrow,  pointed  above  and  widest  below  and  rounded ; 
the  length  equal  to  about  four-fifths  of  the  entire  length  of  the 
shell;  columellar  margin  thickened  and  marked  by  horizontal 
ridges  on  the  upper  two-thirds  of  its  length,  and  by  two  very 
strong,  ridge-like  teeth  or  plications  below  the  middle,  the  upper 
of  which  is  the  stronger.  Base  and  outer  lip  slightly  thickened. 
Surface  of  the  shell,  as  shown  on  the  cast,  marked  by  fine  spiral 
lines,  and  by  transverse  lines  of  growth.  Of  the  spiral  lines 
about  30  may.  be  counted  on  the  outer  half  of  the  body  whorl 
of  the  larger  individual,  those  near  the  base  being  coarser  than 
those  above,  but  gradually  becoming  fainter  in  strength.  On 
one  of  Dr.  Morton's  types  the  transverse  lines  are  regular  and 
but  little  less  strongly  marked  than  the  spiral  lines,  so  that  the 
surface  under  a  glass  looks  to  be  cut  up  into  small  nearly  equal 
solid  nodes."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  this 
species  has  only  been  observed  from  the  Merchantville  clay, 
although  it  seems  to  have  been  described  from  Navesink  marl 
examples.  The  species  differs  from  Cinulia  naticoides,  which 
has  only  been  collected  recently  from  the  Navesink,  in  its  larger 


8io      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

size,  its  stronger  revolving  markings  and  in  the  presence  of  two 
columellar  folds. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163)  ;  Navesink  marl? 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Avellana  costata  (Johnson). 
Plate  XCIX.,  Fig.  21. 

1898.     Cinwlia  costata  Johns.,  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J.,  for 

1897,  p.  264. 
1898.     Cimilia   costata    Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1898),  p.  462,  text  fig.  i. 
1905.     Cinulia   costata   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    PhiL 

(1905),  p.  19. 

Description.-^—"§hd\  with  four  whorls,  spire  prominent,  body 
whorl  with  from  12  to  13  revolving  grooves,  which  form  an 
equal  number  of  smooth,  flat,  revolving  costae;  these  average 
about  double  the  width  of  the  grooves.  In  one  specimen  the 
third  and  fourth  costse  from  the  suture  are  about  twice  as  wide 
as  the  others,  and  the  two  lower  costae  are  divided  by  a  min- 
ute, impressed  line.  The  first  spiral  whorl  has  six  and  the  sec- 
ond five  revolving  grooves.  Apical  whorl  smooth,  suture  deeply 
impressed.  Aperture  narrow,  oblique,  lip  broad,  thick  and  cren- 
ulated  on  the  inner  margin  with  eight  small  teeth-like  projections, 
and  extending  to  the  suture,  where  it  joins  the  callus  of  the  peris- 
tome,  which  is  continuous  to  the  base  of  the  columella;  base 
with  two  oblique  folds,  above  which  is  a  prominent  fold  or  plate 
extending  at  almost  right  angles  to  the  columella;  between  this 
and  the  posterior  angle  of  the  aperture  is  a  small,  tooth-like  pro- 
jection. 

Alt,  4;  diam.,  2.^/2  mill."     (Johnson.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Woodbury  clay  ?,  Deep  well  at 
Mount  Laurel  (Johnson). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  811 

Genus  CINULIA  Gray. 

Cinulia  naticoides  (Gabb). 

Plate  XCIX.,  Figs.  12-13. 

1860.  Actceonia  naticoides  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  299,  pi.  48,  fig.  2. 

1 86 1.  Actaeonina  naticoides  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

P-  94  (38). 
1864.     Cinulia  (?)  naticoides  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  16. 

1868.  Cinulia  (  ?)  naticoides  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1868.  Actceonina,  naticoides  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.  Cinulia  (OligOptycka)  naticoides  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol. 

2,  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  161,  pi.  19,  figs. 

28^30. 
1905.     Cinulia  naticoides  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  19. 

Description. — Shell  small,  subglobular  in  form,  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  nearly  perfect  jnternal  cast  being:  height,  9  mm.; 
diameter,  8.8  mm.  Volutions  about  three  in  number,  spire  very 
low,  nearly  conforming  with  the  rotundity  of  the  body  volution. 
Aperture  narrowly  ovate,  about  two-thirds  as  high  as  the  body 
volution,  widest  below,  pointed  above.  Outer  lip  thickened  and 
crenulate  within.  Columella  short,  the  columellar  lip  marked  by 
a  single  rather  strong  revolving  fold,  shown  as  a  groove  in  the 
casts,  situated  low  down.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  fine 
revolving  lines  very  faintly  shown  on  the  casts.  These  lines 
are  slightly  raised  and  rounded  on  the  casts,  from  20  to  30  being 
present  on  the  body  volution. 

Remarks. — This  little  species  resembles  Avellana,  bullata,  but 
is  much  smaller  and  is  marked  by  a  single  columellar  fold.  In 
the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  it  has  been  observed  only 
from  the  Navesink  marl,  and  A.  bullata  only  from  the  Merchant- 
ville,  although  some  specimens  of  the  latter  species  in  the  col- 
lections of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science  are  apparently 
from  the  Navesink. 


812      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation    and    locality. — Navesink    marl,    near    Freehold 
(133),  near  Jacobstown  (150). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  BULLIDAE. 

Genus  BUU.A  Klein. 
Bulla  macrostoma  Gabb. 
Plate  XCIX.,  Figs.  19-20. 

1860.  Bulla  macrostoma  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  301,  pi.  48,  fig.  15. 

1861.  Bulla  macrostoma  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  97 

(40. 
1864.     Bulla  macrostoma  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  16. 
1905.     Bulla  macrostoma  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil. 

(1905),  p.  19. 

Description, — Shell  subglobular  with  two  or  three  volutions, 
the  length  of  a  crushed  individual  being  34  mm.,  and  its  width, 
somewhat  increased  by  crushing,  28.5  mm.  Aperture  very  broad, 
broadly  rounded  in  front  and  narrowly  rounded  posteriorly.  Sur- 
face marked  only  by  lines  of  growth. 

Remarks. — A  single  crushed  and  distorted  cast  of  this  species 
has  been  met  with  in  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey.  This 
specimen  has  been  compared,  not  only  with  the  type  of  the  species, 
but  also  with  other  examples  from  southern  localities,  and  the 
identification  is  certainly  correct. 

Formation  and  locality. — Red  Bank  sand,  near  Middletown 

(112). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 
Genus  HAMINEA  Leach. 

Haminea  mortoni   (Forbes). 
Plate  XCIX.,  Figs.  14-16. 

1845.     Bulla  Mortoni  Forbes,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.   Soc.  Lond., 
vol.  i,  p.  63,  text  fig.  a. 


•      MOLLUSCA.  813 

1861.     Bulla  Mortoni  Gabb,   Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  97 


1864.     Build  Mortoni  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  16. 

1864.     Solidula  Mortoni  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1864.     Bulla  Mortoni  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.     Bulla  Mortoni  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2   (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  165,  pi.  20,  figs.  7-9. 
1892.     Bulla  conica  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  189,  pi.  23,  figs.  12-13. 
1905.     Btdla<mortoni]ohns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (1905), 

p.  19. 

Description.  —  "Shell  rather  above  a  medium  size  in  the  larger 
individuals,  two  of  the  casts  before  me  measuring  almost  il/4 
inches  in  length,  with  a  transverse  diameter  of  three-fourths  of 
an  inch.  Form,  elongate  oval,  almost  equal  in  size  above  and 
below  the  middle,  the  upper  end  perceptibly  the  smallest,  and  the 
point  of  greatest  diameter  rather  below  the  middle  of  the  length. 
Upper  end  slightly  truncate,  and  in  the  cast  rather  strongly  per- 
forate, indicating  a  solid  -axis  or  spire  of  considerable  dimen- 
sions, the  outer  lip  of  the  aperture  rising  somewhat  above  the 
truncation;  aperture  very  elongate,  narrow  and  rounded  above, 
scarcely  widening  for  the  upper  third  of  its  length,  then  rather 
rapidly  expanding  below,  but  principally  on  the  inner  side,  to 
twice  the  width  at  the  lower  third  of  that  of  the  upper  third  of 
the  length;  base  pointedly  rounded  and  projecting  considerably 
below  the  opposite  part  of  the  body  whorl.  Columella  thickened 
and  showing  slight  indications  of  an  angularity  on  its  inner  edge, 
not  visible  except  with  a  glass,  looking  within  the  cavity,  then 
only  on  the  larger  well  preserved  specimens.  Surface  marked 
throughout  with  fine,  nearly  equidistant,  spiral,  depressed  lines 
and  obscure  transverse  undulations  of  irregularity  of  growth." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks.  —  So  far  as  known,  this  species  occurs  only  in  the 
Navesink  marl,  and  being  the  only  similar  shell  in  the  fauna  of 
that  formation,  it  can  always  be  easily  recognized.  The  example 
which  Whitfield  used  as  the  type  of  his  species  B.  conica  is  pre- 


814      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

served  in  the  collection  of  Columbia  University,  and  judging1 
from  its  lithologic  characters,  it,  too,  is  from  the  Navesink,  rather 
than  from  the  Manasquan  marl.  Its  characters  are  in  no  way 
essentially  different  from  B.  mortoni,  and  it  may  be  safely  con- 
sidered as  a  synonym  of  that  species.  The  species  is  here  trans- 
ferred from  the  genus  Bulla  to  Haminea,  because  of  the  presence 
of  the  revolving  lines. 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267),  Crosswicks  Creek  (Whit- 
field). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  TORNATINIDAE. 

Genus  CYUCHNA  Loven. 

Cylichna  recta  Gabb. 
Plate  XCIX.,  Figs.  17-18. 

1860.  Bulla  recta  Gabb,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

4,  p.  302,  pi.  48,  fig.  1 6. 

1 86 1.  Cylichna  recta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  103 

(47). 
1864.     Cylichna  recta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  16. 

1868.     Cylichna  recta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  728. 
1892.     Cylichna  recta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  164,  pi.  20,  figs.  10-11. 
1905.     Cylichna   recta   Johns.,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil. 

(1905),  p.  19. 

Description. — "Shell  small,  measuring  only  about  half  an  inch 
in  extreme  length,  form  cylindrical,  largest  below,  with  nearly 
straight  sides ;  spire  deeply  sunken  in  the  cast ;  aperture  large  and 
the  lip  nearly  straight  on  the  sides,  but  gradually  expanding 
below;  columella  curved;  surface  unknown."  (Whitfield). 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Cor- 
ner (i263) ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Freehold  (133) ;  also  Burling- 
ton County  (Gabb.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey.  •'  •>'..  ^ 


MOLLUSCA.  815 

Class  CEPHALOPODA. 

Sub-class  TETRABRANCHIATA. 

Order   NAUTILOIDEA. 

Family  OLYDONAUTILIDAE. 

Genus  HERCOGI,OSSA  Conrad. 

Herecoglossa  paucifex  (Cope). 
Plate  GIL,  Fig.  i. 

1866.     Aturia  paucifex  Cope,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1866, 

P-  3- 

1868.     H ercoglossa  paucifex  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  731. 
1892.     H  ercoglossa  paucifex  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  246,  pi.  39,  fig.  i. 
1905.     H  ercoglossa  paucifex  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  28. 

Description. — "Shell  large,  somewhat  ponderous,  ventricose, 
with  a  broadly  rounded  back  and  convex  sides ;  umbilicus  slightly 
impressed,  but  not  open,  the  inner  edge  of  the  lip  rather  overlap- 
ping the  one  within,  and  the  outer  volution  embracing  the  inner 
to  that  extent;  aperture  large,  forming  half  of  a  long  ellipse, 
being  rounded  on  the  outer  margin  and  gradually  expanding  to 
the  edge  of  the  umbilical  depression,  or  for  nearly  four-fifths 
of  the  entire  length  of  the  opening.  On  the  inner  side  it  is 
strongly  modified  by  the  projection  of  the  inner  volution;  entire 
length  of  the  apertural  opening,  5^2  inches  on  the  specimen; 
greatest  width  across,  nearly  4  inches.  Septa  strong,  deeply 
concave  and  distant,  being  nearly  3  inches  apart  on  the  back  of 
the  specimen  described  at  the  third  chamber,  and  nine  chambers 
only  visible  to  the  volution;  lateral  septal  processes  situated 
nearer  to  the  outer  margin  than  to  the  umbilicus,  and  are  large, 
strong,  slightly  directed  outward  from  a  circular  line  half  as  wide 
across  the  origin  as  long,  that  of  the  second  septum  shown  on 
the  specimen  being  2  inches  long  from  the  curve  of  the  inner  por- 


8i6      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

lion  of  the  septum  and  il/\.  inches  on  the  outer  side.  Inner  por- 
tion of  the  septal  line  moderately  arched  forward  between  the 
umbilical  line  and  the  septal  process  (or  lateral  lobe)  and  reach- 
ing slightly  in  advance  of  the  outer  division,  which  from  the  base 
of  the  process  or  lobe  extends  almost  directly  across  the  back 
of  the  shell ;  siphon  rather  large,  measuring  more  than  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  outer  chamber,  cylindrical  as  far 
as  can  be  seen;  situated  at  about  one-fifth  or  a  little  more  than 
one-fifth  of  the  distance  from  the  margin  of  the  inclosed  volution 
to  the  back  of  the  shell  from  the  inner  edge.  Prof.  Cope  states 
at  the  edge  of  the  inner  fourth. 

The  shell  substance,  some  of  which  remains  on  the  inside  of 
the  cast  and  between  two  of  the  chambers,  has  been  very  thick, 
more  than  a  sixteenth  of  an  inch,  and  presents  an  imperfect 
columnar  or  prismatic  structure  on  the  edge.  The  sides  of  the 
cast  also  show  it  to  have  been  very  heavy  where  the  septa  have 
joined  the  outer  shell,  as  the  cast  shows  the  ridges  and  chamfer- 
ing of  the  edges  when  the  shell  has  been  removed.  Some  of  the 
cavities  left  between  the  filling  of  chambers  also  are  nearly  or 
quite  a  line  in  thickness.  Longitudinal  lines  also  mark  the  cast, 
showing  evidence  of  muscular  attachment  along  the  sides  of  the 
chambers  between  the  umbilical  cavity  and  the  septal  processes 
or  lateral  lobes  of  the  septa."  (Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  has  not  been  met  with  in  the  recent 
collections  of  the  Survey.  It  is  possible  that  it  may  be  identical 
with  Nautilus  orbiculatws  Tuomey,  from  Alabama,  which  was 
used  by  Conrad  as  the  type  of  his  genus  Hercoglossa*,  but  the 
original  description  of  the  southern  species  is  so  meagre  that 
it  is  not  possible  to  determine  its  characters  certainly,  in  the 
absence  of  the  type,  whose  whereabouts  is  unknown. 

Formation  and  locality. — Hornerstown  marl,  Glassboro 
(Cope),  Vincentown  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


1  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  7,  (1845),  p.  167. 


MOLLUSCA.  817 

Family  NAUTILIDAE. 

Genus  NAUTILUS  Linneus. 

Nautilus  dekayi  Morton. 

Plate  C.,  Figs.  1-5. 

1833.  Nautilus  Dekayi  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  23, 

p.  291,  pi.  8,  fig.  4. 

1834.  Nautilus  Dekayi  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  P-  33,  P1-  8,  fig-.  4,  pi.  13,  %.  4. 
1856.     Nautilus  Dekayi  Meek  &  Hayden,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil,  vol.  8,  p.  280. 
1859.     Nautilus  Dekayi   Meek,    Northwest  Terr.,    Rep.    Prog. 

Assin.  and  Saskat.  Expl.  Exped.,  H.  Y.  Hind,  p.  185, 

pi.  2,  figs.  9-10. 
1861.     Nautilus  Dekayi  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  86 

(30). 
1864.     Nautilus  Dekayi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.   Foss.   N.   A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  25. 

1868.     Nautilus  Dekayi  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  731. 
1876.     Nautilus  Dekayi  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1876, 

p.  277. 
1876.     Nautilus  Dekayi  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss., 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  496,  pi.  27,  figs.  la-e. 
1892.     Nautilus  Dekayi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  1 8),  p.  243,  pi.  37,  figs.  1-6,  pi.  38,  figs.  1-4. 
1894.     Eutrephoceras  Dekayi  Hyatt,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol. 

32,  p.  555,  Pi-  13,  figs-  4-8,  pi.  14,  fig.  i. 

1905.     Eutrephoceras  dekayi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
1905,  p.  28. 

Description. — "Shell  of  medium  size,  strongly  subglobose  in 
general  form.  In  the  condition  of  casts,  that  in  which  it  is  usually 
found  in  New  Jersey,  it  is  slightly  umbilicate\  but  in  the  shell 
the  axis  is  solid  and  somewhat  extended  laterally  from  the  body 
of  the  volution,  so  that  the  posterior  margin  of  the  aperture 
52  PAI, 


8i8      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

is  straightened  on  each  side  of  the  involved  inner  whorl,  and  as 
seen  from  the  back  of  the  shell  presents  a  strongly  auriculate 
feature,  like  that  of  a  globular  Bellerophon.  Section  of  the  volu- 
tion from  the  umbilicus  outward  more  than  semicircular,  and  the 
umbilical  region  impressed  in  the  shell,  or  somewhat  funnel- 
formed  in  the  cast;  aperture  large,  transverse,  nearly  twice  as 
wide  as  long  measured  from  the  involved  volution,  which 
strongly  modifies  the  form  of  the  aperture  and  gives  it  a  strongly 
reniform  character;  septa  distant  and  very  deeply  concave,  the 
sutures  very  nearly  at  right  angles  to*  the  axis  on  the  main  por- 
tion of  the  volution,  but  forming  a  very  slight  backward  sinus  on 
the  middle  of  the  back,  and  also  slightly  bent  backward  within 
the  umbilical  depression  as  seen  on  the  casts  ;  siphon  subcentral,  a 
little  nearer  to  the  ventral  than  to  the  dorsal  margin.  Surface 
of  the  shell  marked  by  fine  transverse  lines  of  growth  which  are 
arched  strongly  backward  in  crossing  the  middle  of  the  shell,  and 
forward  on  the  sides."  (Whitfield.) 

Formation  and  locality.  —  Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Mullica  Hill  (169);  Red  Bank  sand,  Shrewsbury  River 


Geographic  distribution.  —  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Texas,  Nebraska,  Montana, 
Canada. 

Nautilus  bryani  Gabb. 
Plate  CL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1876.     Nautilus  Bryani  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1876^ 

p.  277. 
1892.     Nautilus  Bryani  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  244,  pi.  38,  figs.  5-6. 
1905.     Nautilus  bryani  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  1905, 

p.  28. 

Description.  —  "Shell  large  and  strong,  somewhat  compressed 
on  the  sides;  giving  a  section  to  the  volution,  from  the  margin 
of  the  umbilicus  to  the  dorsum,  greater  than  the  width  from  side 


MOLLUSCA.  819 

to  side.  Umbilicus  small,  but  open  in  the  shell.  Venter  sharply 
rounded.  Septa  distant,  rather  deeply  concave;  arched  forward 
on  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus  and  slightly  backward  on  the 
sides,  but  strongly  arched  forward  on  the  venter.  Siphon  rather 
large,  situated  about  two-fifths  of  the  entire  distance  of  the  length 
of  the  septum  from  the  inner  border.  Aperture  as  shown  by  the 
section  of  the  volution,  longer  than  wide  and  deeply  emarginate 
on  the  inner  border  by  the  intrusion  of  the  inner  volution,  giving 
it  a  compressed  reniform  outline.  Surface  of  the  shell  unknown." 
(Whitfield.) 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  only  from  the  type  speci- 
mens, which  are  two  incomplete  individuals.  The  species  dif- 
fers from  N.  dekayi,  which  occurs  at  a  lower  horizon,  in  the 
conspicuous  lateral  compression  of  the  shell,  and  the  larger 
umbilicus. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(Gabb). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Order  AMMONOIDEA. 

Sub-Order  LEPTOCAMPYLI. 
Family  SILESITIDAE. 

Genus  PACHYDISCUS  Zittel. 

Pachydiscus  complexus  (Hall  and  Meek)? 
Plate  CL,  Figs.  3-4. 

1854.     Ammonites  complexus  H.  &  M.,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts 

and  Sci.,  n.  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  394,  pi.  4,  figs,  i  a-f. 
1 86 1.     Ammonites  complexis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

65   (9). 
1864.     Ammonites  complexus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  24. 

1868.  Ammonites  complexus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1876.  Ammonites  complexus  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter. 

Foss.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  447,  pi.  24,  figs,  i  a-c. 


820      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1892.     Ammonites  complexus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  249,  pi.  41,  figs.  5-7. 
Compare : 
1852.     Ammonites  naccidicosta  Roem.,  Kreide.  von  Texas,  p. 

33,  pi.  i,  figs,  i  a-b. 
1861.     Ammonites  ftaccidicosta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

p.  66  (10). 
1864.     Ammonites  flacidicosta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret;  and  Jur.,  p.  24. 

Description. — This  species  is  represented  in  the  New  Jersey 
collections  only  by  fragmentary  specimens,  too  incomplete  to 
admit  of  a  complete  description.  The  shell  is  apparently  some- 
what compressed  subglobular,  with  a  broadly  rounded  venter, 
and  an  umbilicus  of  moderate  size,  the  inner  volutions  being  cov- 
ered by  the  outer  ones  for  from  one-third  to  one-half  "their  width ; 
surface  marked  near  the  umbilicus  by  a  row  of  small,  trans- 
versely elongate  nodes  which,  on  the  outer  volution  of  the  larger 
specimens,  extend  outward  and  bifurcate,  to  form  a  series  of 
rather  distant,  more  or  less  obscure  costse,  which,  with  others 
intercalated  between,  pass  over  the  periphery ;  the  septa  are  very 
complex  and  closely  crowded. 

The  diameter  of  the  largest  example  observed  from  New  Jersey 
must  have  been  nearly  60  mm.  when  the  shell  was  complete,  but 
it  is  too  imperfect  to  admit  of  accurate  measurement. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  has  illustrated  a  fragment  of  an  ammon- 
ite which  he  has  referred  to  this  species,  and  in  the  recent  col- 
lections of  the  Survey  fragments  of  another  individual  have  been 
collected  from  the  Wenonah  sand  near  Marlboro.  The  locality 
and  horizon  of  Whitfield's  specimen  cannot  be  determined.  The 
Wenonah  sand  specimen  resembles  somewhat  closely,  in  so  far 
as  it  is  preserved,  a  specimen  in  the  National  Museum  at  Wash- 
ington, from  the  Ripley  horizon  at  Chatfield,  Texas,  which  is 
labeled  Ammonites  Haccidicosta  Roem.,  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
New  Jersey  specimens  should  be  referred  to  that  species  rather 
than  to  complexity.  Both  of  these  species  are  apparently  mem- 
bers of  the  genus  Pachydicits.  More  perfect  material  is  necessary 


MOLLUSCA.  821 

for  study  before  the  New  Jersey  specimens  can  be  identified  with 
certainty. 

Formation  and  locality. — Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro 
(130);  Unknown  (Whitfield.) 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas,  Dakota, 
Nebraska. 

Genus  BACUUTES  Lamark. 

Baculites  ovatus  Say. 
Plate  CIX.,  Fig.  5. 

1820.  Baculites  ovata  Say,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  41. 
1828.  Baculites  ovata  Mort,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  89,  pi.  5,  figs.  5-6. 
1830.     Baculites  ovatus  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  17, 

p.  280;  vol.  18,  p.  249,  pi.  i,  figs.  6-8. 
1830.     Baculites  ovatus  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  196,  pi.  5,  figs.  5-6;  pi.  8,  figs.  6-8. 
1834.     Baculites  ova-tits  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U. 

S.,  p.  42,  pi.  i,  figs.  6-8. 
1853.     Baculites  ovatus  Marcou,  Explan.  Text  to  Geol.  Map  U. 

S.  and  Brit.  Prov.  N.  A.,  p.  46,  pi.  7,  fig.5. 
1856.     Baculites  ovatus  Hall  &  Meek,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and 

Sci.,  new  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  399,  pi.  5,  figs,  i  a-c,  pi.  6, 

figs.  1-7. 
1861,     Baculites  ovatus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  78 

(22). 

1864.     Baculites  ovatus  Meek,   Check  List  Inv.   Foss.   N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  23. 
1868.     Baculites  ovatus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 

1875.  Baculites  ovatus  White,  U.  S.  Geog.  and  Geol.  Expl.  and 

Surv.  w.  looth  Merid.,  p.  199,  pi.  19,  figs.  4a-c,  5a-c. 

1876.  Baculites  ovatus  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss., 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  394,  pi.  20,  figs.  la-b,  2a,  b,  d. 
1889.     Baculites  ovatus  Whiteaves,  Cont.  Can.  Pal.,  vol.   i,  p. 
181. 


822      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1892.     Baculites  ovatus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  275,  pi.  46,  figs.  3-9. 
1896.     Baculites  ovata  Say,  Bull.  Am.  Pal.,  vol.  i,  No.  5,  p.  19 

(289). 
1905.     Baculites  ovatus  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 

1905,  p.  181. 

Description. — Shell  attaining  a  rather  large  size,  elongate, 
gradually  tapering,  cross-section  ovate,  the  ventral  or  siphonal 
side  somewhat  more  narrowly  rounded  than  the  opposite.  The 
dimensions  of  the  cross-section  of  a  large  individual  are  45  mm. 
by  26  mm.  Surface  of  shell  usually  smooth,  the  sides  of  the 
living  chamber  sometimes  with  ill-defined,  broadly  curved, 
obliquely  transverse  ribs  or  undulations  whose  greatest  forward 
extension  is  on  the  ventral  side;  the  apertural  margin  doubtless 
conformed  with  these  undulations,  having  a  long  tapering  exten- 
sion on  the  ventral  side,  narrowly  rounded  at  the  extremity,  the 
dorsal  margin  being  more  broadly  rounded  and  the  lateral  mar- 
gins with  rather  broad  and  deep  sinuses  just  in  front  of  the 
dorsal  lip.  The  septa  show  considerable  variation  in  different 
individuals  as  to  their  distance  apart,  some  being  crowded  while 
others  are  more  or  less  remote;  the  ventral  or  siphonal  lobe  is 
broad,  with  two  terminal,  widely  separated,  somewhat  spreading 
branches,  each  of  which  is  secondarily  lobed  upon  the  sides  and 
extremity;  first  lateral  saddle  about  as  wide  as  high,  but  nar- 
rower than  the  ventral  lobe,  bifid  at  the  extremity,  each  division 
being  secondarily  lobed ;  first  lateral  lobe  deeper  than  wide,  rather 
deeply  bifid,  each  division  with  several  secondary  divisions ;  sec- 
ond lateral  saddle  similar  to  the  first ;  second  lateral  lobe  broader 
and  shorter  than  the  first,  but  somewhat  similarly  divided ;  third 
lateral  saddles  occupying  the  dorsal  side,  smaller  than  the  others, 
bifid  at  the  extremity  with  the  inner  division  higher  than  the 
outer,  and  both  of  them  secondarily  lobed ;  dorsal  lobe  very  small, 
smaller  than  or  no  larger  than  the  terminal  divisions  of  the  adja- 
cent lateral  saddles. 

Remarks.* — There  has  always  been  more  or  less  difference  of 
opinion  as  to  the  relationship  of  this  species  with  B.  compressus 


MOLLUSCA.  823 

Say.  The  two  forms  differ  chiefly  in  the  outline  of  the  cross- 
section,  B.  compressus  being  much  more  compressed  towards  the 
ventral  side.  The  type  of  B.  ovatus  was  from  Monmouth 
County,  N.  J.,  while  that  of  B.  compressors  was  from  the  upper 
Missouri  country.  The  New  Jersey  specimens,  so  far  as  they 
have  been  observed,  all  agree  in  essential  details  with  the  type  of 
B.  ovatus,  but  in  the  west  both  forms  seem  to  occur  along  with 
intermediate  forms  which  seem  to  connect  the  two  types.  In 
his  studies  upon  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  the  north-west,  Meek1 
has  recognized  the  two  forms  as  distinct  species,  identifying  both 
of  them  from  the  upper  Missouri  country,  and  he  has  usually  been 
followed  by  authors.  Whitfield,2  however,  would  consider  the 
two  forms  as  geographic  variations  only,  of  one  general  species, 
and  would  refer  all  the  Western  examples  to  B.  compressus  and 
the  eastern  ones  to  B.  ovatus.  Whatever  may  be  the  status  of 
the  two  species,  or  whatever  may  be  the  relationship  of  the  east- 
ern and  western  forms,  there 'can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  proper 
reference  of  the  New  Jersey  specimens  to  B.  ovatus,  as  this  was 
the  first  of  the  two  forms  described,  and  if  either  name  is  ever 
abandoned  it  will  be  B.  compressus;  however,  it  will  probably 
always  be  a  matter  of  convenience  to  retain  the  two  names  for  the 
two  forms  of  shells,  even  though  it  may  be  shown  that  in  some 
localities  their  characters  intergrade. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102)  ;  Navesink  marl,  Atlan- 
tic Highlands  (108),  near  Holmdel  (194),  near  Walnford 
(i482),  Crosswick  Creek  (i474,  195),  Mullica  Hill  (1692). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Dakota, 
Montana,  Colorado. 

Baculites  asper  Morton  ?. 

Plate  CIX.,  Figs.  6-7. 

1834.     Baculites  asper  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr.  U.  S., 
p.  43,  pi.  i,  figs.  12-13,  pl-  !3>  fig-  2- 

^ep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss.  Up.  Mo.  pp.  394-397- 
3  Pal.  N.  J.  vol.  2,  pp.  277-278. 


824      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1861.     Baculites  asper  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  1861, 

p.  396,  pi.  3,  fig.  4. 
1864.     Baculites  asper  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret 

and  Jur.,   p.  23. 
1876.     Baculites  asper  ?  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  404,  pi.  39,  figs.  10  a-d. 
1892.     Baculites  asper  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  278,  pi.  46,  .figs.  lo-u. 
1905.     Baculites  asper  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  1905, 

p.  26. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  has  identified  a  fragment  of  a  large  indi- 
vidual having  a  maximum  diameter  of  55  mm.  with  this  species. 
In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey  a  fragment  of  the  living 
chamber  of  a  small  individual  with  a  maximum  diameter  of  but 
10  mm.  may  possibly  represent  the  species.  Neither  of  these 
specimens  can  be  identified  with  certainty,  and  the  two1  may  not 
belong  to  the  same  species,  but  both  are  characterized  by  some- 
what conspicuous  node-like  inflations  of  the  sides  of  the  shell, 
and  they  may  be  referred  to  this  species  for  the  present  with  a 
query. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105);  Navesink  marl,  Holmdel  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  SCAPHITIDAE. 

Genus  SCAPHITES  Parkinson. 

Scaphites  nodosus  Owen  ?. 

Plate  CVIL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1852.     Scaphites  (Ammonites  f )  nodosus  Owen,  Geol.  Surv.  la., 

Wis.  and  Minn.,  p.  581,  pi.  8,  fig.  4. 
1861.     Scaplntes  nodosus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

89(33). 

1864.     Scaphites  nodosus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  24. 


MOLLUSCA.  825 

1876.     Scaphites  nodosus  Meek,  Rep.  Inv.,  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  426,  428,  429,  pi.  25,  figs.  la-c,  pi.  25,  figs. 

3  a-c,  2  a-c,  4,  pi.  26,  figs,  i  a-c. 
1880.     Scaphites  nodosus  Whitf.,  Geol.  Black  Hills,  p.  441,  pi. 

13,  fig.  12. 
1892.     Scaphites  nodosus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 

S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  261,  pi.  44,  figs.  13-14. 

1898.  Scaphites  iwdosus  var  brevis  Logan,  Univ.  Geol.  Surv. 

Kas.,  vol.  4,  p.  511,  pi.  108,  fig.  3. 

1899.  Scaphites  nodosus  Logan,  Field  Col.  Mus.,  Pub.  36,  Geol. 

Ser.,  vol.  i,  p.  209,  pi.  22,  fig.  2. 

1905.     Scaphites  nodosus  var.  brevis  Smith,  Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13, 
p.  640. 

Description. — Shell  subovate  in  general  outline,  the  last  volu- 
tion becoming  somewhat  free  from  the  inner  ones  in  its  outer 
half,  the  living  chamber  ventricose.  Sides  of  the  shell  somewhat 
flattened,  curving  inward  to  the  umbilicus,  the  venter  broad, 
more  or  less  convex,  the  cross-section  often  somewhat  quad- 
rangular ;  on  either  side  of  the  shell,  at  the  margins  of  the  con- 
vex venter,  there  is  a  conspicuous  row  of  rounded  or  somewhat 
compressed  nodes ;  toward  the  umbilical  margin  there  is  a  second 
row  of  tubercles  on  each  side  which  are  smaller  than  those  of 
the  outer  row;  across  the  venter,  between  the  two  outer  rows  of 
tubercles  the  surface  of  the  shell  is  marked  by  a  series  of  regu- 
lar transverse  ribs  whose  distance  apart  is  usually  one-third  or 
one- fourth  the  distance  between  the  tubercles ;  upon  the  sides 
of  the  adult  shell  the  ventral  ribs  do  not  continue,  but  the  surface 
is  marked  by  much  coarser,  more  or  less  indistinct  ribs  joining 
the  outer  and  inner  rows  of  tubercles;  these  ribs  also  continue 
somewhat  down  the  umbilical  slope. 

Remarks. — The  New  Jersey  specimens  which  have  been  iden- 
tified as  S.  nodosus  are  all  extremely  fragmentary,  and  if  they 
were  more  perfectly  preserved  it  is  possible  that  they  might  be 
found  to  represent  a  distinct  species.  The  best  example  seen, 
so  far  as  it  is  preserved,  agrees  very  well  in  general  form  with 
Owen's  type  specimen  of  S.  nodosus,  which  is  preserved  in  the 


826      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

collection  of  the  Walker  Museum  at  the  University  of  Chicago, 
except  that  the  transverse  ribs  which  cross  the  ventral  side  only 
of  the  New  Jersey  specimen, .  continue  in  the  type  without  inter- 
ruption to  the  umbilical  margin.  This  same  difference  between 
the  New  Jersey  and  the  western  specimens  is  noticeable  in  all 
the  examples  from  both  regions  which  have  come  under  obser- 
vation in  which  the  markings  of  the  sides  of  the  shell  can  be  seen. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl  ?,  New  Jer- 
sey (Whitfield)  ;  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Dakota,,  Montana, 
Kansas. 

Scaphites  hippocrepis  (De  Kay). 
Plate  CVIL,  Figs.  3-6. 

1827.  Ammonites  hippocrepis  De  Kay,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  2,  pp.  273-277,  pi.  5,  fig.  2(5). 

1828.  Scaphites  Cwuieri  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  ist 

ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  109,  pi.  7,  fig.  i. 
1834.     Scaphites  hippocrepis  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  41,  pi.  7,  fig.  i.     (S.  Cuwieri  on  plate.) 
1861.     Scaphites  hippocrepis  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

88  (32). 
1864.     Scaphites  hippocrepis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  24. 

1868.     Scaphites  hippocrepis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Scaphites  hippocrepis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  262,  pi.  44,  figs.  8-12. 
1892.     Scaphites  similis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S. 

G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  267,  pi.  44,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Scaphites  hippocrepis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  P-  27- 

1905.     Scaphites  similis  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci.   Phil., 
1905,  p.  27. 

Description.— Shell  subovate  in  general  outline;  the  living 
chamber  ventricose,  rounded  on  its  ventral  side,  with  a  decided 


MOLLUSCA.  827 

geniculate  curvature,  its  greatest  transverse  diameter  below  the 
outer  angle  of  the  horizontal  portion  a  little  within  the  point 
from  which  rises  the  margin  of  the  hood-like  aperture;  beyond 
this  point  the  diameter  decreases  more  or  less  rapidly  to  the  aper- 
ture; number  of  inner  coils  not  determined,  broadly  rounded  on 
the  ventral  side,  their  dorso-ventral  diameter  less  than  the  trans- 
verse when  not  distorted,  closely  coiled,  the  umbilicus  very  small ; 
from  the  last  septum  the  dorsal  margins  of  the  living  chamber 
rise  abruptly  in  a  straight  line  from  the  umbilicus  to  a  point 
beyond  the  venter  of  the  second  volution  and  then  again  curve 
forward  at  nearly  a  right  angle;  the  ventral  margin  has  nearly 
the  same  direction  as  the  dorsal,  but  the  lower  portion  of  the 
living  chamber  is  not  so  nearly  vertical  and  the  curve  to  the  for- 
ward direction  is  longer.  Surface  of  the  shell,  to  the  beginning 
of  the  living  chamber,  marked  with  rather  sharp  transverse  ribs 
which  continue  around  the  shell  from  umbilicus  to  umbilicus, 
increasing  by  division  and  intercalation  at  about  the  middle  of 
the  sides  of  the  shell  where  there  is  a  more  or  less  indistinct  row 
of  small  nodes;  upon  the  lower  vertical  portion  of  the  living 
chamber  the  transverse  ribs  become  more  remote  and  are  nearly 
obsolete  upon  the  sides  of  the  shell  beyond  the  row  of  nodes  which 
become  gradually  more  conspicuous  towards  the  aperture ;  at  the 
geniculate  curve  of  the  venter  of  the  living  chamber  the  trans- 
verse ribs  again  become  more  approximate,  and  so  continue  to 
the  aperture;  they  do  not,  however,  continue  across  the  sides 
of  the  shell  beyond  the  row  of  nodes ;  near  the  dorso-lateral  mar- 
gins of  the  living  chamber  just  opposite  the  geniculate  curve, 
there  are  two  rather  strong  nodes  on  each  side  of  the  shell,  the 
ones  farthest  from  the  aperture  being  the  largest  nodes  upon  the 
shell  and  through  which  is  the  greatest  transverse  diameter  of 
the  shell.  Sutures  comparatively  simple,  with  a  ventral  and  three 
lateral  lobes;  the  ventral  lobe  with  a  broad,  rounded  siphonal 
saddle  and  two  secondary  lobes  on  each  side,  the  lateral  lobes 
becoming  successively  smaller  and  less  complicated  to  the  um- 
bilical margin;  the  first  lateral  saddle  broad  with  three  major 
divisions,  each  of  which  is  bifid ;  the  second  lateral  saddle  deeply 
bifid,  the  third  simple  or  very  slightly  bifid;  the  larger  indenta- 


828      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

tions  of  both  lobes  and  saddles  are  more  or  less  deeply  bifid  or 
trifid. 

Remarks. — This  species  is  the  common  Scaphite  of  the  Mer- 
chantville  clay.  It  is  different  from  all  other  American 
representatives  of  the  genus  in  the  peculiar  expansion  of  the 
living  chamber  to  the  geniculate  bend  beyond  which  it  rapidly 
contracts  to  the  aperture.  Whitfield's  5.  similis  is  evidently  only 
a  young  individual  of  S.  hippocrepis. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay,  near  Matawan 
(101),  near  Jamesburg  (139),  Lenola  (163). 

Sub-order  PACHYCAMPYLL 
Family  SPHBNODISOIDAB. 
Genus  SPHENODISCUS  Meek. 

Sphenodiscus  lobatus   (Tuomey). 
Plate  CVL,  Figs.  1-2. 

1854.     Ammonites  lobata  Tuomey,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.r 

vol.  7,  p.  1 68. 
1861.     Ammonites  lobata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p, 

69  (13). 
1864.     Ammonites  lobatus  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  24. 

1868.     Ammonites  lobatus  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Ammonites  (Sphenodiscus)  lenticularis  Whitf.,  Pal.  N, 

J{,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  258,  pi.  41, 

figs.  8-9. 
1903.     Sphenodiscus  lobatu\s  Hyatt,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  44,. 

p.  66,  pi.  6,  figs.  1-2,  pi.  7,  figs.  1-2  pi.  9,  figs.  11-13. 

Description. — Shell  attaining  a  large  size,  large  examples 
having  a  diameter  of  220  mm.  or  more;  compressed-lenticular  in 
form,  the  outer  volutions  almost  completely  embracing  the  inner, 
leaving  but  a  small  or  nearly  closed  umbilicus ;  the  sides  of  the 
volutions  smooth,  gently  convex  from  the  umbilical  to  the  ven- 


MOLLUSCA.  829 

tral  margins,  the  venter  acutely  angular ;  aperture  narrowly  sag- 
gitate  in  outline.  Sutures  complex,  somewhat  crowded ;  the  ven- 
tral lobe  broad  with  a  minute  siphonal  saddle,  on  either  side  of 
which  is  a  minute,  bifid  lobe;  at  the  lateral  extremities  of  the 
ventral  lobe  is  a  pair  o>f  trifid,  palmately  spreading  divisions; 
lateral  lobes  n  or  12  in  number,  the  first  three  much  the 
largest,  deeply  divided  in  palmately  spreading  branches ;  beyond 
the  third  lateral  lobe  the  lobes  rapidly  decrease  in  size,  retaining 
the  same  style  of  division  but  becoming  less  complicated;  lateral 
saddles  rounded  or  with  rounded  divisions,  the  first  six  or  seven 
bifid,  each  of  the  main  divisions  of  the  larger  ones  also  bifid  ex- 
cept the  first,  in  which  the  outer  division  remains  simple  while 
the  inner  one  is  bifid. 

Remarks. — This  species  has  been  identified  from  mere  frag- 
ments by  Whitfield  as  S.  lenticulans  Owen,  and  in  some  respects 
it  approaches  very  close  to  that  species,  especially  to  the  variety 
splendent  of  Hyatt.1  The  suture  of  a  large  New  Jersey  example 
is  fully  as  complex  as,  and  in  many  respects  more  closely  re- 
sembles that  of  the  type  of  this  variety,  than  it  does  any  of  the 
illustrations  of  S.  lobatus.  The  smaller  saddles,  however,  of  the 
New  Jersey  specimens  are  much  more  depressed  than  those  shown 
in  the  illustrations  of  »$*.  lenticidans  var.  splendens,  agreeing  in 
this  respect  with  the  figures  of  >5\  lobatus.  In  New  Jersey  the 
species  seems  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Tinton  beds  as  it  has 
not  been  observed  elsewhere,  and  at  least  fragments  of  it  have 
been  found  wherever  fossils  have  been  at  all  extensively  collected 
from  those  beds. 

Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls  (no), 
Beers  Hill  cut  (129),  near  Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 


Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  44,  p.  75,  pi.  8,  figs.  3-7. 


830      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Family  PLACENTICERATIDAE. 

Genus  PLACENTICERAS  Meek. 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay). 
Plate  CIV.,  Fig.  6;  Plate  CV.,  Fig.  i. 

1828.     Ammonites  placenta  DeKay,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  2,  p.  278,  pi.  5,  fig1.  2. 
1830.     Ammonites  placenta  Mort,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser.,  vol. 

17,  p.  279;  vol.  1 8,  pi.  2,  figs.  1-3. 
1830.     Ammonites  placenta  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil, 

ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  195,  pi.  5,  fig.  4. 
1834.     Ammonites  placenta  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  36,  pi.  2,  figs.  1-2. 
1861.     Ammonites  placenta  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

71  (15),  (in  part). 
1864.     Ammonites  placenta  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Oret.  and  Jur.,  p.  25  (in  part). 

1868.     Ammonites  placenta  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Ammonites  (Placenticeras)  placenta  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J., 

vol.  2,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  255,  pi.  4,  fig. 

i,  pi.  41,  figs.  1-2. 
1903.     Placenticeras  placenta  Hyatt,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol. 

44,  p.  211,  pi.  39,  figs.  3-6,  pi.  40,  figs.  1-2. 
1905.     Placenticeras  placenta  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  27. 

Description. — Shell  attaining  a  large  size,  full-grown  indi- 
viduals reaching  a  diameter  of  400  mm.  or  more;  subdiscoidal  or 
lenticular  in  form  with  a  deep  and  distinct  though  rather  small 
umbilicus,  the  sides  of  which  are  gently  rounded  to  the  lateral 
surface  of  the  volutions,  only  a  small  portion  of  each  of  the 
inner  volutions  exposed;  venter  narrow  and  distinctly  flattened 
in  the  casts  of  young  individuals  and  bordered  on  each  side  by  a 
row  of  distinct  nodes  which  alternate  in  position  on  the  two  sides, 
in  the  larger  and  more  mature  individuals  the  venter  becomes 


MOLLUSCA.  831 

rounder  and  the  nodes  disappear;  sides  of  the  shell  gently  con- 
vex from  the  umbilical  shoulder  to  the  venter,  in  young  indi- 
viduals with  a  row  of  distinct  and  somewhat  sharp  umbilical 
nodes,  and  a  second  row  of  somewhat  less  prominent  nodes  about 
one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  ventral  to  the  umbilical  mar- 
gins; in  the  larger  individuals  these  nodes  disappear;  aperture 
elongate-saggitate  in  outline.  Septa  closely  interlocking,  the 
lobes  and  saddles  of  comparatively  small  size  but  very  compli- 
cated, and  varying  with  the  growth  of  the  shell ;  the  ventral  lobe 
is  rather  broad,  passing  straight  across  the  venter  except  for 
numerous  minute  crenulations,  with  a  conspicuous  lateral  exten- 
sion on  each  side;  the  first  three  lateral  lobes  are  much  larger 
than  the  others  and  have  from  three  to  five  main  divisions  be- 
sides numerous  finer  serrations;  at  the  base  of  the  third  lateral 
lobe  the  general  direction  of  the  suture  bends  abruptly  forward 
to  the  top  of  the  fourth  lateral  saddle,  where  it  bends  toward 
the  umbilicus  again  and  continues  to  the  dorsal  margin ;  beyond 
the  large  third  lateral  lobe  there  are  about  six  additional,  more 
or  less  bifid  or  trifid  lobes  which  regularly  decrease  in  size 
towards  the  umbilicus ;  the  saddles  are  fully  as  complicated  as  the 
lobes,  but  their  general  outlines  are  broader  and  rounder. 

The  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  are:  diameter  of  shell, 
222  mm. ;  height  of  outer  volution  from  venter  to  umbilical  mar- 
gin, 114  mm.;  greatest  thickness  of  outer  volution,  50  mm. 

Remarks. — This  species,  originally  described  from  the  Dela- 
ware and  Chesapeak  Canal,  occurs  commonly  in  New  Jersey  in 
the  formations  beneath  the  Navesink  marl.  A  similar  species 
from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  the  West  has  usually  been  iden- 
tified with  the  New  Jersey  form,  but  Hyatt  has  recently  separ- 
ated the  western  one  under  the  name  P.  whitfieldi,  restricting 
the  name  P.  placenta  to  certain  forms  from  New  Jersey  and 
Alabama.1  In  New  Jersey  the  species  reaches  its  greatest  de- 
velopment both  numerically  and  as  to  size,  in  the  Merchantville 
clay-marl,  in  which  formation  as  exposed  at  Reeves'  clay  pits  at 
Lenola,  the  most  and  best  and  largest  examples  have  been  col- 
lected. The  species  also  occurs  in  the  Cliffwood  clays  beneath 


1  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  44,  p.  221. 


832      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

the  Merchantville  and  in  the  Woodbury,  Marshalltown  and  We- 
nonah  formations  above,  but  all  the  examples  from  these  other 
horizons  which  have  come  under  observation,  are  more  frag- 
mentary and  smaller. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105);  Merchantville  clay-marl,  near  Matawan  (ioo4,  101), 
near  Jamesburg  (141),  Lenola  (163);  Woodbury  clay,  Loril- 
lard  (102),  near  Matawan  (103) ;  Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Crawfords  Corner 
(i263),  near  Marlboro  (I3O1). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Alabama. 

Placenticeras  telifer   (Morton). 
Plate  CIV.,  Figs.  7-8. 

1834.     Ammonites  telifer  Mort,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Gr. 

U.  S.,  p.  38,  pi.  2,  fig.  7. 
1861.     Ammonites  telifer  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

73  (17). 
1892.     Ammonites   (Placenticeras}    telifer  Whitf.,   Pal.   N.  J., 

vol.  2  (Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  257,  pi.  41, 

figs.  10-11. 
1903.     Placenticeras  ?  telifer  Hyatt,  Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol. 

44,  P-  233. 
1905.     Placenticeras  telifer  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  28. 

Remarks. — This  species  was  established  by  Morton  upon  three 
fragments,  one  of  which  gives  the  characters  of  one  lobe  of  the 
septa  with  small  portions  of  others.  In  regard  to  the  species 
Hyatt  says,  "After  examining  the  fragments  of  this  species  in 
the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  I  am 
unable  to  determine  with  certainty  whether  this  is  a  species  of 
this  genus  or  not,  and  the  details  of  the  sutures,  so  far  as  my 
hasty  examination  went,  were  too  imperfect  to  enable  me  to 
make  a  reasonable  guess  with  regard  to  their  affinities." 

Formation  and  locality. — Cretaceous,  New  Jersey  (Morton). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


MOLLUSCA.  833 

Family  HAMITIDAE. 

Genus  HETEROCERAS  d'Orbigny. 

Heteroceras  conradi   (Morton). 

Plate  CVIIL,  Pigs.  5-8. 

1841.     Ammonceratites  Conradi  Mort.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  vol.  i,  p.  109. 
1841.     Ammonceratites  Conradi  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  8,  p.  212,  pi.  10,  fig.  I. 
1861.     Helicoceras  Conradi  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p. 

84  (28). 
1864.     Helicoceras  Conradi  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  25. 

1868.     Cirroceras  Conradi  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Heteroceras  Conradi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  269,  pi.  45,  figs.  9-14. 
1905.     Heteroceras  conradi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

1905,  p.  27. 

Description. — Species  known  only  from  fragmentary  examples, 
most  of  which  are  portions  of  the  living  chamber;  they  indicate 
that  different  individuals  differed  in  their  curvature,  some  being 
dextral  and  others  sinistral.  Most  of  the  specimens  are  some- 
what U-shaped,  the  distal  portion  of  the  shell  apparently  bend- 
ing downward  to  a  nearly  vertical  position  from  the  last  spiral 
coil  and  then  curving  up  again  to  form  the  U,  this  portion  of 
the  shell  being  similar  to  H.  simplicostatus  Whitf.,1  except  that 
the  two  sides  of  the  U  are  more  closely  compressed  together. 
The  tube  is  more  or  less  subcircular  in  cross-section  or  is*  com- 
pressed in  one  direction.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  strongly 
angular  transverse  ribs,  and  upon  the  living  chamber,  at  least, 
by  a  double  row  of  more  or  less  strongly  developed  nodes  which 
are  either  somewhat  lateral  in  position  or  are  situated  upon  the 


1  See  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  16,  pp.  67-72,  plates  23-27,  especially 
plate  27. 

53   PAI, 


834      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

outer  side  of  the  U-shaped  tube;  often  in  the  space  between  the 
rows  of  nodes  the  ribs  are  more  or  less  obsolescent.  Sutures 
essentially  unknown. 

Remarks. — The  fragmentary  condition  of  all  the  examples  of 
this  species  which  have  been  observed  makes  it  very  difficult  to 
determine  just  what  its  form  has  been;  if  all  the  parts  which 
have  been  observed  really  belong  to  a  single  species  it  must  have 
been  very  variable  in  the  curvature  of  the  shell  and  in  the  orna- 
mentation. The  type  of  the  species  is  a  nearly  complete  spiral 
coil,  but  most  of  the  later  specimens  which  have  been  collected 
are  U-shaped.  The  species  was  doubtless  one  which  passed 
through  several  distinctly  different  forms  of  growth  and  cur- 
vature, being  similar  in  this  respect  to  the  H.  simplicostata 
Whitf.,  already  mentioned.  The  species  is  perhaps  really  more 
closely  allied  to  H.  angulatum  M.  &  H.,1  than  to  any  other,  but 
this  species  also  is  known  only  from  fragments 

Formation  and  locality. — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  TUBBILITIDAB. 

Genus  TURRIUTES  Lamark. 

Turrilites  pauper  Whitfield. 

Plate  CVIIL,  Figs.  1-4. 

1892.     Turrilites  pauper  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog.  U. 
S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  268,  pi.  45,  figs.  1-5. 

Description. — Shell  with  the  coils  in  close  contact,  the  volu- 
tions higher  than  wide,  with  a  moderately  wide  umbilical  open- 
ing in  the  cast,  the  living  chamber  occupying  a  little  more  than 
one  full  volution ;  upper  edge  of  the  volutions  angular  externally 
where  they  meet  the  next  succeeding  volutions  above,  within  the 
angle  the  surface  in  contact  with  the  next  volution  above  is  con- 

1  Meek,  Inv.  Cret.  and  Ter.  Foss.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  484,  pi.  21,  figs.  3  a-c. 


MOLLUSCA.  835 

cave;  the  outer  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  volutions  rounded; 
outer  surface  marked  by  two  rows  of  nodes  nearly  equal  in 
prominence,  one  of  them  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  height, 
the  other  near  the  lower  margin ;  surface  of  the  volutions  marked 
by  oblique,  transverse  folds  or  ridges  which  increase  in  number 
by  division  or  intercalation  at  the  upper  and  lower  margins  of 
the  outer  surface;  the  ridges  are  strongly  directed  forward  as 
they  cross  the  volution  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  side,  and  are 
even  faintly  visible  within  the  umbilicus;  the  nodes  in  each  row 
are  usually  present  upon  alternate  ribs,  the  ribs  of  the  two  rows 
alternating  with  each  other  so  that  nearly  every  rib  has  one  node 
in  either  the  upper  or  the  lower  row.  The  suture  with  a  ventral 
lobe  lying  between  the  higher  row  of  tubercles  and  the  upper 
margin  of  the  outer  surface  of  the  shell;  it  is  indented  in  the 
middle  by  a  rather  broad  siphonal  saddle;  below  the  ventral  lobe 
the  first  lateral  lobe  is  very  large  with  four  larger  divisions;  it 
is  nearly  bisected  by  the  lower  row  of  tubercles  which  mark  the 
lower  shoulder  of  the  volutions ;  a  second  lateral  lobe  much  shal- 
lower than  the  first,  but  rather  broad,  is  present  upon  the  lower 
side  of  the  volution  just  outside  the  umbilical  cavity;  the  two 
lower  lateral  saddles  are  both  broad,  the  first  one  being  some- 
what larger  than  the  second ;  both  are  rather  deeply  bifid  with 
each  of  the  divisions  again  bifid ;  above  the  ventral  lobe  the  lateral 
lobes  and  saddles  are  similar  to  those  below  but  are  smaller;  all 
the  lobes  and  saddles  are  secondarily  indented  by  tooth-like 
irregularities. 

The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  diameter  of  last 
volution,  29  mm.;  height  of  last  volution  near  the  aperture,  16.5 
mm.;  width  of  last  volution  near  aperture,  13  mm. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimen  of  this  species  retains  about  one 
and  one-third  volutions,  the  greater  portion  of  which  is  occu- 
pied by  the  living  chamber,  only  the  first  suture  and  a  portion  of 
the  second  being  retained.  Two  other  specimens  have  been  ob- 
served which  are  referred  to  the  species  with  some  doubt,  both 
of  them  are  much  distorted  fragments  which  differ  in  some  re- 
spects from  the  type  but  are  too  imperfect  for  certain  identifi- 
cation. 


836      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation  and  locality. — Marshalltown  clay-marl,  near 
Swedesboro  (177);  Wenonah  sand,  near  Marlboro  (I3O1); 
Navesink  marl,  Navesink  Hills  (Whitfield,  type  specimen). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Family  MAMMITIDAE. 

Genus  BARROISICERAS  Gross. 

Barroisiceras  dentato-carinatus  (Rcemer). 

Plate  CL,  Figs.  5-6. 

1849.     Ammonites  dentato-carinatus  Roem.,  Texas,  p.  417. 
1852.     Ammonites  dentato-carinatus  Roem.,  Kreid.  von  Texas, 

P-  33,  Pi-  i,  %s-  2  a~c- 
1861.     Ammonites  dentato-carinatus  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret. 

Form.,  p.  65  (9). 
1864.     Ammonites   dentato-carinatus   Meek,    Check    List    Inv. 

Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret  and  Jur.,  p.  24. 
1892.     Ammonites  dentato-carinatus  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  250,  pi.  41,  figs.  3-4. 
1905.     Ammonites  dentatocarinatus  Johns.,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  1905,  p.  27. 

fr~  •  ••.    .  •• 

Description. — "The  shell  when  entire  has  been  compressed  dis- 
coidal,  with  a  proportionally  small  umbilicus,  the  volutions  have 
been  sharp  on  the  ventral  edge  and  marked  by  a  series  of  undu- 
lations which  gave  rise  to  the  specific  name.  The  sides  are 
ornamented  by  two  lines  of  nodes  which  divide  the  surface  into 
three  nearly  equal  spaces,  also  by  transverse  ridges  which  are 
low  and  rounded,  and  pass  from  the  margin  of  the  umbilicus 
almost  directly  across  the  volutions  to  a  node  one-third  of  its 
breadth  from  the  margin,  and  are  then  bent  sharply  forward, 
their  convexity  giving  rise  to  the  undulations  on  the  dorsal  cari- 
nation.  Some  of  the  ridges  bifurcate  at  the  inner  line  of  nodes, 
each  branch  reaching  the  margin  as  independent  ridges,  but  the 
fragment  is  too  small  to  show  how  frequently  this  feature 
occurs."  (Whitfield.) 


MOLLUSCA.  837 

Remarks. — This  species  is  known  from  New  Jersey  by  a  single 
fragmentary  individual  preserved  in  the  collection  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Science.  The  sutures  are  very  complicated 
and  consist  of  a  large  ventral  lobe  which  is  deeply  divided  by  a 
comparatively  narrow  ventral  saddle  trifid  on  top  and  reaching 
nearly  to  the  mid-height  of  the  lobe,  and  three  lateral  lobes ;  all 
the  lobes  are  much  complicated  by  deep  and  sharp  divisions,  the 
divisions  of  the  saddles  being  more  rounded. 

Formation  and  locality. — Unknown,  New  Jersey  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Texas. 

Family  PRIONOTROPIDAB. 

Genus  MORTONICERAS  Meek. 

Mortoniceras  delawarensis   (Morton). 
Plate  CIIL,  Fig.  i ;  Plate  CIV.,  Figs.  1-5. 

1830.     Ammonites  Delawarensis  Mort.,  Am  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  sen, 

vol.  1 8,  pi.  2,  fig.  4. 
1830.     Ammonites  Vanuxemi  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,   ist  ser., 

vol.  1 8,  pi.  3,  figs.  3-4. 
1834.     Ammonites  Delawarensis  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  37,  pi.  2,  fig.  5. 
1834.     Ammonites  Vanuwemi  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S.,,  p.  38,  pl-  2,  figs.  3-4. 
1861.     Ammonites    Delawarensis    Gabb,    Synop.    Moll.    Cret. 

Form.,  p.  65  (9). 
1864.     Ammonites  delawarensis  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  24. 

1868.     Ammonites  delawarensis  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  730. 
1892.     Ammonites   Delawarensis   Whitf.,    Pal.    N.    J.,    vol.    2 

(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  252,  pl.  42,  figs.  6-9, 

pl.  43,  figs.  1-2. 
1892.     Ammonites  Vanuxemi  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2  (Monog. 

U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  253,  pl.  42,  figs.  1-5. 
1905.     Ammonites  delawarensis  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  1905,  p.  27. 


838      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Ammonites  vanuxemi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
1905,  p.  27. 

Description. — 'Shell  attaining  a  rather  large  size  when  full 
grown,  a  large  individual  in  the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Science  having  a  maximum  diameter  of  over  180 
mm.;  moderately  compressed,  subdiscoid  in  form,  with  five  or 
•six  volutions;  outer  volutions  embracing  the  inner  ones  a  little 
less  than  one-half  their  width;  the  umbilicus  rather  broad,  the 
volutions  with  a  distinct  umbilical  shoulder;  the  venter  flattened 
with  a  distinct  keel  which  becomes  less  prominent  with  age ;  the 
margins  of  the  flattened  venter  each  marked  by  a  row  of  obliquely 
elongate  nodes  which  are  formed  by  the  extremities  of  the 
rounded  costae  which  cross  the  sides  of  the  volutions;  a  row  of 
nodes  also  marks  the  inner  extremities  of  the  costae  along  the 
margin  of  the  umbilicus,  and  three  other  rows  occur  at  nearly 
equal  distances  apart  between  the  umbilical  and  marginal  rows; 
all  these  markings  are  more  strongly  developed  upon  the  younger 
individuals,  becoming  more  and  more  faint  with  increasing  age; 
sides  of  the  volutions  in  younger  individuals  nearly  flat,  or  only 
slightly  convex,  becoming  more  strongly  convex  in  older  indi- 
viduals. Septa  composed  of  a  large  ventral  lobe  divided  medially 
by  a  low,  truncated  siphonal  saddle,  and  three  lateral  lobes,  the 
middle  one  of  which  is  much  the  larger  with  about  five  divisions 
and  many  serrations;  the  first  lateral  lobe  is  narrow  with  ser- 
rated sides,  its  depth  about  one-half  that  of  the  ventral  lobe ;  it  is 
really  little  more  than  a  rather  deep  and  narrow  indentation  of 
a  broad  first  lateral  saddle;  third  lateral  lobe  larger  than  the 
first  but  much  smaller  than  the  second;  on  the  dorsal  side,  at 
the  bottom  of  the  dorsal  furrow,  is  a  deep,  narrow,  serrated 
dorsal  lobe,  with'  two  smaller  lobes  on  either  side  of  it  between 
the  dorsal  line  and  the  umbilical  shoulders;  the  divisions  of  the 
saddles  much  more  rounded  than  those  of  the  lobes. 

Remarks. — Whitfield  has  recognized  Morton's  two  species, 
A.  delawarensis  and  A.  vanuxemi,  as  distinct,  the  chief  difference 
being  in  the  greater  compression  of  A.  vanuxemi  and  its  smaller 
size.  The  two  forms  occur  together  in  the  Merchantville  clay- 


MOLLUSCA.  839 

marl,  and  the  greater  compression  of  A.  vanuxemi  is  probably 
accidental  and  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  justify  the  recog- 
nition of  distinct  species. 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay -marl,  Lenola 
(163),  Burlington  (Whitfield). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-class    DIBRANCHIATA. 

Order  BELEMNOIDEA. 
Family  BELEMNITIDAB. 

Genus  BEXEMNITEI,LA  d'Orbigny. 

Belemnitella  americana  (Morton). 
Plate  CIX.,  Figs.  1-4. 

1830.     Belemnites  Americanus  Mort.,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  ist  ser., 

.vol.  17,  p.  281 ;  vol.  18,  pi.  i,  figs.  1-3. 
1830.     Belemnites  subconicus  Mort.,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  99,  pi.  5,  fig.  7.     (Not  B.  subconicus 

Lam.) 
1830.     Belemnites  Americanus   Mort.,   Jour.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  ist  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  192,  pi.  8,  fig. 
1834.     Belemnites  Americanus  Mort.,  Synop.  Org.  Rem.  Cret. 

Gr.  U.  S.,  p.  34,  pl-  i,  figs,  i,  2,  3,  3  a. 
1850.     Belemnitella  mucronata  d'Orb.,  Prod.  Paleont.,  vol.  2, 

p.  211. 
1858.     Belemnitella  americana  Emmons,    Rep.    N.    Car.   Geol. 

Surv.,  p.  246,  fig.  101. 
1861.     Belemnitella  mucronata  Gabb,  Synop.  Moll.  Cret.  Form., 

P-  78  (22). 
1864.     Belemnitella  paxillosa  Meek,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.  N. 

A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  26. 
1868.     Belemnitella  mucronata  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  375, 

figure;  p.  731. 
1868.     Belemnitella  paxillosa  Con.,  Cook's  Geol.  N.  J.,  p.  731. 


840      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1892.  Belemnitella  Americana,  Whitf.,  Pal.  N.  J.,  vol.  2 
(Monog.  U.  S.  G.  S.,  vol.  18),  p.  280,  pi.  47,  figs. 
I— II. 

1905.  Belemnitella  americana  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  1905,  p.  28. 

Description. — Guard  elongate,  tapering,  sometimes  attaining  a 
rather  large  size,  the  length  of  a  large  individual  being  135  mm., 
with  a  maximum  thickness  of  20  mm.  Cross-section  subtri- 
angular  in  the  larger  portion,  the  ventral  side  flattened;  toward 
the  smaller  extremity  the  cross-section  becomes  more  nearly 
circular  or  elliptical,  the  flattening  being  in  a  dorso-ventral 
direction.  The  alveolar  cavity  excavating  the  guard  for  about 
one-third,  or  somewhat  more  than  one-third,  its  length,  the  edge 
of  the  guard  at  the  aperture  of  the  alveolus  becoming  very 
thin  and  rarely  or  never  being  perfectly  preserved;  the  ventral 
slit  extending  nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  alveolar  cavity,  not 
produced  beyond  that  point  as  a  ventral  groove.  The  small  end 
of  the  guard,  when  perfectly  preserved,  is  produced  in  a  small 
mucronate  extremity.  When  not  worn  the  surface  is  rough- 
ened, most  conspicuously  upon  the  broad  ventral  and  the  nar- 
row dorsal  sides  towards  the  larger  extremity,  there  being  a 
comparatively  smooth,  rather  narrow,  longitudinal  band  upon 
each  of  the  sloping  dorso-lateral  sides.  The  phragmocone  has 
not  been  observed,  although  casts  o<f  the  alveolar  cavity  are  com- 
mon, and  occasionally  one  of  them  retains  the  impressions  of 
the  septal  lines. 

Remarks. — This  species  is,  perhaps,  the  most  characteristic 
member  of  the  Navesink  fauna,  and  has  not  been  observed  in  any 
other  horizon  in  New  Jersey.  It  occurs  in  practically  every 
locality  of  this  formation  which  is  at  all  fossiliferous,  and  some- 
times occurs  in  so  great  abundance  that  hundreds  of  individuals 
can  be  collected  in  a  small  area.  Most  of  the  specimens,  how- 
ever, have  been  more  or  less  worn  before  they  have  been  buried 
in  the  sediments,  so  that  it  is  rare  to>  find  any  individual  perfectly 
preserved,  most  of  the  very  best  examples  having. the  thin  edge 
of  the  alveolar  cavity  and  the  mucronate  extremity  of  the  shell 


MOLLUSCA.  841 

destroyed.  The  species  is  a  very  close  ally  of  the  European  B. 
mucronatus  Schl.,  and  the  two  have  frequently  been  considered 
as  identical.  The  writer  has  not  had  an  opportunity  to  com- 
pare the  New  Jersey  specimens  with  a  large  suite  of  European 
examples,  but  Whitfield  states  that  such  a  comparison  shows 
the  American  examples  to  be,  proportionally,  somewhat  more 
elongate,  and  if  this  be  a  constant  character  the  American  form 
is  doubtless  properly  considered  as  a  distinct  species.  The 
specimens  vary  greatly  in  size  and  the  smaller  ones  are  usually 
proportionately  more  slender  than  the  larger  ones.  It  is  also 
frequently  the  case  that  at  any  one  locality  there  is  not  a  great 
variation  in  size,  an  assortment  which  may  be  due  to  the  trans- 
portive  power  of  the  water  at  the  time  of  deposition. 

Formation  and  locality, — Navesink  marl,  Atlantic  Highlands 
(108),  Middletown  (ii32),  near  Crawfords  Corner  (i267), 
near  Holmdel  (i283,  I285,  127,  194),  Marlboro  (131),  near 
Freehold  (133),  near  Wain  ford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek  (149, 
I472,  I473,  I474,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150),  near  Mount 
Laurel  (166),  Mullica  Hill  (1692). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey,  Delaware,  North  Caro- 
lina, Alabama,  Mississippi,  Texas. 


CHAPTER  VL 


Branch  ARTHROPODA. 

Class  CRUSTACEA. 

Sub-class  EUCRUSTACEA. 

Super-order  OSTRACODA. 
Family  OYTHERIDAE. 

Genus  CYTHEREIS  Jones. 

Cythereis  bassleri  Ulrich. 

Plate  CX.,  Figs.  1-3. 

1901.     Cythereis  bassleri  Ulr.,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene,  p.  117, 
pi.  1 6,  figs.  5-8. 

Description. — "Carapace  oblong,  length  0.80  to  0.85  mm., 
widest  and  rounded  anteriorly;  the  posterior  edge  more  or  less 
angular  in  the  middle,  straight  or  slightly  sinuate  above  to  the 
angular  extremity  of  the  hinge,  and  with  two  or  three  spines 
projecting  from  the  slightly  convex,  lower  half;  edges  with  a 
thickened  rounded  rim,  becoming  obsolete  near  the  center  of 
the  flattened  ventral  region;  hinge  line  straight,  except  at  the 
antero-cardinal  angle,  which  is  thickened  and  prominent;  ven- 
tral outline  slightly  sinuate.  Valves  equal,  with  a  rounded  sul> 
central  node,  sometimes  obscured  by  a  network  of  small  ridges, 
and  a  sharp  ventral  ridge  rising  gradually  from  its  inception  at 
the  antero-ventral  angle  and  ceasing  abruptly  at  a  point  about 
one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the  valve  from  its  posterior  extrem- 
ity. A  less  prominent  ridge  runs  from  the  high  end  of  the  ven- 
tral ridge  in  a  slightly  oblique  direction,  to  the  post-cardinal 
angle  and  then  turns  forward.  The  whole  surface  is  covered 
(843) 


844      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

with  rather  large  pits  arranged  in  more  or  less  irregular  curved 
series,  the  space  between  the  rows,  especially  over  the  central 
portion  of  the  valves,  being  raised  into  thin  and  sometimes 
coalescing  ridges."  (Ulrich). 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  also1  Eocene  of  Mary- 
land. 

Family  OYPBIDAE. 

Genus  BYTHOCYPRIS  Brady. 

Bythocypris  parilis  Ulrich. 
Plate  CX.,  Figs.  4-7. 

1901.     Bythocypris  parties  Ulr.,   Md.  Geol.   Surv.,  Eocene,  p. 
117,  pi.  1 6,  figs.  5-8. 

Description. — "Carapace  about  i.o  mm.  long  and  nearly  or 
quite  0.5  mm.  high;  reniform,  strongly  arched  dorsally,  very 
slightly  sinuate  or  straight  in  the  ventral  portion  of  the  outline, 
and  with  the  ends  rounded  and  very  nearly  equal,  the  posterior 
outline,  however,  being  usually  a  trifle  oblique  above,  and  the 
turn  into  the  basal  line  slightly  lower  than  at  the  front  end ;  point 
of  greatest  thickness  above  the  middle,  the  slope  toward  the 
ventral  edge  being  flatter  than  elsewhere;  edge  view  elongater 
subelliptical,  the  anterior  extremity  more  acute  than  the  posterior, 
the  latter  being  comparatively  blunt.  Left  valve  slightly  over- 
lapping the  right  both  above  and  below,  its  ventral  edge  some- 
what thickened  in  the  middle  and  bordered  along  the  anterior 
and  posterior  thirds  of  its  extent  by  a  sharply  impressed,  thin 
line.  Surface  generally  appearing  quite  smooth,  but  under  favor- 
able circumstances  very  small  scattered  punctae  may  be  observed. 
Interior  of  valves  with  the  marginal  plate  well  developed  and 
widest  in  front."  (Ulrich.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  also  Eocene  of  Mary- 
land. 


ARTHROPODA.  845 

Family  CYTHERELLIDAE. 

Genus  CYTHEREU,A  Jones. 

Cytherella  submarginata  Ulrich. 
Palte  CX.,  Figs.  8-9. 

1901.     Cytherella  submarginata  Ulr.,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Eocene, 
p.  118,  pi.  1 6,  figs.  14-15. 

Description. — "Carapace  about  i.o  mm.  in  length,  somewhat 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  the  posterior  end  a  little  wider  and 
its  margin  more  oblique  above  and  merging  more  gradually  into 
the  very  slightly  arcuate  dorsal  outline  than  the  anterior;  ven- 
tral margin  straight,  edge  view  subcuneiform,  end  view  subovate, 
Valves  compressed  convex,  thickest  posteriorly,  with  an  obscurely 
defused  broad  depression  near  the  midlength  and  mostly  above 
the  center  of  the  valves.  A  narrow  but  distinct  rim  borders 
the  two  ends.  Surface  smooth."  (Ulrich.) 

Remarks. — This  species  described  from  the  Eocene  of  Mary- 
land is  sometimes  met  with  in  washings  from  the  Vincentown 
limesand. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 

(154). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey;  also  Eocene  of  Mary- 
land. 

Super-order  CIRRIPEDIA. 

Order  THORACICA. 
Family  LEP A.DIDAE. 

Genus  SCALPEUAJM  Leach. 

Scalpellum  conradi   Gabb. 
Plate  CX.,  Fig.  10. 

1876.     Scapellum  Conradi  Gabb,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1876),  p.  179,  pi.  5,  figs.  3-3b,  4. 


846      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

1905.     Scalpellum  conradi  Johns.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1905),  p.  28. 

Description. — "The  scutal  plate  is  nearly  straight  on  its  occlu- 
dent  margin;  the  tergal  margin  is  strongly  sloping  and  a  little 
concave  at  the  apical  portion;  the  base  is  straight,  or  very 
slightly  convex.  The  surface  is  slightly  angulated,  and  marked 
by  strong  lines  of  growth." 

"The  carina  is  large,  indicating  a  size  of  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  in  length  of  the  animal,  without  the  stem.  It  has  nearly 
straight  sides,  is  very  gently  curved ;  external  surface  nearly  flat 
at  the  upper  part  and  rounded  subangular  below  in  the  median 
line.  Upper  end  acute,  base  rounded ;  inner  face  deeply  concave ; 
sides  bearing  a  prominent  linear  rib,  which  marks  the  three  parts 
of  the  surface  into  which  Darwin  divides  this  plate."  (Gabb). 

Remarks. — The  detached  plates  of  this  cirriped  are  sometimes 
met  with  in  the  washings  from  the  Vincentown  limesand  at 
Vincentown,  and  from  the  same  formation  at  other  localities. 
It  is,  however,  one  of  the  rare  species  of  the  fauna. 

Formation  and  locality. — Vincentown  limesand,  Vincentown 
(154),  near  Hurffville  (170). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Sub-class    MALACOSTRACA. 

Order  DECAPODA. 
Sub-order  MACRURA. 

Family  ASTAOIDAB. 
Genus  HOPLOPARIA  McCoy. 

Hoploparia  gabbi  Pilsbry. 
Plate  CX.,  Figs.  12-15. 

1901.     Hoploparia  gabbi  Pilsbry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1901),  p.  115,  pi.  i,  figs.  11-14. 
1905.     Hoploparia  gabbi  Johns.,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  28. 


ARTHROPODA.  847 

Description. — "Right  propodite  robust,  evenly  convex  on  both 
sides,  but  slightly  more  convex  above  than  below,  surface  slightly 
roughened  everywhere  by  small  flattened,  separated,  scale-like 
asperities;  lower  margin  blulntly  angular  and  marked  by  a 
slight  groove ;  upper  margin  narrowly  rounded,  bearing  a  couple 
of  short  conic  spines,  inserted  slightly  below  the  edge  and  directed 
downward  and  forward;  on  each  side  there  is  a  rounded  tubercle 
at  the  base  of  the  dactylopodite.  Fixed  finger  rather  slender, 
with  a  series  of  coarse  tubercles  (worn  flat)  along  its  grasping 
edge.  Dactylopodite  armed  with  a  short  conic  spine  near  its 
base  (continuing  the  row  of  similar  spines  on  the  upper  margin 
of  the  propodite),  its  grasping  face  with  a  series  of  coarse 
tubercles,  worn  flat.  Carpopodite  ( ?)  irregularly  cylindrical, 
gibbous,  a  little  compressed  and  faintly  grooved  along  the  outer 
side,  bearing  a  series  of  several  short  spines  along  the  inner. 
Abdominal  somites  with  highly  arched  tergum,  the  surface  punc- 
tate." (Pilsbry.) 

Re  marks.-:-"  This  species  is  based  upon  a  right  hand  and  group 
of  four  abdominal  somites  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and  a  right  hand  and  carpo- 
podite  (?)  in  that  of  the  Wagner  Free  Institute.  The  fixed 
finger  is  broken  in  both  specimens,  and  the  proximal  portion 
of  the  hand  is  wanting.  In  the  Wagner  Institute  specimen 
the  base  of  the  dactylopodite  remains. 

A  much  smaller  propodite  from  Monmouth  County,  N.  J., 
shows  a  series  of  four  short  spines  along  the  upper  margin; 
but,  perhaps,  this  specimen  belongs  to  an  allied  but  distinct 
species,  as  it  is  much  less  convex  inside  than  the  larger  claws.  In 
the  large  specimens  from  Lenola  only  the  anterior  two  spines 
remain,  as  described  above,  owing  to  the  loss  of  the  posterior 
portion  of  the  hand. 

On  account  of  the  mutilated  condition  of  the  remains,  meas- 
urements cannot  readily  be  given,  but  an  Astacoid  somewhat 
larger  than  the  common  eastern  crayfish  is  indicated.  The 
figures  are  of  natural  size.  The  high  arch  of  the  abdomen  may 
be  partly  due  to  lateral  compression.  Until  further  remains  come 
to  light,  and  especially  the  cephalothorax,  the  generic  position 
of  the  species  will  be  uncertain."  (Pilsbry.) 


848      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Formation    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

(163). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Hoploparia  gladiator  Pilsbry. 

Plate  CX.,  Figs.  16-17. 

1901.     Hoploparia  gladiator  Pilsbry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1901),  p.  116,  pi.  i,  figs.  15-16. 

Description.* — '"Propodite  long  and  narrow,  parallel-sided,  its 
thickness  more  than  half  the  width,  about  equally  convex  on 
the  two  sides,  smoothish,  showing  scattered  punctures  and  under 
a  lens  a  very  fine  punctulation ;  on  both  sides  of  the  hand '  a  row 
of  three  or  four  small  pointed  tubercles  run  lengthwise  along 
the  median  convexity;  lower  edge  bluntly  biangular.  Fixed 
finger  nearly  double  the  width  of  the  dactylopodite,  pyriform 
in  section,  with  a  row  of  tubercles  along  the  grasping  edge. 
Dactylopodite  oval  in  section,  also  bearing  pointed  tubercles 
opposed  to  those  on  the  fixed  finger. 

Length  of  propodite  as  broken,  35  mm.;  width,  11.5  mm.; 
thickness,  7  mm."  (Pilsbry.) 

Remarks. — "Types  are  No.  10,120  Coll.  Wagner  Free  Insti- 
tute of  Science,  and  consist  of  an  imperfect  propodite  with  broken 
dactylopodite  in  place,  a  fragment  of  the  fixed  finger,  apparently 
of  the  same  specimen,  and  a  fragment  of  another  hand  of  larger 
size,  width  14  mm.,  thickness  9  mm.  They  were  exposed  by 
breaking  hard  nodules  which  occur  in  the  clay  at  Lenola.  An- 
other broken  propodite  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  from 
the  deep  cut  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal,  in  Dela- 
ware. 

The  species  is  readily  recognizable  by  the  long,  narrow  shape 
of  the  hand  and  the  minute  punctulation  of  the  surface,  the 
biangulate  lower  edge  of  the  fixed  finger  and  hand,  etc.  It  can 
hardly  be  the  smaller  chela  of  H.  gabbi  on  account  of  the  dif- 
ferent surface  sculpture,  etc."  (Pilsbry.) 

Formation    and    locality. — Merchantville    clay-marl,    Lenola 

(163). 
Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


ARTHROPODA.  849 

Family  THALASSINIDAB. 
Genus  CAUJANASSA  Leach. 

Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsbry. 
Plate  CXI.,  Figs.  1-15. 

1901.     Callianassa  mortoni  Pilsbry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1901),  p.  112,  pi.  i,  figs.  1-7. 
1905.     Callianassa  mortoni  Johns,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 

(1905),  p.  28. 

Description. — "Propodite  rhombic,  its  breadth  about  two- 
thirds  the  length,  the  outer  face  very  convex,  the  greatest  convex- 
ity posterior  and  nearer  the  upper  side.  Surface  nearly  smooth, 
usually  showing  a  series  of  four  distinct  punctures  extending 
backward  from  the  root  o>f  the  fixed  finger,  and  two  on  the  other 
or  more  convex  side;  the  posterior  margin  abruptly  falling  near 
the  joint,  a  prominence  bearing  a  group  of  small  tubercles  at  the 
summit  before  the  deflection.  Inner  surface  of  palm  much  less 
convex,  becoming  concave  near  the  lateral  margins,  nearly 
smooth,  the  anterior  margin  slightly  excavated  between  the  root 
of  the  fixed  finger  and  the  dactylopodite,  and  bordered  there  with 
a  short  row  of  small  tubercles.  On  the  median  portion  of  the  palm 
there  are  two  punctures,  marking  it  off  into  thirds  longitudinally. 
Lateral  margins  of  the  propodite  acute,  closely,  finely  and  regu- 
larly crenulate;  the  lower  margin  straight,  with  a  row  of  punc- 
tures along  the  inner  side  but  extremely  near  the  edge,  and  an- 
other close  to  the  edge  outwardly;  upper  margin  deeply  curved 
down  posteriorly,  produced  into  a  deflexed  lobe  and  similarly 
margined  with  spaced  punctures.  Fixed  finger  about  one-third 
the  total  length  of  the  whole  propodite,  curved  at  the  tip,  finely 
crenate  along  the  grasping  margin  when  unworn,  and  with  a 
blunt  median  tooth.  Dactylopodite  with  two  contiguous  crenulate 
carinse  along  its  outer  edge.  Carpopodite  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  palmer  surface  of  the  propodite,  equally  convex  inside  and 
out,  turgid  anteriorly,  its  outer  face  with  an  oblique  groove  bor- 
dered with  small  tubercles  near  the  distal  lower  angle.  Posterior 
54  PAI, 


850      CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

upper  angle  produced  backward  in  a  rather  slender  process. 
Meropodite  subtriangular  in  section,  the  upper  keel  strongly 
arched,  lower  keel  nearly  straight  and  more  strongly  serrate, 
the  middle  of  the  very  convex  outer  surface  granulose,  with  two 
rounded  tubercles  at  the  anterior  extremity ;  the  opposite  or  inner 
face  nearly  flat.  In  all  specimens  preserved  with  the  members  in 
place,  the  meropodite  is  flexed  at  a  right  angle  with  the  carpo- 
podite." (Pilsbry.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  propodite  are:  length,  25  mm.;  length, 
exclusive  of  finger,  18  mm.;  width  in  the  middle,  n  mm.;  thick- 
ness, 6  mm. ;  the  dimensions  of  another  specimen  are :  length,  ex- 
clusive of  finger,  29  mm. ;  width  in  the  middle,  19  mm. ;  thick- 
ness, 9.5  mm.;  the  dimensions  of  a  carpopodite  are:  greatest 
length,  measured  obliquely  20  mm. ;  length  from  middle  of  distal 
to  middle  of  proximal  margin,  14  mm.;  width  in  the  middle,  12 
mm.;  length  of  a  meropodite,  13  mm. 

Remarks. — "What  Callianass®  faujasi  is  in  Europe  to  the 
Maestrichtien,  C.  mortoni  is  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  to  the 
"Lower  Marl"  beds.  It  is  an  abundant  species,  known  by  re- 
mains of  over  one  hundred  individuals,  chiefly  the  propodites 
only,  though  sometimes  the  meropodite,  carpopodite  and  propo- 
dite are  preserved  in  place;  when  this  is  the  case,  it  is  usually  due 
to  their  being  more  or  less  imbedded  in  hard  nodules.  The 
•abrupt  deflection  of  the  hind  margin  of  the  more  convex  face 
of  the  propodite,  and  the  downward  bend,  posteriorly,  of  its 
upper  margin  are  characteristic  of  the  species. 

Both  chelae  of  a  Lenola  individual  preserved  in  one  nodule 
show  the  right  claw  to 'be  somewhat  the  larger.  Otherwise  the 
two  claws  seem  to  be  counterparts.  I  can  find  no  other  differ- 
ence. 

The  largest  specimens  show  a  shallow,  vermiculate  wrinkling 
of  the  surface,  but  the  smaller  are  almost  smooth  to  the  eye  or 
touch.  The  crenulation  of  the  margins  becomes  stronger  with 
age,  and  is  occasionally  lost  or  obscured  by  chipping  of  the 
edges."  (Pilsbry.) 

Formation  and  locality. — Merchantville  clay-marl,  Lenola 
(163)  ;  Navesink  marl,  near  Walnford  (i482),  Crosswicks  Creek 


ARTHROPODA.  851 

(149,  195),  near  Jacobstown  (150)  ;  Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls 
(no),  Beers  Hill  cut,  south  of  Keyport  (i297,  I299),  near 
Freehold  (132). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 

Callianassa  conradi  Pilsbry. 
Plate  CX.,  Figs.  18-22. 

1901.     Callianassa  conradi  Pilsbry,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
(1901),  p.  114,  pi.  i,  figs.  8-10. 

Description. — "Propodite  rhombic,  its  length  (without  finger) 
not  much  exceeding  the  width,  somewhat  more  convex  on  the 
outer  than  on  the  inner  face,  the  posterior  margin  neither  abruptly 
nor  deeply  deflexed.  Surface  smoothish,  with  some  small 
tubercles  on  each  side  of  the  slight  excavations  on  both  sides 
of  the  hand  near  the  commissure  between  the  bases  of  the  fingers ; 
the  acute  lateral  edges  crenulate,  as  in  C.  mortoni,  but  the  lower 
edge  is  not  deflexed  posteriorly  as  in  that  species.  Fixed  -finger 
triangular  in  section,  the  angles  crenulated,  the  flat,  grasping 
face  with  a  short  smooth  rib  near  the  base,  which  joins  the  keel 
along  the  outer  angle  of  the  finger."  (Pilsbry.) 

The  dimensions  of  a  propodite  are :  length,  about  30  mm. ; 
length,  exclusive  of  the  finger,  18.5  mm. ;  width,  16.5  mm. ;  thick- 
ness, 7.6  mm. 

Remarks. — "The  claw  of  C.  conradi  differs  from  that  of  C. 
mortoni  in  being  much  shorter  and  broader;  more  evenly  con- 
vex on  the  two  sides,  the  posterior  margin  of  the  outer  side  and 
the  keel  along  the  upper  edge  are  not  abruptly  deflexed  behind; 
the  fixed  finger  of  the  propodite  of  C.  conradi  has  no  median 
tooth  on  its  grasping  face,  which  is  flat,  with  a  short,  smooth 
ridge  and  bounded  by  two  crenulate  angles,  while  in  C.  mortoni 
there  is  a  median  tooth,  a  crenulate  ridge  on  the  face,  and  no 
crenate  angle  along  the  lower  inner  part  of  the  finger."  (Pilsbry.) 

'Formation  and  locality. — Tinton  beds,  Tinton  Falls  (no), 
Beers  Hill  cut  (i299). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


852  CRETACEOUS  PALEONTOLOGY. 

Sub-order  BRACHYURA. 
Family  DROMIAOAE 

Genus  TETRACARCINUS  Weller. 

Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller. 
Plate  CXI.,  Figs.  16-19. 

1905.     Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller,  Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  13, 

p.  328,  figs.  4-6. 
1905.     Tetracarcinus  subquadratus  Weller,  Geol.  Surv.  N.  J., 

Ann.  Rep.  State  Geol.  for  1904,  p.  136,  pi.  15,  figs. 

4-6. 

Description. — Carapace  subquadrangular,  length  and  breath 
nearly  equal,  the  dimensions  of  two  individuals  are:  length,  12.3 
mm.  and  14.4  mm.;  breadth,  12.5  mm.,  and  14  mm.  Dorsal 
surface  convex  longitudinally  and  transversely,  the  sides  curving 
abruptly  downward  to  a  nearly  vertical  position,  marked  by  two 
longitudinal  and  two  transverse  furrows.  Rostrum  short,  with 
a  deep,  longitudinal,  median  furrow.  Extending  backward  from 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  median  furrow  of  the  rostrum, 
the  two  longitudinal  dorsal  furrows  diverge  from  their  anterior 
point  of  origin  to  the  junction  with  the  anterior  transverse  fur- 
row, and  then  converge  until  they  nearly  meet  again  at  the 
posterior  margin  of  the  carapace,  enclosing  a  longitudinal, 
median  area,  which  is  not  crossed  by  the  anterior  transverse  fur- 
row, and  across  which  the  posterior  transverse  furrow  is  less 
strongly  defined  than  in  its  lateral  limbs.  The  lateral  limbs  of 
the  transverse  furrows  become  less  well  defined  towards  the 
margin  of  the  carapace,  the  anterior  ones  curve  slightly  back- 
ward toward  their  distal  extremities,  while  the  posterior  ones 
have  a  slight  forward  curve,  so>  that  the  two  together,  with  the 
longitudinal  furrows,  enclose  a  pair  of  slightly  convex,  subovate 
areas.  From  the  antero-lateral  margins  of  each  of  these  sub- 
ovate  areas  two  slight,  gently  curved  tuberculose  ridges  or  lines 


ARTHROPODA.  853 

of  tubercles  extend  forward,  diverging  slightly,  to  the  antero- 
lateral  margins  of  the  carapace. 

Remarks. — The  type  specimens  of  this  species,  illustrated  with 
the  original  description  of  the  species,  are  three  in  number,  two 
of  them  being  from  the  Cliffwood  clay  at  Cliffwood  Point,  and 
the  third  from  the  Woodbury  clay  at  Lorillard. 

Formation  and  locality. — Cliffwood  clay,  Cliffwood  Point 
(105),  near  Matawan  (189).  Woodbury  clay,  Lorillard  (102). 

Geographic  distribution. — New  Jersey. 


INDKX. 


(855) 


INDEX. 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.] 


Aachen,  Cretaceous  beds  at 183 

Acroperna  carolinensis  Con., 512 

Acropora   coronato   Reuss,    351 

Actaeon  cretacea  Gabb,    805,  XCIX 

forbesiana  Whitf.,   806 

gabbana  Whitf 807,  XCIX 

ovoidea  Gabb 806 

subovoides   Whitf 806 

Actceonia  naticoides  Gabb,   8n 

Actatonina  biplicata  Gabb,    807 

Mora  cretacea  Con.,   608 

Aenona  eufaulensis  Con., 623,  LXX 

papyria  Con 624,  LXX 

Alaria  rostrata  Whitf 709 

Albian,   correlation  with 183 

Alecto  regularis  Meek 313 

Alloway  station,  fossils  near,   170 

Alternation  of  faunas 180 

Amauropsis  meekana  Whitf.,. 681,  LXXVII 

paludinaformis  Gabb, 68 1 

punctata  (Gabb),  682.LXXVII 

Ambocardia  cookii   Whitf.,    548,  LX 

Ammonceratites  Conradi  Mort 833 

Ammonites  complexes  H.  &  M., 819 

Delawarensis  Mort 837 

dentato-carinatus  Roem.,  . .  836 

fiaccidicosta   Roem 820 

hippocrepis  De  Kay,    826 

lobata  Tuomey,   828 

placenta  De  Kay,   830 

(flacenticeras)  placenta 

Whitf 830 

(flacenticeras)  teltfer 

Whitf 832 

(Sphenodiscus)    lenticularis 

Whitf 828 

telifer  Mort 832 

Vanuxemi  Mort 837 

Amphiblestrum  heteropora    (G.   &  H.), 

333,  XXIII 

Amusium  Conradi  Whitf 474 

simplicum  Whitf.,   480 

Anatimya   anteradiata   Con 519,  LVII 

lata  (Whitf.),    52 1,  LVII 


Ananchytes  cinctus  Mort.,    296 

cruciferus  Mort 289 

fimbriatus  Mort.,   296 

ovalis  Clark 295,  XIII 

Anatina  cliffwoodensis  n.   sp 517,  LVII 

elliptica,    Gabb,    522 

jamesburgensis  n.  sp.,.  .517,  LVII 

jerseyensis  n.  sp.,   516,  LVII 

Anchura  abrupta  Con.,  

715,  LXXXII,  LXXXIII 
arenaria  (Mort.),  .  .7I7.LXXXIII 
(Drepanochilus)  compressa 

Whitf.,    711 

(Drepanochilus)  rostrata 

Meek 709 

pagodaformis  Whitf 715 

pennata  (Mort.),   7ii,LXXXI 

pergracilis  Johns 713,  LXXXI 

rostrata   (Gabb) 709,  LXXXI 

solitaria  Whitf.,    ...  .714,  LXXXI 

Anomalina  ammonoides   (Reuss),. .  .261,  IV 

grosserugosa  (Giimbel),  262,1V 

wuellerstorfi   Schwager,    ...   261 

Anomia  argentaria  (Mort.) 496,  LIV 

argentaria  Whitf.,   439 

radiata  n.   sp 499,  LIV 

sellaformis  Con.,   497 

tellinoides  Mort.,    496 

Aphrodina  Tippana  Con.,   607 

Apiopterina  d'orbignii  Zborzewski,  ....   252 

Area  sp.  und.,    XXXIV 

altirostris  Gabb,    410 

Eufalensis  Gabb 385 

(Macrodon)  eufalensis  Gabb,   . . .   385 

obesa    (Whitf.) 409,  XXXIV 

quindecemradiata   Gabb,  410,  XXXIV 

rostellata  Mort 408,  XXXIV 

saffordi   (Gabb), 404 

uniopsis  Con.,    407,  XXXIV 

Architectonica  Abbotti  Gabb 665,  667 

abyssinis  Gabb,    669 

Arneytown,  fossils  near,   124 

Artemis  excavata  Con.,   602 

Ash  marl,   13 


55 


(857) 


858 


INDEX. 


\J.talics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic 

Astarte  annosa  Con.,  563  C 

corbicula  Con 566 

crenalirata  Con 566 

crenulata  Meek,   566 

parilis  Con 552 

veto  Con 549, LX 

Atlantic  Highlands,  fossils  from 104, 

section  at 23,   104 

Aturia  paucifex  Cope,   815 

Avellana  bullata  (Mort),   808,  XCIX 

costata  (Johns.) 810,  XCIX 

Avicula  abrupta  Con.,   433 

laripes  Mort 431 

linguaformis   Evans  &  Shum.,  429 

petrosa  Con.,   429 

Axinea  alta  Whitf 415 

compressa  n.   sp.,    417,  XXXV 

congesta  (Con.) 418,  XXXV 

microdentus  n.  sp., 416,  XXXV 

mortoni  Con.,    415 

subaustralis  (d'Orb.),  ..414,  XXXV 


rals  to  pages.1 


Baculites  asper  Mort.  ? 823,  CIX 

ovatus  Say 821,  CIX 

Balanophyllia  inauris  Vaughan, 272,  V 

Barroisiceras  dentato-carinatus 

(Roem.) 836,  CI 

Bassler,  R.  S 6 

Beers  Hill,  fossils  from,   148 

section  at 147 

Belemnitella  americana    (Mort.),.  .839,  CIX 

fauna,    1 78 

origin    of,    133 

mucronata  d'Orb 839 

paxillosa  Meek 839 

Belemnites  subconicus  Mort., 839 

Berenicea     americana     Ul.     &     B.     n. 

sp.,    3iS,XX 

Berry,  E.  W.,  work  on  the  Magothy, . .     22 
Bibbons,  Arthur,  work  on  the  Magothy,     22 

Bicrisina  Abbottii  G.  &  H 321 

Biflustra  disjuncta  G.  &  H 333,  XXIII 

torta  G.  &  H 331,  XXIII 

Bisidmonea     gabbiana     Ul.     &     B.     n. 

sp 320,  XXII 

Bolivina  antiqua  d'Orb 200 

punctata  d'Orb 200,  I 

textilaroides    Reuss 201,  I 

Breviarca  cuneata  (Gabb) 406,  XXX 

saffordi  (Gabb) 404,  XXX 

Bruere's  marl  pits,  fossils  from 121 

Buchardia  conradi  Con.,   600 

Bulitnina  polystropha  Reuss 195 

puschi,  Reuss,   199 

tortilis  Reuss,    197 

variabilis   d'Orb.,    200 

Bulla  conica  Whitf 813 

macrostoma  Gabb, 812,  XCIX 

Mortoni  Forbes 812 

recta  Gabb 814 

Bythocypris    parilis    Ul 844,  CX 


Cadulus  obnutus  (Con.) 663,  LXXV 

obrutus  Johns. 663 

Callianassa  conradi  Pilsbry 851,  CX 

mortani   Pilsbry,    849,  CXI. 

Callista  delatvarensis  Whitf.,   609 

Eufaulensis  Con.,    609 

Camptonectes     (Amusium)     burlington- 

ensis   Whitf 470,  473 

bellisculptus  Con 472 

burlingjonensis  Con.,   .  .   470 

parvus  Whitf.,  477 

Cancellaria  Alabamensis  Gabb 768 

America)  subalta  Whitf.,  . .   792 

septemlirata  Gabb 744 

smocki  n.  sp. 793,  XCVIII 

subalta,  Con.,    792,  XCVIII 

Caprotina  jerseyensis  n.  sp.,   .  ...568,  LXII 

Cardiaster  cinctus  (Mort.) 296,  XIV 

fimbriatus  d'Orb.,   296 

smocki  n.  sp.  Clark,   ..298,  XIII 

Cardiata  decisa  Mort.,    540 

intermedia  Whitf.,   565,  LXII 

Cardium  cliffwoodensis   n.    sp.,.  .581,  LXIV 

(Criocardium)  dumosum  Con.,  590 

Whitf.,  592 

multiradiatum,    592 

dumosum  Con 590,  LXV 

eufalensis  Gabb 577 

eufaulensis  Con.,   577,  LXIII 

Whitf.,  580,  59 1,  LXIV 

knappi  n.  sp., 595,  LXVI 

kummeli  n.  sp., 585,  LXVI 

(L&vicardium')  burlingtonensis, 

Johns.,   584 

perelongatum 

Johns.,   584 

spillmani, 

Johns.,   584 

lintea  Gabb,    632 

(.Liocardium)  spillmani  Meek,  583 

longstreeti  n.  sp., 579,  LXIII 

lorillardensis  n.   sp.,    ..582,  LXIX 
nucleolus  (Whitf.),  ...575,  LXIII 

pilsbryi  n.   sp 594,  LXV 

protextum  Con.,   526 

(Protocardium)  linteum  Con.,  632 
perelongatum,   583 

ripleyanum  Con 582,  LXV 

spillmani  Con 583,  LXIV 

tenuistriatum    (Whitf.),   591,  LXV 
(Trachycardium)    Eufalense 

Con.,    577 

trillineatum  n.  sp 589,  LXV 

uniformis  n.  sp 588,  LXV 

wenonah  n.  sp.,   576,  LXIII 

whitfieldi  n.  sp 580,  LXIV 

Caricella  plicata  Whitf 772,  XCI 

Caryatis  delawarensis  Con 611 

•veta  Whitf 6n,LXVIII 

Cassidulus  aequoreus  Mort 293,  XII 


INDEX. 


859 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  number: 

Catopygus  sp.   undet.,    293 

oviformis  Con 291,  XI 

pusillus  Clark 292,  XI 

Williamsi  n.  sp.  Clark,  292,  XII 
Cavoscala  annulata  (Mort.),   .  .676,  LXXVI 

Cellepora  carinata  G.  &  H., 345 

exserta  G.  &  H.,    349 

pumila  G.  &  H 355 

typica  G.  &  H.,  353 

Cenomanian,  correlation  with,   183 

Cercomya  peculiaris   (Con.) 518,  LVI 

Cerithium  pilsbryi  Whitf., 708,  LXXXI 

Chocolate  marl,   13 

Cibicides  refulgens,  Montfort, 259 

Cibota  multiradiata  Gabb,    410 

obesa  (Whitf.) 409 

rostellata  Gabb,    408 

uniopsis   (Whitf.),    407 

Cidaris    clavigera    and    Cidaris    sceptri- 

fera  Credner 285 

diatretum  Mort 285 

splendens   (Mort.),    279,  VII 

walcotti  Clark 281,  VII 

Cidaris  (?)  sp.  Mort.,   279 

Cidarites  armiger  Mort.,   279 

Cinulia  costata  Johns 810 

naticoides  (Gabb),   8n,XCIX 

(Oligoptycha)    naticoides 

Whitf.,    811 

Cirroceras  Conradi  Whitf 833 

Cirrus  crotaloides  Mort 665 

Cistella  beecheri  Clark 361,  XXVII 

plicatilis   Clark 362 

Cithara  crosswickensis  Whitf.,  803,  XCVIII 
mullicaensis  Whitf.,  ..804,  XCVIII 

Citharina  strigillata  Reuss,  235 

Clark,  W.   B.,    7 

classification  of  Cre- 
taceous,    12,  14 

Classification  of  Cretaceous,  Weller,  S.,     25 

Clausa  americana  G.  &  H 325,  XXII 

Clavagella  armata  Mort 525,  LVIII 

Clavipholas  cithara  Con.,   651 

Clavulina  communis  d'Orb.,   198 

parisiensis  d'Orb.,   199,  I 

Clay-Marl  series 13 

See  also 

Englishtown. 

Marshalltown. 

Merchantville. 

Wenonah. 

Woodbury. 

subdivisions  of,    16 

Cliffwood  beds,  correlation  of,   22 

Cliffwood  Brick  Company's  pits,  fossils 

from,    36 

Cliffwood  clays,  22 

description  of,    31 

Cliffwood  fauna,  discussion  of 4° 

table  of 39 


refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.} 

Cliffwood  point,  fossils  from,   33 

Collingswood,  fossils  from  and  near,  71,  72 

Colts  Neck,  fossils  near 150 

Columbus,  see  Englishtown. 

Columbus  sand,  thickness  of, 17 

Conover's  marl  pit,  fossils  from, 1 1 1 

section  a.t in 

Cook,   G.   H.,   classification  of   Cre- 
taceous  n,  13 

Cookstown,  fossils  near, 164 

Coptosoma  speciosum   Clark, 286 

Corbicula  annosa   (Con.) 563,  LXII 

Corbicula  ?  emacerata  Whitf 564,  LXII 

Corbula  bisulcata  Con 638,  LXXII 

cliffwoodensis   n.   sp.,.  .643,  LXXII 

crassiplica  Gabb 641,  LXXII 

foulkei  Lea,    640,  LXXII 

fottlkei  Whitf 638 

jerseyensis  n.  sp., 644,  LXXII 

lorillardensis  n.  sp 637,  LXXII 

manleyi  n.   sp 636,  LXXII 

perbrevis   Con.,    641 

subcompressa  Whitf 640 

swedesboroensis  n.  sp.,  644,  LXXII 

ventricosa  M.  &  H., 533 

Corimya  tenuis  Whitf 524,  LVII 

Correlation  of  Clay  Marl  beds 17 

Cretaceous  faunas,    ....    177 

Crassatella  conradi  Whitf 559 

Delawarensis  Gabb 546 

lineata   Shum 544 

lintea  Con.,   553 

Monmouthensis  Gabb, 543 

prora  Whitf 5$8 

pteropsis  Gabb, 556 

Crassatellites  cuneatus  Gabb 556,  LXI 

delatvarensis  Johns.,    ....   546 
littoralis   (Con.),    ...559,  LXI 

prorus   (Con.),    558,  LXI 

rhombea  (Whitf.),  ..561,  LXI 
(Scambula)    perplanus 

Johns.,   562 

subplanus   (Con.),   ..553,  LXI 
transversus    (Gabb),. 555,  LXI 

Crawfords  Corner,  fossils  from, 92,  109 

section  near 9' 

Crenella    elegantula    Meek    &    Hayden, 

511,  LVI 

serica  Con.,    5'°.  LVI 

(Stalagmium)  serica  Con 510 

Crescis  labiata  G.  &  H 35<> 

Cretaceous  faunas,  correlation  of 177 

divisions  of,   177 

Cretaceous   formations,   Clark's  classifi- 
cation  12,  14 

Cook's    classifi- 
cation,  n,  13 

general  descrip- 
tion      n 


86o 


INDEX. 


Utalics  refer  t< 


toman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.] 


Cretaceous   formations,    Knapp's   classi- 
fication,           15 

Cretaceous  fossils,  early  studies 3 

Cribrilina  immersa  (G.  &  H.) 341 

sagena  (Mort.), 340,  XXIV 

Criocardium  nucleates  Whitf 575 

Crisina  striatopora   Ul. 319,  XXI 

Cristellaria  acutauricularis  (Fichtel  and 

Moll) 236,11 

articulata  Reuss 237,  II 

cassis  (Fichtel  and  Moll),  237,  II 

concinna   Reuss,   240 

crepidula    (Fichtel    and 

Moll) 238,11 

Cretacea  Bagg,   239,  III 

cultrata  (Montfort),   ...239,  III 

excisa   Bornemann,    240 

gibba  d'Orb 240,  III 

italica  (Defrance), 241,  III 

mamilligera  Karrer 242,  III 

megapolitana   (Reuss),    .242,  III 

navicula  d'Orb.,   236 

projecta  Bagg 243,  III 

pulchella  Reuss,   . . . '. 240 

rotulata   (Lamarck),    ...243,  III 

secans  Reuss 244 

trachyomphala  (Reuss),   ...   244 

triangularis  d'Orb 245 

wetherellii   (Jones),  ....245,  III 

Crosswick  clay 14 

use  of  term,   19 

Crosswicks   Creek,   fossils  along, 

117,  119,  122,  156,   163 

Crosswicks,   fossils   from, 68 

Crustaceans,   in   Cliffwood  clay, 33 

Cryptorhytis  obliquicostata  Gabb 

759,  LXXXIX 

Ctenoides  pelagica  Gabb, 489 

reticitlata  Gabb,   492 

Cucullaea  antrosa  Mort 391,  XXXII 

compressirostra   (Whitf.),    .  . 

399,  XXXII 

fauna,  180 

gabbi  Johns., 411 

littlei  (Gabb) 400,  XXXIII 

neglecta   Gabb 396,  XXXI 

tippana  Con.,  394,  XXXI,  XXXII 

transversa  Gabb 410 

vulgaris  Mort 397,  XXXII 

woodburyensis  n.  sp.,  393,  XXXIV 

Cultellus  cretacea  Gabb 628 

Cuspidaria  jerseyensis  n.  sp 534,  LVIII 

ventricosa   (Meek  and  Hay- 
den) 533,  LVIII 

Cylichna  recta  Gabb 814,  XCIX 

Cymbophora  lintea   (Con.),    632,  LXXI 

tellinoides  (Whitf.),  633,  LXXI 

Cymella  bella  Con.,   530,  LVIII 

'  meeki  Whitf 530 

undata   (Meek  and  Hay- 
den) 531,  LVIII 


Cyphosoma  speciosunt   Clark 286 

Cypraa   (Aricia)   Mortoni  Whitf 723 

mortoni   Gabb,    722,  LXXXIV 

Cyprimeria  alta  Con.,    603 

cretacea  Con. 604,  LXVII 

cretacensis  Con 605 

densata  (Con.) 

601,  LXVIII,  LXIX 

excavata    (Mort.),.  .602,  LXVII 

heilprini  Whitf 60 1 

spissa  Whitf 603 

Cythere  excavata  Mort.,    602 

Cythereis  bassleri  Ul 843,  CX 

Cytherella  submarginata  Ul 845,  CX 


Dalliconcha  cnsiformis  White,   422 

Danian  series,  correlation  with 184 

Deal,  fossils  from,   162 

Delphinula  navesinkensis  n.  sp.,  669,  LXXV 

Dentalina  acuminata   Reuss 205 

adolphina,    206 

communis  d'Orb 207 

consobrina  d'Orb.,    208 

emaciata  Reuss, 209 

farcimen  Reuss, 210 

gracitis  d'Orb 211 

indifferens  Reuss,   211 

inornata  d'Orb 212 

legumen  Reuss 208 

multicostata  d'Orb.,    214 

obliqua    Jones,    Parker    and 

Brady 215 

pauperata  d'Orb 216 

pulchra  Gabb 223 

roemeri  Neugeboren 219 

scabra  Reuss 220 

spinulosa   Sherborn   and 

Chapman 221 

steenstrupi  Reuss 215 

subnodosa   (pars)   Reuss.,   . .   202 

sulcata  d'Orb 215 

vertebralis  Sherborn  and 

Chapman,    221 

Dentalium  falcatum  Con 309 

(Falcula)    falcatum  Whitf.,.   309 

Ripleyanum   Gabb 66 1 

subarcuatum  Con.,   .  .661,  LXXV 
Dianchora  echinata  (Mort.),  487,  LIU,  LIV 

Diastopora  lineata  G.  &  H 316,  XXI 

Diceras  dactyloides  Whitf.,    567,  LXII 

Dione  eufalensis  Meek,   609 

tippana  Meek,    607 

Diploconcha  (Serpula?)    Cretacea  f 

Whitf 308 

Diploschisa  cretacea  Con.,    497 

Discocytis    eccentrica    Ul.    and    B.    n. 

sp.,    326,  XXII 

Discorbina  bertheloti   (d'Orb.),    256,  IV 

Discosparsa  varians   Ul 315,  XXI 


INDEX. 


86 1 


lltalics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabi 


pages. 1 


Dolium   (Doliopsisf)   tnultiliratum  Fascipora  Americana  G.  &  H 325 

Whitf.,     749        Ficus  octoliratus  Con.,    751 

Donax  fordii  Con.,   369  precedens  Whitf 724 

Dosinia  densata  Con.,    602  Filifascigera  megaera  (Lonsdale),  325,  XXII 

Gabb,    601        Filisparsa  bifurcata,    322,  XXII 

Gabbi  Whitf 572  contortilis  (Lonsdale),  322,  XXII 

haddonfieldensis  Lea,  605        Flabellina  cordata  Reuss 246 

Dosinia  f  ere  eta  Whitf 495  reticulata  Reuss,    230 

sagittaria  (Lea),   247,  III 

£  Flabellum  mortoni  Vaughan 267,  V 

Flustra  sagena  Mort 340 

Eatontown,   fossils  from 162        Flustrella  cylindrica  G.  &  H 339 

Echinus  sp.  Mort.,   279  Flustrella  ?  capistrata  G.   &  H.,.329,  XXIII 

Endoptygma  umbilicata   (Tuomey),   ...  Fox  Hills  fauna 182 

692,  LXX VIII       'Fragilia  protexta  Con 526 

Englishtown  sand,  description  of, 79        Fragum  tenuistriatum  Whitf 592 

thickness  of 17        Frondicularia  alata  d'Orb., 225,  II 

Entalophora  conradi  G.  &  H 323,  XXII  angusta   (Nillson)   var. 

quadrangularis  G.  &  H.,..   350  dimidia   Bagg., 225,  II 

Entosolenia  globosa  Parker  &  Jones,...   203  archiaciana  d'Orbigny, 

Eripachya  f  paulidinaformis  Whitf., . . .   734  var.  strigillata  Bagg,  226,  II 

Eriphyla  conradi  (Whitf.) 5S<>,  LX  clarki  Bagg 227,  II 

decemnaria    (Con.),    551,  LX  gaultina  Reuss 227 

declivis  (Con.) 551,  LX  inversa  Reuss 228 

parilis   (Con.) 552,  LX  lanceola  Reuss,    228 

Escaripora  distans  Con 344  major  Bornemann,    . .  .229,  II 

Eschara  digitata  Mort.,    33°  ovata  Roemer 229,  II 

Escharellina  prolifera  Meek,   346  pulchella  Karrer 230 

Escharifora  typica  G.  &  H.,  353  reticulata  (Reuss),   . .  .230,  II 

Escharina  f  sagena  Lons., .». . . . .   34"  verneuilina  d'Orb., 231 

Escharinella  altimuralis  Ul.   and  B.  n.  Fulguraria  bella  Gabb 783 

sp.,    339,  XXIV  conradi  Meek 780 

muralis  G.  &  H., 352  nasuta  Gabb 786 

Escharipora  abbottii  G.  &  H. 342        Fulvia  tenuis  Whitf., 597,  LXVI 

distans  G.  &  H 344        Fusus  sp.  und LXXXIX 

immersa  G.  &  H. 341  cliffwoodensis  n.  sp.,.  .756,  LXXXIX 

Etea  carolinensis    Con 541,  LIX  holmdelensis  Whitf.,    .757,  LXXXIX 

delawarensis  Gabb 546,  LIX  holmesianus   Gabb,    . .  .755,  LXXXIX 

prora  Con 558  lorillardensis  n.  sp.,. .  .758,  LXXXIX 

transversa  Con. 555  mullicaensis   Gabb 733 

trapezoidea  (Con.),   543,  LVIII,  LIX  retifer  Gabb,    749 

Eulima  cretacea  Con. 671  trivolvus  Gabb 731 

Euthria  ?  fragilis  Whitf.,.  -753,  LXXXVIII 

Eutrephoceras  Dekayi  Hyatt,    817 

Eutropia  punctata  Con 682       Qadus  obnutus  Con 663 

Eutropia  ?  punctata  Meek, 682  Gastrochaena  americana  Gabb,. 649,  LXXIII 

Exogyra  sp.,   460,  XLVII  linquiformis  n.  sp., 

costata  Say 456,  XLVII  649,  LXXIII 

costata  Whitf 459  whitfieldi  n.  sp.,  .648,  LXXIII 

lateralis   Gabb,    455        Geldhans'  clay  pits,  fossils  from 35 

ponderosa   Roemer,    .  .458,  XLVII        Gervillia  ensiformis  Con 4^' 

Exogyra  fauna,  origin,   89        Gervilliopsis  ensiformis  Con 

...421,  XXXVII,  XXXVIII 

F  minima  Whitf.,   4*3 

Falcula  hamatus  Con 309       Gladius  arenarum  Gabb, 7'7 

Farmingdale,  fossils  from 173  Pennatus  Gabb 7i 

Parry's  clay  pit,  fossils  from,   66  rostratus  Gabb 7° 

Fasciolaria  (Cryptorhytes)  obliqui-  Glandulina  levigata  d  Orb.,   *i 

costata  Gabb 759  obtussima  Reuss MO 

Slackii  Gabb 766  rotundata  Reuss MO 


862 


INDEX. 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.'] 

Globigerina  bulloides  d'Orb 254,  III        Herbert's  marl  pit,   fossils  from,    114 

bulloides  var.  triloba  Reuss,  Hercorhynchus  jerseyensis  n.  sp. 

255,  III  737,  LXXXV 

cretacea  d'Orb 255        Herecoglossa  paucifex  (Cope) 815.  CII 

hirsuta  d'Orb 254  Heteroceras  conradi  (Mort.),  ...833,  CVIII 

triloba  Reuss, 255        Heterocrisina  Abbottii  G.  &  H.,   321 

Globulina  gibba  d'Orb 250  Heteropora  parvicella  (G.  &  H.),  327,  XXIII 

Glossus  conradi  Gabb,   599        Hipponyx  tentorium  Mort 664 

Glycimeris  decisa  Gabb 646        Hippothoa  irregularis  Gabb 337 

Gnathodon  ?  tenuidens  Whitf.,    635        Holaster  cinctus  Credner 296 

Gold  Hill,   fossils  from, 162        Holmdel,   fossils  from,    m,   113,   114 

Goniaster  mammilata  Gabb 277,  VI        Holme's  marl  pit,  fossils  from,   114 

Goniosoma  inflata  Con. 535        Hoploparia  gabbi  Pilsbry,  846,  CX 

Gouldia  conradi  Whitf.,   S5<>  _  gladiator  Pilsbry 848,  CX 

decemnaria  Con 551   '    Hornerstown,  fossils  near,   155 

declivis  Con 551        Hornerstown  fauna,   184 

parilis  Whitf 552  discussion  of 158 

Gouldia  ?  crenulirata  Con 566        Hornerstown  marl,  description  of 155 

Green  Marl 13  equivalence  of 17 

Gryphaa  bryani  var.  precedens  Whitf.,  448  fauna  of 155 

convexa  Say 451,  XLV        Hurffville,  fossils  near 169 

dissimilaris  n.  sp 453,  XLVI 

mutabilis  Mort 452,  XLVI  I 

vesiatlaris  Whitf 451,452 

vomer  Mort 455        Idmonea  abbotti  G.  &  H.,   321,  XXII 

Gryphaeostrea  vomer   (Mort.),..  .455,  XLIV  concortilis  G.  &  H.,    322 

Gryphostrea  lateralis  Con.,   455        Idonearca  antrosa  Con.,    391 

Guadryina  pupoides  d'Orb., 197,  I  compressirostra  Whitf., 399 

Guttulina  communis  d'Orb 248  li»lei  Gabb,    400 

problema  d'Orb.,    253  fnedians  Whitf.,    398 

Gyrodes  Abbotti  Gabb 683  neglecta   Gabb 396 

abyssina   (Mort.),    ..683,  LXXVII  quindecemradiata  Con.,   ....   41 1 

altispira   (Gabb),    ..  .687,  LXXVII  tippana  Whitf 394 

altispira  Whitf 678  transversa  Con.,    41 1 

alveata  Meek 689  vulgaris  Cftn 398 

crenata  Con 685,  LXXVII  Whitf 394 

infracarinata  Con.,    685        Inoceramus   sp.    und., XL 

obtusivolva   Gabb 687  Barabini  Whitf.,    427 

petrosus    (Mort.),    ..689,  LXXVII  confertim-annulatus 

spillmani  Gabb 685  Roemer,  427,  XXXIX 

Mortoni  M.  &  H 424 

H  peculiaris   Con.,    518 

Haddonfield,   fossils  from 69  perovalis   Con.,    XXXVIII 

Halcyon  ?  tentorium  Con 664  proobliqua  Whitf.,   

Haminea  mortoni   (Forbes) 812,  XCIX  428,  XXXVIII 

Hamulus  falcatus   (Con.) 309,  XXII  proximus   Tuomey 

lineatus  n.  sp 310,  XIX  424,  XL,  XLI 

Hamulus??  sp 311,  XIX  quadrans   Whitf.,  426,  XXXIX 

Haplophragmium  concavum  Bagg 189,  I  Sagensis  Whitf.,    424 

irregulare    (Roemer),.    190  var.    quadrans,..   426 

Harpago  tippana  Con 718  Isocardia  cliffwoodensis  Weller,  598,  LXVI 

Harrisonville,  fossils  from  and  near,  85,  158  conradi  Gabb 599,  LXVI 

Hazlett  sand 14  tintonensis  n.  sp 599,  LXVI 

use  of  term 19        Ivanhoe  Brook,  fossils  from 150 

Helcion  tentorium  d'Orb 664 

Hemiaster  incrassatus  Clark 300  J 

kummeli  n.  sp.  Clark,  303,  XVII 

parastatus   (Mort.),   298,  XV        Jamesburg,  fossils  from 49.5° 

Stella   (Mort.),    300,  XVI        Janira  mortonii  d'Orb 482 

ungula  (Mort.) 301,  XVI        Jerseyian  fauna,  defined 179 

welleri  n.  sp.  Clark,.  .302,  XVII  geographic  conditions,    184 


INDEX. 


863 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  number 

K 

Knapp,  G.  N 7 

classification  of  Cretaceous, ..  15,  21 

work  of,  15 

Knapp   and   Kummel,   classification   by,  21 

Kiimmel,  H.  B.,    7 

and  Knapp,   classification  by,  21 


Largena  globosa   (Montagu), 202,  I 

Laxispira  lumbricalis  Gabb,. ..  .706,  LXXXI 

Leda  angulata  Gabb 388 

cliffwoodensis  n.  sp., 377,  XXIX 

compressions  (Whitf.),.   372,  XXIX 

gabbana  (Whitf.) 378,  XXIX 

longifrons  Con., 381 

marlboroensis  n.  ,sp 374,  XXIX 

pinnaeformis  Gabb,   373 

pinnaformis  Gabb,   373,  XXIX 

protexta  Gabb,    375,  378,  XXIX 

slackiana  Gabb 369 

subangulata  Gabb,   388 

tintonensis  n.  sp 379,  XXIX 

Legumen  appressus  Con 612 

ellipticus  Con., 612 

planata  Meek 612 

planulatum   (Con.),   ...612,  LXIX 

Leiopistha   (Cymella)   meeki,   53° 

inflate,  Whitf 526 

protexta  Whitf., 526 

Leiostraca  cretacea  (Con.), 671,  LXXV 

Lenola,  fossils  from,   52 

Lenticulites  rotulata  Lamarck 243 

Lepralia  aspera  (G.  &  H.), 352,  XXVI 

Leptosolen  biplicata  Con 624,  LXX 

Leptosolen?  elongata  n.  sp., 627,  LXX 

terminalis  n.  sp.,. . .  .626,  LXX 

Lewis,  J.  V 6 

Lichenopora  papyracea  (d'Orb.),. 327,  XXII 

Lima  sp.  undet 494 

lorillardensis  n.  sp 492,  LIV 

monmouthensis   (Whitf.),    .  .494,  LIV 

pelagica  (Mort.) 489,  LIV 

reticulata  Lyell  and  Forbes,. 492,  LIV 

whitfieldi  n.  sp., 491.  LIV 

Limesand,   24 

see  also  Vincentown  sand. 

Linearia  Con 618 

contracta  Whitf 620,  LXX 

metastriata  Con.,    6 1 8,  LXX 

ornatissima  n.  sp., 619,  LXX 

Lingula  subspatulata  H.  &  M.,.  356,  XXVII 

Lingulina  carinata  d'Orb., 224,  II 

Linthia  tumidula  Clark 304,  XVIII 

Liopistha  alternata  n.  sp., 527.  LVIII 

(.Cymella)  undata  Meek,, 531 

kummeli  n.  sp. 529,  LVIII 

protexta  Con 526,  LVIII 

Liroscapha  squamosa  (Con.), 489,  LII 


refer  to  plates,     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.] 

Lithophaga  ripleyana  Gabb 512,  LVI 

Lithophagus  affinis  Gabb 512 

Littorina  punctata  Con.,   682 

Locality  No.   100,  fossils  from,   48 

101,  fossils  from 45 

102,  fossils  from 47,  64 

103,  fossils  from, 66 


105,  fossils  from 

107,  fossils  from 

1 08,  fossils  from,  .... 
no,  fossils  from,  .... 
in,  fossils  from 

112,  fossils  from, 

113,  fossils  from,  .... 
1 1 6,  fossils  from 

119,  fossils  from 

1 20,  fossils  from,  .... 

121,  fossils  from,  .... 

122,  fossils  trom 

123,  fossils  from  and 

near,   

126,  fossils  from 

127,  fossils  from 

128,  fossils  from 

129,  fossils  from 

130,  fossils  near 

•131,  fossils  from, 

132,  fossils  from 

134,  fossils  from 

138,  fossils  from, , 

139,  fossils  from, 

140,  fossils  from 

141,  fossils  from 

142,  fossils  from 156 

143,  fossils  from, 164 

146,  fossils  from 163 

147,  fossils  from, 119 

148,  fossils  from, 116 

149,  fossils  from 117 


33 
36 
104 
146 
162 
140 
107 
139 


. ..    162 

40,  150 
92,  109 
...  113 

II,  112 
...  I48 

•••  95 
US 
ISO 

162 
1X3 
50 
49 
Si 


.114 


150,  fossils  from , 

151,  fossils  from 

152,  fossils  from 151 

1 54,  fosbils  from, 

155,  fossils  from, 


124 

1 64 

155 

174 

159,  fossils  from 174 

1 60,  fossils  from, 157 

161,  fossils  from, 169 

162,  fossils  from 56 

163,  fossils  from,  52 

164,  fossils  from, 72 

165,  fossils  from, 71 

1 66,  fossils  near,   125 

1 68,  fossils  from 68 

169,  fossils  from 169 

170,  fossils  from, 169 

171,  fossils  from,   169 

177,  fossils  from  and 

near 82 

179,  fossils  from 85 

1 80,  fossils  from 84 


864 


INDEX. 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  tc 


Locality  No.   181,  fossil   from,    158 

182,  fossils  from 158 

183,  fossils  from 69 

185,  fossils  from, 34 

1 86,  fossils  from 35 

189,  fossils  from 37 

190,  fossils  from, 85 

194,  fossils  from 114 

195,  fossils  from,  121 

196,  fossils  from 170 

Longstreet's  marl  pit,  fossils  from,....  109 

Lorillard,   fossils   from,    47,  64 

Lower  Jamesburg,  fossils  near,   51 

Lower  Marl 13 

See  also  Navesink  Marl. 

Lucina  cretacea  fauna,    180 

Whitf.,   570,  LXII 

pinguis  Con.,  574 

smockana  Whitf.,  60 1 

swedesboroensis  n.  sp.,. .  .571,  LXII 

Lunatia  altispira  Gabb 687 

concinna  Meek,   678 

halli  Gabb 677,  LXXVI 

Moreauensis  Gabb 678 

obliquata,  Meek 678 

obtusivolva  Whitf., 687 

Lunatia  ?  pauperata  (Whitf.),  .680,  LXXVI 

M 

Mactra  pentangularis  n.  sp., 631,  LXVI 

Maestrichtian,  correlation  with,    184 

Magothy  fauna,  discussion  of, 40 

table  of 39 

Magothy  formation,   22 

description  of,    31 

fauna  of 33 

flora  of,   32 

Manasquan  fauna 184 

discussion  of 175 

Manasquan  formation,   14,  178 

Manasquan  marl,  description -of , 173 

fauna  of 173 

Manley,  J.  M 7 

Mantua  Creek,  fossils  from,   169 

Margarita  abyssina  Gabb, 669,  LXXV 

Margaritella  Abbottii  Meek 66s 

Marginulina  ensis  Reuss,    233 

pediformis  Bornemann,   . .  233 

trilobata  d'Orb., 234 

wetherellii  Jones,    245 

Marlboro,  fossils  from  and  near,    ..95,  114 

section  near 94 

Marshalltown,  fossils  from,   85 

Marshalltown  clay-marl,  description  of,  81 

fauna  of,    81 

Marshalltown  fauna,  discussion  of,   ...  87 

table  of 86 

Marshalltown  marl,  thickness  of 16 

Martesia  cithara  Gabb 651 

cretacea  Gabb,   654,  LXXIV 

(Pholas)   cretacea  Whitf 654 


Matawan,  fossils  near, 45,  48,  66 

Matawan   fauna,    177 

Matawan  formation,    14,   178 

Medford,  fossils  from 169 

Medolia  wenonah  n.  sp.,   507,  LV 

Meleagrinella  abrupta  (Con.),  ...433,  XLII 

Membranipora  abortiva  G.  &  H 329 

annuloidea  Ul.  &  B 

335,  XXIII 

jerseyensis  Ul.  &  B.,... 

336,  XXIV 

nematoporoides  Ul.  &  B., 

336,  XXIV 

perampla  G.  &  H. 

337,  XXIX 

plebia  G.   &  H.,  334,  XXIII 
Membraniporella  abbottii  (G.  &  H.),. . . 

342,  XXIV 

distans   (G.  &  H.),... 

344,  XXV 

Merchantville,  fossils  near,    56 

Merchantville  clay-marl,  description  of,     43 

faunas  of,  ...     44 

thickness  of,  16,  44 

Merchantville  fauna,  discussion  of,   ...      59 

table  of,'    57 

Meretrix  cretacea  (Con.) 608,  LXVIII 

eufaulensis  Con 609,  LXVIII 

tippana  Con., 607,  LXVIII 

Micrabacia  americana  Meek  &  Hayden, 

271,  V 

coronula  Meek  &  Hayden,. .   271 
Micropora  cylindracea  Ul.  &  B.,.  .347,  XXV 

pulchra  Ul.  &  B., 347,  XXV 

Micropora   ?  vincentownensis  Ul.  &  B., 

348,  XXV 

Microporella  sparsipora  Ul.  &  B.,  348,  XXV 

Middle  Marl 13 

(See  also  Hornerstown). 

beds  included  in, 19 

Middletown,  fossils  from  and  near,  107,   140 
Modiola  burlingtonensis  Whitf.,  . . .  505,  LV 

johnsoni  Whitf.,  509,  LV 

julia  Lea,   506,  LV 

(Lithodomus  ?)  inflata  Whitf.,  507 
monmouthensis  n.  sp.,  . . .  .504,  LV 

ovata  Gabb 508,  LV 

subinflata  Whitf 507,  LV 

Modulus  lapidosa  Whitf 795 

Monmouth  fauna,   177 

Monmouth   formation 14,  178 

Monoporella  exserta  G.  &  H.,  ...349,  XXV 

Montana  group,  fauna  of 183 

Morea  naticella  Gabb 800,  XCVIII 

plicata  Whitf 80 1,  XCVIII 

Mortoniceras  delawarensis   (Mort.)  .... 

837,  cm,  civ 

Mount  Laurel,  fossils  near 125 

Mount  Laurel  fauna,  discussion  of,  ...   131 
table  of,   128 


INDEX. 


86; 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.} 


Mount  Laurel  sand,  described,   103 

fauna  of 103 

limits  of 23 

relations  of 23 

Mucronella  aspera  Ul 354,  XXVI 

muralis  G.  &  H 352,  XXVI 

pumila  G.  &  H 355,  XXVI 

typica  G.  &  H., 353,  XXVI 

Mullica  Hill,  fossils  from 126,  158 

relations  at,    24 

section  near,   126 

Multicrescis  parvicella  G.  &  H., 327 

Mysia  (Diplodonta)  parilis  Con., 572 

gibbosa  Gabb 574 

Mytilus  oblivius  Whitf 503,  LV 

smocki  n.  sp., 502,  LV 

N 

Nassa  globosa  Gabb, 738,  LXXXVI 

Natica  abyssina  Mort 683 

acutispira   Shum., 678 

alveata  Con 689 

concinna  H.  &  M 678 

Gyrodes  crenata  Con 685 

infracarinata  Gabb 685 

(Lunatia)  rectilabrum  Con 678 

Moreauensis  M.  &  H.,   678 

obliquata  H.  &  M 678 

petrosa  Mort 689 

Nautilus  acutauricularis  Fichtel  &  Moll,  236 

bryani  Gabb 818,  CI 

cassis  Fichtel  &  Moll 237 

•  crepidula  Fichtel  &  Moll 238 

dekayi  Mort., 817,  C 

inflates  Montagu 190 

legumen   (Linne) 234 

lobatulus  Walker  &  Jacob,  . . .   258 

obliqua  Linne 215 

(Orthoceras)   vertebralis 

(Batsch) 221 

radicula  Linn,    218 

raphanus   Linne 218 

spinulosus  Montagu,   221 

Navesink  fauna,  discussion  of 131 

table  of,    128 

Navesink  marl,  described,  103 

fauna  of,   103 

Neara  ventricosa  M.  &  H 533 

Neithea  mortonii  Gabb 482 

quinque  costata  (Sow.),   ...481,  LI 

quinquenaria  Gabb 476 

Nemoarca  cretacea  Con.,  413,  XXX 

Nemodon  angulatum  Gabb, 388,  XXX 

brevif rons  Con 389,  XXX 

conradi  Johns 387,  XXX 

eufaulensis  (Gabb),   ...385,  XXX 

eufaulensis  Con.,    387 

Neptunella  Mullicaensis  Whitf 733 

New  Bargain  Mills,  fossils  from 162 


New  Egypt,  fossils  from  and  near,  . . . 

155,  156,  163,   164 

Nodosaria  acuminata   (Reuss),    205 

adolphina   (d'Orb.),    206, 1 

adolphinula  Bagg 206 

annulata   Reuss,    207 

communis  (d'Orb.) 207,  I 

cotnmunis  Woodward 233 

consobrina   (d'Orb.),    208,  I 

var.  emaciata 

(Reuss),  209, 

farcimen  (Soldani), 210, 

filiformis  d'Orb.,  211, 

(Glandulina)  lavigata  d'Orb.,  2 

indifferens  Reuss 2 

inornata    (d'Orb.),    2 

laevigata  d'Orb 212 

longiscata  d'Orb.,   2 

multicostata   (d'Orb.),   2 

nitida  d'Orb 214,  II 

nodosa  (pars)  Reuss 202 

obliqua   (Linne) 215,  II 

pauperata   (d'Orb.) 216,  II 

polygona   Reuss),    217,  II 

radicula  (Linne) 218,  II 

raphanistrum  Woodward,   . . .  223 

raphanus  (Linne),   218,  II 

roemeri   (Neugeboren) ,   ..219,  II 

rotundata  (Reuss),   220 

scabra  (Reuss),  . . : 220 

spinulosa  (Montagu),   221 

sulcata  Nilsson 215 

vertebralis   (Batsch),    221 

williamsi  Bagg 222,  II 

zippel,    Reuss,    223,  II 

Nucleolites  crucifer  Mort 289 

omformis  Con 291 

Nucula  monmouthensis  Whitf. 494 

percrassa  Con 369,  XXIX 

Whitfieldi  n.  sp 371,  XXIX 

Nuculana  angulata  Con 388 

compressifrons  (Whitf.),  ...   372 

gabbana  (Whitf.) 378 

longifrons  (Whitf.),   381 

pinntzformis  Meek 374 

protexta   Con 376 

slackiana  Meek 369 

subangulata  Meek 388 

Nucularia  papyria  Con 382 


Oak  Hill,  fossils  from 108 

Obeliscus  conellus  Whitf 672,  LXXVI 

Odontofusus  medians  Whitf 761,  XC 

mucronata  Gabb 764,  XC 

rostellaroides  Whitf 765 

slacki  (Gabb),   766,  XC 

typicus  Whitf.,   763.  XC 

Old  Man's  Creek,  fossils  from, 84 


866 


INDEX. 


\Jtalics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers 

Onustus  leprosus  Con 690 

Onychocella  digitata 330,  XXIII 

Oolina  simplex  Reuss,  203 

Orthocera  obliqua  Lamark 215 

Orthoceras  farcimen  Soldani,    210 

Ospirasolen  cretaceus  Con.,   628 

Ostrea  (Alectryonia)  larva  White, 

445,  446,  447 

bryani  Gabb 448,  XLIV 

congesta  Con 435,  XLIII 

convexa   Say,    451 

crenulimarginata   Gabb,    ..441,  XLII 

cretacea  Mort 434,  XLII 

denticulifera   Con. 436,  XLIII 

falcata  Mort.,  444,  446,  447,  XLIII 

glandiformis  Whitf 449 

(Gryphaeostrea)  -vomer  Clark,..   455 

larva  Cook,   445 

Whitf 446,  447 

mesenterica  Mort 446,  XLIII 

monmouthensis  n.  sp 442,  XLII 

nasuta  Mort.,    ^447,  XLIII 

panda  Mort 437,  XLII 

plumosa  Mort.,   439,  XLII 

pusilla  Gabb 443 

subspatulata  Forbes,   440,  XLII 

tecticosta  Gabb,    443,  XLIII 

urticosa  Mort.,    484 


Pachycardium  burlingtonense  Whitf.,..   584 
Pachydiscus  complexus  (H.  &  M.)  ?,  819,  CI 

Palmula  sagittaria  Lea,   247 

Panopea  elliptica  Whitf 647,  LXXIII 

Papyridea  elegantula  Gabb 526 

(Liopistha)   protexta  Meek,.   526 

Paracyathus  vaughani  n.   sp 270,  V 

Paranomia  lineata  Con.,   500 

saffordi  Con.,    500 

scabra  (Mort.),   500,  LII 

Patella  tentorium  Mort 663,  LXXV 

Pecten  sp.   und.,    XLIX 

argillensis  Con.,    472,  XLIX 

bellisculptus  Johns. 473 

burlingtonensis  Gabb,   . .  .470,  XLIX 
(Chlamys)  craticulus  Whitf.,  . .   478 

cliff woodensis,    469,  L 

conradi    (Whitf.) 474,  L 

craticulus  Mort 478,  L 

parvus   (Whitf.),   477,  L 

perlamellosus  Johns.,   471 

planicostatus  Whitf 467 

quadricostatus  Roem. 482 

quiiiquccostata  Sow.,    481 

quinquenaria  Con 476,  L 

simplicius  Con.,    480,  LI 

simplicus  Con. 474 

(Syncyclonema  ?)  perlamellosus 
Whitf,,   470 


refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.] 

Pecten   tenuitestus   Gabb 467,  L 

tenuitestus  Whitf.,   468 

venustus  Mort.,    478,  LI 

whitfieldi  n.  sp.,   468,  L 

Pectttnculus  australis  Mort.,   414 

subaustralis  D'Orb 414 

Pemberton,   fossil  from,    157 

Pennsylvania  Clay  Company's  pits, 

fossils  from, 48 

Pentaceros  asperulus  n.  sp.  Clark, . .  278,  VI 

Pentacrinus  bryani  Gabb 276,  VI 

Periplomya  elliptica  Gabb 522,  LVII 

truncata  Whitf 522 

Perissolax  dubia  Gabb 730,  LXXXV 

octoliratus  Gabb,   751 

retifer  Whitf 749 

Richardsoni  Gabb, 739 

trivolva  Gabb,    731,  LXXXV 

Perna  Julia  Con 506 

ovata  Con.,   509 

Peronaeoderma  georgiana  Gabb,.  .617,  LXX 

Perrisonota  protexta  Con.,  379,  XXI 

Petricola  nova-aegyptica  Whitf 

614,  LXVIII 

Phasianella  punctata  Gabb 682 

Pholadomya  anteradiata  Gabb 519 

(.Cymella)  undata  Meek,..    532 

occidentalis,    513,  LVI 

roemeri  Whitf 515,  LVI 

undata  M.  &  H 531 

Pholas  cithara  Mort 6si,LXXIV 

cretacea  Gabb 654 

pectrosa  Con.,    651 

Pholas  ?  lata  Whitf.,   521 

Phorus  leprosus  Gabb,  690 

umbilicatus  Tuom 692 

Pierre    fauna 182 

Piestochilus  sp.  und.,   XCV 

bella  (Gabb),  782,  XCII,  XCVI 

kanei  Gabb 784,  XCVI 

Pilsbry,  H.  A 6 

Pinna  Mort 420 

laqueata  Con 419,  XXXVI 

rostriformis  Mort 420,  XXXVII 

Placenticeras  placenta  (DeKay) 

830,  CIV,  CV 

telifer    (Mort.) 832,  CIV 

Placuna  scabra  Mort.,   500 

Placunanomia  lineata  Con 500 

saffordi  Gabb,   500 

scabra  Gabb,   500 

Placunomia  lineata  Meek, 500 

saffordi  Meek,   500 

scabra  Meek 500 

Plagiostoma  echinatum  Mort 487 

erecta    (Whitf.) 495,  LI V 

gregalis  Mort.,   486 

pelagica  Mort 489 


INDEX. 


867 


II  tali 


refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers 


Planicellaria  cylindrica  G.  &  H.,  339,  XXIV 

oculata  d'Orb 338,  XXIV 

Planorbulina  ammonoides  Jones  & 

Parker 262 

Planularia  angusta  Nilsson,   225 

cuneata   Mort.,    247 

Plastic  clay  series 13 

See  also 

Magothy. 
Raritan. 

Platidia  cretacea  n.  sp 363,  XXVII 

Pleurostomella  subnodosa   (Reuss),   ..202,  I 
Pleurotoma  farmingdalensis  Whitf.,   . . 

802,  XCVIII 

mullicaensis   Gabb,    733 

Pleurotomaria  brittoni  Whitf.,.  .667,  LXXV 
crotaloides  (Mort.),  ••• 

665,  LXXV 

Pleurotrema  solariformis  Whitf.,  667,  LXXV 

Plicatula  mullicaensis  n.  sp 485,1,11 

urticosa   (Mort.),    484,1,1! 

woodburyensis  n.  sp 485,  LII 

Pliophlae  sagena   (Cook) 331 

Pliophlosa  sagena  G.  &  H 341 

Polorthus  Americana  Gabb,   649 

tibialis  (Mort.), 659,  LXXIV 

Polymorphina  communis  d'Orb.,.  ...248,  III 
compressa  d'Orb.,   ...248,  III 

emersoni  Bagg 249,  III 

gibba   (d'Orb.),    250,  III 

lactea    (Walker  and 

Jacob) 250,111 

lactea  elongate  variety 

Brady,    251,  III 

oblonga  d'Orb.,   252 

orbignii  (Zborzewski) ,  . . 

252,111 

problema  (d'Orb.),  ..253,111 
regularis  Von  Munster, . 

253,  HI 

Ponopea  decisa  Con 646,  LXXIII 

Porina  coronata  (Reuss) 351,  XXVI 

labiata  G.  &  H. 35°,  XXV 

quadrangularis  G.  &  H.,..35o,  XXV 
Protocardium  jerseyensis  n.  sp.,   596,  LXV 

Psammechinus  cingulatus  Clark 288,  X 

Pseudodiadema  diatretum  (Mort.),.  .285,  IX 
speciosum   (Clark),.  .286,  IX 

Pteria  abrupta  Meek,   433 

laripes   (Mort.) 431,  XLII 

linguiformis  Meek,    429 

navicula  Whitf., 432,  XLII 

petrosa  Con 429,  XLII 

Pterocerella  tippana   (Con.),  718,  LXXXII1 

Puguellus  densatus  Con 720,  LXXXIII 

Pulvinulina  karsteni  (Reuss),  263,1V 

micheliniana    (d'Orb.),    ...   264 
reticulata  Reuss  Var.  Cari- 

nata  Bagg 265,  IV 

Purpura  (Morea)  naticella  Gabb 800 


refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.} 

Purpuroides  ?  dubia  Gabb 730 

Pycnodonta  vesicularis  Cook 451 

Pyramidella  conellus  Johns 672 

Pyrifusus  cttneus  Whitf.,    734 

erraticus  Whitf.,  ..736,LXXXV 
macfarlandi  Whitf.,  735,  LXXXV 

meeki  Whitf 732,  LXXXV 

mullicaensis   (Gabb),    

733,  LXXXV 

pyrtiloidea  Johns 743 

turritus  Whitf 761 

Pyripora  irregularis  G.  &  H 337,  XXIV 

Pyropsis  alabamensis  Johns.,   768 

Pyropsis  sp.  und LXXXVIII 

alabamensis  Johns.,    768 

lenolensis  n.  sp.,   752,  LXXXVIII 

Naticoides   Whitf 800 

octolirata  (Con.),  751,  LXXXVIII 

octolirata   Whitf 750 

perlata  Tryon 740 

planimarginata  (Whitf.) 

745,  LXXXVI 

pyruloidea  Gabb,    ..742,  LXXXVI 

(Rapa)  Corrina  Whitf., 744 

(Rapa)  septemlirata  Whitf.,..   744 

Reileyi   Whitf 747 

retifer  (Gabb),   .  .749,  LXXXVIII 

richardsoni   (Tuom.),    

739,  LXXXVI 

Richardsonii?  Whitf.,   746 

septemlirata  Gabb, ..  744,  LXXXVI 

trochiformis   (Tuom.),    

746,  LXXXVII 

whitfieldi  n.  sp...  .750,  LXXXVIII 

Pyropsis?  obesa  Whitf 748,  LXXXVIII 

Pyrula  precedens   (Whitf.),.  .724,  LXXXIV 

Richardsoni  Tuom.,   739 

trochiformis  Tuom.,   746 


Radula  pelagica  Con 49° 

pelagica,  Whit 491 

reticulata   Con 492 

Rancocas  formation,   14,  178 

use  of  term 18 

Rangia   ?  tenuidens   (Whitf.),  635,  LXXIII 

Rapa  elevata  Gabb 739 

pyruloidea  Gabb,  742 

Rapana  stantoni  n.  sp 754,  LXXXIX 

Raptascharipora  marginata  Meek 342 

Raritan  clay,    14 

description  of 27 

fauna  of 27 

flora  of 27 

restriction  of,  22 

subdivisions  of,    27 

Red  Bank,  fossils  from,   108,   138,  139,  140 

Red  Bank  fauna,  discussion  of 143 

table   of 142 


868 


INDEX. 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers 

Red  Bank  sand,  description  of, 137 

V  ^  fauna  of,   138 

Red   Sand,    13 

(See  also  Red  Bank.) 

Red  Valley,  fossils  from 151 

Reptescharellina  prolifera  G.  &  H.,  ... 

346,  XXV 

Reptescliaripora  marginata  G.  &  H.,   . .   342 

Reptocelleporaria  aspera  G.  &  H 352 

Reptoflustrella  heteropora  G.  &  H.,   ...   333 

Reptomulticava  cepularis  G.  &  H., 340 

Reptoporina  carinata  G.  &  H 345 

Retelea  ovalis  G.  &  H 328,  XXIII 

Retepora  Mort. 322 

Reticulipora  dichotoma  G.  &  H.,.. 318,  XXI 

sagena  G  &  H.,   317 

Rhabdogonium  pyramidale  Karrer 232 

roemeri  Reuss,    231 

tricarinatum    (d'Orb.),. 

232,11 

var.  acutangulum 

Reuss 232 

Rhizocrinus  cylindricus  n.  sp.,   275,  VI 

Ripleyian  fauna,  defined,    179 

Robulina  articulata  Reuss,   237 

cultrata  d'Orb.,    239 

megapolitana  Reuss,  242 

trachyomphala  Reuss 244 

Robulus  cultrafus  Montford,  239 

Rosalind  ammonoides  Reuss 261 

bertheloti  d'Orb 256 

Rostellaria  arenarum  Mort., 717 

compacta  Whitf.,   711 

curta  Whitf 72i,IvXXXIII 

fusiformis   Whitf 

722,  LXXXIII 

Hebe  Whitf.,    7iS 

nobilis  Whitf 715 

pennata  Mort 711 

rostrata    Gabb 709 

spirata  Whitf 711 

Rostellites  angulatus  Whitf.,   ..787,  XCVII 

bella  Meek 783 

biconicus  Whitf.,  . .  .788,  XCVII 

biplicata  Meek,    775 

conradi  Meek 780 

nasutus   Gabb 786,  XCVII 

Texanus  Con 785 

texturatus  Whitf 785,  XCVI 

Rotalia  karsteni  Reuss 263 

mecheliniana  d'Orb 264 

truncatulinoides   d'Orb.,    264 

ungeriana  d'Orb.,   260 

Rotalina  akneriana  d'Orb 257 

ehrenbergii  Bailey,  258 

haidingerii  d'Orb 257 


?fer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.] 


Salenia  bellula  Clark 283,  VIII 

tumidula  Clark,   282,  VIII 

Sanguinolaria  cretacea  Con.,   004 

Sarecenaria  italica  Defrance 241 

Sayreville,  fossils  from,   29 

Scala  annulata  Gabb, 676 

(opalia)  annulata  Con 676 

sillmani   (Mort.),   672,  LXXVI 

thomosi   Gabb 674,  LXXVI 

Scala  ?  hercules  Whitf 675,  LXXVI 

Scalaria  annulata  Mort 676 

hercules  Whitf.,    675 

(Opalia)  Thomasi  ?  Whitf.,  . .   674 

f  pauperata  Whitf 680 

sillmani  Mort.,    672 

Scalpellum  conradi  Gabb 845,  CX 

Scambula  perplana  Con 562,  LXI 

Scaphites  (Ammonites?)  nodosus  Owen,  824 

cuvieri  Mort 826 

hippocrepis    (De  Kay),  826,  CVII 

nodosus  Owen?,    824,  CVII 

Schank's  marl  pit,  fossils  from,   113 

Schizodesma  appressa  Gabb, 634,  LXXI 

Senonian,  correlation  with 183 

Serpula  circularis  n.  sp.,   307,  XIX 

lactea  Walker  &  Jacob,   250 

rotula   (Mort.),    308,  XIX 

whitfieldi  n.  sp 308,  XIX 

Serrifusus  crosswickensis  Whitf., 

76i,LXXXIX 

(Lirofusus)   nodocarinatus 

Whitf 760 

nodocarinatus,    . . .  760,  LXXXIX 

Sewell,  use  of  term 17 

Sewell  marl,  see  Hornerstown  marl. 

Shell-bed : 16 

Siliqua  cretacea  Gabb 628,  LXXI 

Siliquaria  biplicata  Con 624 

pauperata  Whitf.,  .  .705,  LXXIX 

Sincyclonema  f  simplicus  Meek, 480 

Sinsyclonema  f  simplica  Con.,   474 

Solarium  abyssinus  Gabb,  669 

Solemya  planulata  Con.,   612 

Solidula  biplicata  Meek,   807 

bullata  Gabb 809 

Mortoni   Con 813 

Solyma  lineolata  Con., 629,  LXXI 

Spatangus  sp.  Mort., 296,  298,  301 

cor-marinum  f  Mort.,  298 

parastatus  Mort., 299 

stella  Mort.,   300 

ungula  Mort.,    301 

Sphariola  umbonata  Whitf.,  569 

Sphenodiscus  lobatus  Tuomey,    ...828,  CVI 

Spirolina  irregularis  Roemer 190 

Spiropora  calamus  G.  &  H., 324,  XXII 

Spirorbis  rotula  Gabb 308 


INDEX. 


869 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Rot 


ibers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.'] 


Spondylus  capax  Con.,    487 

echinatus  Meek,   487 

gregalis  (Mort.) 486,  LIU 

Springer,  Frank, 7 

Stanton,  T.  W 6 

Stomatopora  kiimmeli,  Ul.  &  B.  n.  sp., 

314,  XX 

regularis  G.  &  H 313,  XX 

temnichorda   Ul.    &   B.   n. 

sp.,     314,  XX 

Strombus  densatus  Con.,    720 

Swedesboro,  fossils  from 82 

Syncyclonema  burlingtonensis  Con 470 


Tellina  sp.  undet.,   LXX 

densata   Con. 601 

eufalensis  Gabb,    623 

georgiana   Gabb 615,  LXX 

(Telinella)  Georgiana  Gabb,  ...   615 
.    (Tellinimera)   eborea  Con.,   ...   621 

Tellinimera   eborea   Con 621,  LXX 

Tenea  parilis  Con. 572,  LXIII 

pinguis    Con 574,  LXIII 

pinguis  Whitf 572,  574 

Tennants,  fossils  near,    115 

Terebratella  plicata  Say.,    364,  XXVII 

vanuxemi  Lyell  &  Forbes, 

366,  XXVII 

Vanuxemiana  L.  &  F. 366 

Terebratula  atlantica  Gabb 357 

atlantica  Mort 360 

Camilla  Mort., 357 

fragilis  Mort., 359 

glossa  Con 360 

gorbyi  Miller,   358 

harlani  Mort.,   .  .  -357,  XXVIII 
var.  fragilis  Mort., 

359,  XXVIII 

perovalis  Mort.,    357 

Sayi  Mort.,    . . . ." 364 

vanuxemi   (Lyell  & 

Forbes),  366,  XXVII 

Vanuxemiana  Gabb 366 

Terebratulina  atlantica  Mort.,. 360,  XXVIII 

Halliana   Gabb 360 

Teredo  sp.  not  det., 659 

contorta  Gabb 656 

irregularis   Gabb,   656,  LXXIV 

tibialis  Mort 656,  659 

Tetracarcinus   subquadratus   Weller, . . . 

852,  CXI 

Textularia  agglutinaus   d'Orb 191, 

var.  porrecta  Brady,.  .  .  .  192, 

Atlantica  Bailey 19 

gibbosa  d'Orb 19 

globosa   Ehrenberg,    193, 

gramen  d'Orb.,  193, 

sagittala  Def ranee,    194. 


Textularia   tricarinata   Reuss,    197 

triquetra  Munster 196 

turns  d'Orb 193, 1 

Tinton  beds,  description  of 145 

fauna  of,   146 

Tinton  Falls,  fossils  from, 146 

Tinton  fauna,  discussion  of, 153 

table  of,   152 

Tornitella?  bullata  Mort., 808 

Porbes,  805 

Trachytriton  atlanticum  Whit 

727,  LXXXIV 

Trachytriton?  holmdelense  Whitf 

728,  LXXXIV 

multivaricosum  Whitf., 

729,  LXXXIV 

Trematopygus  cruciferus    (Mort.),.  .289,  XI 

Trigonarca  (Breviarca)  congesta  Con.,.  418 

cliffwoodensis  n.  sp.,. 401,  XXX 

cuneata  Gabb,    406 

cuneiformis  Con.,   ..  .403,  XXX 

eufalensis  Con 387 

saffordi  Con., 404 

transversa    (Whitf.),    411 

triquetra  Con., 402,  XXX 

.  Trigonia  cerulia  Whitf 464,  XLVIII 

eufaulensis  Gabb,   . .  .462,  XLVIII 

kummeli  n.  sp 466,  XL VIII 

limbata  Credner,    46 1 

Mortoni  Whitf 461 

thoracica  Mort,    460,  XLVIII 

Tritaxia  tortilis   (Reuss) 197 

tricarinata    (Reuss),    197, 1 

Triton   (Epidromus)  pracedens  Whitf.,  726 
lorillardensis  n.  sp.,.  .725,  LXXXIV 

Tritonidce  obesa  Whitf 730 

praecedens  Whitf.,. 726,  LXXXIV 

Trochammina  inflata  (Montague),. . . .  190,  I 

Trochocyathus  conoides  (G.  &  H.),..269,  V 

woolmani  Vaughan,. .    268,  V 

Trochus  leprosus  Mort 690 

Truncatulina  akneriana  (d'Orb.),. .  .257,  IV 
grosserugosa  Gumbel,  . . .  262 
haidingerii  (d'Orb.),  .257,  IV 
lobatula  (Walker  & 

Jacob) 258,  IV 

refulgens  (Montfort),  259,  IV 
ungeriana  (d'Orb.),  ..260,  IV 
wuellerstorfi  (Sch wager), 

261,  IV 

Tubulipora  Megaera  Lons 3*5 

Tudicla  elevata  Gabb 739 

planimarginata  Whitf 745 

(Pyropsis)   perlata  Con., 739 

trachiformis  Gabb,.   746 
Turbinella  alabamensis    (Gabb),. .  .768,  XCI 

intermedia  n.  sp 767,  XC 

parva  Gabb, 77O,  XC 

subconica  Gabb 77',  XCI 


8;o 


INDEX. 


^Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  plates.     Arabic  numerals  to  pages.] 

Turbinella?  verticalis  Whitf.,    768        Vermetus  rotula  (Mort.),  308 

Turbinopsis  angulata  Whitf.,.  .796,  XCVIII        Vermiculum  globosum  Montagu, 202 

depressa  Gabb,   ..  .794,  XCVIII        Verneuilina  polystropha  (Reuss) 195,  I 

lapidosa  Johns. 795  triquetra  (Miinster) 196,  I 

major  Whitf., 715  Vetericardia  crenalirata  (Con.),.  .566,  LXII 

plicata  Whitf 801         Vetocardia  crenalirata  Con 566 

Turbinopsis?  curta  Whitf 798,  XCVIII        Vincentown,  fossils  from,   164,  174 

elevata  Whitf.,  797,  LXXXIII       Vincentown  fauna, 184 

majori  Whitf.,  799,  LXXXIII  discussion  of 170 

Turnus  kummeli  n.  sp., 652,  LXXIV        Vincentown  sand,  description  of, 161 

Turricula  leda  Whitf 790,  XVCII  fauna  of 161 

reileyi  Whitf.,    791,  XCVII        Vitriwebbina  laevis  (Sollas) 205,  I 

scalariformis  Whitf.,   789,  XCVII  sollasi   Chapman,    203,  I 

Turrilites  pauper  Whitf., 834,  CVIII        Valuta  Kanei  Gabb,  784 

Turritella  sp.  und LXXIX,  LXXX  mucronata  Gabb, 764 

compacta  Whitf.,    697        Volutilithes  bella  Gabb 782 

Corsicana  Shum.,   699  conradi  Gabb,   780 

encrinoides  Mort.,  .694,  LXXVII  mucronata  Con., 764 

jerseyensis  n.   sp 702,  LXXIX  nasuta  Gabb,   786 

lenolensis  n.  sp.,.  .698,  LXXVIII        Volutoderma  abbotti  (Gabb) 778,  XCII 

lippincotti  Whitf.,  ..698,LXXIX  biplicata   (Gabb),    ...775,  XCI 

lorillardensis  n.  sp.,. 703,  LXXIX  intermedia  Whitf.,.  .779,  XCII 

marshalltownensis    n.    sp jamesburgensis  n.  sp.,  777,  XCI 

705,  LXXIX  ovata  Whitf 776,  XCI 

merchantvillensis   n.   sp woolmani  Whitf 774,  XCI 

704,  LXXIX        Volutomorpha  sp.  und XCII,  XCVI 

pumila  Whitf 694  Abbotti  Gabb,   778 

quadrilira  Johns.,   695,  LXXVIII  bella  Gabb,    783 

tippana  Con.,   700,  LXXIX  conradi  (Gabb),   

trilineata  Hill  &  Vaughan,..   699  780,  XCII,  XCIII,  XCIV 

trilira  Con 699,  LXXIX  Gabbi  Whitf.,   780 

vertebroides  Mort,  693,  LXXVIII  mucronata  Gabb 764 

Turritella  ?  granulicosta  Gabb,  696,  LXXIX  ponderosa  Whitf.,   781,  XCV 

Volutomorphia  Kanei  Gabb 784 

U  (Piestochilus)  Bella 

Whitf.,  783 

Ulrich,  E.  0 6  Kane. 

Unculana  protexta  Meek 376  Whitf     784 

Unicardium  umbonata   (Whitf.),   569,  LXII  mucronata 

Unitubigera  papygracea  d'Orb 327  Whitf.,  765 

Upper  Marl 13 

v  w 

Vaginulina  legumen  (Linne) 234,  II        Walnford,   fossils   from 116 

strigillata  Reuss 235,  II        Webbina  la-vis  Sollas,    205 

tricarinata  d'Orb.,   232  Weller,  S.,  classification  of  Cretaceous,     25 

Van  Ingen,  Gilbert 6        Wenonah  fauna,  discussion  of 100 

Vasum  conoides  Whitf 773,  XC  table   of 98 

Veleda  lintea  Con 632        Wenonah  sand,  description  of, 91 

nasuta  Whitf 522  fauna  of, 91 

Tellinoides  Whitf. 633  limits  of 23 

transversa  Whitf 634  relations  of 23 

Veniella  conradi    (Mort.),    534,  LVIII  thickness  of 17 

subovalis  Whitf 544        West  Farms,   fossils  near, 162 

trigona  Gabb 537,  LIX        Whale  Creek,  fossils  from 35 

Veniella   ?  decisa  (Mort.), 540,  LVIII        Whitfield,  R.   P.,  monographs  by, 3 

rhomboidea  Con 538,  LVIII        Woodbury   clay,  description  of 63 

Venilia  trapesoidea  Con. 543  fauna  of 63 

thickness  of 16,  63 


INDEX. 


871 


[Italics  refer  to  synonyms.     Roman  numbers  refer  to  pi 

Woodbury  fauna,  discussion  of 75 

table  of 73 

Worm  burrow 311,  XIX 


Xenophora  leprosa   (Mort.),. .  .690,  LXVIII 


Arabic  numerals  to  pages.] 
Y 


Yellow  limestone 13 

sand 13,  24 

see  also  Vincentown. 

correlation  of 24 

use  of  term, 19 

Yoldi  cf .  evansi  Weller 383 

cliff woodensis  n.  sp 383,  XXX 

longifrons   (Con.) 381,  XXX 

papyria  (Con.) 382,  XXX 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


000922172     2 


